Work (painting)

**Golle** (1852–1865) ko nate Ford Madox Brown ɗe yimɓe heewɓe cikkata ko kañum ɓuri teeŋtude e golle makko. Ina woodi e mbaydiiji ɗiɗi. Natal ngal ina etoo hollirde, e nder binndol e nder hiisa, denndaangal renndo Victoria e waylo-waylo faggudu ladde feewde e wuro. Brown fuɗɗii pentol ngol ko e hitaande 1852, o timmini ngol e hitaande 1865, nde o sosi koolol keeriiɗo ngam hollirde ngol e golle makko keewɗe goɗɗe. O winndi catal laaɓtungal ina fammina heen nafoore natal ngal.

Natal ngal ko Thomas Plint, ganndo mooftuɗo naalankaagal Pre-Raphaelite, maayɗo ko adii nde timmata.[1] Version ɗiɗaɓo, ɓurɗo famɗude e 684 × 990 mm, yamiraa e hitaande 1859, timminaa e hitaande 1863. Ɗum woni hannde ko e galle mooftirgel e galle ñeeñal Birmingham. Ko nanndi heen no feewi, hay so tawii noon wonande debbo jogiiɗo parasol bulo oo, yeeso Maria Leathart, debbo komisariyaajo oo, lomtii yeeso Mrs Brown e nder mbaydi Manchester.[2]

Natal ngal holliri ko fedde wiyeteende "navvies" ina njuppa laawol ngam mahde tunel. Ina teskaa wonde ɗumɗoo ina jeyaa e ko ɓeydaa e njuɓɓudi laana njoorndi to Londres, ko ɗum woni ko waɗata ngam haɓaade kulhuli tifus e kolera. Gollotooɓe ɓee ngoni ko e hakkunde pentol ngol. Banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ko yimɓe ɓe ngalaa golle walla ɓe ngonaa lomtiiɓe renndo ngo. Caggal gollotooɓe ɓee ko yimɓe ɗiɗo alɗuɓe e pucci, ɓe yahrude yeeso e laawol ngol, ko ɓuuɓri ndii dartini.[3]

Natal ngal ina hollita kadi kampaañ woote, seedtinaaɗo e nate e yimɓe jogiiɓe alluuje sandwich ina winndaa heen innde kanndidaa oo "Bobus". Poster kadi ina fadi hakkillaaji e mbaawka wonde wuyɓe.[4]

Nokku oo ko nate laaɓtuɗe e The Mount to Heath Street to Hampstead, to Londres, ɗo laawol bannge ina ummoo dow laawol mawngol ngol, ina doga e sara mum. Brown waɗii wiɗto laaɓtungo e nokku oo e hitaande 1852.

## Baɗte e batte mum

Hogarth, Humours suɓngooji: Ardii tergal. Depitee gooto ina jolnee e wallidiiɓe mum, golloowo ladde Tory e entertainer wuro Whig ina kaɓa.

Brown hollitii wonde o anniyaaki hollirde wonde golloowo Angalteer hannde oo ina waawi wonde fannu naalankaagal no feewi hono no lazarone Itaalinaajo ɓurɗo siforaade nii (e ɗemngal gootal, « mob », meeɗnoo ko wiyde yimɓe mbeddaaji Naples).[5] O waɗi natal ngal ko e laawol Heath to Hampstead, o waɗi heen wiɗto laaɓtungo. Hampstead wonnoo e oon sahaa nokku alɗuɗo e saraaji wuro Londres, ina yaaji no feewi. Ƴellitaare njuɓɓudi kesiri ndi e nder wuro ngoo kadi ina yeewtee no feewi e nder jaayɗe, ko ɗum huunde nde njuɓɓudi (modernisation). Jikku "Bobus" feeñii e binndanɗe Thomas Carlyle, ko wayi no mbaydi njulaagu bonngu, huutortooɗo kaalis mum ngam yeeyde hoore mum no politik nii.

Model naalankaagal mawngal Brown ko golle William Hogarth, teeŋti noon e nate makko biyeteeɗe « Humours of an Election » e nate makko biyeteeɗe Beer Street e Gin Lane. Nate Election ɗee ina kollita nguurndam e majjere renndo Angalteer, tawi noon nate ɗee ina kollita luural hakkunde baasal e ƴellitaare. Nde o woni e golloraade pentol ngol, Brown sosi fedde Hogarth ngam jokkondirde naalankooɓe yiyooɓe koye mum en ko yiɗɓe Hogarth e almuɓɓe mum.

Neɗɗaaku ladde (1833) mo William Collins holli dow dabare ummatoore feere-feere e nanondiral yi’annde. Cukalel ngel ina tuggina yeeso mum e tergal gentry jahoowo e dow puccu (ina yiyee no ɗoyngol nii).

Geɗe rustik e nder jimɗi ɗii ina tuugnii e aadaaji tabitinaaɗi e nate, ɗe njiylotoo ko golle naalankooɓe ko wayi no John Constable e William Collins. Feccere satirical e teskinnde e mbaadi Hogarth ina golloroo e Brown’s Pre-Raphaelitism, e tiiɗnaare mum tiiɗnde e caɗeele dowri natal e nder defte luurondirɗe. Ndee natal potngal wonde jokkere enɗam e jokkere enɗam, ina waɗee e nder luulndaare nanondiral renndo e teddungal ngal aadaaji nate ɗii njiylotoo.

## Jikkuuji e golle

**Gollotooɓe**

Navvy tokooso (leydi ɓuuɓndi) e navvy mawɗo (quicklime ɓuuɓɗo)

Limre mawnde golloowo cukalel ngel ina ɓuuɓna leydi e nder laylaytol ngol ina fawii e dow ŋoral mawngal caggal mum. Les makko e nder ŋoral les leydi golloowo goɗɗo ina ɓuuɓna leydi ina ɓuuɓna ɗum e dow ŋoral. O yi’etee tan ko e mbaadi junngo e feggere feeñata e ɓuuɓol ngol. To bannge ñaamo makko, navvy mawɗo ina yiyee ina ɓuuɓna lime mo siiftaaka e nder siif. Pooɗe laaɓɗe ɗee ina moofta e nder ɓuuɓri to bannge nano.[6]

Jeeyoowo puɗi oo; laamɗo mojobere, e linjiilaajo (nano haa nyaamo)

Lime oo ko ngam waɗde mortar mo navvies goɗɗe ina njillondiri e ñaamo composite oo. Hodcarrier, yiyteende caggal navvy mawɗo oo, ina nawta birik les e nder ɓuuɓri ndii. Lefol gonngol e yeeso makko ngol ko koppi ɓataake diine mo debbo gonɗo e bonnet bulo to bannge nano oo rokki mo, ina etoo waajaade navvies. Omo jogii koppiiji ɓataake ina wiyee The Hodman’s Haven walla Yarde ngam ruuhuuji ɓuuɓɗi. Tuugnorgal "yarde" e nder tiitoonde ndee ina hollita feeñde dille temperance. Navvy gooto to bannge ñaamo, biir ɓuuɓɗo, ina teeŋtina jaɓgol maɓɓe teetotalism. Debbo yeeso linjiilaajo oo ina hollira genteel glamour – debbo jom mbaydi mo "golle" mum tan ko ƴeewde belɗo.

Jikku ɓuuɓɗo to bannge nano yeeso debbo mooftuɗo oo ina hollita darnde luulndiinde renndo ngoo : yeeyoowo ƴiiƴam gonɗo e njillu, hoɗnooɗo e galle flophouse to Flower and Dean Street, Whitechapel, nokku ɓurɗo lollude e Londres e oon sahaa. Ko o liggotooɗo wuro, dañɗo puɗi, reedu e daabaaji tokoosi ummoraade e ladde ngam yeeyde e nder caka wuro. Hono ɓeeɗoo gollotooɓe ina mbinndaa e deftere Henry Mayhew wiyeteende « Golle Londres e miskineeɓe Londres ». Catal Brown ina siftina jikku e nder Work ko gorko "neɗɗaagu debbo" kono ina wondi e paranoia.[7] Hoore gorko oo ina suddii huɗo, ɓoornaade ɗum ina heewi wonde maande majjere e nder naalankaagal.[7]

Ɗee limooje fof ina njahra e gollotooɓe ɓee e laawol juutngol ngol addanta ɓe dow powle lime sifted, corrosive mo maande laɓɓingol ƴaañorgal maɓɓe e salaade golle nafooje.[6]

Leydiyanke (naamo) e yeeyoowo biir (nyaamo)

E nder cakkital composite oo ko leydiyanke gooto jahroowo e duuɓi 18, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko ɓooyaani koo, ina anndiree smock mum ladde. Omo jogii brik-hod e yarde biir mo gorko gonɗo e wutte boɗeejo oo rokki mo, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko "bouncer" golloowo e nder pub nokku oo. Kostum yeeyoowo biir oo ina waɗi yeruuji jeewte brummagem ɓutte. Persona makko – ina heen koppi The Times les junngo makko – ko pastiche gorko-flaneur. Worɓe ɗiɗo wonɓe caggal makko ɓee ko gollotooɓe Irlande naatɓe e leydi ndii, anndiraaɓe e koɗki maɓɓe. Ndee ɗoo fannu e nate ɗee, ko Hogarth’s Beer Street jogori huutoraade ɗum.[6]

**Ɓiɓɓe ragamuɓe ɓee**

E yeeso ko fedde sukaaɓe raggeeɓe ɓe ko ɓooyaani koo njibinii, ko ɗum seedaa e bannge ɓaleejo e junngo cukalel ngel. No Brown wiyri e sifaa mum nii, ngonka maɓɓe ragamuffin ina hollita wonde ko yumma maɓɓe maayi. Cukalel mawngel ngel, ɓoorniiɗo comci ñamlaaɗi ɗi ɓooyi no feewi, ina etoo jogaade miñi mum ƴattoowo, ina fija e werlaa navvies. Ɓiɗɗo debbo tokooso oo ina suuɗa kaarooje e nokku dumunna, ina ndaara e nder ɓuuɓri ndi gollotooɓe ɓee tagi ndii. Dog maɓɓe mongrel ina luulndii dog debbo jom mbaydi, sabu, winndi Brown, o yiɗaa "minions aristocracy e jackets". Beebe, mo ndaarata caɗeele e ƴeewoowo, ina jogii darnde hakkundeere e nder composite. Sifaa Brown ina teeŋtina ndee caɗeele e yahrude yeeso ɗoon e ɗoon gila e daartol neɗɗo gadano haa e neɗɗo ɗiɗaɓo – haaldude e debbo makko gonɗo e mbaydiiji keewɗi ko fayti e ngonka sukaaɓe baasal.[6]

Gollotooɓe ɓe ngalaa golle ina pooftoo ina ɗaani e dow ŋoral

E dow ŋoral hakkunde laawol toowngol ngol e les ngol, fedde gollotooɓe teeru ɓe ngalaa golle ina ɗaanii e mbaydiiji ɗi njiɗaa. Sifaa ɓuuɓɗo e ɓoggol ndeenka ina fawii e dow ŋoral seerndi limooje peewnoowo e peewnoowo e nder compoññe. Koɗo Irlande wonɓe e lekki kii ina ñammina ɓiɗɗo mum en e gruel, gorko mawɗo ina darii e lekki kii ina ndaara mette. Ndeeɗoo fannu e nate ɗee ina siftina en yeewtere Carlyle e eggooɓe Irlande ɓe ngalaa golle e nder deftere mum Past and Present.

Les ɗiin limooje e laawol sukaaɓe ina njiyee ina njima, tawi ko jommbaajo genteel e jolnooɓe sandwich-board ina njillondiri e mbedda les ɗo naange ɓuuɓnata. To bannge ñaamo, polis ina pusnoo debbo yeeyoowo oraas ina fooftoo basket mum e dow bollard (karallaagal ko huunde nde rewaani laawol, sibu omo sosa butik).

**Hakkillaaji**

Tomaas Karlay (naamo) e F. D. Moris

To bannge ñaamo, gollotooɓe ɓee ina ƴeewa annduɓe ɗiɗo "nannduɓe e majjere kono ina ngolloo". Ɓe ciforee ko gollotooɓe e nder hakkillaaji maɓɓee no "sabaabu golle laaɓtuɗe e woɗɓe". Goonga nii, ɗeen ko natal Tomaa Carlyle e F. D. Maurice. Ko ɗiɗaɓo oo woni sosɗo sosiyaalisma kerecee en ; o sosi duɗe jaŋde gollotooɓe ɗe Brown gollotoo. Carlyle woni ɓurɗo teeŋtude e natal ngal. Defte makko « Past et Present » e « Pamflets de latter-day » ina ñiŋnoo njuɓɓudi faggudu laissez faire e njulaagu politik. O anndiranoo ko e ko o wiyata "linjiila gollal", siforinoo ko golle ko mbaadi dewal. O winndi e deftere Ko ɓooyi e jooni, .

Winndaama, 'maanaa mo alaa keerol woni ko e Golle;' neɗɗo timminirta hoore mum ko e golle. Laddeeji bonɗi ina njuutee, gese aawdiiji laaɓtuɗi ina ummoo e nokku mum en, e gure mawɗe ; e withal neɗɗo oo e hoore mum adii woppude wonde ladde e jeereende bonnde nde sellaani heen. Miijo-ɗee no, hay e nder sifaaji Golle ɓurɗi famɗude ɗii, ruuhu neɗɗo fof ina yuɓɓinee e sifaa jokkere enɗam goonga, e oon sahaa mo o waɗata hoore makko e golle ! Sikke, Yiɗde, Sunaare, Tuumre, Tikkere, Yaakaare e hoore mum, ɗii fof ko wayi no kulle jeyngol ina njirloo e ɓernde golloowo ñalnde kala miskineeɓe, hono no neɗɗo kala nii: kono omo ɓuuɓna hoore makko e cuusal makko e golle makko, ɗeeɗoo geɗe fof ina njuumta, ɗeeɗoo geɗe fof shrink murmude woɗɗude e nder caalli maɓɓe. Gorko oo jooni ko gorko. Jawdi barkinndi Golle e nder makko, mbele wonaa no yiite laɓɓinoowo nii, ɗo tooke fof ɓuuɓnata, cumu nguu e hoore mum waɗata ko lewlewndu barkinndu jalbundu![8]

E nder deftere nde Carlyle ina sosa jikku Bobus Higgins, soseeji bonɗi, kuutortooɗi kosam puccu e nder geɗe mum ngam ustude haɓdiiɓe.[9] E nder defte ñalɗi cakkitiiɗi ɗii, Bobus hollitaama ko o jom doole en, naatoowo e politik.[10] E nder natal ngal, awokaa makko ina feeñi caggal hoore Carlyle, ina fooɗa "idlers" nokku oo yahde e laabi ina njogii maandeeji ina winndaa heen innde makko. To bannge nano, posto "Vote for Bobus" yanii e balɗe loope walla feɗeendu, ina winndaa e dow mum "woto".

**Daabaaji/Daabaaji**

Ina waɗi jawdi keewndi, ko ɓuri heewde ko pucci, kolliraaɗi e natal ngal. Feccere lesre, hakkundeere ndee ina waɗi dogdu ɓuuɓndu ina taarii sukaaɓe tokosɓe ɓee. Ooɗoo dogdu ina hollita pet mo leslesre ndee jogori jogaade, stray mo wonata ɗoon ngam jogaade sosiyetee joom mum. Brown ina noddira dogdu nduu ko "demokaraat jom doole".[11] Heddii heen ko dogdu ɓaleeru ɓoorniiɗo wutte, ina sikkaa ko debbo gonɗo bannge nano oo jogiiɗo parasol daneejo oo jeyi ɗum, hono no Brown wiyri nii. Ooɗoo dogdu ina hollita ɓurɓe alɗude e nder renndo ngo. Kuɗol ina ɗoon ngam sehilaagal kono kadi ko ngam fijde e hollirde ngalu. Brown wiyi wonde dogdu demokaraasi "ina yiɗi minions aristokraasi e jacket boɗeejo".[11] Ina woodi kadi puccu bulldog ina ɗaani sara gollotooɓe ɓee, ina sikkaa ko pet gooto e gollotooɓe ɓee. E joofnirde e dow feccere toownde hakkundeere natal ngal ina waɗi dogdu mawndu dogdu ndu gorko e debbo ɓurɗo alɗude e dow pucci ɗii. Ooɗoo dogdu ina laaɓi tan ko ngam wallude fijirde e yimɓe tan jogiiɓe ngalu haa mbaawa yahde fijirde, ngam fijirde walla dingiral. E nder ladde toownde, dogdu ina yiyee ina ƴakka pucci ina njirloo oto, ina jogori ruttaade e mbedda mawka, ina hollita jiiɓru ina waawi arde.

Daabaaji ina mbiyaa kadi e nate gonɗe e mahol ngol. Poster yiɗaaɗo ngam wuyɓe ina wiya wonde omo heewi yahdude e buldog, poster goɗɗo ina yeeyna yeewtere "Professeur Snoox" e aadaaji pucci. Pucci ɗiɗi ina njiyee e dow suudu. E nder sifaa makko Brown wiyi wonde ɓe "ina njedda miijo makko e toto".[11]

## Koolondiral e maanaa
Yiyngo ñalnde hannde e The Mount, Heath Street: nokku kuutorteeɗo ngam Golle

Kuuɗe laawol haa hooseere, Hampstead, lewru Mee 2021

Pentol ngol ina yuɓɓinee e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓgol nokku gila e ñaamo haa e nano, nde tawnoo ɓuuɓri ladde bannge ñaamo ina lomtoo golle tiiɗɗe e hakkundeere e ɓuuɓri wuro to bannge nano. Gollotooɓe e nder cafrirde ndee ina njuppa jokkondire tabitinaaɗe hakkunde jikkuuji ɗii, ina mberloo yimɓe e laabi kesi. Brown ina rewna mbaydi tatiire kuuɓtodinndi e nder renndo, tawi aristokraat en pucci ina ngoni dow. Kono ɓe ndartinaama haa caggal, ɓe ndartoo, ɓe mbaawaa yahrude yeeso – ɓe ndokkaama e nder ŋoral e nder ŋoral, tawi gollotooɓe ɓee ina njogii ŋoral yeesowal jalbungal. Railuuji taariindi ɓulli ɗii ina ceerti fannu golle baɗɗe faayiida e golle wellitaare, lassitude e golle ɗe ngalaa baawɗe.

No ko ɓuri heewde e nate Pre-Raphaelite nii, jimol ngol ina famɗitina chiaroscuro e mooftude motiiji e nder keewal jiiɓru, ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe Hogarthian e nder natal mawngal (gorko ina loota windooji; dogdu ina sunii pucci ina ardoo oto ekn). Koolol ngol ina huutoree kadi ngam taƴde nate e motiiji ɗi ina saɗtina janngugol weeyo (junngo yaltungo e ɓuuɓri; nate taƴɗe ɗee caggal hoore annduɓe). Jaleeɗe Carlyle ina njokkondiri e ƴeewoowo e nder jokkondire paradoxal e golle gollorɗe peeñɗe.[12]

## Ƴeew kadi
Doggol nate ɗe Ford Madox Brown waɗi

## Tuugnorgal
Dianne Sachko Macleod, "Plint, Thomas Edward (1823-1861)", Saggitorde Oxford taariindi ngenndi, jaaynde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford, settaambar 2004

Hello dow "Museeji Birmingham e Galle Naalankaagal ko adii Raphaelite", heɓaama, 14 feebariyee 2015

Biome, Albert, “Ford Madox Brown, Carlyle, e Karl Marx: maanaa e sirlu golle e nder teeminannde sappo e jeenaɓiire”, Jaaynde ñeeñal, suwee 1981

Golle Curtis, Gerald, Ford Madox Brown: Anndugol Ikonogaraafi, "Bulletin Naalankaagal", Vol. 74, limre 4 (Desammbar 1992), hello 623-636.

Sifaa, fuɗɗorii ko e saggitorde konnguɗi e taali, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894.

Brown, F. M., Sifaa golle e nate goɗɗe, tagoore e njulaagu, pp. 316–20.

Kurtis, Jeraard (1992). "Golle Ford Madox Brown: ƴeewndo ikonografi". Jaaynde naalankaagal, vol. 74, alaa. 4, hello 623-36.

Ko ɓenni e jooni, Faandaare XI, Golle. Ƴeew kadi, Frederick Engels, ƴeewndo Carlyle ko adii e jooni, 1844, Engles, golle mooftaaɗe, Christopher dow, firo.

"Ko ɓenni e jooni, Faandaare 5". Enternet-binndi.com. 26 lewru Yarkomaa 2007. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 13 abriil 2012.

“Siyaasa kuuɓtodinɗo nder “Statue Hudson”, Paul Flynn Jannde Engele/Diina 256, “Jaŋde Ceniinde” (2004), Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Brown”. Wiktoraa.org. 23 oktoobar 2002. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 13 abriil 2012.

Kenneth Bendiner, naalankaagal Ford Madox Brown, Jaaynde dowla Penn, 2010, p. 154.

Trodd, C, Kuugal Ford Madox Brown, Harding, E, Ƴeewtaade ko adii Rafael en, Scolar, 1996

## Jokkondire yaajɗe
Wikimedia ina jogii mediaaji jowitiiɗi e Golle (pentol).

Wideyooji yaajɗi

ikon wideyoo Ko adii Rafael en: Suɓngo gardiiɗo – Golle Ford Madox Brown, Galle Tate

"Ford Madoks Brown: Golle". Koolol galle naalankaagal Manchester. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 16 mars 2018.

"Ford Madox Brown: laawol Heath, Hampstead (jaŋde ngam golle)". Koolol galle naalankaagal Manchester. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 16 mars 2018.

"Kugal". Naalankaagal UK. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 16 mars 2018.