Banngladesh

**Banngladesh** ko leydi e nder Aasiyafuɗnaange. Ko leydi go’aɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimmɓe e winndere ndee, e nder leyɗeele ɓurɗe heewde yimmɓe, tawi ko ina tolnoo e 171 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e nder wertallo 148,460 kiloomeeta kaaree (57,320 miil kaaree). Bangladesh ina renndini keeri leydi e Indiya to fuɗnaange, hirnaange, e fuɗnaange, e Myanmar to fuɗnaange-rewo. Ina jogii daande maayo Bengal to bannge worgo mum, ina seerti e Butaan e Nepal ko e laawol Siliguri, e Siin ko e dowla Sikkim to bannge worgo mum. Dakaar, laamorgo e wuro ɓurngo mawnude, woni cakaare politik, kaalis, e pinal ngenndi ndii. Chittagong woni wuro ɗiɗaɓo ɓurngo mawnude e porto ɓurɗo heewde yimɓe e nder leydi ndi.

Leydi Bangladesh hannde ndii ko nokku cemmbinɗo laamuuji Buddhist e Hindu keewɗi e nder daartol ɓooyngol. Caggal nde juulɓe keɓi leydi ndii e hitaande 1204, diiwaan oo yi’i laamu Sultanaat e Mughal. E jamaanu Mughal, haa teeŋti noon e les njiimaandi Bengal Subah, diiwaan oo yalti ko e nokkuuji ɓurɗi alɗude e njulaagu e nder laamu nguu, anndiraaɗo ƴellitaare njulaagu mbaylaandi e ndema. Hare Plassey e hitaande 1757 woni fuɗɗoode laamu koloñaal Angalteer e nder teeminanɗe ɗiɗi garooje ɗee. Caggal feccere leydi Indiya Biritanik e hitaande dubi alif 1947, Fuɗnaange Bengal wonti bannge fuɗnaange e ɓurɗo heewde yimɓe e Dominion Pakistaan ​​keso oo, caggal ɗuum innde mum wayliima wonti Fuɗnaange Pakistaan. Caggal ko ina ɓura duuɓi capanɗe ɗiɗi njiimaandi politik e njiyaagu njuɓɓudi ummoraade e laamu Pakistaan ​​hirnaange, Pakistaan ​​fuɗnaange heɓi wolde nder leydi e hitaande 1971 ; haa jooni ina addana ɗum hare ngam heɓde jeytaare. Mukti Bahini, e ballal konu Inndo, waɗii njiimaandi kaɓirɗe ; e dow ballal warngooji, Bangladesh wonti leñol njiimaandi ñalnde 16 desaambar 1971. Caggal jeytaare mum, Sheek Mujibur Rahman ardii leydi ndii haa o waraa e hitaande 1975. Caggal ɗuum, hooreejo leydi ndii rokkaama Ziaur Rahman, mo kanko e hoore makko waraa e hitaande 1980 Huseyn Muhammadu Ershad, mo laamu fooli e nder fitinaaji mawɗi e hitaande 1990. Caggal demokaraasi e hitaande 1991, « hare Begum en » hakkunde Khaleda Zia e Sheek Hasina, siifi politik leydi ndii e nder duuɓi capanɗe tati garooji ɗii. Hasina fooli laamu e nder fitinaaji mawɗi ɗi almudɓe ardii e lewru ut 2024, laamu nguu sosaa, ngu Muhammad Yunus, keɓɗo njeenaari Nobel ardii.

Bangladesh ko leydi parlemaa ngootiri tuugiindi e njuɓɓudi Westminster. Ko leydi hakkundeeri ndi faggudu mum woni ɗiɗaɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e Asii fuɗnaange. Bangladesh woni leydi tataɓiri ɓurndi heewde juulɓe e winndere nde, kadi ko leydi joyaɓiri ɓurndi heewde haaleede e ɗemngal neeniwal. Ko kañum jogii konu tataɓo ɓurngu mawnude e nder Asii fuɗnaange, ko kañum ɓuri waawde wallitde e golle jam Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Ina waɗi diwanuuji jeetati, diiwanuuji 64, e diiwanuuji 495, ko ɗoon woni ladde mangrove ɓurnde mawnude e winndere ndee. Kono tan, leydi Bangladesh ina jeyaa e leyɗe ɓurɗe heewde mooliiɓe e nder winndere ndee, tee ina jokki e jogaade caɗeele ko wayi no njulaagu nguura, ŋakkeende jojjanɗe aadee, ŋakkeende kisal politik, ŋakkeende nguura, e batte bonɗe ɗe mbayliigu weeyo addanta. Nde ardii laabi ɗiɗi Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e weeyo, nde jeyaa ko e BIMSTEC, SAARC, OIC e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe.

Mbertudi leydi ndin ko 148.460 km2, jamaa hoɗuɗo e mayri no hewtaynoo fewndo hitaande 2018 yimɓe 161.376.708. Laamorde nden ko Dhaka.

## Etimoloji
Etimoloji Banngalade ("leydi Bengali") ina waawi rewrude e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20th, nde jimɗi njiimaandi Bengali, ko wayi no Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy mo Rabindranath Tagore winndi, e Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo mo Kazi Nazrul Islam winndi, kuutorii helmere ndee e hitaande 1905 e hitaande 1932. Puɗɗagol e kitaale 1950, ngenndiyankooɓe Bengali ina kuutoroo helmere ndee e nder seppooji politik to Fuɗnaange Pakistaan.

Helmere Bangla ko innde mawnde wonande diiwaan Bengal e ɗemngal Bengali fof. Iwdi helmere Bangla ndee laaɓaani, miijooji ina kollita leñol proto-Dravidian en jamaanu njamndi, e Laamu Vanga jamaanu njamndi. Kuutoragol helmere ndee ko adii fof ko lefol Nesari e hitaande 805 caggal Iisaa. Helmere Vangala Desa ndee ina tawee e binndanɗe Inndo fuɗnaange teeminannde 11th. Helmere nde heɓi darnde laamu e jamaanu Sultanaat Bengal e teeminannde 14th. Shamsudin Ilyas Shah hollitii hoore mum ko "Shah Bangala" gadano e hitaande 1342. Konngol Bangāl wonti innde ɓurnde heewde e diiwaan oo e jamaanu lislaam. Daartol Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubaarak mo teeminannde 16th siftinii e nder deftere mum Ain-i-Akbari wonde ɓeydugol suffix "al" ummorii ko e wonde rajah en ɓooyɓe leydi ndii ina ƴetta tufɗe leydi e nder nokkuuji lesɗi to les tule ceene ɗe mbiyaten "al". Ɗumɗoo ina haalee kadi e nder deftere Gulam Huseyn Salim nde o winndi.

## Limre yimɓe
Bangladesh ina joginoo 169,8 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e binnditagol 2022, ɗum ɓeydiima haa 171,4 miliyoŋ e hitaande 2023. Ko leydi go’aɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e winndere nde, leydi joyaɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Aasi, e leydi mawndi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e winndere nde, tawi ko 1 265 neɗɗo/km2 e hitaande 2020. Hakindo jibinannde (TFR) e nder leydi Bangladesh, nde wonnoo ko e ɓurɗe toowde e winndere ndee, ina famɗi no feewi, gila e 5,5 e hitaande 1985 haa 3,7 e hitaande 1995, haa 1,9 e hitaande 2022, ko les jibinannde lomtinande 2,1. Ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe leydi ndii ina nguuri e gure teeru, tawi ko 40% tan nguuri e nder gure teeru haa hitaande 2023. Bangladesh ina jogii duuɓi hakkundeeji ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi 28, tawi 26% e yimɓe leydi ndii ina njogii duuɓi 14 walla ko ɓuri ɗum, e 6% tan ina njogii duuɓi 65 e ko ɓuri ɗum e hitaande 2023.

Bangladesh ko renndo ngootaagu e leƴƴi e pinal, sibu Bengali en ina mbaɗi 99% e yimɓe leydi ndii. Yimɓe Adivasi en ina mbaɗi Chakma en, Marma en, Santhal en, Mros en, Tanchangya en, Bawm en, Tripuri en, Khasi en, Kumi en, Kuki en, Garos en, e Bisnupriya en Manipur en. Diiwaan Chittagong Hill Tracts heɓi jiiɓru e fitinaaji tuggi 1975 haa 1997 e nder dille ndimaagu yimɓe mum. Hay so tawii nanondiral jam siynaama e hitaande 1997, diiwaan oo ina heddii e militeer en. Pakistaannaaɓe haalooɓe ɗemngal Urdu, ɓe ngoni ko e ɓiyleydaagu, ɓe ndokkaama ɓiyleydaagu e hitaande 2008. Bangladesh kadi ina jaɓɓoo ko ina tolnoo e 700,000 mooliiɗo Rohingya gila 2017, ɗum noon ina jeyaa e leyɗeele ɓurɗe heewde mooliiɓe e nder winndere nde.

### Wolde

Ɗemngal laawɗungal e ɓurngal heewde e leydi Bangladesh ko ɗemngal Bengali, ngal ko ɓuri 99% e yimɓe leydi ndii kaalata ko ɗemngal mum en neeniwal. Bengali ina siforee no jokkondire ɗemɗe ɗo ɗemɗe ceertuɗe kaaleteeɗe e nder leydi ndii fof. Won diglossia ɗo ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe mbaawi faamde walla haalde e ɗemngal Bengali Standard Colloquial, e ɗemngal mum en diiwaan walla ɗemngal mum en. Ina jeyaa e ɗeen ɗemɗe Chittagonian kaaleteeɗe e diiwaan fuɗnaange-rewo Chittagong, Noakhali kaaleteeɗo e diiwaan fuɗnaange-rewo Noakhali e Sylheti kaaleteeɗo e diiwaan fuɗnaange-rewo Sylhet.

Engele ina jogii darnde mawnde e nder geɗe ñaawoore e jaŋde leydi Bangladesh, sabu daartol leydi ndii e nder laamu Biritaan. Nde haalaama no feewi, nde faamee, nde janngetee ko e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde, e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde, tawa kadi ko e nder duɗe jaaɓi-haaɗtirde ɗemngal Inngila ina heewi tawtoreede.

Ɗemɗe leƴƴi, hay so ina ɓeydoo ustaade, ina jeyaa heen ɗemngal Chakma, ɗemngal goɗngal gonngal e Fuɗnaange Indo-Aryan, ngal leñol Chakma en kaalata. Woɗɓe ɓee ko Garo en, Meitey en, Kokborok e Rakhiin en. E nder ɗemɗe Otiris, ɓurɗe haaleede ko ɗemngal Santali, jibinannde leñol Santal. Pakistaannaaɓe jolnooɓe e won e taƴe Dakaanaaɓe ɓooyɓe ina keewi huutoraade ɗemngal Urdu ngam wonde ɗemngal mum en neeniwal. Haa jooni, kuutoragol ɗiɗaɓol ngol ina heddii e ñaaweede no feewi.

### Dina
Lislaam woni diina leydi Bangladesh. Kono kadi doosgal leydi ndii ina jokki e ƴellitde diineeji ɗii fof, ina ɗaɓɓi kadi potal hakkeeji diineeji ɗii. Kala ɓiɗɗo leydi ina jogii ndimaagu rewde kala diine.

Lislaam woni diina ɓurɗo mawnude e nder leydi ndii, ina rewi heen fotde 91.1% e yimɓe leydi ndii. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɓiɓɓe leydi Bangladesh ko juulɓe Bengali, jokkuɓe e lislaam sunnit en. Leydi ndi'i woni lesdi tataɓiri ɓurdundi ɗuuɗugo julɓe nder duuniyaaru, nden boo woni lesdi nayaɓiri ɓurdundi ɗuuɗugo juulɓe nder duuniyaaru fuu.

Hinndu'en Bengali'en woni diina ɗiɗaɓo nder lesdi ndi'i, nden boo kamɓe ngoni tataɓere ɓurdunde mawnugo nder ummaatoore Hindu'en nder duuniyaaru. E binnditagol 2022, Hinndu en ina mbaɗi 7,95% e yimɓe leydi ndii fof. E binnditagol 2011, Hinndu en ina mbaɗi 8,54% e yimɓe leydi ndii.

Buddhist woni diina tataɓo ɓurɗo reweede, ko 0,6% tan e yimɓe leydi ndii njokki ɗum. Buddhist en Bangladesh ina keewi e nder leƴƴi leƴƴi e nder nokkuuji tufɗe Chittagong e nder Buddhist en Bengali en seeɗa e nder Chittagong, ɓe ɓuri heewde ko tokkude duɗal Theravada.

Kerecee’en woni diinaaji nayaɓi ɓurɗi mawnude e 0,3%, rewi heen ko ɓuri heewde ko Kerecee’en seeɗa Bengali. 0,1% e yimɓe leydi ndii ina kuutoroo diineeji goɗɗi ko wayi no Animism walla ko diineeji ɗi ngalaa.

## Dina

### Ñalɗi e juuldeeji
Koolol aadaaji ina jeyaa heen Pahela Baishakh (hitaande hesere Bengali), woni koolol mawngol pinal Bengali; e juuldeeji jaajɗi. Pohela Falgun hawri ko e ñalngu Valentine, ina mawninee e kollirgol jimɗi, jimɗi e golle pinal goɗɗe. Juuldeeji goɗɗi ina mbaɗi Nabonno e Poush Parbon, ɗi mawninta kosam kesam e nder gese. Shakrain ko mawningol hitaande kala, ngol waɗata ko e lewru ɓuuɓndu, waɗata ko e darorɗe lewru Poush, lewru nayaɓuru e limlebbi Bengali. Koolol ngol hawri ko e Makar Sankranti mawninaaɗo to leydi Indiya e leydi Nepal.

E nder juuldeeji diina, juuldeeji ɗiɗi ɓurɗi mawnude e juulɓe ko ɓuri heewde ko juulde Iid al-Fitr, ko juulde lewru Ramadaan—e Iid al-Adha, ko juulde kirse. Iiduuji ɗii fof ina mawninee e ñalɗi ɓurɗi juutde e ñalɗi ngenndiiji. Juulde juulɓe woɗnde ina jeyaa heen Mawlid (juulde juulde), Aasura ñalnde sappo lewru Muharram, Chaand Raat, e Shab-e-Barat. Juulde Hindu ɓurnde mawnineede ko Durga Puja. Juuldeeji Hindu mawɗi goɗɗi ina jeyaa heen juulde Kirishna Janmashtami e Ratha Yatra. Juulde ɓurnde mawnude e nder leydi ndi fof ko Buddha Purnima, ko juulde jibineede Buddha Gautama. E nder Kerecee’en, ko Natal ɓuri mawnineede.

Juuldeeji ngenndiiji yiɗɓe leydi ina njeyaa heen ñalngu dille ɗemɗe, ñalngu nguu ina mawninee ñalnde 21 Febraayru ngam siftorde martabaaji dille ɗemɗe Bengali e hitaande 1952. Nde UNESCO bayyini ɗum ñalngu ɗemngal neeniwal hakkunde leyɗeele e hitaande 1999. Ñalngu jeytaare ina mawninee ñalnde 26 marse ngam siftorde bayyinaango jeytaare leydi Pakistaan. Ñalngu nasaraaku ina mawninee ñalnde 16 lewru Augost ngam mawninde nasaraaku e wolde ndimaagu leydi Bangladesh. Moɓondiral jamaa ina teskaa e Shaheed Minar e Memorial Martyrs National e nder juuldeeji tati cakkitiiɗi ɗii ngam teddinde martiriiji maayɓe.

## Himobe