Qin Shi Huang

**Qin Shi Huang** (Siin: 秦始皇, feebariyee 259 – 12 sulyee 210 ko adii jibineede Iisaa) ko sosɗo laamu Qin, kadi ko kanko woni laamɗo gadano Siin.[9] Ko ɓuri jogaade tiitoonde "laamɗo" (wáng 王) nde laamɓe Shang e Zhou ɓennuɓe ɓee njoginoo, o ƴetti tiitoonde "laamɗo" (huángdì 皇帝) nde o sosi, nde laamɓe ɓee njogori huutoraade e nder leydi Siin e nder duuɓi ujunnaaje ɗiɗi garooji ɗii .

Jibinaa ko to Handan, laamorgo Zhao, e innde Ying Zheng (嬴政) walla Zhao Zheng (趙政), jibnaaɓe makko ko laamɗo Zhuangxiang mo Qin e laamɗo Zhao. Julaajo alɗuɗo biyeteeɗo Lü Buwei walli mo e lomtaade baaba makko e laamɗo Qin, caggal ɗuum o wonti laamɗo Zheng mo Qin. E hitaande 221 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, o heɓtii denndaangal leyɗeele kaɓtorɗe ɗee, o hawriti Siin fof, o arti e jappeere laamu, o woni laamɗo gadano Siin. E laamu makko, senerooji makko ɓeydii mawnugol dowla Siin no feewi : kampaañuuji to fuɗnaange Chu ɓeydii haa abada leyɗeele Yue Hunan e Guangdong e nder Sinosfeer, kampaañuuji to Asii ndernderiijo keɓti Ordos Loop ummoraade e Xiongnu, hay so tawii noon Xiongnu later hawritii e les njiimaandi Modu Chanyu.

Qin Shi Huang kadi gollodiima e jaagorde mum Li Si ngam waɗde peeje mawɗe to bannge faggudu e politik, tawi faandaare mum ko yuɓɓinde golle ceertuɗe ɗe dowlaaji Siin ɓennuɗi mbaɗnoo. O wiyetee ko e aadaaji o haɗi, o wuli defte keewɗe, o wari annduɓe. Eɓɓaaɗe makko e golle renndo ina njeyaa heen naatgol kuɓeeje dowlaaji ceertuɗi e nder galle gooto mawɗo Siin e njuɓɓudi laabi ngenndiiji kesi mawɗi, kam e mausoleum makko mawɗo no wuro nii, mo konu Terracotta mawngu nguurndam mum reeni. O laamii haa o maayi e hitaande 210 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, e nder njillu makko joyaɓuru to fuɗnaange Siin.[10]

Qin Shi Huang ina heewi hollireede ko neɗɗo jom doole en, jom sariyaaji tiiɗɗi—sifaaji ɗi ummorii ko e ƴeewte bonɗe baɗaaɗe e laamu Han lomtiiɗo Qin. Gila e cakkital teeminannde 20ɓiire, annduɓe puɗɗiima naamnaade ndeeɗoo ƴeewndo, ina addana en yeewtidde no feewi e sifaa politik makko e peeje makko. E wiyde ganndo sinologist biyeteeɗo Michael Loewe "seɗɗa ina luulndii miijo wonde golle laamu makko ina njogii batte keewɗe e daartol Siin fof, ko ɗum woni fuɗɗoode yontaaji udditaaɗi e hitaande 1911".[11]

## Inɗe
Fuɗɗoode Siin hannde ina heewi rokkude innde keeriinde Qin Shi Huang ko Ying Zheng, tawa Ying (嬴) ina ƴetta innde mum, Zheng (政) ko innde dokkaande ndee. Kono, to Siin ɓooyɗo, ko nanndi e innde ina seerti, innde leñol Zhao (趙), nokku ɗo o jibinaa, o mawni, ina waawi huutoreede e innde. Nandugol e inɗe Sinuwaa hannde, tedduɓe Siin ɓooyɗo ina njoginoo inɗe ɗiɗi ceertuɗe : innde maamiraaɓe (姓) ina waɗi dental ɓurngal mawnude iwdi e maamiraaɓe mawɓe, ko heewi wiyde ina nguuri e jamaanu Laamɓe tato e laamɓe joy e lefol Siin, e innde leñol (氏) ina waɗi fedde ɓurnde famɗude hollitoore fedde calɗi jooni walla tiitoonde ɓooynde. Golle ɓooyɗe ɗee ko limtude inɗe worɓe ceertuɗe—"Annals Basic de l'Empereur gadano de Qin" Sima Qian hollitii mo wonde "hokkaama innde Zheng e innde Zhao"[12][f]—walla hawrude e innde leñol ngol e... innde neɗɗo: Sima winndi Chu ina siftina hitaande sappo e jeegom laamu laamɗo Kaolie ko "waktu mo Zhao Zheng jooɗii laamɗo Qin".[14] Kono, nde tawnoo inɗe Siin hannde ɗee (hay so tawii ko ɓuri heewde e inɗe leƴƴi) ina kuutoroo sifaa gooto e inɗe taaniraaɓe ɓooyɗe ɗee, ɓuri heewde e lowre Sinuwaa hannde ndee ko yiyde innde laamɗo oo ina winndaa heen Ying Zheng,[g] ina huutoroo innde taaniraaɓe innde galle Ying.

Laamɓe Qin mbaɗnoo koye mum en laamɓe gila e jamaanu laamɗo Huiwen e hitaande 325 ko adii jibineede Iisaa. Nde o ummii, Zheng anndiraa laamɗo Qin[12][13] walla laamɗo Zheng Qin.[15][16] Ndee tiitoonde waɗi mo fotde laamɓe Shang e Zhou, laamɓe mum en cakkitiiɓe ɓee, laamɗo Zhaoxiang mo Qin woppi laamu e hitaande 256 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.

Caggal nde Qi rokki laamu e hitaande 221 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, laamɗo Zheng hawritii leyɗeele laamu Zhou ɓooyngu nguu fof. Kono, wonaa jogaade darnde laamɗo,[17] o sosi tiitoonde hesere huángdì (laamɗo) ngam hoore makko. Ndee tiitoonde hesere hawritii tiitooɗe ɗiɗi—huáng e laamɓe tato (三皇, Sān Huáng) e dì laamɓe joy (五帝, Wŭ Dì) taariindi Siin.[18] Tiitoonde ndee ina yiɗi heɓde won e teddungal laamɗo oo,[19] mo diine mum heewi yiyeede e yonta Dowlaaji Dentuɗi caggal ɗuum, mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum woni sosɗo leñol Siin. Laamiiɗo Zheng suɓi innde laamu kesum Laamiiɗo arandeejo (Shǐ Huángdì, ko adii winndannde Shih Huang-ti)[20] dow faamde wonde lomtiiɓe mo maa njogo innde "Laamiiɗo ɗiɗaɓo", "Laamiiɗo tataɓo", e ko nanndi heen yontaaji ɗii. (E goonga, peeje ɗee duumii tan ko e ronooɓe makko ɗoon e ɗoon, hono laamɗo ɗiɗaɓo.)[21] Tiitoonde hesere ndee ina joginoo mbaydiiji diine. Ngam ɗuum, Sinolojiyankooɓe—fuɗɗoraade e Peter Boodberg[citation ina haani] walla Edward Schafer[22]—ina firta ɗum sahaa e sahaa fof “tearch” e laamɗo gadano oo ko “tearch” gadano.[23]

Laamiiɗo gadano oo yiɗiino wonde laamu mum ina heddoo e nder duuɓi kono, caggal nde o fooli ɗum, o lomtii ɗum e Han caggal maayde makko, ɗum wonti aadaaji ngam waɗde tiitoonde makko e Qin. Ndu:

* 秦, Qín walla Ch'in, "mo Qin".
* 始, Shǐ walla Shih, "arandeere"[24]
* 皇帝, Huángdì walla Huang-ti, "laamɗo", helmere hesere[h] nde ƴettaa e...
* 皇, Huáng walla Huang, e ɗemngal "jalbooje" walla "jalbugol" e ko adii fof ko ɓuri heewde huutoreede ko "hono innde Asamaan",[26] tiitoonde Laamɓe Tato, laamɗo toowɗo Zhou[25].
* 帝, Dì walla Ti, laamɗo toowɗo Shang, ina gasa tawa ko maamiraaɓe maɓɓe diineeji,[27] e Zhou huutortoo ɗum no tiitoonde laamɓe joy legendaire, haa teeŋti e laamɗo oole

Gila e Sima Qian, ina heewi juutde Qin Shi Huangdi mo alkule nay keɓtinaaɗe ɗee, waɗta ɗum 秦始皇,[28] e binndol ceertungol ko Qin Shihuang walla Qin Shi Huang.

Caggal nde o toɗɗaa e laamɗo, innde Zheng 政 e ina gasa tawa ko homofon mum 正[i] fof ngonti ko taƴondirta.[j] Laamɗo gadano oo kadi ƴetti innde Sinuwaa 朕 (OC *lrəm',[30] hèn.) . ngam huutoraade ɗum tan e hitaande 212 ko adii jibineede Iisaa o fuɗɗii innirde hoore makko Maayɗo (真人, OC *Tin-niŋ,[30] mod. Zhēnrén, lit. "Neɗɗo Goonga").[17] Woɗɓe ina poti noddude mo "Mawɗo maa" (陛下, mod. Bìxià, lit. "Les Palaas[31] Ɗaɗi") e yeeso e "Mawɗo maa" (上) e binndol.[17]

## Jibineede e jibinannde
E wiyde deftere daartoowo mawɗo, nde Sima Qian winndi e laamu Han, laamɗo gadano oo ko ɓiy mawɗo laamɗo Qin biyeteeɗo Yiren, mo caggal mum wonti laamɗo Zhuangxiang mo Qin. Laamɗo Yiren e oon sahaa ina hoɗi e nder galle laamorɗo Zhao, ina golloroo e hoɗdiiɓe ngam dañde jokkere enɗam hakkunde dowlaaji Qin e Zhao.[24][32][33] Laamɗo Yiren ina yiɗiino e gite mum gadano debbo biyeteeɗo Lü Buwei, njulaagu alɗuɓe ummoriiɗo to Dowla Wey. Lü jaɓi wonde debbo Yiren, ndeen o anndiraa Lady Zhao caggal dowla Zhao. O rokkaama innde Zhao Zheng, innde Zheng (正) ummorii ko e lewru jibinannde makko Zhengyue, lewru adanndu e limlebbi Siin;[33] innde leñol Zhao ummorii ko e iwdi baaba makko, tee alaa ko jokkondiri e makko innde yumma mum walla nokku ɗo o jibinaa ɗoo 250 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.

Kono kadi, binndanɗe daartol mawngol ngol mbiyi wonde laamɗo gadano oo wonaa ɓiy laamɗo Yiren tigi-rigi kono ko ɓiy Lü Buwei.[36] E wiyde ndeeɗoo tinndinoore, nde Lü Buwei holliti suka debbo jimoowo oo e laamɗo oo, ko kanko woni jom suudu Lü Buwei, o heɓiino reedu makko, ɓiɗɗo oo jibinaa ko caggal nde reedu mum juuti no feewi.[36] E wiyde firooji Annals Lü Buwei, Zhao Ji jibinii laamɗo garoowo oo e nder wuro Handan e hitaande 259 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, lewru adanndu e hitaande 48ɓiire laamu laamɗo Zhaoxiang mo Qin.[37]

Miijo wonde laamɗo oo ko cukalel ngel alaa ɗo haaɗi, ngo yimɓe heewɓe ngoongɗini e nder daartol Siin, addani laamɗo gadano oo yiyde ko boni.[24] Kono tan, annduɓe hannde heewɓe ina cikkitii ndeeɗoo tinndinoore jibinannde makko. Sinologist biyeteeɗo Derk Bodde winndii : « ina woodi daliilu laaɓtuɗo ngam sikkude wonde konngol sifotoongol ngolɗoo reedu keewndu ko huunde nde neɗɗo mo anndaaka ɓeydi e Shih-chi ngam bonnude laamɗo gadano oo e hollirde wonde o wonaa politik e ko o jibinaa ». [38] John Knoblock e Jeffrey Riegel, e nder firo maɓɓe deftere nde Lü Buwei winndi e ndunngu e ndunngu, mbiyata ko daartol ngol "fewre laaɓtunde, firti ko fenaande Lü e waɗde fenaande e dow laamɗo gadano oo".[39] Wiyde Lü Buwei—julaajo—hono baaba laamɗo gadano oo, ina foti wonde ko ɓuri teeŋtude, nde tawnoo caggal ɗuum renndo Konfusiyankooɓe ina joginoo njulaagu ko ɓuri lesɗude e denndaangal renndooji.[40]

## Laamu ko laamɗo Qin

### Regensi

E hitaande 246 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, nde laamɗo Zhuangxiang maayi caggal laamu juutngu duuɓi tati tan, lomtii mo e jappeere laamu ko ɓiyiiko gorko jahroowo e duuɓi 13.[41] E oon sahaa, Zhao Zheng ina wonnoo suka, ko ɗum waɗi Lü Buwei woni gardiiɗo jaagorɗe regent Dowla Qin, tawi ina jokki e waɗde hare e dowlaaji jeegom keddiiɗi ɗii.[24] Duuɓi jeenay caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 235 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, Zhao Zheng heɓi laamu timmungu caggal nde Lü Buwei riiwaa sabu mum tawtoreede fenaande e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Zhao.[42][43]

Zhao Chengjiao, Joomiraawo Chang'an (长安君),[44] wonnoo ko miñi mum laawɗuɗo, baaba mum gooto kono ko yumma mum goɗɗo. Caggal nde Zhao Zheng roni jappeere laamu, Chengjiao ummii e Tunliu, o rokki hoore makko e dowla Zhao. Heddiiɓe e reenooɓe Chengjiao e ɓesnguuji mum en ko Zhao Zheng mbari ɗum en.[45]

### Lao Ai etaade waɗde kuudetaa
Nde laamɗo Zheng mawni, Lü Buwei huli wonde laamɗo suka oo ina yiytoo jokkondiral mum e yumma mum, Lady Zhao. O felliti woɗɗitaade, o ndaara lomto laamɗo debbo oo. O tawi gorko gooto ina wiyee Lao Ai.[46] E wiyde jaaynde wiyeteende The Record of Grand Historian, Lao Ai wayliima no feewi, o ƴetti wuttulo makko. Caggal mum Lao Ai e laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Zhao Ji ina nanndi no feewi haa ɓe ndañi ɓiɓɓe worɓe ɗiɗo e nder sirlu.[46] Lao Ai mawniraa ko Marquis Lào Ǎi, o ɓuuɓnaama jawdi. Lao Ai's ina joginoo miijo lomtaade laamɗo Zheng e gooto e ɓiɓɓe mum, kono e nder ñalngu nguu, o nanii omo mantoo wonde ko o baaba laamɗo cukalel ngel.[46] E hitaande 238 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, nde laamɗo oo yahrata to laamorgo mum ɓooyngo, hono Yong (雍), Lao Ai nanngi maande yumma laamɗo debbo oo, moofti konu ngam waɗde kuudetaa.[46] Nde o humpitaa e murto ngoo, laamɗo Zheng yamiri Lü Buwei yo ɗaccu joom mum Changping e joom mum Changwen ndartoo Lao Ai. Hay so tawii konu laamɗo nguu warii teemedde teemedde murtuɓe e nder laamorgo ngoo, Lao Ai dañii nafoore e dogde e nokku wolde ndee.[47]

Coodgu miliyoŋaaji 1 mbuuɗu njamndi mboɗeeri ina waɗee e hoore Lao Ai so tawii o nanngaama omo wuuri walla feccere miliyoŋ so o maayii.[46] Waɗooɓe Lao Ai nanngaa, taƴaa koye mum en ; ndeen Lao Ai haɓɓaama, ronkaama haa joyi e werlaaji pucci, ɓesngu makko fof waraa haa tolno tataɓo.[46] Ɓiɓɓe ɗiɗo suuɗiiɓe ɓee kadi mbaraama, yumma mum Zhao Ji waɗtaa e kasoo haa o maayi duuɓi keewɗi caggal ɗuum. Lü Buwei yari koppi mburu tooke, o wari hoore makko e hitaande 235 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[24][46] Ndeen Ying Zheng ƴettii laamu timmungu, hono laamɗo dowla Qin. Lomtii Lü Buwei, Li Si wonti kanselor keso.

### Eɓɓoore warngo adannde

Laamɗo Zheng e konu mum njokki e haɓde e dowlaaji koɗdiiɗi ɗii. Dowla Yan alaa ko nanndi e dowlaaji Qin : ko tokooso, ko famɗi fof, konu Qin ina heewi ƴattaade ɗum. [10] Laamiiɗo Dan mo Yan waɗi feere ngam wartugo laamiiɗo Zheng, o hoosi Jing Ke e Qin Wuyang ngam kuugal ngal nder hitaande 227 ko adii Iisaa.[35][10]

Warooɓe ɓee keɓii laawol feewde e laamɗo Zheng ko e waɗde ko wayi no dokkal dipolomaasi moƴƴal : kartal Dukang e hoore Fan Wuji taƴaaɗo.[10] Qin Wuyang adii yahde yeeso ngam hollirde haala kartal ngal kono kulol fooli ɗum. Jing Ke ndeen yahri yeeso e dokke ɗiɗi ɗee kala, ina fammina wonde gollodiiɗo mum ina diwa sabu "[o] meeɗaa waɗde gite mum e Ɓiɗɗo asamaan". Nde dagger oo 6uuccii e kartal ngal, laamcfo oo ummii e koycfe mum, 6uuccii kaafaawi mum – hay gooto e 6icfcfo makko oo yamiraaka nawde balcfe e yeeso makko. Jing Ke fiyi laamɗo oo kono o ŋakki, laamɗo Zheng taƴi koyngal Jing Ke. E nder majjere, Jing Ke werlii feggere ndee kono o ŋakki kadi. O rokki hoore makko caggal hare juutnde nde o ɓeydii gaañde. Dowla Yan heɓi ɗum fof ko duuɓi joy caggal ɗuum.