Matilda effect

**Effet Matilda** ko ƴaañgal jaɓde golle rewɓe annduɓe e sosnooɓe, ɓe golle mum en njogori fawaade e gollodiiɓe mum en worɓe. Ndee feere adii siforaade ko Matilda Joslyn Gage (1826–1898) suɓngooji e abolition e nder winndannde mum « Debbo ko jibinannde » (nde yalti ko adii fof e hitaande 1870, caggal ɗuum yaltinaa e jaaynde *wiyeteende North American Review*, nde inniri ɗum « Debbo ko jibinannde e nder18).  Helmere *« effet Matilda »* ndee ko daartoowo ganndal biyeteeɗo Margaret W. Rossiter sosi ɗum e hitaande 1993.  

Rossiter ina rokka yeruuji keewɗi e ngalɗoo batte. Trotula ( Trota de Salerno ), debbo cafroowo Itaalinaajo mo teeminannde 12ɓiire, winndii defte ɗe, caggal maayde mum, mbiyata ko binndooɓe worɓe. Caɗeele teeminannde sappo e jeenay e capanɗe jeegom kollitooje batte Matilda ina njeyaa heen geɗe Nettie Stevens,  Lise Meitner, Mariyetta Blau, Rosalind Franklin e Jocelyn Bell Burnell.

Effet Matilda nanndinaama e effet Matthew, ɗo ganndo mawɗo heewi dañde njeenaari ɓurndi heewde e wiɗtoowo mo anndaaka no feewi, hay so tawii golle maɓɓe ina ndenndi walla ina nanndi.  

## Teffol
E hitaande 2012, Marieke van den Brink e Yvonne Benschop ummoriiɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Radboud to Nijmegen kollitii wonde to Pays-Bas, jinnaaɓe ɗaɓɓooɓe wonde porfeseer ina mbaawi battinde e ƴeewndo waɗaango e maɓɓe.  Ko nanndi e ɗuum, ko Andrea Cerroni e Zenia Simonella cifondiri e wiɗto  ngo wiɗto Espaañ ɓeydi seedtaade.  To bannge goɗɗo oo, wiɗtooji keewɗi kollitii wonde alaa ko seerndi ciimtol e batte binndanɗe binndooɓe worɓe e binndanɗe rewɓe. 

Wiɗtooɓe Suwis kollitii wonde jaayɗe ina keewi naamnaade annduɓe worɓe yo mbaɗtu heen geɗe mum en e kollirɗe, ɓuri ko ɓe mbaɗata e banndiraaɓe maɓɓe rewɓe. 

E wiyde wiɗto Ameriknaajo gooto, « hay so tawii noon ko ɓuri heewde e majjere hakkunde rewɓe e worɓe ina jokki e ustaade e nder renndo Amerik », « rewɓe ina njokki e waasde jogaade njeenaaje e njeenaaje ganndal, haa teeŋti noon e wiɗtooji ». 

## Yeruuji
Yeruuji rewɓe wonɓe e batte Matilda :

* Trotula (Trota of Salerno, 12th&nbsp;century) – Italian physician, author of works which, after her death, were attributed to male authors. Hostility toward women as teachers and healers led to denial of her very existence. At first her work was credited to her husband and son, but as information got passed on, monks and later male scholars confused her name for that of a man. She is not mentioned in the *Dictionary of Scientific Biography*. More recently, historian Monica Green has critiqued Rossiter and other writers use of Trota of Salerno as an example of the Matilda Effect due to complexities around Trota's reputation during the medieval period.
* Jeanne Baret (1740–1807) – French botanist, first woman to have completed a circumnavigation of the globe. Partner and collaborator of the botanist Philibert Commerson, she joined the expedition of Louis-Antoine de Bougainville disguised as a man. They collected the first specimens of *Bougainvillea*. Most botanical discoveries have been attributed to Commerson alone, after whom about a hundred of species have been named. She was immortalized for the first much later with the description of *Solanum baretiae* in 2012.
* Nettie Stevens (1861–1912) – discoverer of the XY sex-determination system. Her crucial studies of mealworms revealed for the first time that an organism's sex is determined by its chromosomes rather than by environmental or other factors. Stevens greatly influenced the scientific community's transition to this new line of inquiry: chromosomal sex determination. However, Thomas Hunt Morgan, a distinguished geneticist at the time, is generally credited with this discovery. Despite her extensive work in the field of genetics, Stevens' contributions to Morgan's work are often disregarded.
* Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930) – Harvard University discovered that stimuli that were paired with other vivid stimuli would be recalled more easily. She also discovered that duration of exposure led to better recall. These findings, along with her paired-associations method, would later be used by G. E. Müller and E. B. Titchener, without any credit being given to Calkins.
* Gerty Cori (1896–1957) – Nobel-laureate biochemist, worked for years as her husband's assistant, despite having equal qualification as him for a professorial position.
* Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958) – now recognized as an important contributor to the 1953 discovery of DNA structure. At the time of the  discovery by Francis Crick and James Watson, for which the two men received a 1962 Nobel Prize, her work was not properly credited (though Watson described the crucial importance of her contribution, in his 1968 book *The Double Helix*).
* Marthe Gautier (1925–2022) – now recognized for her important role in the discovery of the chromosomal abnormality that causes Down syndrome, a discovery previously attributed exclusively to Jérôme Lejeune.
* Marian Diamond (1926–2017) – working at the University of California, Berkeley, experimentally discovered the phenomenon of brain plasticity, which ran contrary to previous neurological dogma. When her seminal 1964 paper was about to be published, she discovered that the names of her two secondary co-authors, David Krech and Mark Rosenzweig, had been placed before her name (which, additionally, had been placed in parentheses). She protested that she had done the essential work described in the paper, and her name was then put in first place (without parentheses). The incident is described in a 2016 documentary film, *My Love Affair with the Brain: The Life and Science of Dr.&nbsp;Marian Diamond*.
* Harriet Zuckerman (born 1937) – Zuckerman supplied core data for her husband R. K. Merton's famous concept of the Matthew effect, which denotes the phenomenon where scientists of higher renown will typically gain substantially more credit and status from their work than their lesser known peers. In the initial 1968 publication on the concept her role was diminished to a series of endnotes rather than a co-authorship, which Merton later acknowledged as a mistake in subsequent versions of the article.
* Programmers of ENIAC (dedicated 1946) – several women made substantial contributions to the project, including Adele Goldstine, Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas, and Ruth Lichterman, but histories of ENIAC have typically not addressed these contributions, and have at times focused on hardware accomplishments rather than software accomplishments.

## Tuugnorgal