Peter Freyer

**Peter Freyer KCB** (yalnde didi 2 lewru sulyee hiitande dubi alif 1851 – 9 suwee 1921) ko cafroowo Irlande, ganndo ko faati e seppooji gonɗi e nder reedu, ɓurɗo anndeede e fuɗɗoode ko ofisee sarwiis safaara Inndo (IMS), sabu waɗde feere no yimɓe fof njiyrata kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe ngam newnude ɗum en ngam yaltineede e nder laabi tago, ko ɗum feere anndiraande litholapaxy. Caggal nde o woppi golle e nder IMS caggal duuɓi 20 golle to leydi Inndo, o arti Angalteer, o huutorii feere ngam safrude mborosaaji mawɗi bonɗi. Ɗumɗoo noon ina anndiranoo prostatektomi suprapubic, woni prostatektomi transvesical walla operation Freyer, ɗo prostate oo ittaa e nder reedu dow ƴiyal pubic kono les umbilicus e rewrude e ɓuuɓri, ina jeyaa heen huutoraade ɓuuɓri suprapubic caggal nde opereeji ɗii mbaɗi.

O naati e nder sarwiis safaara Bengal ko o surgeon e hitaande 1875, o golliima ko famɗi fof e golle siwil e nder diiwanuuji Fuɗnaange-rewo e Oudh e nder diiwanuuji dentuɗi Indiya. Nde o woni to Moradabad e hitaande 1888, o waɗii golle e dow Muhammadu Mushtaq Ali Khan, Nawab Rampur, o ɓuuɓni hayre ɓuuɓnde makko e litotriit. Freyer ina daranii njoɓdi ndi o heɓi e juuɗe Nawab, ndi addani ɗum luural e sosngo Angalteer to Inndo e oon sahaa. Ɗuum e ñawu gite ngu o heɓi nde o gollotoo e safrirde siwil to Benares, addani Freyer ƴettude pension ko yaawi, o arti Angalteer e hitaande 1896.

To leydi Angalteer o sosi nokku keeriiɗo to Harley Street, o toɗɗaa o woni cafroowo konsulteer e nder seppooji terɗe ƴiiƴam to opitaal St Peter ngam kaaƴe, to Londres. O adii waɗde feere « prostatectomie suprapubique » e hitaande 1900, e dow gorko mo ndeen wuuri duuɓi 12. Hay so tawii Freyer wonaa gadiiɗo naatde e ngalɗoo gollal, hay so tawii o wiyi ko ɗuum addani mo luural ɗiɗaɓal maantinngal e nder nguurndam makko, o jeyaa ko e anndinde ngal. E hitaande 1920, o suɓaama hooreejo gadano taƴre urologie to Royal Society of Medicine e nder konngol makko hooreejo leydi, o wiyi o waɗii 1 674 e ɗeen golle tawi maayde ina famɗi.

Departemaa Seppooji, NUI Galway, ina yuɓɓina hitaande kala yeewtere Sir Peter Freyer e Simposium Seppooji ngam teddinde mo, e defterdu James Hardiman to NUI ina jogii fotde 660 geɗe ciftorteeɗe makko.

Nguurndam e jaŋde puɗɗagol
Peter Johnson Freyer, inniraa ko mawniiko baaba mum, gardinooɗo konu leydi Irlande, jibinaa ko to diiwaan Galway ñalnde 2 sulyee 1851, ɓiy mawɗo jom leydi Samuel Freyer e debbo mum Celia Burke, gardinooɗo katolik Roma.Freyer e banndiraaɓe mum noon, ɓe mawni ko e Protestan en, ina gasa tawa ko batte batte Missionss Egliis Irlande (ICM) e yimɓe nokku oo e oon sahaa.[2][3] Ñalnde 26 lewru juko e ndeen hitaande, o lootaa e nder jumaa parroisse Ballinakill. E hitaande 1855, baaba makko, gonnooɗo jom suudu Sir Christopher Lighton, gardinooɗo ICM, ina joginoo 17 ektaar leydi to Moorneen e jeyi e leydi to Knockbrack, ɗiin ɗiɗi fof ina tawee to Clifden. Duuɓi 21 caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 1876, nde doggol jogiiɓe ko ɓuri ektaar gooto waɗaa, o winnditaama wonde omo jogii 210 ektaar.

Freyer janngi ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Erasmus Smith, to Galway, o heɓi bursi[4] ngam yahde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Queen (jooni ko NUI Galway). O heɓi bak makko e hitaande 1872 e medal kaŋŋe e dipolomaaji tedduɗi e nder fannuuji naalankaagal.[5] Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 1874, o heɓi MD e M.Ch. nde o heɓi medal kaŋŋe goɗɗo.[5][6] Nde o woni janngoowo safaara o waɗii kadi sahaaji e nder almuudo jooɗiiɗo to opitaal Dr Steevens to Dublin. Caggal nde o gollodii e Pari ko juuti, o arti ngam jooɗaade e ƴeewndo potngo waɗeede e nder sarwiis safaara leydi Indiya.

Sarwiis safaara leydi Indiya

Safaara kaaƴe e nder ƴiiƴam ko litholapaxy.
Naatgol e nder sarwiis safaara Bengal
Freyer arii ko adii e ƴeewndo potngo waɗeede ngam heɓde komisiyoŋ ko ofisee safrooɓe e nder sarwiis safrooɓe Bengal, caggal ɗuum wonti e nder IMS. Naatde e golle ɗee ko cafroowo ñalnde 30 suwee 1875, o wonti cafroowo siwil to Azamgarh e lewru abriil 1877. O fuɗɗii yaltinde binndanɗe makko safaara e nder jaaynde wiyeteende The Indian Medical Gazette e hitaande 1878. Caggal ɗuum, o wonti surgeon-major e surgeon lieutenant-colonel caggal duuɓi 12 e 20 golle, o woppi golle ñalnde 3 mee 1896. O golliima ko famɗi fof e golle siwil e nder diiwanuuji Fuɗnaange-rewo e Oudh e nder diiwanuuji Dentuɗi Inndo, ɗo o joginoo ndeen seppooji siwil jokkondirɗi e Moradabad, Bareilly, Allahabad, Mussoorie e Benares, kadi o woniino seppooji juutɗi e nder gollordu Lietnaa-Guwerneer.

Luural ngal to leydi Indiya
E nder sahaa makko to leydi Indiya, o wonti tedduɗo e nder seppooji katarakt[ e seppooji ittude kaaƴe ƴiiƴam, litholapaxy. E hitaande 1888,[11] nde o woni to Moradabad, Freyer waɗii golle e dow Nawab Rampur, Muhammadu Mushtaq Ali Khan, Two years later, in 1874, he earned his MD and M.Ch. having won another gold medal. o ɓuuɓni hayre ɓuuɓnde makko e litotriit. E nder mbaydi servi makko Darndeeji goɗɗi
E hitaande 1902, o wonti ƴeewtotooɗo e seppooji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Durham e tuggi 1904 haa 1909 o woni tergal e fedde safrooɓe teddunde to opitaal ofiseeji laamɗo Edward VII. Caggal ɗuum o toɗɗaa ko o doktoor konsulteer to opitaal konu laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alexandra, to Millbank, to Londres. E hitaande 1904, o rokkaama njeenaari Arnott ngam golle makko ceertuɗe.

Hare adunaare adannde
Nde wolde adunaare adannde fuɗɗii e hitaande 1914, Freyer arti e golle mum e nder safrirde konu laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Alexandria, ngam wonde safrirde Inndo to Angalteer, e nder komannda fuɗnaange e nder kuuɓal.

O heɓi CB ñalnde 1 lewru Yarkomaa 1917 e KCB lebbi jeegom caggal ɗuum ñalnde 4 lewru Yarkomaa 1917.

Hakkunde 10 abriil 1918 e 10 abriil 1919, o wonii kolonel ko juuti e nder Royal Army Medical Corps e nde o woppi golle makko o artiraa e kolonel timmuɗo tedduɗo e doggol retireede.

E lewru oktoobar 1919, o heɓi doktoraa tedduɗo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde leydi Irlande.

Caggal ɗuum golle
Caggal wolde nde e anndinde urologie no feewi, Freyer e duuɓi 69, suɓaama hooreejo gadano fedde urologie RSM e hitaande 1920, nde hooreejo RSM woni Sir Humphry Rolleston.

Konngol makko hooreejo leydi ngol hollitii golle ɗe o waɗi e nder urologie e nder duuɓi 45 jawtuɗi ɗii, o yaakorii ko taƴre ndee addanta ɗum jokkondire golle e nder fannu urologie. Freyer lomtii hitaande rewtunde ndee ko Lord Horder,e taƴre ndee jokki e batuuji e konngol hooreejo mum hitaande kala.

Neɗɗo e ɓesngu
Freyer resi ko Isabelle McVittie, ɓiy Robert McVittie mo Dublin, ɓe ndañi ɓiɗɗo gorko gooto, biyeteeɗo Dermot Johnston e ɓiɗɗo debbo gooto, biyeteeɗo Kathleen Mary. E hitaande 1914, Isabel maayi.

Freyer yiytaa ko « laamɗo leydi tiiɗɗo », e kaayitaaji baɗaaɗi to NUI, Galway, ina kollita wonde o wonnoo ko sehil e banndiraaɓe Redmond, William e John, ɓe o gollodii e lewru marse 1918. John caggal ɗuum maayi caggal e nder golle. O wonnoo kadi ko sehil T P O'Connor, tergal parlemaa ngenndiyanke Irlande.

Maayde e ndonu
Freyer maayi ko e ƴiiƴam ɓalndu[18] to 27 Harley St., to Londres, ñalnde 9 suwee 1921, tawi ina yahra e duuɓi 70.[5] O wirnaa ko sara baaba makko to yanaande Egliis Irlande to Clifden, to diiwaan Galway.

Natal Freyer, ngal Alice Grant waɗi e hitaande 1919, ina fawii e suudu sarɗiiji to opitaal St Peter ngam kaaƴe. Subsequently, he became a surgeon-major and surgeon lieutenant-colonel after 12 and 20 years' service respectively and retired from service on 3 May 1896. He served almost exclusively in civil employment in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh in the United Provinces of India, where he then held the civil surgeoncies successively of Moradabad, Bareilly, Allahabad, Mussoorie and Benares, and was also for a short time surgeon on the staff of the Lieutenant-Governor.

Harold Ellis siftinii caggal mum wonde laawol Freyer ngol ina heddii e yiɗeede ko juuti, o siftini wonde e hitaande 1948, nde o woni cafroowo galle, o wallitii e ko heewi e ɗeen golle.

### The controversy in India
During his time in India, he became reputable in cataract surgery and the operation of removing bladder stones, litholapaxy.

Hitaande kala, koolol ciftorgol Sir Peter Freyer e yeewtere seerndinde, nde porfeseer O’Beirn sosi e hitaande 1975, ko Departemaa Seppooji, NUI Galway yuɓɓinta ɗum. Jannginooɓe ɓennuɓe ina njeyaa heen : Peter Froggatt e hitaande 1984, Thomas E. Starzl e hitaande 1985, Mutsuo Sugiura e hitaande 1987, Bernard Fisher (ganndo) e hitaande 1988, Norman Stanley Williams e hitaande 1989, Geoffrey J Duncan Chishol19 Kelly e hitaande 2001, Ara Darzi e hitaande 2002, Steven D. Wexner e hitaande 2006, Peter T. Scardino e hitaande 2006 e Patrik Gullane e hitaande 2009.

Nate Freyer laaɓtuɗe ina ndokkee e nder deftere C. P. MacLoughlin "Gila Sellerna haa laawol Harley".[30]

E hitaande 1980, Departemaa Opereeji to NUI Galway heɓi kaayitaaji Freyer keertiiɗi e ciimtol mum e juuɗe taaniraaɓe makko. Caggal ɗuum, e hitaande 2002, defterdu James Hardiman to NUI heɓi ɗe, jooni ina jogii fotde 660 geɗe baɗɗe ɓataakeeji makko, taƴe jaayndeeji, binndanɗe laamu, fotooje, ciftorɗe e binndanɗe. Geɗe goɗɗe kadi ɓeydaama heen.

Koolol Freyer to suudu safrirdu Galway inniraa ko e teddungal makko. crushing his bladder stone with a lithotrite.

Binndanɗe cuɓaaɗe
Binndanɗe
"E dow kuutorɗe potɗe huutoreede e golle Litholapaxy". Jaaynde safaara leydi Indiya. Vol. 21, limre 1 (lewru Yarkomaa 1886), h. 1-7. PMID 28999493
"Maandeeji kaaƴe e nder ƴiiƴam". Jaaynde safaara leydi Indiya. Vol. 35, limngal 1 (lewru Yarkomaa 1900), pp. 14-15. PMID 29003274
"Lecture clinique dow ittude prostate ngam safrude mawnugol oon tergal: e caɗeele nay baɗɗe faayiida: waɗaama to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Medical Graduates, London, ñalnde 26 lewru juko". Jaaynde safaara Angalteer. Vol. 2, Tonngoode 2116 (20 sulyee 1901), pp. 125-9. Doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2116.125
"Enucleation total de la prostate: Serie goɗɗo e 550 ñawu nguu". Jaaynde safaara Angalteer. Vol. 1, limre 3031 (1 feebariyee 1919), h. 121-124. PMID 20769349 jokkorgal:10.1136/bmj.1.3031.121
"Haala hooreejo leydi: Yahrugol yeeso jamaanu e nder seppooji urinaire". Koolol fedde laamɗo safaara. Taƴre Urologie. Vol. 14 (27 mee 1921), p. 1-11. PMID 19982053
Defte
Lectures cliniques sur les maladies chirurgicales de l’organes urinaires. Wiliyam Wood & Sosiyetee, New York (1909).
Tuugnorgal
 Goddar, Yonaton; Dinneen, Mikael D (Seeɗto 2020). "Sir Peter Freyer: gorko dokkuɗo aduna oo ɓuuɓri". Trends e nder Cellal Worɓe. 11 (5): 29-32. waɗde:10,1002/tre.770. S2CID 221850437.
 Binndanɗe Sir Piyeer Freyer. Hitaande 1805-1987. NUI Galway. Fahin