Qasim Amin

**Qasim Amin** (ina wiyee [ˈʔæːsem ʔæˈmiːn], e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe Misra: قاسم أمين ; 1 desaambar 1863 – 12 abriil 1908)[1] ko ganndo sariya Misra,[2] ko juulɗo lislaam[3] e gooto e sosɓe dille Misra e Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kayhayɗi. Qasim Amin ina yiyee e daartol wonde gooto e « feministe en adanɓe » e nder winndere aarabeeɓe, hay so tawii noon o naatii e yeewtere jowitiinde e hakkeeji rewɓe ko juuti e ƴellitaare mayre,[4] e « feminism » makko ina jeyaa e ko annduɓe ɓee njiylotoo. Amin ko filosof, ko peewnoowo, ko ñaawoowo, ko jiidaa e wonde tergal e nder fedde aristokraasi Ejipt, kadi ko neɗɗo mawɗo e nder dille Nahda. Waɗde, ƴaañorgal makko ngam ɓeydude hakkeeji rewɓe, addani mo jeewte jowitiiɗe e geɗe rewɓe e nder winndere aarabeeɓe.[5] O ñiŋii suɗaade, seerndude, dewgal ko yaawi, e ŋakkeende jaŋde rewɓe juulɓe.[5] Annduɓe ɓurɓe ɓooyde ɓee kollitii wonde o naatnii e nder yeewtere koloñaal en ko fayti e geɗe rewɓe e nder winndere lislaam, o ƴeewtindii rewɓe Ejiptnaaɓe ko geɗe baawɗe huutoreede ngam heɓde yiɗdeeji ngenndiiji, e nder golle makko o wallitnoo ko waylude hakkeeji rewɓe e nder nanondiral dewgal.[6] 5][7]

E nder batte mawɗe e golle Darwin, Amin ina wiyee : « so tawii Misranaaɓe mbaɗaani koye mum en e nder laabi Orop, so ɓe mbaawaano haɓaade e nder hare ngam wuurde, ɓe ndartinee ». O heɓiino kadi golle Herbert Spencer e John Stuart Mill daraniiɓe potal hakkunde rewɓe e worɓe. Amin ina sikki wonde ɓeydude darnde rewɓe e nder renndo ina foti moƴƴinde ngenndi ndii no feewi.[8] Cehilaagal makko e Muhammadu Abduh e Saad Zaghloul kadi nattii ngool miijo. Amin tuumi juulɓe aadaaji dow tooñanngeeji rewɓe Misra, o wi'i Qur'aana jannginay ngal ɗoo ƴamol ammaa o ɗon wallita hakkeeji rewɓe. Goongɗinal makko ina heewi wallitde e aayeeji Qur’aana.[9]

Amin jibinaa ko e nder galle mawɗo. Baaba makko ko guwerneer Diyarbekir Elayet, yumma makko ko ɓiy mawɗo Misra. Amin timmini jaŋde sariya ko nde o yahrata e duuɓi sappo e jeeɗiɗi, omo jeyaa e 37 keɓɗo bursi laamu ngam janngude to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Montpellier to Farayse. Ina wiyee ko pinal leyɗe hirnaange njiylotonoo mo, haa teeŋti noon e jokkondiral mum e rewɓe, ɗum noon ko ɗum wonti yeru e hare makko ngam rimɗinde rewɓe Ejipt. Hare makko fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1894 nde o winndi "Misranaaɓe. Jaabawol M. Le duc d'Harcourt", ko ɗum woni ko o yeddi golle Duke d'Harcourt (1893), ɗe ustii pinal Misra e rewɓe mum.[10] Amin, mo weltaaki e ƴattooje mum, winndi "Tahrir al mara'a" (Ndimaagu rewɓe) e hitaande 1899, o tuumi rewɓe Ejiptnaaɓe "cuuɗde", ŋakkeende jaŋde maɓɓe, e "maccungaagu" maɓɓe e worɓe Ejiptnaaɓe no ko ɗum addani Misra waasde.[11] O miijii wonde rewɓe Ejiptnaaɓe ko ɓalli leñol ngenndiyaŋkeewol tiiɗngol, ko ɗum waɗi darnde maɓɓe e nder renndo ina foti waylaade no feewi ngam moƴƴinde ngenndi ndii. Amin ina anndaa e nder leydi Ejipt fof ko tergal e renndo hakkilantaagal jokkondirngal hakkunde jaŋde e ngenndiyaŋkaagal ardinoowal ƴellitaare duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kayhayɗi e Dillere Ngenndiire e nder fuɗɗoode kitaale 1900.

## Nguurndam adanɗam

Amin jibinaa ko baaba mum Kurde, yumma mum ko Ejiptnaajo.[12][13] Baaba makko, hono Muhammadu Amin Bey, wonnoo ko guwerneer Diyarbekir Vilayet hade makko nawde ɓesngu nguu to Alexandrie ɗo Amin jibinaa ɗoo. Baaba Qasim jooɗiima Misra, o woni gardiiɗo konu Khedive Ismaa’il Pasha; o joginoo kadi jeyiiji mawɗi e nder Aleksandiri e Diyarbekir fof.[14] Yumma Qasim ko ɓiy Ahmadu Bey Khattab, ɓiy Tahir Pasha, kanko e hoore makko ko ɓiy-yumma Muhammadu Ali Pasha.[15] Qasim winnditaama no Bey ronkaama, to bannge baaba e to bannge yumma, e nder ‘’Review trimestre Imperial et Asie’ e winndannde fuɗnaange e koloñaal’.[16][17]

## Jaangirde
Amin naati duɗal leslesal to Alexandrie, caggal ɗuum e hitaande 1875 o naati duɗal taƴondirngal to Kayhayɗi. Jaŋde duɗal ngal ina wiyee ina tiiɗi, ina heewi Oropnaaɓe. E hitaande 1881, tawi omo yahra e duuɓi sappo e jeeɗiɗi, o heɓi dipoloma makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Khedival, o jeyaa ko e 37 keɓɗo bursi laamu ngam jokkude jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Frances to Montpellier. Kuugal makko to Farayse waɗii duuɓi nay.[18]

Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Montpellier 1881-1885[19]

Duɗal sariya Kediwial[19]

Duɗal taƴondiral Kayhayɗi[19]

Duɗal laamɗo Aleksandiri[19]

## Teegal
E hitaande 1894, Amin resi Zeyneb, ɓiy Amiral Amin Tafiq, ko noon o naati e galle mawɗo Misra. Debbo makko ko ɓiɗɗo debbo Angalteer jibini ɗum. Ko ɗum waɗi o miijii ina haani ɓiɗɓe makko rewɓe ɓee nehde e juuɗe jom suudu Angalteer kadi. Waɗde Amin ina haɓa e rewɓe ɓoorniiɓe niqab, ina wiyee ina jokki e nder galle makko. Hay so tawii o waawaa haɗde debbo makko ɓoornaade ɗum, peeje makko ko jannginde sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓee, hono ɓiyiiko debbo, yo ɓe ɓoorno ɗum.[20]

## Kugal
Caggal nde o heɓi golle makko to Farayse, Amin wonti e nder fedde gollotooɓe e laamu Angalteer, e hitaande 1885, o toɗɗaa juɓɓule e nder Ñaawirɗe Mixed, ɗe o sosaa duuɓi sappo ko adii ɗuum. Ɗeeɗoo ñaawirɗe ina njoginoo batte hirnaange nde tawnoo ɗe tuugnii ko e feccere e njuɓɓudi ñaawoore Napoleyoŋ kam e sariya lislaam. Kadi, juriyankooɓe ɓee ina keewi wonde ummoriiɓe Angalteer, Otiris, Almaañ, walla Farayse.[21] Amin ina joginoo laamu nguu. Ñaawirde laamu ndee ina heewi haɓaade ñaawirɗe diine ɗee e nder ƴettugol kuule mum, tee ina teskaa e mum ko goonga ina hollita "laabi laaɓtuɗi" sabu nde tuugnii ko e miijooji laaɓtuɗi e laaɓtuɗi.[22] E hitaande 1887, Amin naati e biro Misra, mo ɓuri heewde e mum ko hirnaange, to Diɗɗal laamu toppitiingal ko fayti e sariya. E nder duuɓi nay, o suɓaama ngam wonde gooto e ñaawooɓe Misra to Ñaawirde Ngenndiire. O woniino kadi hooreejo Ñaawirde Toownde Kayhayɗi.[23]

Amin ina jeyaa e sosɓe duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kayhayɗi, anndiraangal e oon sahaa Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Ngenndiwal, kadi omo jeyaa e goomu nguu.[24] O hollitii wonde Ejipt ina haani duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde hono no Hirnaange nii.[25] O toɗɗaa ko gardiiɗo duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngal,[26] kadi ko cukko hooreejo ngal.[27]

## Semmbe Nahda (Ummital)
Amin wonti neɗɗo caɗtuɗo e nder dille Nahda ɗe keɓi darnde e nder leydi Ejipt e nder yonta "hakkille rewɓe" e nder feccere sakkitiinde e teeminannde sappo e jeenay.[20] O jaɓi e jannginoowo makko, hono Muhammad Abduh, egginaaɗo oo, e aybinde aadaaji lislaam ɗii, sabu mum en bonnude nehdi e hakkillaaji Lislaam, tawi noon, eɓe cikki, ko doole hirnaange ngaddi ɗum. Misra, e oon sahaa, ko koloni laamu Angalteer e feccere Farayse.[28]

Abduh noddii juulɓe fof nde kawrata, ɓe ngannda nulal goongawal ngal Allah neldi ngal rokki rewɓe darnde potal, ɓe kaɓa e laamu hirnaange. Amin jaɓi filosofiiji Abduh nde tawnoo kanko ne omo sikki aadaaji ɗii mbaɗii renndo leslesngo sabu ɓe ndewaani sariyaaji lislaam goongaaji. Hono no Abduh nii, Amin ina daranii hakke rewɓe e nder renndo, ina salii kadi nafooje pinal jogorɗe jogaade rewɓe Ejiptnaaɓe e ɗooftaare.

E nder deftere makko wiyeteende « Libération des femmes » (1899), Amin ina ɗaɓɓi ittugol mbaydi. O miijii wonde waylude aadaaji jowitiiɗi e rewɓe e waylude koɗki maɓɓe, ittude mbaydi ndii haa teeŋti noon, ko ɗum huunde tiiɗnde ngam addude waylo-waylo renndo ngo yiɗaa.[29] Ngam jaabtaade konservatiif en wiyooɓe wonde momtugol mbaydi ndii ina addana ɗum en batte e laaɓal rewɓe, Amin jaabtii wonaa e mbaydi potal rewɓe e worɓe, kono ko e mbaydi rewde siwil hirnaange ɓurɗo toowde. O winndi : « Mbele Misranaaɓe ina cikka wonde worɓe Orop, ɓe keɓii timmal hakkille e jikku, ɓe mbaawi yiytude doole guurɗe e kuuraa... ɗeen ruuhuuji ñalnde kala ina ndartina nguurndam mum en e ɗaɓɓude ganndal e... teddungal dow weltaare nguurndam, ... ɗeen hakkillaaji e ɗeen ruuhuuji ɗi njiɗ-ɗen no feewi, ina mbaawi waasde anndude feere ngam hisnude debbo e reentaade laaɓal mum Mbele eɓe cikka wonde hono leñol ngol ina woppa cuuɗingol caggal nde ɗum waɗi? e nder huutoraade hakkunde maɓɓe so tawii ɓe njiyii heen ko moƴƴi?"[6]

Won e annduɓe rewɓe hannde, teeŋti noon e Leila Ahmed, ina luulndii darnde Amin nde tawnoo ko kañum woni "baaba rewɓe Misra". Ahmed hollitii wonde e nder renndo ngo seerndi jinnaaɓe e oon sahaa, Amin ina waawi jogaade jokkondiral seeɗa e rewɓe Ejiptnaaɓe so wonaa ɓesngu mum, gollotooɓe e mum, ina gasa tawa ko jommbaajo debbo. Ko ɗum waɗi natal makko e rewɓe Misranaaɓe wonɓe caggal, majjere, caggal "miñiraaɓe mum en" Oropnaaɓe, tuugii ko e hujjaaji seeɗa no feewi. Ahmed kadi joofniri ko wonde e nder yeewtere makko tiiɗnde e huuɓtodinnde rewɓe e nder leydi Ejipt kam e yettude renndo Orop e koloñaal, Amin, e nder goonga, ina ƴellita lomtinande androsentrism Ejipt e androsentrism hirnaange, wonaa feminism.[30]

Hay so tawii o yi’i rewɓe ina pamɗi e worɓe, Amin ina jokki e ƴellitde sariya ceergal. E wiyde aadaaji, ceergal ina selli so tawii gorko oo ina haalana ɗum laabi tati. Amin sikki ko nanondiral ngalɗoo nanondiral haaldude ina tiiɗi, tee ŋakkeende sariya e nder golle ɗee addani ceergal toowngal to Kayhayɗi. Worɓe heewɓe, o wiyi, ina ceerti e rewɓe mum en tawa ko e jokkere enɗam walla e luural.[31][32][33]

## Defte Qasim Amiin
1894 : « Les Égyptiens : réponse à M. le duc d’Harcourt » winndaa ngam jaabaade ñiŋooje Duk Harcourt e nguurndam e rewɓe Misra. Amin daranaaki rewɓe Misra e nder yeewtere mum, kono o daraniima no Lislaam jogori waɗde e rewɓe.

1899: "Tahrir almar'a (Ndimaagu rewɓe)". Nde tawnoo Amin weltaaki e wiyde makko, o noddii jaŋde rewɓe tan haa tolno lesleso. O jokki e goongɗinde makko e njiimaandi baabiraaɓe e dow rewɓe, kono omo ɗaɓɓi waylude sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e ceergal, e dewgal keewngal, e ittude mbaydi. Deftere nde ko Muhammadu Abduuhu e Ahmadu Luftii Sayiid mbinndi nde. Nde huutoriima aayeeji Quraan keewɗi ngam wallitde goongɗinal makko.

1900: "al-Mar'a al-jadiida (Debbo Keso)". E nder ndee deftere, Amin ina miijo ‘debbo keso’ ummoriiɗo e leydi Ejipt mo jikkuuji mum e golle mum njiylotoo ko debbo hirnaange. Deftere nden yi’etee ko ɓuri rimɗude e sifaa, kono o huutoriima Darwinism renndo ngam hujja makko. O wiyi : « debbo ina waawi rokkeede dewgal e gorko mo o anndaa, mo haɗata mo hakke woppude mo, o doga ɗum, o riiwta mo no o yiɗiri nii : ɗum ko maccungaagu tigi rigi ».

## Golle goɗɗe
"Huquq al-nisa fi'l-islam"("Hakkeeji debbo nder lislaam")

"Kalimat ("Konnguɗi")

"Ashbab wa nata so wa-akhlaq wa-mawa. Iz ("Sabaabuuji, batte, jikkuuji, e wasiyaaji").

"Al-a'mal al-kamila li-Qasim Amin: Dirasa wa-tahqiq" ("Golle Qasim Amin timmuɗe: Janngugol e wiɗto")

Al-Misriyyuun ("Misiranaaɓe")'.

"Maccungaagu rewɓe"

"Ɓe debbo suka, 1892"

"Asaman"

"Miroir de Beauté"

"Ndimaagu rewɓe"

## Darnde hakkille
Daraniiɓe moƴƴitingol renndo e nder leydi mum Ejipt, e nder balɗe cakkitiiɗe e teeminannde 19ɓiire nde wonnoo ko koloni e les njiimaandi laamu Angalteer, Amin noddii sosde galleeji nukliyeer nannduɗi e Farayse, ɗo o yiyi rewɓe ndartinaaka les pinal baabiraagal gootal gonngal e les njiimaandi rewɓe Ejiptnaaɓe. Amin ina sikki wonde rewɓe Misra ina kaɗaa hakkeeji mum en e Qur’aana ngam jogaade geɗe mum en njulaagu e resde e seertude e dow wellitaare. O salii dewgal keewngal o wiyi ɗum "ina hollita ƴaañgal mawngal e rewɓe", kadi dewgal ina foti wonde nanondiral hakkunde maɓɓe.[34] O salii aada Ejiptnaaɓe "cuuɗde" debbo, o wiyi ko ɗum woni firo ɓurngo mawnude e tooñannge debbo. Niqab, Amin wiyi, ina addana rewɓe waasde anndude. E makko, nde ɓe njahrata e niqab maɓɓe e comci maɓɓe juutɗi, ɗum ɓeydi ɓe teskeede e worɓe, ɓeydi ɓe waasde hoolaade. Yanti heen, o wiyi wonde worɓe e nder leyɗeele hirnaange ina ɓura rewɓe waawde jogaade ndimaagu, ina addana ɓe yahde ekkol, ɓe njaha tawa ɓe ngalaa wutte, ɓe kaala ko ɓe ngoni e mum koo. Ndeeɗoo ndimaagu, o wiyi « ina addana ɗum no feewi » sosde ganndal e nder ngenndi ndii. O wallitii miijo wonde rewɓe jannguɓe ina ngadda sukaaɓe jannguɓe yeeso. Nde rewɓe ngoni maccuɓe e nder galle, ɓe ngalaa daande, ɓe ngalaa jaŋde, ɓe keewi ko ustude waktuuji maɓɓe e jibinde sukaaɓe ɓe mawnata ko ɓe jom en hakkillaaji, ɓe ngonaa majjere, ɓe ngalaa hoolaare.[35] So ɓe njanngii, ɓeeɗoo rewɓe ina mbaawi wonde yummiraaɓe e rewɓe moƴƴuɓe, tawa ina njannga no moƴƴiri jogaade galleeji mum en. Amin rokki yeru ngonka ka. O wiyi "Ngonka men hannde ina nanndi e ngonka gorko alɗuɗo no feewi, coktirɗo kaŋŋe mum e nder kees. Oo gorko," o wiyi "ina uddita kees mum ñalnde kala ngam weltaade tan e yiyde kees mum. So o anndii ko ɓuri ɗum, omo waawi waɗde heen ngalu." kaŋŋe makko e jawdi makko laabi ɗiɗi e nder waktuuji seeɗa.” Ko ɗuum waɗi ina teskanoo e leñol Misra ngol darnde rewɓe ina foti wayleede. Hay so tawii noon, o jokki e miijo makko wonde Misra ina heddii e renndo baabiraaɓe, rewɓe mum ina poti ittude mbaydi ndii, ndokkee jaŋde leslesre. Ɗuum o sikki ko ƴaañorgal feewde e leñol Misra ɓurngol semmbe ngol alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa koloñaal Engele.

## Luural
Ɓeen ñiŋooɓe filosofiiji Amin ina njaawna hollirde wonde Amin alaa ko jokkondiri e rewɓe so wonaa rewɓe aristokraat en walla jom en jawɗeele en, ɗum noon ɓe naamndii darnde makko e ñiŋde rewɓe Ejiptnaaɓe fof. Yanti heen, Leila Ahmed, winndiyanke e peewnitoowo, hollitii e nder deftere mum Women and Gender in Islam wonde etaade Amin bonnude mbaydi mbaylaandi, ko ɗum woni sabaabu tampere Misra, ina laaɓti ko miijo Hirnaange. O hollitii no hirnaange’en keewi huutoraade mbaydi ndii ngam wallitde leƴƴi lislaam ɗii, tawa ina jokkondiri mbaydi ndii e ŋakkere. Yanti heen, Ahmed hollitii wonde debbo Ejiptnaajo Amin, jogoraani jogaade doole e ɓanndu mum kono ko ɗum huutortee ngam mahde leñol ngol. E makko, ɗum ko naafigaagal sabu debbo Misra oo ina jogori wonde maccuɗo gorko mum, galle mum, e leñol mum.[36] Yanti heen, porfeseer daartol, hono Mona Russell ina ɓeydoo luulndaade sifaa Amin e debbo keso oo, o wiyi wonde ko « gooto e ɓiɓɓe renndo hannde ». O wiyi wonde o wonaa "keso", o faamaani wonde "sinonim" e debbo hirnaange, kadi ko o tagoore makko. Amin, ɓe cikkata ko jaŋde makko caggal leydi e darnde makko toownde hakkundeere nde ƴeewtotoo ko koloñaal jananɗo ko laamu ɓurngu toowde. Ko laawol makko naatgol e koloñaal janani joginoo laamu Misra. Haala makko ka o wiyi "Eɗen njogii hannde nuunɗal e ndimaagu ngu mi sikkaani so Misra meeɗii seedtaade e kala sahaa e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi" [37] ko seede ndeeɗoo yiɗde. Ko ɗum waɗi ɓe cikkata ko miijooji makko tuugii ko e fenaande, wonaa 

## Ngewte
"Mi ƴamataa potal hakkunde worɓe e rewɓe e jaŋde ngam ɗum alaa ko nafata"[38]

"Laasde men addani en waawde haɓaade kala miijo ngo nganndu-ɗaa."[39]

"Limngal sukaaɓe ɓe rewɓe majjere mbarata hitaande kala ina ɓura limoore yimɓe maayɓe e hareeji ɓurɗi bonde."[39]

"Yumma moƴƴo ɓuri gorko moƴƴo nafoore e leñol mum, yumma bonɗo ɓuri gorko bonɗo bonnude."[39]

"Waawaa wonde worɓe ƴoƴɓe so tawii ɓe ngalaa yummiraaɓe waawɓe nehde ɓe haa ɓe ngona ƴoƴɓe."[39]

"Sikke alaa, pellital gorko oo e kasoo debbo mum ina luurdi e ndimaagu nguu woni hakke debbo oo."[40]

"Debbo mo haɗaa jannginde hoore mum so wonaa e golle maccuɗo, walla mo ŋakkaani jaŋde mum, ko goonga ko maccuɗo, sabu jikkuuji mum tagoore e doole ɗe Alla rokki ɗum ina lesɗini e teddungal ngonka mum, ko ɗum nanndi e." maccungaagu moraal."[40]

## Ƴeew kadi
Mustafaa Sabri

Feminism lislaam

Rewɓe e Lislaam

Doggol daraniiɓe hakkeeji rewɓe

Hoda Shaaraawi

Nawal Saadawi

Leyla Ahmed

## Tuugnorgal
^ Daartol politik e dipolomaasi winndere aarabeeɓe, 1900-1967, Menahem Mansuur

^ ^ Nelson, Cynthia (1996), Doria Shafik, debbo Ejiptnaajo: debbo gooto, Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Amerik to Kayhayɗi, p. 27, 977-424-413-3

^ Kurzman, Karl, binndol. (2002). "Emansipaasiyoŋ debbo e debbo keso". Lislaam jamaanu, 1840-1940: Deftere iwdi. Jaaynde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford. 61-9. . Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 12 noowammbar 2014.

^ Hatem, Mervat F. (2004) "Daande haalaaji nder karnuwol sappo e jeenay dow jokkindirki jeewte dow nanondiral ummaatoore-jokkondiral nder Misra hannde." HAWWA, toɓɓere. 2, alaa. 1, 64-66.

^ Juppude haa: a b c John L. Esposito, binndol. (2014). «Amiin, kaasiim». Saggitorde lislaam Oxford. Oxford: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Oxford. .

^ Juppude haa: a b Ahmadu, Leyla (1992). Rewɓe e Jinnaaɓe e nder Lislaam. New Haven e London: Jaaynde Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Yale. 160. .

^ Hatem, Mervat F.: Daande yeewtere teeminannde sappo e jeenaɓiire jowitiinde e jeewte jowitiiɗe e nanondiral renndo-jokkondiral e nder Ejipt hannde. Hawwa, 2004, 2:1, 82-86.

^ Smith, Charles D. "Lislaam e njiylawu njuɓɓudi renndo e nder Misra hannde: Taariindi Muhammadu Husayn Haykal."Jannde Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo. New York: Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde New York, 1983 : 233.

^ "Ndimaagu rewɓe e debbo keso. Binndanɗe ɗiɗi e nder daartol rewɓe Misra," trans. S. Sidhom Peterson, Kayhayru 2000.

^ Les Misranaaɓe. Jaabawol M. le Duc D'Harcourt, Kayhayru 1894.

↑ Tahrir al-mar'a ("Ndimaagu rewɓe"), Kayhayru 1899.

^ Nelson, Cynthia (1996), Doria Shafik, debbo Ejiptnaajo: debbo gooto, Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Amerik to Kayhayɗi, p. 27, , Qasim Amin, ɓiy baaba Turkiyanke mawɗo, yumma mum Ejiptnaajo tedduɗo...

^ Doria Shafik, debbo Ejiptnaajo : debbo gooto, hono Sintia Nelson

^ Amin, Qasim. Ndimaagu rewɓe: binndanɗe ɗiɗi e nder daartol rewɓe Ejipt. Tr. Samiha Sidhom Piterson. Kayhayɗi: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Amerik to Kayhayɗi, 2000, p. xi.

^ Leƴƴi gonɗi e jinnaaɓe, ngenndiiji e njuɓɓudi jinnaaɓe e nder teeminannde sappo e jeenay juutnde, Ida Blom, Karen Hagemann, Catherine Hall

^ Ƴeewndo sappoɓal Imperial e Asitic e binndol fuɗnaange e koloñaal, Duɗal Fuɗnaange (Woking, Angalteer), Fedde Fuɗnaange Inndo (London, Angalteer)

^ Duundeyankoore mo woni mo, Binndanɗe Europa, 1956.

^ al-A mal al-kamila li-Qasim: Dirasa wa-tahquiq ("Golle Qasim Amin mooftaaɗe. Janngugol E wiɗto"), ed. Imara, Beyruut hitaande 1976.

^ Jump to: a b c d Ndimaagu rewɓe e Debbo keso, binndanɗe ɗiɗi e nder daartol, Qasim Amīn

^ Juppu haa: a b Baron, Bet. "Ummital rewɓe e nder leydi Ejipt: Renndo pinal e jaayndeeji." Ƴeewndo daartol Amerik 100, no. (Desammbar 1995): 1637-1638.

↑ Huquq al-nisa fi l-Islam ("hakkeeji debbo e nder Lislaam"), Kayhayɗi 1900.

^ Hoyle, Mark S. "Suuraaji Misra jillondirɗi: 1906-1915." Sappoɓal aarabeeɓe." 2, no1 (mee 1987).

^ Saggitorde nguurndam leydi Ejipt hannde, Arthur Goldschmidt

^ Louis Awad, Binndi miijooji e nder leydi Ejipt, deftere 1, jaaynde annduɓe, 1986.

^ Philip Mattar, Ansikolopedia Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo e Fuɗnaange Afrik hannde: A-C, Ƴeewndo Macmillan USA, 2004.

^ Kalaas toowɗo Ejipt hakkunde rewolisonuuji, 1919-1952, Magda Baraka, duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde St. Catal Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo

^ Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kayhayɗi e peewnugol Ejipt hannde, Donald Malcolm Reid

^ Badron, Margot. "Fuɗɗugo nder Ejipt fuɗɗam karnuwol: Miijooji kuugal e maandeeji." Jannde Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo 25, no. 3 (sulyee 1989): 370-386.

^ Ahmed, Leyla (1992). Rewɓe e Jinnaaɓe e nder Lislaam. Asamaan keso e London: Jaaynde Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Yale. 145. .

^ Ahmadu (1992). Rewɓe e jinnaaɓe e nder lislaam: Daartol jeewte jamaanu. Haven keso: Jaaynde Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Yale. .

^ Kuno, Kennet M. (2009). Ɓiɓɓe, Jinnaaɗo e Sariyaaji e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo e Asii fuɗnaange. Jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Syracuse. p. 10.

^ Amin, Qasim (2000). Ndimaagu rewɓe e rewɓe kesi. Kayhayɗi: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Amerik to Kayhayɗi. p. 94. Ɗemngal 977-424-567-9.

^ Amin, Qasim (2000). Ndimaagu rewɓe e rewɓe kesi. Kayhayɗi: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Amerik to Kayhayɗi. p. 95. 977-424-567-9.

^ Kalimat ("Konnguɗi"), Cario 1908.

^ Al-Mar a al-jadida (Debbo Keso), Kayhayɗi 1900.

^ Ahmed, Leyla, "Rewɓe e Jinnaaɓe e nder Lislaam."

^ El Saada, Hoda. "Amiin Qasim."Ansiklopedi lislaam 3. Ed. Gunrun Kramer. E woɗɓe. Brill Online Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Texas to Austin ñalnde 17 abriil 2011.

^ Hatem, Mervat F.: Daande yeewtere teeminannde sappo e jeenaɓiire jowitiinde e jeewte jowitiiɗe e nanondiral renndo-jokkondiral e nder Ejipt hannde. Hawwa, hitaande 2004, 2:1.

^ Juppude haa dow: a b c d Qasim Amin no wiyraa e Nergis, Mazid. "Mimikri Hirnaange walla Hibidite Pinal: Ƴeewndo Daande Qasim Amin." Nguurndam Gale. Heɓtinaa ko ñalnde 15 marse 2011. Caggal nde waylaa ko ñalnde 3 marse 2011 .html Ko ñalnde 11-17-2015 to masiŋ Wayback

^ Juppude haa: a b Amin, Qasim. "Al--M."

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Drewes, G. W. J. (1958). "Qasim Amiin, daraniiɗo rewɓe Ejipt (1865-1908)." 114.1: 55–71. 114.1: 55–71. do ordo

Maklarni, Elen. (2018). "Uurtinde Qasim Amin, rimɗinde ndimaagu rewɓe." in Miijo aarabeeɓe feewde e jamaanu laamu: Faade e daartol hakkilantaagal hannde, 262+ online.

Masiid, Nerjiis. (2012). "Mimicry hirnaange malla hybridity aadaaji: Ƴeewndo Qasim Amin 'Daande koloñaal'." Jaaynde Ameriknaare ko faati e Islaam e renndo 19.4: 42–67.

Moradi, Fateme, e Nasrin Sokrpur. (2020). "Ndimaagu e jaŋde rewɓe e nder golle e miijooji Qasim Amin Mesri e Parvin Etesami." Jaaynde winndereere faamde pine keewɗe e diineeji keewɗi 7.5: 176-188 e internet.