open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Breath test

**Test fooftere** ko sifaa teskuyaaji baɗaaɗi e henndu ummoriindu e golle fooftere.

Nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗi:

Breathalyzer – ko ɓuri heewde e kuutoragol ngol helmere ina jokkondiri e ƴeewndo fooftere sariya ngam anndude so tawii neɗɗo ina yahra e alkol.

Test foofaango hidrogen – ina ɓeydoo heewde e yimɓe waɗde test safaara ngam anndude so tawii ko ñawu nguu woni e mum ko wayi no ŋakkere nguura, ŋakkere nguura, ŋakkere laktose e ŋakkere laktulose.

Heɓde Helicobacter pylori (e nder ñawu nguu) ina waawi ƴeewteede e ƴeewndo fooftere uree.

Oksijen nitriik yaltinaaɗo ko ƴeewndo foofaango ina waawi hollude ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam hono no asma nii.

Teskuyaaji fooftere ngam anndude ñawuuji peewniraa ko ngam yiytude ko yaawi kanseer ɓuuɓɗo, kanseer ɓernde, tuberkuloos ɓuuɓɗo e ko nanndi heen, ngam wallitde ƴeewndorɗe safaara goodɗe ɗee. Ñaawoore maa fuɗɗo to opitaal Addenbrooke to Cambridge to leydi Angalteer ngam humpitaade no ɗeen ƴeewndorɗe fooftere mbaɗirta. Wiɗtooji safaaraaji ɗi Menssana Research, Inc. to Amerik mbaɗi ɗii, ina njokki kadi.

## Ƴeew kadi
Diagnostics foofaango

Anndugol gaas fooftere

## Tuugnorgal
Postage stamp test

**test posto ko test** kuutorteeɗo ngam ƴeewde ƴellitaare jamma e nder golle ŋakkere semmbe worɓe.. Njuuteeki tammborɗe posto jokkondirɗe e perforaasiyoŋaaji baawɗi saabaade ɓuuɓde ina njooɗii e saraaji ɓalndu gorko ɓuuɓndu ko adii ɗaanaade.  So tawii jokkondire perforaaɗe hakkunde tammborɗe ɗee ina njuutee e ummital, ɗuum ina ƴettee e seede tuumre jamma.  Kono kadi ina woodi fartaŋŋe wonde gorko oo ina waawi waylude ngonka mum e leeso tawa ina waawi ustude jokkondire perforaaɗe hakkunde tammborɗe ɗee tawa o dañaani ƴellitaare jamma, ɗum noon ina addana ɗum fenaande.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Brodie–Trendelenburg percussion test

**Pooɗondiral Brodie–Trendelenburg** ko pooɗondiral safaara ngam anndude ŋakkeende valvule e nder ƴiye dowri. Koɗol ina waɗee e dow les (distal) ƴiiƴam ƴeewteteeɗam ɗam. Ndeen feccere toownde (proximal) ƴiiƴam ɗam ina tappee (percusse). So tawii impulse oo ina nanndi e koppi gonɗi e les ɗii, ina hollita ŋakkeende valve e nder oon ƴiiƴam.

Test oo huutortee ko e ƴeewndo ƴiiƴam ɗam. Nde inniraa ko Sir Benyamin Kolins Brodi e Friedrich Trendelenburg.

## Ƴeew kadi
Teskuyaaji Trendelenburg

## Jokkondire yaajɗe
Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale

**Eskaal golle nguurndam ñalnde kala** (BADLS) to Bristol ko naamnal 20 toɓɓe, baɗaangal ngam ƴeewde mbaawka neɗɗo mo ŋakkere hakkille waawi waɗde golle ñalnde kala ko wayi no ɓoornaade, feewnude nguura e huutoraade otooji.

## Tuugnorgal
Platelet swirling

**Swirling platelet ko feere** nde alaa ko bonnata ngam ƴeewde no ƴiiƴam ɗam (PRP) foti wonde.  Wirlogol ƴiiƴam ina safra diƴƴe annoore sabu njuɓɓudi ƴiiƴam gonɗam e mbaadi diski no woorunoo.  Ɗee diskiiji ina njuɓɓina annoore nde diwtata, ina waɗa mbaadi nanndundi e ruulde walla ɓuuɓol.[citation needed]

Njeñtudi ƴeewndo ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam ina winndee e ɓuuɓri moƴƴiri walla yaajndi, ɓuuɓri hakkundeeri walla hakkundeeri, e ɓuuɓri ndi alaa walla ndi alaa.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Physiologic tremor

**Dimmbagol fijirde** ko dimmbagol walla dimmbagol tergal walla tergal ɓanndu goɗɗo.  Ko winndaa heen koo ina woni hakkunde 8-12Hz.  Ina waɗa e yimɓe aadoraaɓe, haa teeŋti noon so tawii ɓe ngoni ko e tampere walla e tampere.  Ko ɗum waɗi ina heewi e nder dingiral ko wayi no ƴeeŋrude kaaƴe ɗo ɗum anndiraa inɗe ko wayi no koyngal Elvis walla koyngal masiŋ sewnde. .Ina waawi feeñde e mbaadi ɓeydaandi hono maande pathologique e ngonkaaji ko wayi no hiperthyroïdism walla stimulants ko wayi no kafeyin..

## Tuugnorgal
Pharmacodiagnostic testing

**Test farmakodiagnostik ko teskuyaaji** baɗeteeɗi hade safaara ngam anndude so tawii, walla alaa, ñawɗo ina waawi jaabaade safaara dottaaɗo.  Ooɗoo sifaa jarribo ina renndini jarribo teskaango, ko ɗum huunde nde fotaani huutoreede ngam huutoraade safaara gonɗo e mbaydiiji keewɗi e neɗɗo..

## Tuugnorgal
Brief Pain Inventory

**Inventory Brief Pain** ko naamnal safaara kuutorteengal ngam fooɗtude ñawu nguu, ngal Goomu wiɗtooji ñawu nguu, to nokku gollondiral OMS ngam ƴeewtaade maale ñawu nguu e toppitagol kanseer, ƴetti. Inventory Brief Pain (BPI) ina huutoree no feewi e nder winndere ndee hannde ngam wallitde e fooɗtude tiiɗnaare ñawu nguu e no ñawu nguu jogori arde e waawde golloraade e nder nguurndam ñalnde kala. BPI ko adii fof ko ngam wallude fotde ñawɓe kanseer, kono hannde ina huutoree e ñawbuuli jowitiiɗi e kanseer kam e ñawbuuli ɗi ngonaa kanseer.[citation needed]

Ina waɗi cate ɗiɗi e nder limto nafoore juutnde : tiiɗnaare nafoore e jokkere nafoore. E nder Pain Interference dimensiyonji ɗiɗi ina mballita e yiytude caɗeele ceertuɗe potɗe heɓde ngam safrude ñawɗo oo no haanirta nii. Ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi ko : Naatgol golle e Naatgol jikkuuji. Naatgol golle ina jokkondiri e golle kuuɓtodinɗe walla geɗe ɓurɗe ɓallaade nguurndam ñalnde kala ko wayi no yahde. Naatgol Affective ina haɓa e geɗe teskinɗe walla nder nguurndam ñalnde kala ko wayi no wellitaare nguurndam e/walla jikku. Tiiɗnaare Nafoore ina fotndee e cate nay : ɓurɗo bonde, ɓurɗo famɗude, e hakkundeere, e jooni, tawi noon Nafoore Nafoore ina fotndee e cate 7 : jikku, golle, golle kuuɓtodinɗe, yahdu, jokkondiral, wellitaare nguurndam, e ɗanngal. Ñawɗo oo ina limta kala heen huunde e tolno 0–10, 10 ko tiiɗnaare muusnde e naatgol timmungol e nder nguurndam maɓɓe.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Peritoneal equilibration test

E nder nefroloji, jarribo mbayliigu peritoneal (PET), ko **kuutorgal ngal nefroloji** kuutortoo ngam anndude sifaaji sifaaji jolngo masse membrane peritoneal, so ina ƴeewtoo ñawɗo ngam waɗde diiyalis peritoneal.

## Fistol
Test ekilibraasiyoŋ peritoneal (PET) ko ƴeewndo semi-kantitatiif e golle jolngo membrane peritoneal e nder ñawɓe wonduɓe e diiyalis peritoneal (PD).  Hakindo jolngo solute ina ƴeewtee e hakindo ballal mum hakkunde ƴiiƴam kapilaar peritoneal e diyalisaat.  Resorde ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri e nder diiyalisaaji e plasma (D/P ratio) e sahaaji keertiiɗi (t) e nder dumunna gonɗo e ɓuuɓri ina hollita tolno ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri.  Ndeeɗoo feere ina waawi anndeede e kala ɓuuɓri gonndi e ƴiiƴam kapilaar haa e diiyalisaaji.  Ko kreatinin, uree, elektorolit, fosfaat, e poroteyiin ngoni ɓuuɓri ɓurndi jarribeede ngam huutoraade e nder safaara..

## Tuugnorgal
Perthes test

e **Test Perthes ko test** kilinik ngam ƴeewde patency ƴiiƴam luggiɗam ɗam ko adii nde ƴiiƴam ɗam waɗata.[1]  Nde inniraa ko cafroowo Almaañnaajo biyeteeɗo Georg Perthes.

Terɗe ɗee ina toownee, ina mbaɗee elastik no feewi gila e koyɗe haa e 1/3 toowɗo ɓalndu nduu ngam momtude ƴiye dow ɗee tan.  E nder banngeeji ɗii, ñawɗo oo ina ɗaɓɓiree yahde fotde hojomaaji 5.  So tawii deep system ina waawi, ƴiiƴam ɗam rewata, hoota e ɓernde.  So tawii system luggiɗiiɗo oo ina Blocked(ina jogii trombose), ñawɗo oo ina nana mette e koyngal.

Ndeeɗoo jarribo ina wiyee sahaa e sahaa fof jarribo Delbet-Mocquot, inniraango safrooɓe Farayse biyeteeɗo Pierre Delbet e Pierre Mocquot.

## Test Perthes moɗtuɗo
Test oo waɗetee ko e waɗde tourniquet to tolno jokkondire sapheno-femoral ngam ustude laawol dow ngol, caggal ɗuum ñawɗo oo naamnetee yo yah in situ.  So tawii ƴiye luggiɗe ɗee ina ɓuuɓtoo, ƴiye dillaaɗe ɗee ina ɓeydoo feeñde.Ɗum ina haani hade waɗde opereeji ƴiye varikos i.e. laawol Trendelenberg ngam anndude patency system ƴiiƴam luggiɗɗam hade mum ittude walla liggoraade system superficiel

Ɗum ko jarribo ɓurngo laaɓtude sibu fawaaki e tolno nafoore ñawɗo.

## Tuugnorgal
Patellar tap

**patellar tap** ko feere huutorteende e ƴeewndo goddol ngam ƴeewde so tawii koppi ina ɓuuɓna walla "ndiyam-e-goddol".

E ƴeewtotooɗo oo ina lelii e dow koyɗe maɓɓe, ƴeewtotooɗo oo ina yaaji koppi ɗii, ina ɓuuɓna nokku oo dow koppi ɗii e junngo wooto.  Ɗuum ina ɓuuɓna ndiyam les ɓuuɓri, ina ƴetta ɗum.  E nder jokkude ɓuuɓde e junngo adanngo, ƴeewtotooɗo oo huutortoo koppi junngo maɓɓe ngoɗngo ngam ɓuuɓnude les e dow ŋoral.  So tawii ɓuuɓri koppi ina woodi, koppi ɗii ina njippoo les, ina "tap" ƴiyal les ngal.

## Tuugnorgal
Paddington alcohol test

**Test alkol Paddington** (PAT) fuɗɗii yaltude ko e jaaynde wiyeteende Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine e hitaande 1996. Ko ngam anndude caɗeele jowitiiɗe e alkol e nder tawtoraaɓe departemaaji aksidaaji e emergency.  Ina hawri no feewi e naamnal ƴeewndo (AUDIT) ngam anndude caɗeele kuutoragol alkol kono ina waɗa e nder joyaɓal sahaa.

So tawii 40–70% e ñawɓe wonɓe e departemaa aksidaaji e emergency (AED) ina ngondi e caɗeele jowitiiɗe e alkol, ina moƴƴi gollotooɓe AED ɓee ngannda hol e maɓɓe yarooɓe bonɓe mbele ina mbaawa safrude sabaabu mum e rokkude wasiyaaji juutɗi baawɗi ustude batte cellal oon ñawɗo alcohol.  E nder departemaaji aksidaaji e emergency ina moƴƴi kadi ƴeewtaade ñawɓe arooɓe ɓee ko yaawi, ngam ustude keewal gollotooɓe e njoɓdi.  E nder wiɗto wooto, ko ina tolnoo e leƴƴanɗe 73 ngam yuɓɓinde naamnal AUDIT kono ko leƴƴanɗe 20 tan wonande PAT.

Version gollorde PAT ina ƴeewtee to opitaal St Mary tuugnaade e miijooji safrooɓe yeeso e nder departemaa emergency (A&E) (ƴeew les).  Ina woodi kadi mbaydi wayliindi huutorteende ngam wiɗtooji porogaraamuuji keewɗi e ɗemngal Engele (Porogaraam ƴeewndo e jokkondire ngam yarde sensible, SIPS)..

PAT cakkitiiɗo oo ina tawee e lowre enternet Departemaa Cellal leydi Angalteer, nokku janngirde Alkol..

## Ƴeew kadi
Alkol

Naamnal AUDIT

Naamnal CAGE

Test ƴeewndo CRAFFT

Doggol peccitagol e tolnooji ƴeewndo kuutorteeɗi e nder safaara hakkille

Naamnal tiiɗngal fawaade e alkol

Kuutoragol geɗe

## Tuugnorgal
Ottawa knee rules

**Kuule koppi Ottawa** ko kuule kuutorteeɗe ngam wallude safrooɓe anndude so tawii ko x-ray koppi ina haani.

Ɓe kolliti wonde radiyoo ina ɗaɓɓi tan e ñawɓe wonduɓe e rafi gonɗo e koppi mum en, tawi ina waɗi heen gootel walla ko ɓuri ɗum :

Duuɓi 55 walla ko ɓuri ɗum

Teddungal e hoore fibula

Teddungal patella keeriiɗo

Waasde waawde ɓuuɓnude goddol ɓurngol 90°

Waasde waawde jogaade teddeendi ɗoon e ɗoon e nder departemaa emergency (4 steps)

Kuule koppi Ottawa ƴettaa ko ngam wallitde e huutoraade radiyoogaraafi e nder ñawuuji koppi ɓuuɓɗi, gila ndeen kadi ina teskaa e sahaaji keewɗi e nder yimɓe ceertuɓe e nder sukaaɓe e mawɓe fof..Won wiɗtooji kollitii wonde sensitivite kuule koppi Ottawa ko 98-100% wonande ɓuuɓri koppi teskinndi e nder safaara, ɗum firti ko 98-100% e ñawɓe ɓuuɓri fof maa njogo sarɗiiji ƴeewndo.  Kono tan, keertinagol kuule koppi Ottawa ina heewi ŋakkude, ɗum firti ko feccere mawnde e ɓeen wonɓe e sarɗiiji koppi Ottawa maa njogo ɓuuɓri koppi e rajo-X.  Kuule koppi Pittsburgh tawaama ina ɓuri laaɓtude e ƴeewndo..

Laabi pellital kilinik hono ɗii, ngonaa tan e reentaade cellal ngal alaa nafoore e njoɓdi mum kono kadi ina mballita e ustude ŋakkeende radiis iyon.  Hono ngool radiyee ina haani e radiyoogaraafi kono ina waawi ɓeydude baasal e kanseer, ɗum noon safrooɓe ina njiɗi woppude huutoraade ɗum kala nde ina waawi.

## Ƴeew kadi
Kuule gonɗe e Ottawa

Pittsburgh koppi kuule

Jokkondire yaajɗe

Kuule koppi Pittsburgh

Natal kuule koppi Ottawa

## Tuugnorgal
Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale

**Peewnugol ɓalndu Ottawa** ina huutoree ngam ƴeewde peewnugol ɓalndu ñawɗo ngam waɗde kolonoskopi..

## Pewnugol ɓalndu scoring
Peeje ɗee ina ƴeewtoo geɗe tati ɓalndu mawndu nduu : (1) ɓalndu rektosigmoid, (2) ɓalndu hakkundeeru e (3) ɓalndu ñaamo.  Ko ɓuri heewde e 4 ina huutoree e kala taƴre ɓalndu mawndu.  Toɓɓere 0 ina rokketee so tawii peewnugol ɓalndu ina moƴƴi, firti ko detal muusngal ina yiyee, alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa ɓuuɓri.  Toɓɓere 1 ina hokka so tawii peewnugol ɓalndu ina moƴƴi, firti ko ndiyam/ɓuuɓri ina woodi kono muusalla ina yiyee, lootgol/suuɗde alaa ko nafata.  Toɓɓere 2 ina rokketee so tawii peewnugol ɓalndu ina moƴƴi, firti ko ina woodi ndiyam/ɓuuɓri ina suuɗa ɓalndu nduu, suukara ina haani kono lootde ina haani.  Toɓɓere 3 ina hokka so tawii peewnugol ɓalndu ina ŋakki, firti ko ƴiiƴam ina suuɗa ɓalndu nduu, suukara/lootgol ina rokka tan yiyngo ɓalndu OK.  Toɓɓere 4 ina rokketee so tawii peewnugol ɓalndu nduu ina ŋakki, ɗum firti ko ɓalndu nduu ina suuɗa ɓalndu nduu hay so tawii ko lootgol/suusgol mawngol.  Toɓɓere ndee fof hiisaama e ɓeydude toɓɓe 3 ɗee kala.  Toɓɓere ndee ina waɗi 0 (timmuɗo) haa 14 (ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi e nder kala taƴre e ndiyam keewɗam, woni ƴiiƴam ɗam peewnaaka haa laaɓi)..

Peeje goɗɗe peewtuɗe e peewnugol ko peeñɗe Aronchick e peeje peewnugol ɓalndu Boston..

## Tuugnorgal
Organ dysfunction

**Ɓooygol terɗe ko ngonka** ɗo terɗe mbaɗataa golle ɗe njiɗ-ɗen.  Ɓooygol terɗe ko ŋakkeende golle terɗe haa heewi, haa arti noon e homeostasis no woorunoo, tawa kadi ko e ballal safaara yaajngal walla ballal nguurndam.  Wonaa ñawu nguu.  Ina waawi renndineede e sabaabu, kono so tawii sabaabu oo anndaaka, ina waawi kadi renndinde so tawii fuɗɗoode ndee ko ɓuuɓnde walla ko ɓuuɓnde.

Ɓooygol terɗe keewɗe ina waawi jogaade sepsis, ina heewi warde.  Leyɗeele ko wayi no Espaañ kollitii ɓeydagol maayɗeele sabu keewal mawɓe toon Won kuutorɗe ɗe safrooɓe kuutortoo so ina ƴeewtoo ŋakkeende terɗe keewɗe e so ina ƴeewtoo ko waawi arde.  Njoɓdi ƴeewndo ŋakkeende terɗe (SOFA) ina huutoroo teddeendi laboratuwaaruuji gadani e nder safrirde ñawɗo (e nder waktuuji 24) ngam teskaade batte maayɗeele ñawɗo.

## Tuugnorgal
Multispectral segmentation

**Segmentation multispectral** ko feere ngam seerndude denndaangal ƴiye nannduɗe e sifaaji e nder mbaadi natal gootal huutortoo natal keewngal keertiingal e nder mbaadiiji ceertuɗi (yeru, T2, densité proton, T1, ekn).  Ɗuum ina weeɓi seerndude ƴiye ceertuɗe, sibu ƴiye kala ina njaaboo no feewi e jokkondire pulseeji keertiiɗi.

## Ƴeew kadi
Ko ƴeewndo magnetik

## Janngude ko ɓeydi
Fletcher L. M., Barsotti J. B., Hornak J. P. (lewru mee 1993).  "Anndugol mbaydiiji keewɗi e ƴiye ngaandi".  Magn Reson Med.  29: 623-30.  .

Jakson E. F., Narayana P. A., Falkoner J. C. (1994).  "Rewtinnde peccitagol karte sifaaji ɗi ngonaa parametiri ngam anndude tolnooji neɗɗo no woorunoo e nder hoore mum e dokke nate MR".  J Magn Reson ko ƴeewndo.  4: 692 haa 700.  .

 Vannier MW, Butterfield RL, Jordan D, Murphy WA, Levit RG, Gado M (1985).  "Anndugol mbaydiiji keewɗi e natal resonansi magnetik".  Rajo-yoloji.  154: 221-224.  PMID ko 3964938.
Bronchial challenge test

**Test bronchial challenge** ko test safaara kuutorteeɗo ngam wallitde e ƴeewde asma, e ƴeewtaade woodgol hiperresponsivement gonɗo e laawol henndu. Ñawɗo oo ina foofa metakolin walla histamin nebuliseer. Nii woni jarribo ngoo ina waawi kadi wiyeede jarribo teskuyaaji metakolin walla teskuyaaji teskuyaaji histamin. Leɗɗe ɗee ɗiɗi fof ina ngaddana ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam, walla ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam. So tawii histamin ina addana ɓuuɓri nofru e ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam e ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam rewrude e ɓuuɓri H1, metakolin ina huutoroo ɓuuɓri M3 ngam ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam. Ndeen noon, tolno ɓuuɓgol ngol ina waawi limteede e spirometry. Yimɓe wonduɓe e ɓuuɓri gonndi e ƴiiƴam, ko wayi no asma, maa njaɓ doseeji leɗɗe lesɗi.

Heen sahaaji, ngam ƴeewde so tawii ngonka keertinka ina waawi waylude, ina waɗa bronkodilatoor ngam haɓaade batte bronkokonstriktor oo hade mum waɗteede ƴeewndorɗe spirometri. Ɗumɗoo ina heewi wiyeede ko ƴeewndo mbayliigu, walla ƴeewndo caggal bronkodilatoor (post BD), ina waawi kadi wallitde seerndude asma e ñawu nguu. Kadi, ƴeewndo DLCO ina waawi huutoreede ngam seerndude asma (DLCO no feewi haa toowɗo) e COPD (DLCO ustiiɗo).

Fenaande moƴƴere e fenaande ina mbaawi waɗeede e jarribo caɗeele bronchial. Yanti heen, asma ina waawi wonde ko juuti sabu jokkere enɗam walla jokkere enɗam.

Test bronchial challenge ina ɗaɓɓi ɓanndu, tee njeñtudi ndii ina waawi battinde e ŋakkeende ɓalndu walla e ŋakkeende muñal. Lekki kii ina foofa ina waawi ustude ƴiiƴam toowɗam haa heewi, ina addana neɗɗo ɓuuɓde no feewi. Ɗum ina waawi saɗtinde walla waasde waɗde spirometri. Ngolɗoo ƴeewndo ina haɗee e ñawɓe wonduɓe e ɓuuɓri gonndi e ƴiiƴam sabu ɓeydagol laaɓtungol ɓuuɓri ndii. Ina haɗa ɗum kadi woodgol anewrisma aorta, sibu spirometri maa ɓeydu ƴiiƴam, fawaade e doole ñawɗo oo kam e tolno ɓuuɓri e nder ƴiiƴam.

## Tuugnorgal
Bronchography

**Bronchography** ko karallaagal radiyoloji, ko ɗum waɗi ko ƴeewndo lekki foofaango caggal nde ɓuuɓnaa laabi foofaango e mbaydi mbaylaandi. Bronkogaraafi ina famɗi ɗo waɗata, sibu ɗum waɗiraa ko ɓooyɗo e ɓeydagol tomogaraafi e bronkoskopi.

## Tuugnorgal
Buccal swab

**Buccal swab, anndiraango kadi buccal smear,** ko feere ngam mooftude ADN e nder ƴiye gonɗe e nder ɓalndu neɗɗo. Buccal swabs ko feere nde alaa ko bonnata ngam mooftude geɗe ADN ngam ƴeewndaade. Buccal firti ko 6anndu walla hunuko. Ina heewi no feewi e nder jarribooji safaara e nder wiɗtooji baɗeteeɗi e sariyaaji ɗo ɗum waawi naatde walla ittude yimɓe tuumaaɓe.

## Tuugnorgal
Buerger's test

**Test Buerger** ina waɗee e nder ƴeewndo ŋakkeende ƴiiƴam. Nde inniraa ko Leo Buerger. Njuuteeki ƴiiƴam, ko wiyetee kadi njuuteeki Buerger, ko njuuteeki ɗo koyngal foti ƴetteede hade mum ɓuuɓde, tawa ina lelna. E nder tergal jogiingal cirkulaasiyoŋ no woorunoo, koppi koyɗe e ŋoral koyngal, ina keddii e pinndi, hay so tergal ngal ina ummoo 90 degere. E nder koyngal iskemi, toowgol haa 15 degere walla 30 degere fotde leƴƴanɗe 30 haa 60 ina waawi saabaade ɓuuɓri. (Ngolɗoo feccere e jarribo ngoo ina ƴeewtoo so tawii ko elevation pallor.) Njuuteeki ƴiiƴam ko famɗi fof 20 degere ina hollita iskemi tiiɗɗo.

Gila e jooɗorde, e nder cirƴam no woorunoo, koyngal ngal ina yaawi artude e mbaydi pinndi. Ɗo ñawu ƴiiƴam periferik woni ɗoo koyngal ngal maa artu e mbaydi pinndi ɓurndi seeɗa e no woorunoo kadi rewa e mbaydi pinndi no woorunoo haa e mbaydi boɗeeri (rubor - boɗeeri) keewndi anndeede e koyngal naange. Ɗum noon ko sabu dille arterioles ngam etaade ittude mborosaaji metabolism mahɗi e nder hiperaemi (hyperaemia) reaktif. Gaa gaa koyngal ngal maa artu e mbaydi mum no woorunoo. Ndee feccere e jarribo ngoo ina anndaa ko ƴeewndo rubor dependence.

Test oo ina waawi kadi huutoreede e ƴeewndo eritromelalji.

## Ƴeew kadi
Wiɗto ƴiiƴam periferik

Koolaaɗo kuuɓal

## Tuugnorgal
Abortion in the Central African Republic

**Resde ɓiɗɗo e nder leydi Afrik** hakkundeejo ina haɗaa e sariya so wonaa tawa reedu nduu ko batte leeptugol. E wiyde safaara kuuɓtodinɗo, laawol safaara ngol ina laaɓi tan so tawii ruttaade ina hisna nguurndam debbo oo, hay so tawii noon ɗum laaɓtaani e sariya gooto. Kala baɗɗo ɓiɗɗo ina waawi faweede kuugal duuɓi joy kasoo e njoɓdi, safrooɓe ina mbaawi waasde jogaade kaayitaaji mum en safaara fotde duuɓi joy.

## Tariya
Ko adii hitaande 2006, sariya e nder leydi Afrik hakkundeejo ina haɗi ruttaade e ɓiɗɗo. E hitaande 2006, Asaambele ngenndi laawɗini ruttaade e nder geɗe njulaagu, sibu rewɓe ina keewi jokkondirde e njulaagu, e njulaagu, e njulaagu e nder leydi ndi wolde yani ndii.

### Batte cellal rewɓe
Rewɓe wonduɓe e reedu ɓe njiɗaa e nder leydi Afrik hakkundeejo ngalaa hakke ruttaade e nder sariya. Haa jooni eɓe njiɗi toppitaade cellal jibinannde, kono Doctors *Without Borders* wiyi wonde rewɓe ɓee ina keewi rewrude e sarɗiiji ɗi ngonaa sterile walla ɗi ngonaa kisal to bannge safaara.

E wiyde kampaañ winndereejo ngam hakkeeji rewɓe e ruttaade e kisal, « ruttaade e nder kisal ko huunde ɓurnde saabaade maayde yummiraaɓe » e nder CAR. Fedde ndee ɓeydi heen wonde "tataɓal maayde yummiraaɓe ina addana ɗum en ruttaade e reedu (MMR : 882 maayɗo e nder 100 000 jibinannde wuurnde). Ñalnde kala, rewɓe njeegomo ina maaya e batte reedu walla jibinannde mum en".

## Tuugnorgal
Meningeal biopsy

**Biopsie Meningeal** ko biopsie waɗeteeɗo e meningeeji gonɗi e nder ɓalndu.

Ina waawi tawa ko ɓuuɓri ngaandi walla ɓalndu.[citation needed]

MRI walla CT ina mbaawi huutoreede ko adii nde biopsie waɗata ngam wallitde anndude nokku ɗo biopsie waɗata ɗoo.

## Tuugnorgal
Macewen's operation

**Opereeji Macewen** ko opereeji ngam safrude ñawu nguu, ko doktoor Ecoppinaajo biyeteeɗo Sir William Macewen (1864-1924) feewni ɗum.

Ina waɗee e uddude cirƴam nder ɗam e paddorɗe peewnaaɗe e saak hernia.

## Tuugnorgal
Longitudinal intestinal lengthening and tailoring

**Laawol juutngol e taƴgol ɓalndu juutngol (Bianchi)** ko sifaa peewnugol ɓalndu otologo.  Ɓoornugol tokosol ngol ina feccii e njuuteendi e nder laylaytol hakkundeewol, ina reena lefol gootol mesenteer e ƴiiƴam mum e feccere kala. Ɗum ina addana ɓalndu tokoosru taƴe ɗiɗi ɓuuɓɗe, ɗe mbaawi kadi jokkondirde e joofnirde ngam artirde jokkondiral ɓalndu tokoosru nduu. Ina woodi kadi laabi goɗɗi ngam waɗde ngalɗoo laawol. ina jeyaa e cuɓe safaara seppooji wondude e cuɓe seppooji goɗɗi ko wayi no waylude segmental ɓalndu tokoosru, mahngo valve intestinal artificiel, pacing électrique de l’intestin, enteroplastie transverse seriale, walla transplantation ngam safrude sindrom ɓalndu juutndu.

Bianchi adii siftinde laawol ngol e hitaande 1980 e nder mbaydi porcine, Boeckman e Traylor adii huutoraade ɗum e nder safaara e hitaande 1981.

## Tuugnorgal
Limbal relaxing incisions

**Taƴre ɓuuɓnde (LRI)** ko feere ɓuuɓnde ngam feewnude astigmatisme tokooso e nder gite. Taƴe feccere laawol rewrude e ƴiiƴam ina mbaɗee e bannge gooto walla e banngeeji goɗɗi gonɗi e ƴiiƴam, rewrude e ŋorol gonngol e ƴiiƴam, ina addana ƴiiƴam ɗam ɓuuɓde seeɗa e oon nokku.Sabu taƴe ɗee ngoni ko e yaasi fannu yiytere, ɗe ngaddataa gite (glare) e batte njiylawu goɗɗe baɗɗe no ƴiiƴam radial nii.

LRI wontii feere ɓurnde waawde huutoreede ngam feewnude astigmatisme e nder seppooji katarakt. Ɗi ɓuri hoybude e ustude njoɓdi e seppooji laser ko wayi no LASIK walla keratektomi fotorefraktif e reentaade sarɗiiji jokkondire laaɓtuɗe IOL torik. Njeñtudi moƴƴiri ɗaɓɓaani nokku e njuuteendi taƴe ɗee laaɓtude no feewi, kadi taƴe ɗee ina mbaawi yaajneede caggal ɗuum so tawii laawol gadanol ngol feewnitaaki astigmatisme oo fof.[citation needed]

LRI ina jogii njuuteendi jokkondire ɓadtiiɗe 1:1, ɗum firti ko keewal ɓuuɓgol ngol addanta e nder meridiyan taƴaaɗo oo no fotiri e ɓuuɓgol 90° woɗɗude, ko ɗuum waɗi waylo-waylo ngo alaa ko nafata e sfeer-equivalent ina waɗa, tee alaa ko hatojini e njuɓɓudi doole IOL.

Sellude ina heewi yaawde, tawa kadi ina metti, hay so tawii noon ñawɗo oo ina waawi heɓde mette.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia

**Resde ɓiɗɗo e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Mikronesi** ina laaɓi tan so tawii resde ɓiɗɗo oo ina hisna nguurndam debbo oo.

## Tariya
Ko adii nde Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Mikronesiya keɓata laamu e hitaande 1986, sariyaaji mum en ina njokki e kuule ɗe *Teritori Trust of the Pacific Islands* ƴetti, ɗum firti ko leydi ndii ina ɗooftoo sariyaaji ruttaade e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. E jeytaare, ngenndi ndii heɓiino yamiroore waɗde sariyaaji mum ko fayti e ruttaade, tee ardiiɓe laamu nguu ina teskii aadaaji nokkuuji ɗii e nder ñaawirɗe, tawi ina tuuma ruttaade ko bonannde.

## Golle ruttaade e nokkuuji
E nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Mikronesia, rewɓe ina njogii aadaaji ngam ruttaade e leɗɗe nokkuuje, tawa ina mbaɗa ɓalli janani e nder reedu, walla tawa ina mbaɗa lootgol e masiŋaaji. Hakindo safaaraaji nokkuuji ngam ruttaade ina saɗi anndeede sabu ñawɓe ɓee ina kaalee tan so ruttaade ina addana ɗum en ñawu nguu, walla e nder safrirde, walla e nder maayde.

## Tuugnorgal
Ligamentotaxis

ligamentotaxis ko feere huutoraade doole njuuteendi jokkondirɗe (distraction) ngam addude pecce peccitagol ɓurɗe ɓadaade. t huutortee ko e peeje juutɗe e nder njuɓɓudi ƴiyal ɓuuɓngal.[citation needed]

Ligamentotaxis ko kañum woni sabaabu kuutoragol fiɓnde yaajnde e nder ɓuuɓri ƴiye juutɗe distal ɗe ndartaaki. E huutoraade doole distraction longitudinal, ƴiye softuɗe taariiɗe ɓuuɓri ndii ina mballita e mooftude ƴiye ɗee e newnude ustude.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Latham appliance

**Kuutorgal Latham** ko kuutorgal safaara kuutorteengal ngam feewnude ɓuuɓri leppi e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri e sukaaɓe tokosɓe.

Kuutorgal ngal ina waɗee e seppooji tawa ina huutoroo pinndi e nder lewru 4ɓuru walla 5ɓuru cukalel ngel. Caggal nde nde woni e nokku, doktoor oo, walla jibnaaɓe ɓee, ina cirƴa ñalnde kala ƴulɓe ngam addude ɓuuɓri ndii ngam wallitde feewnude leppi e/walla palateeji garooji.

Ina wiyee wonde feere ɓurnde moƴƴude ngam safrude cukalel gonngel e UCLP ko yahdude e ɓalndu nduu fof yeeso tawa ina huutoroo jolngo ngam ustude jaabawol njuɓɓudi suturaaji ɓalndu nduu. Hono ngool yahrude yeeso ina moƴƴina njuɓɓudi dental. So tawii ɗum waɗaama ko adii nde opereeji ɗii mbaɗata, cheiloplasty ina waawi addande ɗum en jokkondire anatomiije ɓurɗe laaɓtude tawa ina ustoo mooftude ƴiye yeeso.

Appliance oo ina waɗi paɗe ɗiɗi akrilik jokkondirɗe e strut hinged inox caggal. Ko joofnirde ƴulɓe njuɓɓudi, jokkondirnde e taƴre tokosere ndee, ina naata e ŋoral e dow taƴre mawnde ndee. Kuutorgal ngal ina jokkondiri e ƴiyal palatal huutoraade pinngi njamndi mboɗeeri joɗɗinaaɗi 30-40" to dow. Ngolɗoo pinngi ina newna jogaade moƴƴere e reentaade dente ƴellitooje. Rotaasiyoŋ vis ina waɗa doole ɗe njahrata e feccere lesre ndee yeeso.

## Tuugnorgal
Calibrated automated thrombogram

**Trombogram otomaatik kalibraa** (CAT walla CT) ko ƴeewndo jibinannde trombin (TGA) e ƴeewndo ɓuuɓgol aduna (GCA) baawɗo huutoreede no ƴeewndo ɓuuɓgol ngam ƴeewde baasal trombose. Ko kañum ɓuri huutoreede e TGA. CAT ko jarribo semi-otomaatik waɗeteengo e nder 96 ɓulli, ina ɗaɓɓi karallaagal keeringal ngam waɗde ɗum. Ndeen noon, nde yiyri ko famzi fof e nder laboratuwaaruuji vurzi waawde huutoreede, nde vuri famzude e nokkuuji wiztooji.Njaajeendi vursugol e CAT addani kadi cazeele e vursugol janngugol e janngugol e nder wiztooji. Kono ko ɓooyaani koo, darnde waɗaama ngam ƴellitde ƴeewndo ngoo. Yeru CAT keeriiɗo njulaagu ko Trombinoskoop mo Trombinoskoop BV (jooni ko Diagnostica Stago jeyi ɗum)..

CAT ina waawi huutoreede ngam fooɗtude paaraaji trombogramme ko wayi no pottital trombine nder ɓalndu (ETP) e ƴeewde reentaade poroteyiin C kuutorteeɗo (APCR). Test reentaade APC baɗaaɗo e CAT ETP ina teskaa e ɓuuɓri gonndi e estiroyin, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri gonndi e hunuko.

E hitaande 2018, njulaagu otomaatik timmuɗo TGA e alteret CAT biyeteeɗo ST Genesia yalti. Wiyaama wonde ngool laawol ina foti addande TGAaji ɓeydaade yaajde e nder laboratuwaaruuji safaara. Siistem ST Genesia ina hollita kadi ɓeydagol jibinannde so renndinaama e CAT..

## Tuugnorgal
Canadian CT head rule

**Kuulal hoore CT Kanadaa** (ko famɗi fof CCTHR walla CCHR; ina wiyee kadi sahaa e sahaa fof Kuulal hoore Tomografii Kanadaa) ko peeje safaara kuutorteeɗe ngam ƴeewde so tawii ñawɓe wonduɓe e gaañanɗe tokoose e hoore ina poti waɗde CT scans cranial. Ko Stiell et al. e nder winndannde bayyinaande e jaaynde Lancet e hitaande 2001, nde ɓe kuutorii ɗum e fuɗɗoode tan ko e ñawɓe wonduɓe e Glasgow Coma Scale scores hakkunde 13 e 15. Gila ndeen, CCTHR wontii kuulal ɓurngal yaajde wiɗteede e yaajde tabitineede e sifaa mum, hay so tawii noon ko 2011 review criteria saɗtunde waɗde ɗum systema " winndere ndee kala."

## Dabare
CCTHR ina yaltina ñawɓe ɓe :

heɓaani ñawu ngaandi mbonngu
jogaade limre Glasgow Coma Scale les 13, 2019.
ina njogii duuɓi 16, 2018.
ina jogii rafi ƴiiƴam walla ina huutoroo warfarin, e/walla
ina jogii ɓuuɓri ɓalndu udditiindi yiyteende.
E nder CCTHR, ñawɓe wonduɓe e rafiiji tokoosi ina poti heɓde CT tan so tawii gooto walla ko ɓuri ɗum e ɗeeɗoo geɗe ina njogii :

Glasgow Coma Scale limto les 15 e waktuuji 2 caggal ñawu
Tuumaaɗo udditaade walla ɓuuɓde ɓalndu
Kala maande ɓuuɓri ɓalndu basal

Episodeeji ɗiɗi walla ko ɓuri ɗum e ɓuuɓri
Duuɓi 65 walla ko ɓuri ɗum
Amnesia ko adii batte mum ko hojomaaji 30 walla ko ɓuri ɗum

Mekanisme kulɓiniiɗo (ɗum ko Stiell et al. (2005) sifotoo ko "yahoowo mo oto yani e mum, jooɗiiɗo e mum yalti e oto, walla dogde e dow tooweeki 3 walla ko ɓuri ɗum walla 5 step." )

Laabi joy gadani ɗii ko "risk mawɗo", kono laabi 6 e 7 ina mbiyaa ko "risk hakkundeejo".

## Tuugnorgal
Captopril suppression test

**Test suppression captopril** (CST) ko test safaara mo alaa ko bonnata, ngam ƴeewde tolno aldosteron e nder plasma. Kaptopril ina haɗa peewnugol aldosteron rewrude e mbaydi renin-anjiyotensin-aldosteron. Njeñtudi CST ina huutoree ngam wallitde e ƴeewde aldosteronisme gadano (sindrom Conn).

## Ƴeew kadi
Test caɗeele Captopril – huutortee ko ngam anndude ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam

## Tuugnorgal
Cary–Blair transport medium

**Cary–Blair transport medium** ko feere huutorteende ngam hisnude ƴiye kilinik e ƴiye reedu caggal nde ɗe mooftaa. Ko Sylvia G. Cary e Eugene B. Blair peewni feere ndee e hitaande 1964, ɓe teskiima nde ina addana en safrude ñawuuji salmonella, shigella, vibrio, e pasteurella ko ɓuri juutde e feere yah-ngartaa.ref name="Cary–Blair 1964">

Laawol yah-ngartaa Cary-Blair ko waylude feere nde R.D. Stuart, S.R. Tosaak e T.M. Patsula e hitaande 1954 ko addani Gonococci heɓtaade no feewi e nder sammeeji ƴiiƴam. Cary e Blair teskiima Stuart, Toshach e Patsula, kuutorɗe hakkundeeje e kuutorɗe goɗɗe baawɗe safrude ñawuuji e nder ƴiiƴam ko juuti, ina maantiniri ŋakkeende nguura, ŋakkeende mbaawka ustude oksidaasiyoŋ, e pH toowɗo.

Tuggude e hitaande 2024, huutoraade feere yah-ngartaa Cary–Blair ina wasiyee e nokku toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ñawuuji to Amerik ngam ƴeewndaade e nder laboratuwaaruuji ñawu nguu, so tawii pinal fuɗɗaaki e nder waktuuji ɗiɗi

## Tuugnorgal
Casoni test

**Test Casoni** ko test ɓalndu kuutorteeɗo ngam anndude ñawu hidatid. Fooyre ndee ko waɗde e nder ɓalndu 0,25 ml ndiyam steriliseerɗam ummoraade e ɓuuɓri hidatid/kiisuuji neɗɗo, steriliseede e filtoraade Seitz e nder junngo wooto, tawa kadi ko foti no ɓuuɓri saline ina waɗee e nder junngo ngoɗngo ngoo. Teskagol ina waɗee e nder hojomaaji 30 garooji ɗii e caggal balɗe 1 haa 2.. Jaabawol wheel keɓoowo e nokku ɗo ƴiiƴam ɗam woni ɗoo e nder hojomaaji 20 ina hiisee wonde ko moƴƴi (hypersensitivité immédiate). Reaksiyoŋaaji ɓuuɓɗi leelɗi ina keewi janngeede caggal waktuuji 18–24. Test oo ina moƴƴi e fotde 90% e ñawɓe hidatiid to bannge heeñere, kono ina moƴƴi e ko famɗi fof 50% e ñawɓe hidatiid e nokkuuji goɗɗi e ɓanndu ; njeñtudi moƴƴiri fenaande ina heewi kadi. Ko ɗum mbaydi gonndi e mbaydi I, ko maa laylaytol gonngol e mbaydi anafilaksi ina hesɗitinaa hade mum waɗde jarribo ngoo. Ko ɗum waɗi hannde, ƴeewndorɗe seroloji ina keewi huutoreede. Test oo ko Tomaso Casoni siifi ɗum e hitaande 1912..

## Tuugnorgal
Cephalogram

**Sefalogram** ko ƴeewndo nokku gonɗo e ɓalndu. Anndugol cefalometrik ina waawi huutoreede ngam fooɗtude mawnugol sukaaɓe.

Sefalogramme lateral ko rent-ray profil (profil) ɓalndu e ƴiye softuɗe, ina huutoree ngam ƴeewde jokkondire dente e nder ƴiye, jokkondire ƴiye e ƴiye e jokkondire ƴiye softuɗe e ƴiye e ƴiye. E nder sukaaɓe, teskagol mawnugol ina waawi waɗeede kadi eɗen mbaawi anndude waylooji baɗnooɗi e safaara. E mawɓe, safaara ina waawi teskaade e tolnooji ceertuɗi e laaɓal e njeñtudi limtooji.

## Tuugnorgal
CODY Assessment

**Ƴeewndo CODY** (Test et training Dyscalculie aidé par l’ordinateur) ko ƴeewndo ƴeewndo wonande sukaaɓe janngooɓe duɗe leslese gila e tolno 2 haa 4, kuutorteeɗo ngam anndude ŋakkeende hiisa walla ŋakkeende hiisa. Ina yaltina kadi ciimtol laaɓtungol ƴeewndotoongol karallaagal hiisa kala cukalel. Nde feewnaa ko e hitaande 2013 e nder eɓɓaande CODY, nde gollodii e annduɓe hakkillaaji to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Münster e annduɓe karallaagal to Kaasa health, sosiyatee lowre Almaañnaajo.

## Batakewol
Ƴeewndo CODY ina jeyaa e lowre jannginirde hiisa wiyeteende Meister Cody ‒ Talasia. Sukaaɓe ƴetta ƴeewndo ngoo, ngo waɗata ko ciimtol laaɓtungol ƴeewndotoongol karallaagal maɓɓe hiisawal, nde ɓe puɗɗii porogaraam oo kadi balɗe 30 caggal ɗuum. Yanti heen, Eɓɓoore CODY huutoriima ƴeewndo ngoo e nder wiɗtooji mum e duɗe leslese keewɗe ngam ƴeewtaade karallaagal hiisawal sukaaɓe hade e caggal laabi janngingol/ naatgol ceertuɗi.

## Taskugo
Ƴeewndo CODY ina ƴetta ko ina tolnoo e hojomaaji 30–40, ina yiytoo heen geɗe nay : maandeeji kuuɓtodinɗi (limto toɓɓe & ƴeewndo mawneeki), ƴeewndo limooje, hiisa e karallaagal ciimtol gollal. Ina waɗi jarribooji keewɗi (limtaaɗi les ɗii), ƴeewtotooɗi karallaagal hiisa e ganndal :

Test Waktu Jaabawol

Limto toɓɓe

Njiylawu mawngu (maandeeji e jillondiral)

## Ko waylude

## Hiisa

## Setuuji Limre

## Limre Limre

## Span Matiriis

## Limre ŋakkunde
Teskuyaaji tokoosi ɗii njiyti ko ganndal Brian Butterworth, ƴettuɗo baɗte ƴeewndo ordinateer ngam yiytude diskalkuli..

## Tabitingol
Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Münster hollitii ƴeewndo CODY. Sifaa e nuunɗal laabi jarribooji ɗii ƴeewtaama no feewi e sample ko ina tolnoo e 600 suka jaŋngoowo lesleso gila e tolno ɗiɗaɓo haa nayaɓo. Keertinagol vursugol CODY ngol ko 81 e sensitiviteeji zi ko 76. Ratz-Index ko 0,68, zum hollirii tolno hoolaare moxxo.

## Tuugnorgal
Coin test

**Test coin** (walla resonansi njamndi mboɗeeri) ko test safaara kuutorteeɗo ngam ƴeewde so tawii ko ɓuuɓri punndi. Fuuɗngo punndi ina waawi addande henndu walla ndiyam ɓuuɓde e nder ɓalndu, addana ɗum, yeru, pneumothorax walla hydrothorax.

E nder jarribo mbuuɗu, mbuuɗu jogorngu waɗeede e keeci, mbuuɗu goɗɗo ina taƴa e bannge ɗo punndi tuumaa ɗoo. Stetoskop ina waɗee e ɓalndu ngam heɗaade daande foofaango e daande kaalis. So tawii daande tinndinoore nanaama, ina gasa tawa ko henndu walla ndiyam heɓi laawol mum e nder ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam.

## Tuugnorgal
Combined intracavernous injection and stimulation test

**Test injection intracaverneuse e stimulation walla test CIS** ko feere ɓurnde waawde waɗeede e nder birooji ngam anndude so tawii ko ŋakkere ƴiiƴam. Ina waɗi injection intracavernosal, stimulation sexuel visuel walla manuel, e rating erection caggal ɗuum. Batte neurogenik e hormon ina njuutee no feewi nde tawnoo ngonka ƴiiƴam ɓalndu ina ƴeewtee no feewi e no haanirta nii. Ereksiyoŋ tiiɗɗo ko ɓuri hojomaaji 10 ina hollita golle ƴiye no haanirta nii. Ko noon kadi ciimtol ngol waawataa waɗeede e golle ƴiiƴam sabu won e worɓe wonduɓe e caɗeele ƴiiƴam seeɗa ina mbaawi kadi jogaade jaabawol gootol..

## Tuugnorgal
Combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel

**Panneel ƴeewndo yaawngo gonngo e yeeso walla ƴeewndo bolus tati walla ƴeewndo golle ƴiiƴam diinaaji** ko feere safaara huutorteende ngam ƴeewde golle ƴiiƴam ñawɗo. Test bolus tati ina heewi yamireede e firtude ko annduɓe  needed]

E nder geɗe seeɗa, ina jokkondiri e apopleksi pituitaire.

## Laahal
Hormonuuji tati (ko ɓuri heewde ko analoguuji sintetik) ina mbaɗee e nder ƴiiƴam ñawɗo oo, hono bolus ngam ustude ƴiiƴam ɓalndu yeesooru nduu :

## insulin
Hormon ɓuuɓnoowo gonadotropin (GnRH)
Hormon ɓuuɓnoowo tirotropin (TRH)
Jaabawol gonngol e ƴiiƴam ngol ina ƴeewtee e pooɗondiral ɓeydagol kortisol e hormon mawnugol (GH) e nder jaabawol ŋakkere suukara e nder ɓalndu, ɓeydagol prolaktin e hormon cemmbinoowo tiroyid (TSH) mo TRH saabi e ɓeydagol hormon luteinisan (LH) e hormon cemmbinoowo follikel GHFR. Toɓɓere suukara e nder ƴiiƴam kadi ina ƴeewtee ngam humpitaade no fotiri e ŋakkere suukara e nder ƴiiƴam.[citation needed]

## Tariya
Test bolus tati oo, fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1973, ko cafrooɓe ummoriiɓe to Duɗal Cafrirɗe Laamɗo to Londres e Opitaal Queen Elizabeth, to Birmingham. Nde rewi ko e ciimtol ɓennungol hawrugol e analoguuji insulin e vasopresin e nder ƴeewndo hipopituitarism.

## Ƴeew kadi
Teskorde muñal insulin

Test cemmbinoowo ACTH

Hipopituitarisma

Test tati

## Tuugnorgal
Compound muscle action potential

**Pottital gollal ɓalndu** (CMAP) walla pottal gollal mooftirgal ko wiɗto safaara elektoro-diagnostik (janngugol elektoronik golle ɓalndu). CMAP ina idealize summation dental pottitte gollal fotde sahaa gooto ummoraade e fiɓndeeji keewɗi e nder nokku gooto. Ɗee ina keewi ummoraade e ustude nerwel mooftirgel. Ñawɓe wonduɓe e rafi bonɗo biyeteeɗo myopathie, ko ɗum huunde heewnde saabaade ŋakkeende yiytere e ñawɓe wonɓe e safrirde toownde, ina njogii mbaawka gollal ɓalndu juutngal.

## Tuugnorgal
Comprehensive aphasia test

**Test afaasi kuuɓtodinɗo** (CAT) ko Kate Swinburn (mo Connect : fedde ballal wonande yimɓe wonduɓe e afaasi), Gillian Porter (safroowo NHS mo Hertfordshire) e David Howard (porfeseer ƴellitaare wiɗtooji) mbaɗi ɗum. CAT ko jarribo keso wonande yimɓe heɓnooɓe afaasi, woni ŋakkeende mbaawka ɗemngal. Ƴeewirde kuuɓtodinnde ndee ina waawi timmineede e nder jonnde wootere walla ɗiɗi. Test oo ina waɗi ƴeewndo ganndal, batte ɗemngal e naamnal ŋakkeende. Winndooɓe jarribo afaasi kuuɓtodinngo ngoo ina teskii miijo ɗemngal e hakkille jooni ngoo e waylo-waylo ngoɗngo baɗngo batte e golle afaasi. CAT yaltinaa ko e hitaande 2005, ko kañum woni jarribo afaasi keso gadano e ɗemngal Engele fotde duuɓi 20. Test oo waɗiraa ko ngam (1) ƴeewde ŋakkeende hakkille jokkondirnde, (2) ƴeewtaade ŋakkeende ɗemngal e nder yimɓe wonduɓe e afaasi, (3) wiɗtude batte afaasi e nguurndam neɗɗo oo e wellitaare ɓernde mum, e (4) ƴeewtaade waylooji afaasi ɗii e batte mum e nder sahaaji.

Feccere e jarribo e jarribooji tokoosi

Taƴre ganndal ina ƴeewtoo baawɗe yimɓe e nder golle keewɗe baawɗe battinde e moƴƴitingol.

Sosde ɓanndu jarribo mawndu, batte ɗemngal ina rokka sifaa golle e nder denndaangal mbaadiiji peewnugol e faamde ɗemngal.

Naamnal ŋakkeende ina yuurnitoo batte ŋakkeende to bannge golle, hakkille, e renndo, to bannge neɗɗo guurɗo e afaasi. Naamnal ŋakkeende ko cuɓagol.

Won heen 5 jarribooji jaɓɓotooɗi (3 ko faamde nanɗe, 2 ko faamde yiytere) e 16 ko teskuyaaji baylotooɗi (5 ko ruttaade, 3 ko innde, 4 ko janngugol, 4 ko binndol) Ɓooygol neuropsychologique potngol jokkondirde e afaasi ina ƴeewtee e nder 6 teskuyaaji (bisection ligne, mémoire semantique geco, . hiisa).

## Tuugnorgal
CSF albumin

**Albumin CSF** ko peeje kuutorteeɗe ngam anndude tolno albumin e nder ƴiiƴam ɓalndu.

Test jokkondirɗo e CSF total protein ko peeje kuutorteeɗe ngam anndude tolno protein e nder ƴiiƴam ɓalndu. Ina hawra e albumin, IgG, e poroteyiinuuji goɗɗi.

Ina waawi naftoraade e seerndude hakkunde sabaabuuji Meninjitis. Ina ɓuri waawde toowde e meninjaasi bakteriiji, ɓuri waawde toowde e meninjaasi viral.

Tolno toowngo ko 150 mg/dl e nder sukaaɓe jibinaaɓe, e 50 mg/dl e nder mawɓe.

Nafooje sample patofisiyoloji

BMP/ELEKTROLIT:

Na+ = 140 Cl- = 100 BUN = 20 /

Glu = 150

\

K+ = 4 CO2 = 22 PCr = 1,0

GAAS ƳIIƊAM ARTERIAL:

HCO3- = 24 paa2 = 40 paao2 = 95 pH = 7,40

GAAS ALVEOLAR:

pAO2 = 36 pAo2 = 105 A-a g = 10

FEERE:

Ca = 9,5 Mg2+ = 2,0 PO4 = 1

CK = 55 BE = -0,36 AG = 16

OSMOLARITE/RENAL SERUM:

PMO = 300 PCO = 295 Pog = 5 Bun:Cr = 20

ƳEEWTO ƁURI:

Una+ = 80 UCl- = 100 UAG = 5 Fenaa = 0,95

Angalteer+ = 25 USG = 1,01 UCr = 60 UO = 800

ƳEEWTE GOLLAL PROTEIN/GI/HEEER:

LDH = 100 TP = 7,6 AST = 25 TIBIL = 0,7

ALP = 71 Alb = 4,0 ALT = 40 ko adii jibineede = 0,5

AST/ALT = 0,6 BU = 0,2

Alb AF = 3,0 SAAG = 1,0 SOG = 60

CSF:

Alb CSF = 30 glu CSF = 60 alb CSF/S = 7,5 glu CSF/S = 0,6

## Tuugnorgal
CSF/serum glucose ratio

**Njaajeendi suukara CSF/serum, anndiraandi kadi njuuteendi suukara CSF/ƴiiƴam**, ko peeje kuutorteeɗe ngam ƴeewndaade suukara CSF e suukara ƴiiƴam.

Sabu bakteriiji keewɗi ina mbayla suukara, kadi sabu jokkere enɗam hakkunde ƴiiƴam e ngaandi ina famɗitina jokkere enɗam, njuuteendi ndii ina waawi naftoraade ngam anndude so tawii ina woodi mboros bakteriiji e nder CSF.

Rajo no woorunoo ko 0,6.

Ina huutoree ngam seerndude meninjaasi bakteriiji e meninjaasi viral, sibu ina heewi ustaade e meninjaasi bakteriiji, ina heewi ustaade e meninjaasi viral.

## Tuugnorgal
Culdocentesis

**Kuldosentesis** ko feere safaara, ko ɗum woni ko ƴettata ndiyam e nder ɓuuɓri rectouterine (ɓuuɓri Douglas) caggal reedu rewrude e ɓuuɓri. Ina waawi wonde feere ƴeewndo wootere huutorteende ngam anndude ñawu nguu (e nder ɗuum, maa ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ƴette) e reedu ektopik ruppitndu, saabotoondu hemoperitoneum.

E nder golle ɗee, ɓuuɓri rectouterine ina heewi yettaade ko e fornix caggal ɓalndu. Laawol peewnugol ɓuuɓri ndii wiyetee ko kolpotomi so tawii ko taƴre scalpel  ngam ittude ndiyam ɗam wonaa huutoraade ɓuuɓri.

## Ƴeew kadi
Amniyosentesis

Kolposkopi

Kuldoskopi

## Tuugnorgal
Culture conversion

**Waylude pinal** ko sifaa ƴeewndo hollitoore nokku ɗo sampleeji ƴettaaɗi e neɗɗo mo ñawu nguu heɓi nattii waawde feewnude pine cellal ñawu nguu. Waylude pinal ko maande moƴƴere hollitoore wonde neɗɗo ina selli, walla ina selli e ñawu . needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Current density imaging

**Hoto ƴeewndo denndaangal** (CDI) ko ɓeydaare ƴeewndo magnetik (MRI), ƴettaango to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Toronto. Ina huutoroo karallaagal ɗiɗi ngam ƴeewde laabi kuuraa e nder weeyo rewrude e ƴiye :

LF-CDI, CDI mo lowre mum famɗi, ko gollal gadanal ƴettaangal to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Toronto. E nder ngool laawol, ko ƴulɓe kuuraa (LF) ina njuutee e ƴiiƴam ɗam. Ɗeeɗoo doole ina ngadda fannuuji magnetik, ɗi njuumta caggal ɗuum e kuutoragol karallaagal MRI. Ndeen laabi jooni ɗii ina limtee, ina mbaɗee karte nokkuuje.
RF-CDI, CDI gonɗo e rajo, ko mbaydi njiylawu LF-CDI. Ɗuum ina addana fotde feccere wootere e densité courant, tawa alaa ko ɗaɓɓi so wonaa yirlaade subject. Koolondiral toowngal gonngal e nder ƴiiƴam ngal kadi addantaa ɓuuɓri ɓalndu heewde hawrude e huutoraade LF-CDI, ina addana fotdeeji in-vivo e dow yimɓe.

## Ƴeew kadi
Ko ƴeewndo magnetik

## Tuugnorgal
Cystourethrography

**Sistouretrogaraafi** ko feere safaara radiyoo, fluoroskopi, huutorteende ngam yiytude e ƴeewtaade ƴiiƴam e ƴiiƴam. Sistouretrogrammeeji ɓuuɓɗi e ɓuuɓɗi ina mballita e ƴeewde mborosaaji lesɗi, refluks, fistulaaji tuumaaɗi, e ƴeewde mborosaaji gonɗi e nder reedu. Hoto ƴeewndo magnetik (MRI) lomtii ngalɗoo kuutorgal ƴeewndo sabu ɓeydagol maggal. Ndee feere ƴeewndo ina huutoree ngam anndude hidronefrose, anomaaliiji ɓuuɓɗi, e ñawuuji ƴiiƴam e nder sukaaɓe. ko aldaa e sago..

Sisouretrogaraafi ina waɗi sistouretrogaraam ɓuuɓɗo (VCUG) e sisouretrogaraam ɓuuɓɗo (PPUG).[citation needed]

## Caɗeele
"Ɗee caɗeele baawɗe heɓtaade e nder jinnaaɓe ɗiɗo ɓee fof ina jeyaa heen UTI, hematuria, cystitis kam e ŋakkeende golle ƴiiƴam caggal kateter, fobiya ƴiiƴam, nocturia, e dartinde ƴiiƴam. E nder binndanɗe, baasal hakkille ummoriingal e VCUG ina sikkaa ko gootum e haajuuji bonɗi, haa teeŋti noon.".

## Tuugnorgal
Diagnostic medical sonography

**Sonogaraafi safaara ƴeewndo** (DMS), woni caltal ƴeewndo safaara ƴeewndo, ko kuutoragol ƴeewndo safaara e ultrasound safaara ngam ƴeewndo safaara. DMS ina huutoroo ultrasound mo alaa iyon ngam feewnude natal 2D e 3D ɓanndu. To Kanadaa, seedantaagal ngam ƴeewde sonogaraafi safaara ko Fedde Kanadaa winnditiiɓe e annduɓe Ultrasound. To leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, fedde toppitiinde seedantaagal ko binnditagol Ameriknaajo ngam ƴeewde sonogaraafi safaara.

Dipolom sonografi safaara diagnostic ko adii fof:

So a winnditiima e porogaraam ɗaɓɓoowo dipolomaaji, ko ɓuri heewde e kolees walla duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde maa njogo janngirde core nde njiɗɗaa hade maa fuɗɗaade jaŋde ultrasound. Janngirɗe mawɗe ɗee ko ngam heblude almudɓe e sifaa keeriiɗo e ɓurɗo karallaagal e nder dipolomaaji mawɗi ɗii. maa waɗtu heen won e heblooji safaara teskinɗi kam e kaɓirɗe jaŋde kuuɓtodinɗe potɗe huutoreede.

Heɓde sarɗiiji  huutoreede ngam naatde e duɗal karallaagal ultrasound ina waawi ƴettude ko ina wona hitaande. Ko ɓuri heewde e sarɗiiji ɗii maa mbaɗtu heen courseeji ko wayi no aljebra, fisik, anatomi, jokkondiral e ordinateeruuji. Ko jiidaa e sarɗiiji kursus, ina heewi wonde ko foti wonde darnde GPA moƴƴo ko adii nde naatata e porogaraam. Ɗee sarɗiiji ko njuɓɓudi e ko ɓuri heewde e duɗe, kono won heen ina mbaawi wasiyaade yo sarɗiiji ɓeydo heen hade mum en jaɓde almudɓe.

Almuɓɓe janngooɓe ultrasound ina wasiyee nde njokkondirta e duɗe janngirɗe ultrasound e nder nokkuuji mum en ngam anndude porogaraamuuji janngirɗe gonɗi heen ɗii, cuɓagol degreeji e sarɗiiji naatgol.

Sonogaraafi safaara ƴeewndo golle e njoɓdi:

E wiyde Biro toppitiiɗo limgol golle (BLS), golle  safaara diagnostic fof ina ɗaminaa maa ɓeydo fotde 17% hakkunde duuɓi 2016 e 2026.Njoɓdi hakkundeeri hitaande kala wonande sonografeeɓe safaara diagnostic ko 69 650 dolaar e lewru mee 2016.

## Tuugnorgal
Digital X-ray radiogrammetry

**Rajo-rajo dijital** ko feere ngam fooɗtude njuuteendi miniraaji ƴiye (BMD). Rajo-rayooji dijital tuugii ko e karallaagal ɓooyngal rajo-rayooji. E nder DXR, teddeendi kortikol ƴiye tati metakarpal hakkundeeje junngo ina fotndee e natal rent-ray dijital. Rewrude e golle joometiri, teddeendi ndii wayletee ko e densité mineral bone. BMD ina feewnee ngam porositee ƴiyal, ina hiisaa e ƴeewndo texture waɗaango e feccere kortikol ƴiyal.

Hono no karallaagal goɗɗal ngam hiisaade njuuteendi miniraaji ƴiye, ko yalti heen ko teddeendi BMD nokkuure, T-score e Z-score ngam hiisaade osteoporosis e baasal ƴiye..

Rajo-rayooji dijital ɓuri huutoreede ko e jokkondire e mammogaraafi dijital ngam ƴeewde osteoporosis, ɗo masiŋ mammogaraafi gooto kuutorteeɗo ngam heɓde natal rentgen ɓernde huutortee kadi ngam heɓde natal junngo ngam fooɗtude BMD. Sabu laaɓal toowngal, DXR ina huutoree kadi ngam yuurnitaade waylo-waylo weeyo e nder sahaaji. Wiɗtooji baɗanooɗi ko ɓooyaani kollitii wonde DXR ko feere moƴƴere wonande DXA ngam anndude ŋakkeende ƴiye e sukaaɓe ɓe tuumaama ina njogii ŋakkeende ƴiye ɗiɗmere walla osteoporosis.

## Ƴeew kadi
Absorptiometrie ranwiiji semmbeeji ɗiɗi

## Tuugnorgal
Dot cancellation test

**Test cancellation dot walla test Bourdon–Wiersma** ko test ɓurɗo huutoreede ngam hawrude e yiytere e jeertinaango.

Test oo huutoraama e ƴeewndo stroke ɗo fannuuji ɗii njamiraa yo taƴtu denndaangal pelle toɓɓe nay e dow kaayitaaji A4. Limooje pelle ɗe taƴaaka toɓɓe nay, pelle toɓɓe nay ɗe taƴaaka, e waktuuji baɗaaɗi (ko ɓuri heewde, hojomaaji 15) teskaama. Test Group–Bourdon, waylo-waylo Bourdon–Wiersma, ina jeyaa e teskuyaaji keewɗi ɗi sofereeɓe janngooɓe e nder leydi Angalteer ina poti rewde. The Group–Bourdon test, a modification of the Bourdon–Wiersma, is one of a number of psychometric tests which trainee train drivers in the UK are required to pass.

Test oo tuugii ko e golle ganndo hakkille Faraysenaajo biyeteeɗo Benjamin B. Bourdon (1860-1943) e ganndo neeruuji hollande biyeteeɗo Enno Dirk Wiersma [nl] (1858-1940).

## Tuugnorgal
Drawer test

**Test drawer huutortee** ko e ƴeewndo adanngo e nder safaara tuumaaɗo rupture ligaments cruciates e nder goddol.

## Laahal
Ñawɗo oo ina foti ŋoŋɗinde, wuttulo mum ina ɓuuɓtoo haa 45 degere, koppi mum ina ɓuuɓtoo haa 90 degere, koyɗe mum ina ɓuuɓtoo e dow taabal. Ƴeewndotooɗo oo ina joɗɗina e dow taabal ƴeewndotoowal yeeso koppi gonɗi heen ɗii, ina nannga ƴiye ɗee les ɗoo tan e doggol jokkondire goddol ngol. Koppi ɗii ina mbaɗee e dow doggol jokkondire banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof e ƴiye patellar. Ndeen tibia ina fawee yeeso yeeso. Ɓeydagol firo tibial yeeso so renndinaama e tergal luurondirngal walla ŋakkeende toɓɓere joofnirde tiiɗnde ina waawi hollude wonde ko ɓuuɓri gonndi e ɓalndu anteromedial walla ko ɓuuɓri timmundi ACL. So tawii ƴiiƴam ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo yeeso walla caggal ko ɓuri no woorunoo, ƴeewndo ngoo ina sikkaa ko moƴƴo. Ko ɓuri heewde e dimmbagol ƴiiƴam yeeso ina hollita wonde ƴiiƴam ɗam ina wondi e ngañgu, kono dimmbagol ɓurtungol caggal ina waawi hollude ngañgu ƴiiƴam caggal.  If the tibia pulls forward or backward more than normal, the test is considered positive. Excessive displacement of the tibia anteriorly suggests that the anterior cruciate ligament is injured, whereas excessive posterior displacement of the tibia may indicate injury of the posterior cruciate ligament.

## Ƴeew kadi
Gaññeeje gonɗe e ɓalndu yeesooru

Gaññeeje ɓalndu caggal

Teskuyaaji Lachman

## Tuugnorgal
Eijkman test

**Fooyre ɓuuɓnde** (EHA), wiyeteende kadi ƴeewndo ɓuuɓngo (EHT), ko feere huutorteende ngam anndude no parasiit gooto waawirta safrude leɗɗe gonɗe heen ɗee.

Egguuji kesi ina njuutee e parasiit nafoore ndee, dillugol seriyooji lekki nafoore ndee ina waɗee. Teemedere egguuji ɓuuɓɗi walla maayɗi ina anndaa e kala ɓuuɓri, kadi ina waawi ƴeewteede mbaydi jaabawol leɗɗe. Ndeen doosɗe ɗee ina mbaawi wayleede e ƴeewteede ngam rokkude limtooji goɗɗi ko wayi no doosgal moƴƴal.ref>

Ndee feere ina heewi golle, ina yaaji, ina waawi kadi ƴettude waktuuji seeɗa, kono ƴeewndo ɓuuɓri eggudu maa rokku njeñtudi laaɓtundi, koolniindi.

## Tuugnorgal