Ahmed Balafrej

**Ahmed Balafrej(**suwee 1908 – 14 abriil 1990 ) ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe Maruk ɗiɗaɓo hakkunde 12 mee 1958, e 2 desaambar 1958. Ko o neɗɗo maantinɗo e hare ndimaagu Maruk.
Rabaat 1916 duɗal ɓiɓɓe tedduɓe e laawol Laalou.Gooto e jaayndeeji Magreb to Pari, e hitaande 1932.
Yarkoma 1943 Yeewtere e Mohamed V e Roosevelt e nder galle mum to Anfa.

## Nguurndam
Ahmed Balafrej jibinaa ko e hitaande 1908 e nder galle Rabat. Ɓesngu makko ina yoɓi jaŋde makko leslesre to duɗal Bab Laâlou, jaŋde makko hakkundeere to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde juulɓe to Rabat, caggal ɗuum anndiraa duɗal Moulay Youssef. Siistem koloñaal oo haɗaani mo waɗde jaŋde makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde to Rabat, o heɓi bakkaa makko to Pari to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Henri-IV.O timmini jaŋde makko e ɗemngal Arab to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Fouad I to Kayhayɗi e nder hitaande 1927, caggal ɗuum o arti Pari to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sorbonne (dipolomaaji e ɓataakeeji, dipolomaaji e ganndal politik) tuggi 1928 haa 1932.

E lewru ut 1926, o sosi Fedde Sehilaaɓe Goonga to Rabat, woni sifaa gadano fedde ngenndiyaŋkoore Maruk.

O fuɗɗii jaŋde makko daartol to La Sorbonne e lewru desaambar 1927. O walli sosde Fedde janngooɓe juulɓe Afrik worgo to Farayse e wondude e Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani, suka makko e jaŋde Pari, e Ahmed Ben Miled.

E nder ndunngu 1930, o hawri e druze biyeteeɗo Amir Shakib Arslan, e oon sahaa ko mooliiɗo to Losanne. Kamɓe ɗiɗo fof ɓe kawri ko e miijo wonde hare de-islaam ngenndi aarabeeɓe, nde Dahir berbeer en tawtoraa, ko huunde tiiɗnde e njiimaandi koloñaal.

E nder ɗuum, o naatni Chekib Arslan e seppooji winndereeji ngam haɓaade Dahir e ballal ɗaɓɓaande ngenndiyankaagal Magreb. E yaajtinde yahdu makko to Andalusi, Arslan hawri e Balafrej, El Fassi, e Benabdeljalil, to Tanger, ñalnde 8 ut 1930. O waɗii yeewtereeji keewɗi e noddaango Hajj Abdeslam Bennouna e Abdelkhaleq Torrès to Tetouan fotde balɗe sappo.

Rewrude e leppi neldaaɗi ummoraade e gure, njilluuji sadakuuji mbaɗaama ngam waɗde feere no njiyru-ɗen ɗum en walla mooɓondiral e gartugol hijjoore ummoraade e nokkuuji ceniiɗi ; jokkondire mbaɗaama hakkunde sukaaɓe wuro e tedduɓe leƴƴi ummoriiɓe ladde. E hitaande 1932, nde fitinaaji polis e nanngugol mum en ndartini seppooji nder leydi ngam haɓaade Dahir en, Balafrej ƴelliti seppooji ummoraade e yaasi. Jokkondirde e Chekib Arslan kadi to Madrid e nder njillu makko to Maruk, o walli sosde Fedde Hispaño-Juulɓe to Tetouan nde Abdesslam Bennouna sosi e eɓɓaande depitee leydi Espaañ, hono José Franchi Roca.

### Jaaynde Magreb
Seppo Dahir ngo ko gooto tan e alkule Balafrej e wondiiɓe mum. E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1932, Balafrej e Ouazzani e Ben Abdeljalil ɓadtiima Robert-Jean Longuet – awokaa Pari, luulndiiɗo koloñaal, sosiyaalist – ngam heɓde daɗndude ngenndiyankooɓe Maruk ɓe laamu nguu ƴaañii. Balafraj e Ouazzani cosi jaaynde wiyeteende Magreb e hitaande 1932.

E gardagol Longuet, ko Balafrej ɓuri waawde winndude. Jaaynde ndee fof ko e cirkooji ngenndiyankooɓe ngaddi ɗum, ko ina tolnoo e ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ekkol njaltinaa e nder leydi Maruk e Farayse tuggi lewru sulyee 1932 ; Binndanɗe Balafrej addani mo waɗde jokkondiral makko gadanal e dingiral politik liberal e sosiyaalist Farayse, kam e fannuuji ardiiɓe republique Espaañ cukalel ngel. Nde haɗaama saaktude e nder leydi Maruk e hitaande 1934, hono no jaayɗe ngenndiyaŋkooje ɗee kala nii. 

### Gila e reformisme haa e hare ndimaagu
E hitaande 1933 e 1934, Goomu golle Maruk (CAM) sosaa, tawi ina waɗi cellal e nder gure keewɗe ; Balafrej ina joginoo cellal mum Rabat.

Sala galle njuɓɓudi duɗal M'hammed Guessous, sosnooɗo Ahmed Balafrej, mo natal mum yiyata e caggal

E hitaande 1934, o tawtoraama binndol lowre CAM anndiraande « Plan de Réforme ». Innde makko feeñataa e winndannde ndee, sibu omo yeewtida e yamiroore udditde duɗal M’hammed Guessous to Rabat, duɗal gadanal Maruk ɗemɗe ɗiɗi ɗe ngonaa koloñaal, ngal wonata ko ɓuuɓri eliteeji kesi Maruk caggal jeytaare.

E lewru feebariyee 1937, o woni hooreejo CAM, o lomtii Mohamed Hassan El Ouazzani, ɗaɓɓunooɗo mo yo o sos fedde makko, nde wonnoo caggal ɗuum PDI.

Haɗde CAM e juuɗe laamuuji koloñaal addani yuɓɓinde batu cuuɗiiɗo lannda ngenndiijo keso to Rabat e lewru abriil 1937. Kewuuji e lewru oktoobar 1937 addani nanngugol e riiwtude ardiiɓe laamu, ina heen Allal El Fassi, mo riiwaa duuɓi nine to Gabon.

Nde o woni e safrude to suudu safrirdu to leydi Siwis, Balafrej daɗii e nanngugol ngol.

### Jokkondiral e Almaañ Nazi
E nder ndunngu 1940, o ummiima Tanger, ɗo laamuuji Espaañ, naftorii njiimaandi Farayse e konu Almaañ, heɓti ɗum ñalnde 14 suwee 1940.

Joom en koloñaal en kesi, ardiiɓe e nafooje mum en konu, kollitii anniyaaji mum en, so wonaa laaɓtuɗi, ko famɗi fof, ko laaɓtuɗi. Magreb aarabeeɓe fof, haa arti noon e Maruk, ko Itaali fasist heɓti ɗum, Almaañ Nazi yiɗi yaltinde Espaañ fasist e nder njuɓɓudi laamu, rokka ɗum jeytaare Maruk fof. E oon sahaa gooto, Rajo Berlin walla Rajo Bari ina yaltina jeewte ngam haɓaade ngenndiyaŋkaagal, tawi ina jeyaa heen denndaangal golle luulndiiɗe ngenndiyaŋkaagal ɗe njuɓɓudi koloñaal ƴetti.

E gardagol Chekib Arslan, yuɓɓinɗo batu nguu, Balafrej ummii Siwis fayde Berlin balɗe seeɗa e lewru oktoobar 1940, ngam hollitde ministeer geɗe caggal leydi Almaañ, nafoore jaɓde jeytaare Maruk tawa leeltaani. "Miɗo etoo ƴeewde hol ko foti wonde darnde men, kono miɗo waawi wiyde on jooni jooni : woto ɗaccu hoore maa tawtoree noddaango siren Almaañ", o winndi e ɓataake feewde e sehilaaɓe makko.

### Koolol Anfa
Winndannde mawnde: Batu Kasablanka

Ɓiɓɓe hare: musiiba e heege.

Balafrej artii e sirlu to worgo Maruk e darorɗe hitaande 1940, o heɓi tan yamiroore laamu e lewru desaambar 1942, o woppi ndimaagu makko e nder Operation Torch, jippagol konu Angalteer-Amerik to Maruk.

E darorɗe hitaande 1942, yimɓe Maruk ina ngondi e heege ɓadiiɗo, ɓeydi heen rafi tifus . Nguura ina ranwi; njuɓɓudi koloñaal, ndi njuɓɓudi mum Pétainist en ɓeydi semmbe njiyaagu luulndiingu aarabeeɓe ; Juulɓe e yahuud en fof ko laamu Farayse Libre mo Seneraal de Gaulle ƴetti laamu. E hitaande 1943, Allal El Fassi ina woni e eggude haa jooni, tee, gaagaa peeje cemmbinɗe, yaawɗe taƴde, ko e ƴeewndo kisal konu jokkondiral jokki hakkunde ngenndiyankooɓe e laamuuji koloñaal kesi ɗii.

Waylo ardorde keso ngoo ummorii ko e Sultan joginooɗo batu e hooreejo leydi Roosevelt ñalnde 22 lewru bowte hitaande 1943, e nder batu Anfa.

### Bayyinaango jeytaare leydi Maruk
Winndannde mawnde: Bayyinaango jeytaare leydi Maruk

E hitaande 1944, nde o miijii laawol dekolonisaasiyoŋ ngol Angalteer-Faraysenaaɓe puɗɗotoo, alaa e sago, caggal nde ɓe keɓi nafoore maɓɓe e Almaañ Nazi, Balafrej winndi Manifesto jeytaare Maruk (Ouatiqate al-Istiqlal) mo 67 sehilaaɓe makko ngenndiyaŋkooɓe siifondiri. O wallitii kadi e sosde lannda Istiqlal e hitaande 1944, o woni kadi binndoowo gadano lannda kaa.

Ñaawoore adannde e jeytaare renndo, hollitaama e yeeso sultan oo ñalnde 11 lewru bowte hitaande 1944, ɗum addani mo nanngeede e juuɗe kisal konu Farayse e yamiroore Philippe Boniface, ñalnde 28 lewru bowte hitaande 1944, e nanngugol 17 e siynuɓe ɓee, e dow daliilu wonde won collusion e e. Puɗɗagol seppooji baɗnooɗi caggal ɗuum waɗii 60 maayɗo, tee haɗaani, caggal lebbi nay kasoo tawi o ñaawaaka, eggugol makko to Korse e lewru mee 1944. Laamu nguu felliti woppude eggugol makko to Madagaskaar, sabu ngonka cellal makko tan.

Amnestied e nde o arti Maruk e lewru suwee 1946, e lewru suwee o sosi jaaynde ngenndiire adannde e ɗemngal aarabeeɓe, wiyeteende Al Alam, nde o woni hooreejo mum gadano.

### Winndereyankaagal e caɗeele Marok
E hitaande 1947, Ahmed Balafrej addi galle mum e kisal to Tanger, e Madrid, ummoraade ɗoon o waɗi kampaañ dipolomaasi to Amerik, Siwis, Farayse, e Espaañ ngam ɓamtude toon caɗeele Maruk.

O ardii ko internationalisation e caɗeele ngenndiije, o jokki e kampaañ dipolomaasi ngam ɓeydude anndinde jeytaare Maruk.

O reenaama e paaspoor dipolomaasi Pakistaan, o yaawi heɓde ballal leyɗeele ɗe ngonaa denndaaɗe. E ko feewti heen, o fotnoo ko haɓaade no feewi ngam waawde faamnude dipolomasii Amerik yo waɗtu daɗndude nafooje mum strateeji e nder Mediteraane, e nder wolde huuɓtodinnde, ummoraade e sehil mum Farayse, feewde e laamu Maruk keeriiɗo.

Nii woni, e lewru oktoobar 1953, o daraniima Maruk jeytaare mum to Asaambele ngenndi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe. Woote kuulal ngal Maruk ƴetti ngam haɓaade hoore mum, ko Asaambele ngenndi Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ƴetti ɗum.

### Naatde e politik: kaaldigal jeytaare jeytaare
Waawaa haɓde e ƴaañorgal hakkunde leyɗeele, haa teeŋti noon e ƴaañde Amerik, Pari yiyloyii hakkunde mum en e nder leydi Maruk, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina waawi mahde laamu Maruk mo jaɓaaka, kono ko kañum woni sabaabu mum jokkude golle mum e nder Magreb ngam waawde haɓtaade laamu Atlantik Amerik.

E lewru ut 1955, o waɗti heen miijo e kaaldigal e Bourguiba, ɗum addani ɗum jeytaare Tuunus, laamu Farayse felliti haaldude e lannda Balafrej e wondiiɓe mum, ƴeewndaade haa ndeen ekstremist en. Delegation Farayse jagorɗe joy ɗe Edgar Faure ardii e nder Aix-les-Bains, caggal won e gollodiiɓe teskaaɓe, walla fartaŋŋeeji, walla waasde jogaade wakilaare no PDI nii, delegaasiyoŋ Istiqal ardiiɗo Istiqal ardii. Alaa fof nde o yamiri yo o jokku e leydi Farayse, Balafrej, to Geneve ɗo delegaasiyoŋ oo hawri ñalnde kala, rewi heen, o ardoo jeewte ɗee.

Ko adii fof geɗe Maruk ina njogii 1956

Anndude riisuuji kuuɓtodinɗi fitinaaji politik, kam e jogaade jeytaare potnde heɓde ndimaagu e won e mbaadiiji leƴƴi baawɗi wonde fof, Balafrej waɗii ko ɓuri teeŋtude e lannda jeytaare : gartugol Sultan ummoraade e egguɓe, ko huunde nde fotaani wonde, e nder laamu Sultan, e les njiimaandi Sultan, laamu nguu, e nder laamu nguu, e nder laamu nguu, e nder laamu nguu, e nder laamu nguu, e nder laamu nguu, e nder laamu Sultan, e nder laamu nguu, e nder laamu nguu, e nder laamu nguu. Ko ɗum woni senaare nde daartol jogori jogaade.

E lewru noowammbar 1955, Sultan Maruk e laamɗo Hassan ngarti Maruk.

Gaaɓondiral fuɗɗotoo ko ngam ƴellitde laamu kuuɓtodinngu ɗo Balafrej etinooma heɓde sultan oo ngam yuɓɓinde laamu nguu e fawaade e porogaraam (programme) e nokku ɗo balans luulndiiɓe ngoni ɗo kabine laamɗo oo woni arbiter. Ñalnde 22 noowammbar 1955, o heɓi nanondiral hoohooɓe daartol Istiqlal, tawi ina jeyaa heen Allal el Fassi, to Madrid.

O jaɓaa hootde Maruk ñalnde 25 noowammbar 1955, e batu keewngu lannda Istiqlal ngu o yuɓɓini to Rabat e lewru desaambar 1955, ngu tabitini ɗum e jappeere makko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe, o yamiri bayyinde laamu gadano Maruk. Laawol ngol udditaa ngam momtude nanondiral Fes e bayyinde jeytaare Laamu Maruk ñalnde 2 marse 1956.

Ñalnde 26 abriil 1956, Balafrej wonti e dow laabi gardiiɗo jaagorɗe caggal leydi Laamu Maruk jeytaare. O artiraa e oon posto e guwarnama ɗiɗaɓo biyeteeɗo M’barek Bekkai.

### Mahngo dowla e nder caɗeele
Ñalnde 12 mee 1958, Sultan toɗɗii Balafrej hooreejo Diiso laamu Istiqlalien gadano, tan timmuɗo e nder daartol Maruk. Haa ñalnde 2 desaambar 1958, o golliima ngam mahde laamu doosgal jamaanu wonande Maruk.

### Duuɓi caggal ɗuum
E hitaande 1962, Balafrej toɗɗaama kadi e dumunna juutɗo e juuɗe Hassan II, jaagorgal geɗe caggal leydi, tuggi 1963 haa 1972, gardiiɗo laamɗo oo, gollal porotokol e nder bannge jaagorde geɗe caggal leydi, nde hoolaaɓe Kabine laamɗo toppitii. Haa hannde, ko kanko tan rokkaa ndeeɗoo golle, nde tawnoo ina teddini sifaaji makko e dowla, « ina depolitize » gonnooɗo hooreejo lannda gooto e nder luural ngam heɓde njiimaandi e Palas.

Caggal ɗuum, o woppi golle politik kala, o sankii e lewru mee 1990 to Rabat caggal rafi juutɗo.

## Tuugnorgal