Gana

**Ganaa**, ***Laawɗuɗo Republiik Ganaa***, ko leydi e Afrik hirnaanre. Ndi heedtii sorfundu Gine e Maayo filtiingo Atalantika tas fuɗnaana, ndi renndini keerol e Kodduwaar taa banngare hirnaana, Burkina to banngare worgo, Togo to bannge fuɗnaange. Ganaa ina waɗi 239 567 mk2 (92 497 mi2), ina waɗi geɗe keewɗe, gila e savannaaji daande maayo haa e laddeeji toɓooli. Ganaa woni leydi ɗiɗaɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Afrik hirnaange, fotde 35 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Laamorgo e wuro ɓurngo mawnude ko Accra ; birniiji goɗɗi maantinɗi ina njeyaa heen: Kumaasi, Tamaale, e Sekondi-Takoradi.

Laamuuji puɗɗiiɗi feeñde e leydi Gana ko Laamu Dagbon to bannge worgo e Bonoman to bannge worgo, tawi Bonoman ina woodi e nokku hee e nder teeminannde 11ɓiire.[9][10] Laamu Ashanti e laamuuji Akan goɗɗi to fuɗnaange peeñii e nder teeminanɗe.[11] Puɗɗagol e teeminannde 15ɓiire, laamu Portigaal, rewi heen ko leyɗeele Orop goɗɗe, ina kaɓa e nokku oo ngam heɓde hakkeeji njulaagu, haa nde Biritaan en keɓi laamu e dow geec hee e teeminannde 19ɓiire. Caggal ko ɓuri teeminannde e hareeji koloñaal, keeri leydi ndi hannde ɗii ƴetti mbaadi, ina hawra e nokkuuji nay ceertuɗi ɗi koloñaal en mbaɗi : Gold Coast, Ashanti, Territoires du Nord, e Togoland Angalteer. Ɗii’i hawraama no laamu keeriiɗo e nder Dental Leyɗeele. Ñalnde 6 mars 1957, Ganaa wonti leydi gadani e nder Afrik worgo Saharaa heɓde njiimaandi.[12][13][14] Caggal ɗuum, Ghana wonti doole e nder golle dekolonizaasiyoŋ e dille Pan-Afrik.

Ganaa ko leydi keewndi leƴƴi, ndi ɗemɗe mum e diineeji mum;[16] tawi Akan en ko leñol ɓurngol mawnude, ko kamɓe ngoni keewal. Ko ɓuri heewde e Ganaanaaɓe ko Kerecee’en (71,3%) ; fotde joyaɓal ko juulɓe; sappoɓo ina huutoroo diineeji aadaaji walla ina haala diine gooto.[3] Gana ko leydi demokaraasi doosgal gootal, ndi hooreejo leydi ardii, woni hooreejo leydi e hooreejo laamu.[17] Ngam deeƴre politik e nder Afrik, Ganaa wonii 7ɓo e nder limto Ibraahiima laamuuji Afrik 2012, joyaɓo e nder limto Dowlaaji Ɓooyɗi 2012. Nde jokki gila 1993 gooto e laamuuji ɓurɗi ndimaagu e deeƴre e nder duunde he, nde gollotoo ko no feewi to bannge cellal, ɓeydagol faggudu, e ƴellitaare aadee,[15][18] haa nde jogii batte keewɗe e nder Afrik hirnaange e Afrik ko ɗum fof.[19] Ganaa ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri heewde e geɗe winndereyankooje, ko ɗum tergal sosngal Fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore e Dental Afrik, kadi ko tergal e Dental Faggudu Dowlaaji Hirnaange Afrik, e Fedde 24 e Dental Leyɗeele.[20]

## Etimoloji
Innde Ganaa nde ummii ko e Wagadu, laamu mawngu wonnoongu hirnaange Afrik tuggi teeminannde 3ɓiire haa 12ɓiire ; Wagadu ko njulaagu aarabeeɓe wonɓe e njulaagu hakkunde Saharaa. Ganaa ina sikkaa ummorii ko e tiitoonde Kaya Maghan laamɓe Wagadu, firti ko laamɗo kaŋŋe. Nde koloni Gold Coast feewnitii jeytaare mum, sosɗo ngenndi ndii, hono Kwame Nkrumah, hoɗii leydi Ganaa, tawi faandaare mum ko ƴellitde ngonka ngootaagu e ndimaagu hakkunde leñol Ganaa. Innde ndee ko siftorde doole wonande ndonu maɓɓe rennduɗo e ndonu laamu ɓooyngu ngu meeɗiino ƴellitaade e nder diiwaan ɓurɗo yaajde oo. Nde hawritii e yiɗdeeji ɓesngu Ganaa ngam laamaade hoore mum, yahrude yeeso, e janngo ngo ndimaagu e muñal.[21][22]

## Tariya

### Laamuuji hakkundeeji

Laamuuji ɓurɗi aranaade winnditaade ngam feeñde e leydi Gana hannde ndii ko dowlaaji Mole-Dagbon.[23] Ko adii dental Dagbon, renndooji ina ceerti, ina ardii Tindaamba (gooto: tindana).[24] Ɗee dowlaaji ceertuɗi, ko laamɗo Gbewaa, mo nguurndam juutɗam, renndini ɗum, sosi renndo deeƴngo, jam.[25] Dagbon ina yaaji haa ɓurti keeri leydi Gana hannde ndii.[26][27][28] Laamuuji ummiiɗi e Dagbon ina njeyaa heen Laamlaamuuji Mossi Burkina Faso,[29] e Laamlaamu Bouna Kodduwaar.[30] Laamu nguu heɓiino ƴellitaare mawnde, nde sosi jaŋdeeji gadani e nder leydi Ganaa,[31] e huutoraade binndol[32][33] ko adii nde Oropnaaɓe naatata. Laamɓe rewɓe laamɓe worɓe ina tawee e nder laamu nguu,[34] e ndonu nguu ko njiimaandi baaba e njiimaandi yumma.[35] Yaa Naa ko laamɗo Dagbon e Gundo Naa ko Laamiiɗo.[36][37] Laamu nguu heddii ko koloñaal. E hitaande 1896, Almaañ yani e Fuɗnaange Dagbon (Naya), yani e laamorgo mum Yendi,[38][39] e nder wolde Adibo.[40][41]

Leƴƴi haalooɓe ɗemngal Akan puɗɗii yahde e nder ko caggal mum wonti Ganaa ko ina wona teeminannde 15ɓiire.[23][42] E teeminannde 16ɓiire, Akan en njooɗiima e dowla Akan en biyeteeɗo Bonoman, ko ɗum diiwaan Brong-Ahafo inniraa.[23][43] Gila e teeminannde 17ɓiire, Akan en ummiima e ko sikkaa ko nokku Bonoman, ngam sosde dowlaaji Akan en, ɓurɗi tuugnaade e njulaagu kaŋŋe.[44] Diiwanuuji ɗiin ina njeyaa heen Bonoman (diiwaan Brong-Ahafo), Ashanti (diiwaan Ashanti), Denkyira (diiwaan hirnaange worgo), Laamu Mankessim (diiwaan Cakaare), e Akwamu (diiwaan Fuɗnaange).[23] E teeminannde 19ɓiire, leydi ndi bannge worgo leydi Ganaa naati e Laamu Ashanti.[23] Laamu laamu Ashanti gollorii ko adii fof ko no lowre loowdi nii, haa jooni ko laamu cakkitiingu nguu, nguu ina waɗi birooji keewɗi, tawa ina woni e nder laamorgo leydi ndii, hono Kumasi.[23] Ko adii nde Akan en njokkondirta e Oropnaaɓe, leñol Akan en sosi faggudu tuugiindu e ko ɓuri heewde e kaŋŋe e marsandiis barmeeji kaŋŋe, tawi ina yeeyee e dowlaaji goɗɗi e nder Afrik.[23][45]

Ga-Dangme en e Ewe en ngummiima hirnaange ummoraade fuɗnaange-rewo Naajeeriya. Ewe en - ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ko Dogbo- ummiima e nokku Oyo e banndiraaɓe mum en haalooɓe Gbe (Adja, Fon, Phla/Phera e Ogun/Gun) e nder mbayliigu, ɓe koɗi e Ketou to leydi Benin, Tado to Togo, Dogbo Nyigbo to Benin Republique e Nortsie (wuro koɗorɗe e nder Togo hannde) ko nokku maɓɓe cakkitiiɗo. Carkitaade maɓɓe e Nortsie ko laamu toowngu laamɗo biyeteeɗo Agorkorli (Agɔ Akɔli) gonnooɗo laamɗo leñol ngol e oon sahaa. Ewe en to Gana ina kaala ɗemɗe tati mawɗe: Anlo(e dow daande maayo),Tongu(e dow maayo Volta) e Ewedome (e bannge leydi tufnde).Ga-Dangme ina njogii Diiwaan Accra mawɗo e geɗe diiwaan Fuɗnaange, tawi... Ewe en ina tawee e Diiwaan Volta kam e Togo, Republique Benin e Niiseer (hedde nokku Badagry).

### Jokkondiral Yuroopu e koloñaal

Njulaagu Akan en e dowlaaji Yuroopu fuɗɗii ko caggal nde ɓe njokkondiri e Purtugeec en e teeminannde 15ɓiire.[46] Jokkondiral Oropnaaɓe ko leñol Portigaal, arɓe e diiwaan Gold Coast e teeminannde 15ɓiire ngam njulaagu. Ndeen Purtugeec en cosi Cote d’Or Portigaal (Costa do Ouro), tawi ko ɓuri teeŋtude ko e heɓde kaŋŋe.[47] Purtugeec en mahii nokku njulaagu to nokku ina wiyee Anomansah (njaram duumotooɗam) ɓe inniri ɗum São Jorge da Mina.[47] E hitaande 1481, laamɗo leydi Portigaal biyeteeɗo John II yamiri Diogo de Azambuja yo mah galle Elmina, o timmini ɗum e nder duuɓi tati.[47] E hitaande 1598, Holanndee en naati e njulaagu kaŋŋe e Purtugeec en, ɓe cosi Koɗorɗe kaŋŋe Holanndee en *(Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea - ‘jeyi Holanndee en to daande maayo Gine’)* e mahde cuuɗi to Fort Komenda e Kormantsi.[48] E hitaande 1617, Holanndee en keɓti galle laamorɗo Elmina e juuɗe Purtugeec en e Axim e hitaande 1642 (Fort St Antoine).[48]

Julaaɓe Yuroopnaaɓe naatii e njulaagu kaŋŋe e teeminannde 17ɓiire, ina jeyaa heen Suwednaaɓe, sosɓe Koɗki kaŋŋe Suwed (Svenska Guldkusten), e Danemark–Norwees, cosi Koɗki Kaŋŋe Danemark (Danske Guldkyst walla Gine Dansk).[49] Julaaɓe Yuroopnaaɓe tawtoraama njulaagu jiyaaɓe Atlantik e nder ndeeɗoo nokku.[50] Ko ɓuri 30 forso e galle laamorɗo ko njulaagu nguu mahi. Almaañnaaɓe ndarni koɗorɗe kaŋŋe Brandenburger walla Groß Friedrichsburg.[51] E hitaande 1874, Angalteer sosi laamu e won e nokkuuji leydi ndii, rokki ɗeen nokkuuje darnde Coast Gold Biritaan.[52] Jokkondiral konu waɗii hakkunde laamuuji koloñaal Angalteer e dowlaaji-leƴƴi Akan. Laamu Ashanti foolii Biritaan en won e sahaaji e nder hareeji Angalteer-Ashanti ɗi duuɓi 100, haa jooni ɓe keɓii foolde e wolde Stool kaŋŋe e hitaande 1900.[53][54][55]

## Aadaaji

### Nyaamdu e yardu
Cuisiyoŋ Ganaa ina waɗi ko wayi no suukaraaji e stewuuji e geɗe geec ceertuɗe ; ko ɓuri heewde e suukara Ganaa ina feewnee e leɗɗe, kosam, colli walla liɗɗi.[237] Liɗɗi ina njogii nafoore e ñaamdu, ina heen tilapia, whitebait ɓuuɓɗo e ɓuuɓɗo, liɗɗi cumuɗi e crayfish, ɗiin fof ko geɗe keewɗe e nder ñaamdu Ganaa.[237] Banku (akple) ko ñaamdu amidon keewndu waɗeteendu e gawri leydi (maasa),[237] e komi (kenkey) e banku (akple) baɗaaɗi e gawri ina keewi yahdude e won e mbaadi liɗɗi ɓuuɓɗi (chinam) walla tilapia ɓuuɓɗo e a kosam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam no feewi, ɗam waɗaama e ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe boɗeeje e ɓaleeje, jaba e tumaraŋkaagal (sos pepper).[237] Banku e tilapia ko kombo ina ñamlee e ko ɓuri heewde e restoraaji.[237] Fufu ko ñaamdu ɓurndu heewde yeeyde e nder leydi Ganaa, ko ñaamdu welndu e nder diiwaan Afrik.[237] Maaro ko nyaamdu teskinndu e nder leydi ndii, e ñameele keewɗe baɗaaɗe e maaro, ko wayi no ñaamdu, ñaamdu e kikiiɗe, ko ɓuri heewde heen ko waakye, maaro laaɓɗo e stew (kontomire jeetati walla tomat gravy), maaro ɓuuɓɗo e maaro jollof.[238]. ]

### Bindol
Binndol Ganaa ko binndol ngol winndooɓe ummoriiɓe Ganaa walla e nder diiwaan Ganaa peewni. Nde fuɗɗotoo ko e aadaaji juutɗi, nde wonnoo ko nde binndol hirnaange ina joginoo heen batte no feewi e nder laamu koloñaal, nde wonti nde wonti aadaaji ngenndiyaŋkooji caggal koloñaal e nder cagataagal teeminannde 20ɓiire.[239][240][241] Renndo binndol hannde ngoo ina jokki e jokkondire daandeeji ceertuɗi e nder leydi ndii e caggal leydi ndii, tawa ina jeyaa heen filmuuji, pijirlooji, e mbaydiiji dijital jamaanu ko wayi no lowre.[240][241]

Winndooɓe ɓurɓe maantinde ɓee ko winndooɓe defte biyeteeɗe J. E. Casely Hayford, Ayi Kwei Armah e Nii Ayikwei Parkes, dañɓe njeenaaje winndereyankooje e defte Ecoppi Unbound (1911), Belɓe njibinaaka tawo (1968) e Wuddere ndiwri bulo (2). , ko noon.[242] Gaa gaa defte, naalankaagal binndol e fannuuji goɗɗi ko wayi no pijirlooji e yimre kadi ina njogii ƴellitaare e ballal moƴƴal no feewi to bannge ngenndi e winndooɓe pijirlooji e yimooɓe mawɓe Joe de Graft e Efua Sutherland.[242]

Porogaraam rajo binndol ngenndiwal Ganaa e bayyinaango ngo yahdata e mum wiyeteengo Voices of Ghana (1955-1957) ina jeyaa e ko adii e nder duunde Afrik, kadi wallitii e tabitinde mbaadi aadaaji binndol hannde e nder leydi Ganaa.[243] Bursiiji Afrik Anglophone ina keewi yiɗde binndi ummoriiɗi e geɗe goɗɗe, ko wayi no binndi Naajeeriya.[244]

### Kosam

E nder teeminannde 13ɓiire, Ganaanaaɓe ƴellitii naalankaagal mum en keeringal, hono binndol adinkra. Ko laamɓe tan mbaɗata, ko laamɓe tan kuutortoo comci tappirɗe e juuɗe, ɗi njuɓɓinaa e juuɗe. Kala e motifuuji baɗɗi korpus adinkra symbolism ina jogii innde e maanaa ummoriiɗo e tinndol, kewu daartol, jikku aadee, etologie, sifaa nguurndam leɗɗe, walla sifaaji geɗe ɗe ngalaa nguurndam e geɗe ɗe neɗɗo waɗi. Maanaa motiiji ɗii ina mbaawi renndinde e estetikaaji, etikaaji, jokkondiral aadee, e miijooji.[245] Maandeeji Adinkra ina njogii gollal fawaade e tatooji kono kadi ina mbaɗa geɗe baɗɗe faayiida, ɗe njiylotoo ko hakkillaaji aadaaji, geɗe nguurndam, walla nokku. Maandeeji keewɗi ina ngoodi, jogiiɗi maanaaji ceertuɗi, ina keewi jokkondirde e tinndi. E konngol Anthony Appiah, ɓe ngoni ko e peeje e nder renndo ngo aldaa e janngude ngam "wallitde saaktude ɓanndu gollal e goongɗinal caɗtungal e ɓuuɓngal".

## Birniiji mawɗi leydi Gana

File:Accra Skyline 2.jpg|Accra
File:Kumasi Montage.jpg|Kumasi
File:Tamale.jpg|Tamale


## Ummatore

## Nassiji