Hôtel-Dieu, Paris

**Hôtel-Dieu (hotel-Dieu (farayse: [otɛl djø]; «Hoɗorde Alla»)** ko opitaal laamu gonɗo e dow Île de la Cité e nder diiwaan 4ɓo Pari, e dow parvis Notre-Dame. Aadaaji ina kollita wonde opitaal oo ko Saint Landry sosi ɗum e hitaande 651 caggal Iisaa, kono binndanɗe laamu gadane ɗee ina kollita wonde opitaal oo ko hitaande 829,[1] ɗum noon ko opitaal ɓurɗo ɓooyde e Farayse, ina gasa tawa ko opitaal ɓurɗo ɓooyde e winndere ndee. Ko Hôtel-Dieu tan woni opitaal e nder wuro ngoo haa e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 17ɓiire.

Hôtel-Dieu asliijo oo ina darii e daande maayo Seine to bannge worgo Île de la Cité. Nde yani e yiite laabi keewɗi, nde mahiraa ko laabi cakkitiiɗi e nokku ɗo nde woni hannde ɗoo to bannge worgo parvis Notre Dame hakkunde 1867 e 1878, e nder golle Haussmann peewnugol Pari.

Hannde ko Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Pari (AP-HP) gollotoo, Hôtel-Dieu ko opitaal jannginoowo jokkondirɗo e Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Pari Cité.

Tariya

Episodeeji ummoraade e nguurndam Biskop-Seniiɗo, mo Jaagorgal Seniiɗo Giles winndi (hedde 1500), holliroowo mahdiiji gotik Hôtel-Dieu ɓooyɗo to bannge ñaamo
Yiyngo
E fuɗɗoode, Hôtel-Dieu ina jaɓɓoo yimɓe heewɓe : wonaa tan ñawɓe e gaañiiɓe, kono kadi yahooɓe e hijjooɓe waasɓe, e waasɓe. Egliis Katolik ina dogna ɗum e nder teeminanɗe keewɗe, golle opitaal oo ko adii fof ko rokkude "sadak Kerecee'en baɗaaɗo ngam hoɗde, wellitaare ruuhuyankoore e safrude miskineeɓe ñawɓe."[2]:44 Winndiyanke gooto e teeminannde 18ɓiire, Louis Rondonneau de la Motte, winndi e nder deftere mum Essai Historique sur l’Hôtel-Dieu (1787) : « ɓiyleydi e koɗo, Kerecee e Turki, Yahuuda e sanamuuji fof ina njaɓɓaa no feewi ».[3]

Ndeeɗoo gollal yaajngal, moƴƴal, ko jiimde haa nde laamu Ancien Régime joofi. E hitaande 1789, jamaanu annoore – e dow tiiɗnaare mum e reende ganndal e nder hakkille e hujjaaji e dow miijooji ko wayi no yahrude yeeso, banndiraagal, e laamu baɗaaɗo ngam wellitaare yimɓe – acci maande mum e nder ajendaaji ngam safrirde peewnugol. Ɗuum addani en waɗde feere ɓurnde ganndal e nder peewnugol opitaaluuji, tawa ina jogori battinde e golle safaara e njuɓɓudi ko ɓuri teeminannde.[2] E nder ngool laawol, darnde Eklesiya katolik ustaama, caggal ɗuum ustaama, Hôtel-Dieu wonti njuɓɓudi laamu.

Duuɓi hakkundeeji
Hay so tawii aadaaji ina kollita wonde sosngo Hôtel-Dieu ina yahra e Saint Landry, 28ɓo bismaango Pari hedde hitaande 650, binndanɗe laawɗuɗe gadane e juɓɓule ɗe golle mum ngonnoo ko toppitaade ɓe ngalaa, ɓe ngalaa semmbe e ñawɓe ina njokki e hitaande 829.[1] E hitaande 1157, ɓataakeeji patent ciftinii « Otel-Dieu-Saint-Christophe », ina firta jumaa keeriiɗo oo sanɗaaji. Caggal ɗuum seeɗa, e hitaande 1165, Maurice de Sully, bismaango Pari, ƴetti golle mahngo ndeeɗoo safrirde : mahaaɗe ɓooyɗe ɗee mbonnaama e hitaande 1195, mahngooji kesi ɗii njoofi ko e hitaande 1255. E oon sahaa, mahaaɗe Hotel Dieu ina njoginoo fuɗnaange bannge Ile de la Cité sara Notre Dame.[4]

E nder duuɓi mum teemedde keewɗe gadani, Hôtel-Dieu gollorii ko no njuɓɓudi ballal kuuɓtodinndi, ndi jamirooje diine kuutortoo[5] — ina rokka nguura e hoɗorde ko jiidaa e safaara yimɓe waasɓe.[6] Ndee ɗoo gollal renndo jillondirngal ina sifaa golle mum e nder teeminanɗe keewɗe, ina yeñtini ɗum e gure keewɗe goɗɗe (yeru, Hôtel-Dieu de Beaune, sosaa e hitaande 1443).[7] Kono, e teeminannde 16ɓiire, naatgol e safrirde ndee ko ñawɓe e gaañiiɓe tan e rewɓe reeduɓe.[3]

Gila e jamaanu Louis IX, Hôtel-Dieu ina heewi hoɗnude ñawɓe ɓurɓe heewde e ko o fotnoo jogaade, ɗum addani ɗum caɗeele teeŋtuɗe e keewal yimɓe, ɗum noon ina haɗa golle safrirde ndee fotde teeminanɗe. Tuggi teeminannde 15ɓiire haa 16ɓiire, nde yahri ko e 303 leeso haa hedde 500, kono limoore ñawɓe ɓee ina heewi wonde ko ina tolnoo e 700, ina heewi ɓurde 1500 e sahaaji hareeji, ŋakkeende nguura walla ñawuuji. Ina hiisa wonde limoore naatɓe e hitaande kala ko 25 000 neɗɗo e nder teeminannde 16ɓiire.[3]

Sarɗiiji e nder safrirde hee ina keewi wonde ko mettuɗi, haa teeŋti noon e darorɗe yontaaji hakkundeeji nde ɓeydagol yimɓe Pari miskineeɓe ɓuri mbaawka safrirde ndee. Saaluuji maggal mawɗi ina njogii 80 haa 100 leeso. Hay so tawii ko ɓuri heewde e saaluuji ɗii ina njogii jolɗe walla jolɗe, ina famɗi ɗo ɗe mbaawi yaynaade. E sahaa gooto, leɗɗe ɗe njaajeendi mum en tolnii e 1,3 meeteer, ina poti jogaade ñawɓe 2 walla 3 e kala ; yuɓɓini taƴre haa hoore. Caggal ɗuum, leɗɗe potɗe huutoreede ngam ñawɗo gooto walla ɗiɗo mbaɗaama, kono ɗeen ina keewi jogaade ñawɓe ɓurɓe heewde e ko njiɗnoo. Ko ɓuri heewde e yontaaji hakkundeeji, alaa ɗo suudu safrirdu nduu waɗata, tawi ko e nder leeso ñawɗo oo, ñawɓe wondiiɓe mum e wondiiɓe mum ina ƴeewa. Famde ko timmaani kono ko feeñde e ñawu nguu, addani kuule ngam seerndude ñawɓe wonduɓe e ñawu nguu, kono ko heewi heen ko waasde huutoraade ɗeen kuule e nder golle. Naamnal no ñawɓe ndokketee ñaamde kadi ko...Ƴeewndo laawɗungo fuɗɗiima

Yiite Hotel-Dieu e hitaande 1772, nde Jean-Baptiste-François Génillion holliri
Yiiteeji ɗiɗi mawɗi mbaɗii e hitaande 1737 e hitaande 1772.[12] Yiite 1772 yani e feccere mawnde e Hôtel-Dieu, wari ñawɓe heewɓe.[16] Tikkere renndo ngoo e majjugol nguurndam ɓeydii jeewte renndo jowitiiɗe e ko foti waɗeede e safrirde ndee, jeewte ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum en ngoni jeewte ɓurɗe yaajde ngam moƴƴinde njuɓɓudi safrirde Pari.[17] Louis XV yamiri yo Hôtel-Dieu oo rutte e hitaande 1773 caggal nde nani ngonka muñal mum bonka. Kono golle yamiroore ndee leeltinii sabu maayde Laamɗo oo.

E hitaande 1785, eɓɓoore mahoowo biyeteeɗo Bernard Poyet (1742-1824) hollitaama e nder deftere wiyeteende « Dow haaju e waylude e mahde Hôtel-Dieu ». Poyet miijii mahde opitaal cirƴam e duunde to Seine. Yaasi mayre ina foti wonde ko wayi no Colosseum to Rome, ina foti wonde ko ina tolnoo e 5 000 leeso e njuɓɓudi cirkulaasiyoŋ henndu (hesɗitinde henndu ko juuti).[18]

Baron de Breteuil (1730-1807), gardinooɗo Luwis XVI, yamiri Duɗal Ganndal Laamɗo ngal yo ƴeewto eɓɓaande Poyet. Ngam ɗuum, komisiyoŋ opitaal sosaa, tawi ko terɗe 9. Terɗe ɗee ina njeyaa heen Jak Tenon (1724-1816) kam e annduɓe woɗɓe lolluɓe hono Antone-Loran de Lavoisiye (1743-1794), Sarlis-Agustin de Kulomb (1736-1806), e Pier-Simon Laplaas (1749-1748). [2][19]

Njiylawu baɗnooɗo caggal ɗuum e Hôtel-Dieu e opitaaluuji Pari goɗɗi ɗii, wayliima wonti yeewtere moƴƴere ko fayti e moƴƴitingol ɓurngol yaajde e njuɓɓudi opitaaluuji Pari.[12][20] Komisoŋ oo yaltinii ciimtol tati jokkondirngol. Ciimtol 1786 ngol hollitii wonde ngonka Hôtel-Dieu ina moƴƴi, tee opitaal oo ina foti yaltineede caggal Pari. Ciimtol 1787 ngol wasiyiima yo Hôtel-Dieu ustoy, opitaaluuji tokoosi nay mbaɗee e nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Pari. 1788 ƴettii eɓɓaande yo opitaal oo waɗte no paabi nii, tawa kala suudu ina jogoo galle mum ngam ustude mborosaaji e weeɓtinde henndu. Ciimtol tataɓol ngol ƴetti ko heewi e humpitooji ɗi Tenon e Coulomb moofti e nder njillu maɓɓe laawɗungu to Angalteer e nder ndunngu 1787, e nder ɗuum ɓe njilliima 52 opitaal, kasooji e cuuɗi gollorɗi.[21]

Bayyinaango deftere Tenon
E dow ɗaɓɓaande komisiyoŋ opitaal oo, Tenon yaltinii deftere mum wiyeteende Mémoires sur les hôpitaux de Paris, nde 500 kelle, nde winndi heen no feewi ngonkaaji bonɗi e nder Hôtel-Dieu. Memoires ina ñiŋa ko ina wona kala ko fayti e opitaal : nokku, cirƴam, yuɓɓo leɗɗe, limoore e jillondiral ñawɓe, dirtugol, mboros e uurngol bonngol, ŋakkeende neɗɗaagu e maayde. O teskiima wonde gooto e yummiraaɓe 15 maayi ko e nder suudu jibinannde Hôtel-Dieu, so yerondiraama e gooto e 128 e nder Manchester.[18] Nii woni, bayyinaango Tenon ngoo, e golle Akademi oo, rokki hujjaaji ganndal laaɓtuɗi ngam wallitde miijooji Parisinaaɓe ɓooyɗi e Hôtel-Dieu.[2][11]

Memoir oo yahrii yeeso kadi e waɗde ajendaaji timmuɗi ngam moƴƴinde opitaaluuji. Ajendaaji ɗii ina njuɓɓina denndaangal fannuuji golle safrirde ko wayi no mahngo e nokkuuji safrirde, jokkondire e cuuɗi cafrirɗi, njuɓɓudi e karallaagal gollotooɓe, baylugol ciimtol ko fayti e batte safrirde e kaalis, kam e jogaade karte ñawɓe gooto gooto e daartol ñawɓe.[2] Memoir Tenon ina jogori battinde e golle safrirde Orop e Amerik ko famɗi fof teeminannde.[2]

Piyeer-Josef Desault e Xawiyeer Bichat
E hitaande 1787, Hôtel-Dieu huutoriima kuulal safaara ngal wayli safrirde ndee gila e nokku ballitooɗo mo jamirooje diine njiylotoo, haa e nokku safaara e seppooji ɗi safrooɓe njiylotoo.[14] Jacques Necker sosi golle Inspekteer mawɗo opitaaluuji siwil e cuuɗi doole (Inspekteer mawɗo opitaaluuji siwil e kasooji) e Komiseer du roi pour tout ce qui a trait aux hôpitaux (Komiseer laamɗo wonande kala ko yowitii e opitaaluuji). Huutoraade opitaaluuji ngam jannginde kadi semmbinaama e nder dille peewnugol, ɗe njanngi golle safaara e politik e nder leyɗeele Orop goɗɗe.[12] Hôtel-Dieu heɓi innde no nokku janngirde seernaaɓe e toɗɗagol Pierre-Joseph Desault ngam wonde chef de service e hitaande 1785. Desault sosi kilinik jaŋde moƴƴo wonande janngooɓe seernaaɓe ngam ɓeydude ko adii ɗuum ko heblo jaŋde tan.[22] 23]

Kono, e ko ɓuri teeŋtude, yahrugol yeeso ngol dille peewnugol puɗɗinooɗe e laamu laamɓe Farayse cakkitiiɓe ɓee, ina ŋakki ɗum, sabu mbayliigaaji mawɗi baɗnooɗi e nder renndo Farayse ɓurngo yaajde e sahaa njiimaandi Farayse. Peewnugol mawngol e nder njuɓɓudi laamu e hoore mum ina foti waɗeede hade peeje ɓurɗe famɗude e nder njuɓɓudi safaara Pari heɓde hakkille timmuɗo.[12]

Teeminannde 19ɓiire
E teeminannde 19ɓiire, opitaaluuji ina njuɓɓina