open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
National Birth Defects Prevention Network

**Reso ngenndiijo ngam haɓaade ñawuuji jibinannde** (NBDPN) sosaa ko e hitaande 1997. Ko fedde 501(c)3 nde wonaa laamuyankoore, terɗe mum ina ngondi e ƴeewndo, haɓaade ñawuuji jibinannde e wiɗtooji. Nde sosaa ko e ballal Centres de Contrôle et de Prevention des Maladies ngam sosde e jogaade lowre ngenndiire e nder porogaraamuuji dowri e yimɓe ngam yuurnitaade e wiɗtude ñawuuji jibinannde. NBDPN ina daranii ko adii fof ko reentaade mborosaaji jibinannde e moƴƴinde batte sukaaɓe e ɓesnguuji wonɓe e mborosaaji jibinannde rewrude e huutoraade humpitooji ƴeewndo mborosaaji jibinannde ngam wiɗtooji, peewnugol porogaraamuuji, e ƴeewndo porogaraamuuji. Terɗe NBDPN ina mbaɗi ardiiɓe cellal renndo, annduɓe ñawu nguu, jannginooɓe e jibnaaɓe.

Joɗnde hitaande kala
E fuɗɗoode ndunngu (caggal lewru feebariyee walla puɗal lewru marse) hitaande kala, terɗe NBDPN, gollodiiɓe e gollodiiɓe winndere ndee ina kawra e batu NBDPN hitaande kala. Kollitooje teskinɗe e joɗle keewɗe peeñɗe ina mbaɗee ngam weltinde yimɓe heewɓe e udditde geɗe ƴeewndorɗe, wiɗtooji, e haɓaade ñawuuji jibinannde. Kadi e nder ajendaaji batuuji hitaande kala ina waɗi jonɗe baɗaaɗe ngam hirjinde renndo e jokkondire, ko wayi no yeewtere postooji e kollirɗe.

## Ciimtol hitaande
NBDPN yaltinii ciimtol mum hitaande kala e lewru desaambar, jaaynde wiɗtooji ko faati e ŋakkeende jibinannde feccere A (BDRA). Ciimtol hitaande ngol ina waɗi geɗe ɗiɗi : 1) binndanɗe jowitiiɗe e geɗe ceertuɗe e nder ƴeewndo, epidemiyoloji, e kuutoragol dokke ƴeewndo ngam haɓaade ñawuuji jibinannde e porogaraamuuji cellal renndo, e 2) dokke limtooje ummoraade e porogaraamuuji ƴeewndo tuugiiɗi e yimɓe e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik kala. Ciimtol ɓennungol ngol yaltinaama e Teratology e hitaande 1997 e 2000–2002 e nder BDRA gila 2003. Yanti heen, tonngoode Spring e Journal of Registry Management ina yaltina binndanɗe ko faati e ƴeewndo ŋakkeende jibinannde ummoraade e terɗe NBDPN e woɗɓe e hitaande kala.

## Eɓɓooje gollondiral
NBDPN ina wallita e wallitde eɓɓooji gollondiral kuutortooɗi dokke ummoraade e binnditagol jibinannde dowri. Binndanɗe ummoriiɗe e yoga e ɗeen eɓɓooje ina cifaa laabi keewɗi e nder binndanɗe e nder jeewte. Doggol binndanɗe ummoriiɗe e eɓɓooji ballondiral ɗi terɗe NBDPN mbaɗi ina tawee e lowre NBDPN.

## Jokkondire yaajɗe
National Wilms Tumor Study Group

**Fedde toppitiinde** ko fayti e ñawu nguu (NWTS) ko fedde toppitiinde wiɗtooji kanseer to Amerik, sosaa ngam wiɗtude sifaa ñawu nguu e nder reedu, ngu sukaaɓe ina wiyee ñawu nguu. E hitaande 2001, NWTS hawri e pelle gollondiral keewɗe goɗɗe ngam sosde fedde onkoloji sukaaɓe (COG). Kono NWTS ina jokki e golle e innde hannde ngam timminde rewindaade batte cakkitiiɗe safaara wonande ñawɓe winnditiiɓe ko adii e jarribooji mum. Akronim NWTS ina wiyee no helmere "nitwits" nii.

NWTS sosaa ko e hitaande 1969 e juɓɓule terɗe ummoriiɗe e Fedde Janngugol Kanser Sukaaɓe (CCG), Fedde Onkoloji Fuɗnaange-rewo (SWOG), e CALGB, ɗiɗo sakkitiiɗi ɗii kawri caggal ɗuum ngam sosde Fedde Onkoloji Sukaaɓe (POG). NWTS sosaa ko e yiɗde moƴƴinde nguurndam sukaaɓe wonduɓe e mboros Wilms. Wiɗtooji NWTS mbaɗaama e nder ko ina tolnoo e 250 nokku ɗo sukaaɓe mbaawi safrude ñawu nguu e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, Kanadaa e leyɗe goɗɗe. Ko ina wona 70-80% e ñawɓe mboros Wilms ina mbinnditee e porotokolle safaara NWTS, tawi ko 440 ñawɗo e hitaande kala.

NWTS waɗii jarribooji joy to bannge safaara, toɗɗaaɗi NWTS-1 haa NWTS-5. Nayi gadani ɗii ko jarribooji ranndomaatik, tawi noon NWTS-5 ko jarribo safaara baɗaaɗo ngam ƴeewde ko adii fof geɗe baɗɗe faayiida biyoloji, tee ranndomaaaka. NWTS-5 timminaama e hitaande 2003.

## Tuugnorgal
Pediatric neurosurgery

**Neurochirurgie sukaaɓe** ko fannu keeriiɗo e nder neurochirurgie ; ina heen peeje seppooji jowitiiɗi e ƴiiƴam, ngaandi e ɓalndu ; ko safrata sukaaɓe wonduɓe e rafiiji neurobiyoloji operable.

## Tariya
Opitaal sukaaɓe Boston ko opitaal gadano e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik jogiiɗo sarwiis keeriiɗo ngam safrude sukaaɓe, ko Harvey Cushing e Franc Ingraham cosi ɗum e hitaande 1929.

Haa e hitaande 2009, ko  tolnoo e 200 neurosurgeon sukaaɓe ina ngonnoo e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. Ko ina tolnoo e 80% e maɓɓe ko worɓe. E nder duuɓi 25 jawtuɗi ɗii, 391 safrooɓe njaltii e porogaraam neurosurgery sukaaɓe. Ko 70% tan e maɓɓe ngoni hannde ko ɓuri heewde e safaara sukaaɓe, wonaa safaara mawɓe. Ko ina tolnoo e 70% e maɓɓe ko e safaara jaŋde.

## Ƴeew kadi
Keertinaaɗi safaara

Neuropsychologie sukaaɓe

## Tuugnorgal
Wound ballistics

**Fannu ballistik gaañannde** ina heewi wonde ko wiɗto batte ɓalli e fijirde ballitooji ballitooji (ko adii fof, kono wonaa tan, balɗe) e dow yimɓe walla daabaaji guurɗi.  Ina waawi siforeede no jokkondire hakkunde fannuuji safaara trauma e ballistik timmuɗo..

## Ƴeew kadi

* Bulletin fiyi squibs
* Gaññeeje balɗe
* Sokkere ndiyam
* Trauma naatoowo
* Sniper
* Dartinde doole

## Tuugnorgal
Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale

**Toɓɓere ƴeewndo nafoore yeeso Wong-Baker** ko toɓɓere nafoore nde Donna Wong e Connie Baker peewni.  Peeje ɗee ina kollita jeese keewɗe gila e jeese weltaare to 0, walla "alaa ko metti", haa e yeeso bojji e 10, ko ɗum hollirta "naafigaagal no mette ɓurɗe bonde miijaade".  Tuugnaade e jeese e sifaaji binndaaɗi, ñawɗo oo suɓotoo ko jeese ɓurɗe laaɓtude e tolno nafoore mum en..

Yeesooji 6 ina ngoodi e nder njuuteendi nafoore Wong-Baker.  Yeeso adanngo ngoo ina hollita tolno nafoore 0, ina hollita "alaa mette".  Yeeso ɗiɗaɓo ngoo ina hollita tolno nafoore 2, ina hollita "ina metti seeɗa".  Yeeso tataɓo ngoo ina hollita tolno nafoore 4, ina hollita "ina metti seeɗa".  Yeeso nayaɓo ngoo ina hollita tolno nafoore 6, ina hollita "ina ɓeydoo metteede".  Yeeso joyaɓo ngoo ina hollita tolno nafoore 8, ina hollita "hurts a whole lot" ;  yeeso jeegom ina hollita tolno nafoore 10, ina hollita "hurts worst".

Ooɗoo tolno nafoore, ko sukaaɓe tan fuɗɗii feewnireede.  Kono ina waawi huutoreede e denndaangal ñawɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi 3 e ko ɓuri ɗum.  Ina nafa sukaaɓe sabu ɓe mbaawataa faamde toɓɓere mette maɓɓe e tolno 0-10, kono ɓe mbaawa faamde jeese kartoŋaaji e miijooji ɗi ɓe njiylotoo ɗii, ɓe kollita heen "ɓurɗo yahdude e tolno mette maɓɓe".  Ooɗoo tolno nafoore ina moƴƴi kadi e ñawɓe ɓe nganndaa limde, e ɓe mbaawi wonde e ŋakkeende golle ngaandi.  Sensitibiliteeji pinal e tolno oo kadi ƴeewtaama ngam anndude kuutoragol mum e jaɓgol mum e nder pine ceertuɗe, e "wiɗtooji ina mballita sensibiliteeji pinal FACES wonande sukaaɓe Caucasian en, Afriknaaɓe-Ameriknaaɓe, Hispanik en, Thai, Sinuwaa en, e Japonnaaɓe". 155 

## Tuugnorgal
Polypectomy

E nder safaara, **polipektomi** ko ittugol ƴiiƴam gonɗam e ɓalndu nduu, ko wiyetee polip. Polipektomi ina waawi waɗeede e ƴettugol so tawii polip oo ko yaasi (e dow ɓalndu)][citation(s) ɓeydaare ina haani].

## Ƴeew kadi

* Polipektomi koloñaal
* Maande nde ƴettataa

## Tuugnorgal
Pediatric Oncology Group

**Pediatric Oncology Group** (POG) ko fedde gollondiral jarribooje safaara Amerik e Kanadaa, sosaande ngam janngude kanseer sukaaɓe. Nde sosaa ko e kawral diwanuuji sukaaɓe pelle ɗiɗi goɗɗe gollondiral, hono Fedde Onkoloji Fuɗnaange-rewo (SWOG) e CALGB. E hitaande 2000, POG hawritii e pelle gollondiral sukaaɓe keewɗe goɗɗe ngam sosde Fedde Onkoloji Sukaaɓe (COG). Ndee zoo hawriinde yiytii geze mum to senngo cazeele, haa teengti noon e jokkondire hakkunde doosze keewze jokkondirze e kala fedde gollondiral. Gooto e eɓɓaaɗe ɗee ngam semmbinde ɗeen doosɗe ina waɗi caBIG walla “Grid d’informatique biomédical” kanseer, mo Duɗal Ngenndiwal Kanser (NCI) to Bethesda, Maryland ardii e wallitde.

## Jaɓde Kalite
Goomu Onkoloji sukaaɓe ina jogii denndaangal ñawanɗe mum baɗaaɗe e porotokol ƴeewtaaɗe to nokku ƴeewndo kalite (QARC). No Institut ngenndiijo kanseer (NCI) yamiri nii, kala departemaa rajo-terapi (RT) tawtoraaɗo wiɗto POG ina rokka QARC dokke mum ngam ƴeewteede. QARC woni ko e wuro wiyeteengo Lincoln, to Rhode Island, ina ƴeewtoo ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ñawɓe RT hitaande kala. Catal ngal sosaa ko e hitaande 1977, ko ngal fedde toppitiinde cellal nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde waɗata ko ngam rokkude ballal to bannge jaŋde CALGB. Dowlaaji radiyooterapi ummoriiɗi e ko ina tolnoo e ujunere opitaal e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e caggal leydi ina ƴeewtee, ina njuutee e QARC.

Nokku goɗɗo ngam ƴeewde kalite ko nokku fisik radiyoloji (RPC) to Houston, Teksas. Ko adii fof ko golle RPC ko hollitde Duɗal Ngenndiwal Kanser (NCI) e pelle mum gollorɗe hono POG wonde denndaangal juɓɓule tawtoraaɗe ɗee ina njokki e rewde jamirooje kuuɓtodinɗe jowitiiɗe e geɗe fisik jowitiiɗe e rajo-terapi. Sosaa ko e hitaande 1968, RPC ina jokki e heɓde kaalis e NCI ngam waɗde golle ɗe kaalɗen dow ɗee.

## Jokkondire yaajɗe
Webster's test

**Test Webster** ko test ƴiiƴam kuutorteeɗo ngam anndude woodgol trinitrotoluene e mbaydiiji mum..  Fooyre ndee feewnaa ko e hitaande 1917, ko T. A. Webster to Londres ngam ƴeewde tooke trinitrotoluene.  Test moƴƴo ina hollita mbaydi mboɗeeri wonande sampleeji ƴiiƴam asid.

## Tuugnorgal
Watson–Schwartz test

**Test Watson–Schwartz** ko test ƴeewndo ngam anndude porfiriya taƴoowo, hay so tawii noon ina waawi kadi wonde moƴƴo e porfiriya cutanea tarda (mbaydi porfiriya ɓalndu).  E nder ngool laawol, porfobilinogen ina yiytee e mbaydi mbayliigu colour e reagent Ehrlich e tabitinde wonde colour oo ittaaka e kuloroform.  Nde tawnoo jarribo ngoo ko jarribo ƴeewndo tan, ko heewi heen ko jarribo ɓurngo laaɓtude ko wayi no jarribo Hoesch. .

## Tuugnorgal
Cathleen Piazza

**Cathleen C. Piazza** ko wiɗtoowo keɓtinaaɗo e ƴeewndo e safrude ñawanɗe ñamri sukaaɓe. Golle makko ko teskinɗe e wiɗtooji, e ƴeewndorɗe, e laabi safaara kesi e nder ndeeɗoo fannu. Hannde, omo woni gardiiɗo porogaraam ñawbuuli ñamri sukaaɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Munroe-Meyer to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde safaara Nebraska.

## Kugal
Piazza heɓi doktoraa mum to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Tulane, o timminii jaŋde makko hade makko heɓde doktoraa e jaŋde makko caggal doktoraa to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kennedy Krieger e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Johns Hopkins to bannge safaara. To Kennedy Krieger, o waɗii golle keewɗe ina jeyaa heen mawɗo psikoloji to fedde neurobehavioral, gardiiɗo heblo, e gardiiɗo ñawbuuli ñamri sukaaɓe hade makko ardaade porogaraam ñawbuuli ñamri sukaaɓe to Marcus Autism Center to nokku toppitiiɗo cellal sukaaɓe to Atlanta.

Piazza caggal ɗuum yahi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Munroe-Meyer to UNMC, ɗo o jokki wiɗtooji makko jowitiiɗi e ƴeewndo e safrude ñawu nguu, e jokkondiral hakkunde sabaabuuji fisiyoloji e jikkuuji ñawu nguu. E nder nguurndam makko fof, o ardiima stageeji e sehilaaɓe heewɓe waɗɓe darnde tiiɗnde e fannu ƴeewndo jikkuuji kuutorteeɗi e ŋakkeende ñamri.

Piazza wonnoo kadi ko hooreejo fedde ƴeewndo jarribooje jikkuuji ɓennuɗo e gonnooɗo gardiiɗo, gardiiɗo gollodiiɗo, e gardiiɗo deftere Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.Atlanta]].

Njeenaaje e teddungal

Fedde ngam ƴeewndo jikkuuji hakkunde leyɗeele: Fellow
Fedde Ameriknaare toppitiinde hakkillaaji Division 25: Nathan H. Azrin darnde mum teeŋtunde e ƴeewndo jikkuuji kuutorteeɗi
Fedde winndereyankoore ngam ƴeewtaade jikkuuji: njeenaari mentor ɓurndi moƴƴude

Fedde Crohn e Kolitis: Debbo ceertuɗo (2002)
Taariindi njulaagu Atlanta: Jaambaaro toppitiiɗo cellal (2001)

Golle cuɓaaɗe

Piazza, C.C., Fisher, W.W., Brown, Kata, Shore, B.A., Patel, M.R., Katz, R.M., Sevin, B.M., Gulotta, C.S., e Blakely-Smith, A. (2003). 

* American Psychological Association Division 25: Nathan H. Azrin Distinguished Contribution to Applied Behavior Analysis
* Association for Behavior Analysis International: Outstanding Mentor Award

gollal jikkuuji ɗi moƴƴaani e sahaa ñaamde. Jaaynde ƴeewndo jikkuuji kuutorteeɗi, 36(2), 187-204. 1901/jaba.2003.36-187

Wolkert, VM, e Piyazza, CC (2012). Ñawuuji ñamri sukaaɓe. E nder P. Sturmey e M. Hersen (Ed.), Deftere gollal tuugingal e hujjaaji e nder ganndal hakkille safaara, Vol. 1. Rafiiji sukaaɓe e mawɓe (pp. 323–337). John Wiley e ɓiɓɓe mum, Inc

Piyaaza C. C. (2008). Rafiiji ñamri e jikkuuji: Hol ko njanngu-ɗen?. Wiɗtooji ko faati e ŋakkeende ƴellitaare, 14(2), 174–181. 10.1002/ddrr.22

## Tuugnorgal

* American Psychological Association Division 25: Nathan H. Azrin Distinguished Contribution to Applied Behavior Analysis
* Association for Behavior Analysis International: Outstanding Mentor Award
Pyknocytosis

**Piknositosis** ko ngonka hematoloji, kañum ne ina waɗi piknositosis e nder ƴiiƴam. Piknositteeji ko ƴiye boɗeeje peeñɗe e mbaydi mbaylaandi, ɗe njuumtaani, tokoose ɗe mbaydiiji mum en ngonaa no haanirta nii, ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko ganndo safaara tan waawi anndude ɗe, kadi annduɗo patoloji hoolkisa ɗum en e ƴeewndo ƴiiƴam periferik.

Piknositosis cukalel ko ñawu ɓurngu heewde jokkondirde, kadi ko ñawu hematoloji sukaaɓe seeɗa. Ko ɗum huunde waawnde saabaade ŋakkere ƴiiƴam e nder sukaaɓe jibinaaɓe. Piknositosis cukalel ina heewi feeñde e ɓuuɓri sukaaɓe e ŋakkere ƴiiƴam tiiɗnde, ina heewi ɗaɓɓude ƴiiƴam. Anemia hemolitik jokkondirɗo e mum ina heewi juutde e ɓuuɓde e nder yontereeji 3-4, tawa ina safra e hoore mum, ina timma e lebbi nay haa jeegom nguurndam. Etiyoloji ooɗoo sifaa tabitinaaka kono won hujjaaji, ina jeyaa heen woodgol ƴiiƴam mboɗejam ɓuuɓɗam e ƴiiƴam periferik nannduɗam e mboros oksidaa, ina hollita sabaabuuji baɗɗi ŋakkeende antioksidaaji ko wayi no witamin E walla woodgol faktor oksidaa. Ñawndugol piknositosis cukalel ina tuugii e ƴiiƴam periferik, tawa ina waɗi wiɗtooji ɓeydotooɗi ngam safrude ngonkaaji nannduɗi e ɗuum, ko wayi no ŋakkeende glukos-6-fosfaat dehidrogenase e ŋakkeende piruwat kinase. Ɗeeɗoo geɗe ɗiɗi fof ina mbaawi kadi addande piknositteeji yiyteteeɗi e ƴiiƴam.  oo ina waɗi fototerapi so tawii tolno bilirubin e nder ƴiiƴam ina ɓura duuɓi cukalel ngel, e ƴiiƴam so tawii hemoglobin ina tawaa ina famɗi no jaɓaaka walla ina ustoo tuugnaade e ƴeewndo safaara e nafooje laboratuwaar.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Pinealectomy

**Pinealectomy** ko feere seppo nde ƴiiƴam pinewal ittaa. Ina waɗee tan e nder sahaaji seeɗa, ɗo pineositooma walla ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam wonti ko ina addana neɗɗo warde nguurndam. [citation needed]

Ƴeew kadi

* Hipofisiktomi
* Tiroyidektomi
* Adrenalektomi
* Doggol seppooji e sifaaji

## Tuugnorgal
Pediatric urology

**Urologie pediatrique** ko subspecialité surgical e nder safaara jowitiingal e caɗeele gonɗe e nder ɓalndu sukaaɓe. Urologist en sukaaɓe ina toppitii sukaaɓe worɓe e rewɓe fof gila e jibinannde haa e duuɓi mawɓe. Caɗeele ɓurɗe heewde ko ɗe jowitiiɗe e ŋakkeende ƴiiƴam, e terɗe jibinannde e terɗe.

## Nokkuuji focus
Yoga e caɗeele ɗe ɓe kaɓata ko:[citation needed].

Caɗeele reentaade ɓuuɓri ko wayi no ɓuuɓri leeso e ɓuuɓri ñalnde kala
Testeeji ɗi njippaaka (kriptorkidism)

Hipospadiyaaji

## Epispadiya
Urolitiasi (kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe e ƴiiƴam)
Chordee e ŋakkeende goɗɗe tokoose e nder ɓalndu

## Fimosis
Ɓooygol ƴiiƴam e ɓuuɓri vesicoureteral

Buuɗi neurogenic (yeru, jokkondirɗi e spina bifida)

Hidronefrosis ko adii jibineede
Tuumre e kanseer ƴiiƴam

Feewnitde mborosaaji e nder reedu

Ɓooygol ƴiiƴam e ŋakkeende jibinannde
Sindoron reedu Prune
Ekstrofi kloakal, ekstrofi ɓuuɓri, e epispadiyas

Genitaluuji ɗi laaɓaani e ngonkaaji hakkunde jinnaaɓe
Uroloji sukaaɓe
To Amerik worgo, ko ɓuri heewde e urologist en sukaaɓe ina njokkondiri e opitaaluuji sukaaɓe. Heblo ngam seedantaagal board e nder urologie sukaaɓe ina heewi wonde e stage surgery e nder residency urologie rewi heen ko heblo subspecialty e nder urologie sukaaɓe to opitaal sukaaɓe mawɗo. E nder leydi Indiya, Urologie sukaaɓe ina huutoree e Surgeons sukaaɓe jogiiɓe nafoore/ janngugol teeŋtungol e urologie sukaaɓe kam e urologiste en mawɓe ɓe keɓata janngude e Urologie sukaaɓe.[citation needed]

## Ƴeew kadi

## Uroloji

## Tuugnorgal
Rourke Baby Record

**Rourke Baby Record** ko winndannde sukaaɓe huutorteende no feewi e nder Kanadaa, ina rokka safrooɓe laabi gollorɗi ngam toppitaade sukaaɓe Kanadaa, sukaaɓe tokosɓe e sukaaɓe tokosɓe. "The Rourke", hono no innirtee e nder safrooɓe galleeji e safrooɓe sukaaɓe Kanadaa, ko Fedde Sukaaɓe Kanadaa yaltini ɗum, tee ina foti huutoreede e ñawɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi 0–5. Ina addana safrooɓe halfinaaɓe toppitaade sukaaɓe jibnaaɓe keso ɓee, reende doosɗe ƴellitaare e ƴeewndorɗe ɓalliwal e nder njuɓɓudi laaɓtundi, tawa ina anndaa e nder leydi ndii, gila e jibinannde haa e yeeso, kam e ñamri, ngonka baɗte ñawu nguu e geɗe goɗɗe. Sabu ko kañum woni cakkital toppitagol sukaaɓe tokosɓe e nder Kanadaa, doggol Rourke ngol ina jogaa e kartal cukalel ngel, ina sosa winndannde toppitagol no haanirta nii. Ko noon kadi ko kaayitaaji medicolegal.

## Tariya
Adii yaltude ko e hitaande 1979

## Winndooɓe asliiji
Doktoor Leslie Rourke, MD, CCFP, MClinSc (FM), FCFP, FRRMS

Doktoor James Rourke, MD, CCFP (EM), MClinSc (FM), FCFP, FRRMS, LLD

## Jaayɗe
Version ngenndiijo Kanadaa e version keeriiɗo Ontario ina yaltinee

## Wasiyaaji
Taƴre 

Winndannde ndee feccii ko e njilluuji nay jowitiiɗi e sahaaji ƴeewndo ceertuɗi e duuɓi :

Giɗo I: Yontere 1, yontere 2 (ina waawi wonde), lewru 1

Giɗo II : lebbi 2, lebbi 4, lebbi 6
Giɗo III : lebbi 9, lebbi 12, lebbi 15

Gila IV : lebbi 18, duuɓi 2–3, duuɓi 4–5

## Tuugnorgal
Wasserman 9-Panel Plot

**Plot Wasserman 9-Panel**, ko heewi wiyeede ko Plot 9-Panel, ko mbaydi kuuɓtodinndi ngam hollirde nate doosɗe peewnaaɗe e jarribo fijirde kardiyopulmonaari. Th Laylaytol ngol hesɗitinaama e hitaande 2012. Nate ɗee ina ndokka ƴeewndo ko fayti e mbayliigu ɓernde, henndu, e mbayliigu gaas..

## Eponim
Feere Wasserman 9-Panel inniraa ko ganndo fisik Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Karlman Wasserman M.D. Ph.D., mo adii hollirde doosɗe ɗee e ngalɗoo laawol.Porofesoor Wasserman golliima no feewi e fisiyoloji pulmonaari, kadi o siftinii "model taƴre geɗel" kuutorteeɗo ngam faamninde njeñtudi keɓtinaandi e jarribo ngoo.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Voluntary counseling and testing

**Wasiyaaji e jarribooji baɗeteeɗi e yiɗde** (VCT) ngam VIH ina keewi waɗde jonte ɗiɗi : gooto ko adii ƴettude jarribo anndiraango "wasiyaaji hade jarribo" e gooto caggal jarribo VIH so njeñtudi ndii rokkaama,[1] ina heewi wiyeede "wasiyaaji caggal jarribo".  Wasiyaaji ina njokki e ñawu nguu (VIH), ñawu nguu (SIDA), ƴeewndo ngoo, e waylude jikkuuji moƴƴi.  VCT wontii huunde huuɓtodinnde e nokkuuji keewɗi e nder Afrik, ko ɗum feere nde neɗɗo waawi anndude ngonka mum e VIH.  Nokkuuji VCT e wasiyaaji ina keewi huutoraade ƴeewndorɗe VIH jaawɗe, ɗe njiɗi ko toɓɓere ƴiiƴam walla won e cellal ummoraade e nder reedu neɗɗo ;  jarribooji ɗii ina pamɗi, ina ɗaɓɓi heblo seeɗa, ina ndokka njeñtudi laaɓtundi e nder hojomaaji 15.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
  Sutar, Amitaab B.;  Ford, Natan;  Bakanas, Pamela J.;  Wong, ko Vinsen J.;  Rajan, Jay S.;  Saltzman, Aleks K.;  Ajose, olaawale;  Fakoya, Ade O.;  Granik, Ruben M.;  Negussie, wuro wiyeteengo K.;  Baggaley, Raasel C. (13 ut 2013).  "Faa e ƴeewndo e wasiyaaji VIH e dow yarlitaare winndereyankoore: ƴeewndo njuɓɓudi e meta-analysis laabi tuugiiɗi e renndo".  PLOS Lekki.  (8) e1001496.  10.1371/jaaynde.pmed.1001496.  1549-1676.  PMC 3742447. .

## Jokkondire yaajɗe
Fedde Adunaare Cellal, hello Teskuyaaji e Wasiyaaji Departemaa VIH

Darnde politik ONUSIDA : ƴeewndo e wasiyaaji VIH

Jaabawol EngenderHealth e ñawu SIDA

Feewde e ƴeewndo e wasiyaaji VIH e dow yarlitaare winndereyankoore: ƴeewndo njuɓɓudi e meta-analyse e mbaadi renndo
Vibroacoustic stimulation

**Ƴeekirgol** (VAS), sahaa e sahaa fof ina wiyee ƴulɓe ɓiɗɗo walla jarribo ƴulɓe ɓiɗɗo (FAST), ko huutoraade ƴulɓe sonndu dimmbotoondu e reedu debbo reedu ngam addande FHR (ɓurɗo ɓernde ɓiɗɗo) yaawde.  Heɓde yaawre FHR ina hollita e ko laaɓti wonde asidemi metabolik fetel alaa.  Ɓooygol vibroakustik ina heewi huutoreede e nder jarribo ngo alaa ko woni e mum (NST)..

E hitaande 2013, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews hollitii wonde alaa ko selli e jarribooji baɗaaɗi ngam wallitde huutoraade ɗum ngam yuurnitaade wellitaare ɓiɗɗo e nder golle.  Kono tan, wiɗto Cochrane Review jowitiingo e ɗuum, hollitii wonde huutoraade ɗum e jarribooji baɗeteeɗi e jibinannde ina usta ŋakkeende kardiyotokogaraafi mo alaa ko waawi waɗde e sahaa jarribo oo fof..

## Tuugnorgal
UroVysion

**UroVysion** ko ƴeewndo hibridaasiyoŋ fluoresans in situ, peewnaaɗo ngam yiytude kanseer ɓuuɓɗo e nder ƴiye.  Ina waɗi ƴeewndorɗe ADN ɗe limtaaɗe e nokkuuji perisentromerik kromosomuuji 3 (boɗeeji), 7 (haako-ñebbe), e 17 (aqua) e nokku ɗo bannge 9p21 (kaŋŋe) woni ɗoo e taƴre P16 ɓuuɓnoore ɓuuɓri.

## Tuugnorgal
Urine osmolality

**Osmolality urine** ko peeje ngam ƴeewde ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam, ɗo teddeendi mawndi hollirta ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri, teddeendi tokosiri hollirta ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi.  Yarde ndiyam (ina heen ndiyam gonɗam e nguura) ina addana osmolalité ƴiiƴam.

## Yiyngo
Osmolalitee ina fotndee e osmometre, ko kañum ƴeewtotoo ɓuuɓri toɓɓere ɓuuɓnde e nder ɓuuɓri, rokka heen njeñtudi ko wayi no miliyosmol e kala kiloo ndiyam tawa teddeendi keeriindi ina fotndee e strip kolorimetrik, refraktometre, hidromeeter e piknomeeter.  E nder yimɓe celluɓe ɓe ndiyam mum en famɗi, ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam ina foti ɓurde 800 mOsm/kg, tawi noon ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam e nder waktuuji 24 ina foti ɓurde hakkunde 500 e 800 mOsm/kg.[citation needed]

Osmolaliteer ƴiiƴam e nder neɗɗo ina waawi tolnaade e ko ina tolnoo e 50 haa 1200 mOsm/kg, fawaade e ko ɓooyaani koo neɗɗo oo yarii ndiyam keewɗam (limre lesre ndee) walla so tawii o yahrii ko juuti tawa alaa ndiyam (limre ɓurnde toowde ndee). Osmolaliteer plasma e njaru ndiyam tippudi ina heewi tolnaade ko ina tolnoo e 290 mOsm/kg H2O e nder aadee.

## E nder daabaaji goɗɗi
Won e kullon ladde ina mbaawi osmolality ɓurde neɗɗo.  Ina heen ɓowɗi (fotde 3 000 mOsm/kg H2O), hamsteruuji e ɓowɗi (fotde 4 000 mOsm/kg H2O), e ɓowɗi (fotde 7 600 mOsm/kg H2O) .

## Ƴeew kadi
Osmolaaliteer plasma

## Tuugnorgal
Urine organic acids

**Asid organik** e nder ƴiiƴam ko ƴeewndo safaara ngam ƴeewde mbayliigu asid organik e nder ƴiiƴam.  Metaboliteeji ɗii ina mbaawi ummoraade e ƴiye jaɓɓotooɗe walla e leɗɗe.  Test oo ina waawi huutoreede ngam ittude mbaawka wonde neɗɗo ina jogii majjere jibinannde, ko heewi heen ko gooto e asidemiiji organik.  Ina huutoree kadi ngam ƴeewde caɗeele ñamri walla seedeeji won e ñawuuji walla ɓeydagol bakteriiji.  Laawol ƴeewndo ɓurngol waawde huutoreede ko spektorometri masse tandem..

## Tuugnorgal
Ureteroscopy

**Ureteroskopi** ko ƴeewndo safaara e nder ƴiiƴam toowɗam, ko heewi waɗeede ko e ureteroskoop rewrude e ƴiiƴam e ƴiiƴam, caggal ɗuum e nder ƴiiƴam.[1]  Laawol ngol ina waɗi nafoore e ƴeewndo e safrude ñawuuji ko wayi no kaaƴe ƴiiƴam e kanseer uroteliyal mo ƴiiƴam toowɗam.[1]  Kaaƴe tokoose e nder ƴiiƴam walla les ƴiiƴam ina mbaawi ittude e nder feccere wootere, mawɗe ɗee ina keewi ɓuuɓde hade mum en ittude e nder ƴiiƴam.[citation needed]

Wiɗto ngoo ina waawi waɗeede e kaɓirgal ɓuuɓngal, semi-rigid, walla rigid tawa ñawɗo oo ina woni e anestetik. E nder geɗe keewɗe, ñawɗo oo ina waawi hootde galle mum caggal nde ƴeewndaa.

E nder pieloskopi, endoskoop ina waɗi ko ina yettoo haa yettoo ɓalndu (ina wiyee kadi pyelum), ɗuum ina addana yiytude denndaangal mbaydi ƴiiƴam ɓalndu nduu.  Endoskoop ina waawi jogaade porto kuutorgal baawngal naatde e fiɓnde laser ngam feccude kaaƴe, e mikroo-basket ngam ƴettude pecce kaaƴe. Kaaƴe ƴiiƴam haa 2 cm ina mbaawi safreede e pyeloscopy..

## Tuugnorgal
Ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture

**Puncture lumbaire guidée par ultrasound** ko feere safaara huutorteende e won e departemaaji cafrirɗi ngam heɓde ndiyam ɓalndu ngam ƴeewndaade ñawu nguu.  E ko feewti e punndi lumbaar gonndi e palpation, huutoraade ƴeewndo ultrasound ina waawi ustude limre punndi ŋakkundi, naatgol ƴiiƴam, e mbayliigu ƴiiƴam. . Punndi lumbaar gonndi e ultrasound fuɗɗii siforaade ko e binndanɗe safaara leydi Riisi e hitaande 1971..

## Tuugnorgal
Viral culture

**Pinal mboros** ko karallaagal laboratuwaar[1] ɗo seedanteeje mboros mbaɗetee e laylayti cellal ceertuɗi ɗi mboros oo ƴeewtotoo ngam waawde saabaade ɗum.  So tawii cellal hollirii waylooji, anndiraaɗi batte sitopaatiik, ndeen pinal ina moƴƴi.[2]

Pinal viral gaadanteewal ina heewi lomtineede e pinal ɓulli (shell vial culture), ɗo sample oo ƴettetee e dow laral gootal e cellal, mawnugol viral ina fotndee e laabi yiytugol antigen.  Ɗuum ina usta no feewi waktuuji ngam yiytude mborosaaji gonɗi e mawnude seeɗa ko wayi no sitomegalovirus, mo feere ndee feewnaa.[3]  Yanti heen, daawal senndifugaasiyoŋ e nder pinal fiilngo kosam ina ɓeyda sensitiviteeji ngalɗoo laawol sabu caggal senndifugaasiyoŋ, ɓuuɓri viral e nder sample oo ina ɓadii cellal.

Piɓaaji aadee e ɓowɗi ina kuutoree e pinal viral aadaaji e pinal vial shell.

Nokkuuji mborosaaji aadee baawɗi anndeede e pinal mborosaaji ina mbaɗi adenovirus, sitomegalovirus, enterovirus, mboros herpes simplex, mboros grippe, mboros paragrippe, rinovirus, mboros sinsitiyal fooftere, mboros varicella zoster, mboros mboros e mboros][4].  Wonande ɗiin, feere anndinde cakkitiinde ndee ɓuri heewde ko e immunofluorescence, so wonaa sitomegalovirus e rhinovirus, ɗi anndinde ɗum en e nder pinal viral ko batte sitopatik tan anndinta ɗum en.[4]

Wiɗtooji kollitii no fotiri e ƴeewndo pinal viral SARS-CoV-2 .[5]

## Ƴeew kadi
￼Portal safaara

Pinal cellal

Kuutorɗe kuutorteeɗe e nder mikroobiyoloji

Laboratoori ƴeewndo ñawuuji viral

Plaque viral

Teskuyaaji ñawu viral
Vinegar test

**Test vinegar** ko feere ƴeewndo kanseer reedu huutortoo ko asid asetik, ko huunde mawnde e vinegar.  Ina anndaa ina waɗi nafoore e ƴeewndo ƴeewndo moƴƴo, ngo alaa ko nafata.  Ina jogii mbaawka, e wiyde wiɗtooɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Zimbaabwee e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Johns Hopkins, ngam ɓeydude fartaŋŋeeji haɗde kanseer e nder leyɗeele ƴellitiiɗe ɗee. Feere ndee, wiyeteende VIA (Inspection visuelle avec l’acide acétique)/Cryo, ko Fedde Adunaare Cellal jaɓi ɗum e hitaande 2010. Vinegar ina ɓuuɓnee e reedu debbo, toɓɓe ɗe kanseer ina wonta daneeje.  Ɗee ina mbaawi ɓuuɓde ɗoon e ɗoon e sonndu njamndi coofndu e ice joorɗo.  Vinegar ina teeŋtina ɓuuɓri, ndi ADN mum ɓuri heewde, ɗum noon ndiyam ina famɗi e poroteyiin ina famɗi, ɓuri ƴiye celluɗe.  Haa e hitaande 2011, leydi Taylande huutoriima karallaagal ngal e nder diiwanuuji mum capanɗe jeenay e jeenay (ndeen) capanɗe jeeɗiɗi e joy, tawi 500 000 debbo ƴeewtaama ko famɗi fof laawol gootol..

Test vinegar ina jogii keeri e caɗeele teeŋtuɗe wonande ƴeewndo kanseer reedu, ko wayi no njeñtudi fenaande toowndi.

## Tuugnorgal
Typhidot

**Tifidot** ko ƴeewndo safaara, baɗɗo ELISA toɓɓere, ƴeewndotooɗo IgM e IgG e poroteyiin gonɗo e ɓalndu yaajndu (OMP) mo Salmonella typhi.  Test tifidot ina wonta moƴƴo e nder balɗe 2-3 caggal nde ñawu nguu heɓtii, ina seernda antibiotik IgM e IgG.  Fooyre ndee tuugii ko e woodgol antibiotik keeriiɗo IgM e IgG e antigen OMP keeriiɗo 50Kd, mo ƴiiƴam mum ɓuuɓnaa e ƴiye nitroselulose.  IgM ina hollita ñawu nguu ko ɓooyaani kono IgG ina hollita ñawu nguu ina woɗɗi.  Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e keeri ngalɗoo jarribo ko wonde ngal wonaa limtilimtinngal, tee njeñtudi ndii ko moƴƴi walla bonndi tan.  So tawii noon ƴeewndo Widal laaɓtungo ina waawi anndude tiitoonde antibiotik keeriiɗo.  Kono jarribooji ɗii fof ngalaa sensitivite e keertinagol.  Test Widal ina majja nafoore mum nde tawnoo ina heewi golle e sahaa.  Ko ƴeewndo immunokromatogaraafi.[citation ina haani]

## Tuugnorgal
Triple smear

**Smear tati**, anndiraango kadi smear vaginal-cervical-endocervical (VCE) ko feere sitopatoloji ngam anndude mborosaaji e nder reedu debbo.  Smear oo ina feewnee e nokkuuji ceertuɗi e nder laylaytol gootol tawa ina waɗi sampleeji tati ceertuɗi, heen gooto fof ummorii ko e ektoserviks, vaginal e endoserviks.  Kala sample ina jogii tataɓal laylaytol gilaas ngol.  Ndee feere ina ɗaɓɓi humpito sabu ina haani seedanteeje tati moofteede e yaawre ngam haɗde ɓuuɓri ndii yoorde.  Smear tati ina wasiyee e ñawɓe wonduɓe e smeer mo alaa no fotiri (walla ɓuuɓri endometrium e nder smeer ɓennuɗo e debbo kilimakteri), e rewɓe caggal menopause, rewɓe wonduɓe e ƴiiƴam perimenopause e ɓeen wonduɓe e baasal mawngal e kanseer endometrium.

## Tuugnorgal
Nadia Awni Sakati

**Nadia Awni Sakati** (Aarabeere: نادية عوني سقطي) ko cafroowo sukaaɓe Siiri-Sawudit. Sakati jibinaa ko ñalnde 23 mee 1938 to Damas, Siri, o wallitii e safaara genetik.

Sakati ina yiɗi wonde doktoor gila e tolno 8ɓo e duɗal. Baaba makko ina wallitnoo mo jokkude jaŋde safaara to Amerik, kono o maayi ko lebbi jeegom hade makko timminde jaŋde safaara to Damas e hitaande 1965. O jaɓaa janngude to Amerik caggal ɗuum, kono o winnditii to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik to Beyruut ngam heddaade sara yumma makko.

Sakati waɗii hoɗorde mum ko e safaara sukaaɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik to Beyruut e opitaal Jackson Memorial to Miami, Florida O heɓi MD makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Damas e hitaande 1965. O golliima e opitaal duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik to Beyruut, Liban e opitaal Jackson Memorial to Miami, Florida, Amerik. E hitaande 1969, o wonii Fedde to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Kaliforni, to San Diego, to bannge ganndal taariindi e mbaylaandi. O winndi defte e William Nyhan e nder "Sindrome genetik e malformaasiyoŋ e nder safaara safaara, 1976" e anndinde ñawu renndo, 1987".

Sakati toɗɗaama yo won safroowo sukaaɓe e jiiloowo mawɗo to nokku wiɗto genetik to opitaal keeriiɗo King Faisal to Riyaad, to leydi Arabi Sawdit. O sosi departemaaji genetik gadani e nder leydi Sawuud, ɗo o gollorii e ƴeewndo villus chorionic e ƴeewndo jolngo. O siftinii ñawanɗe tati ɗe keewaani e sukaaɓe, ko wayi no ñawanɗe Sakati-Nyhan-Tisdale e William Leo Nyhan e W.K. Tisdale, mboros Sanjad-Sakati e Sami A. Sanjad, e mboros Woodhaus-Sakati, e N. J.

## Tuugnorgal
Sarnat staging

**Sarnat staging, Sarnat** Classification walla Sarnat Grading Scale ko limto limto wonande ensefalopati hipoksiik-iskemiik jibinaaɗo keso (HIE), ko ñawu nguu saabi ɗum ko ŋakkeende oksijen keewɗo e sahaa jibinannde mum, ko ɗum feeñata e waylude hakkille, waylude seizures to. HIE ina toɗɗii tuugnaade e mbaydi cukalel ngel e nder safaara mum, e ko ƴeewndo ngoo holliti, e woodgol ɓuuɓri e dumunna ñawu nguu. Sarnat staging ina huutoree e bannge ko yiytaa e electroencefalogram (EEG) ngam rokkude humpitooji ko faati e mbaydi cukalel ngel. HIE ɓuuɓɗo, e fawaade e tolno, ina heewi jogaade batte no feewi, kono e HIE tiiɗɗo, maayde ina tolnoo e 75%, tee 80% e wuurɓe ina njogii batte neurologique.

Laabi UK Resuscitation Council ko faati e ballal nguurndam sukaaɓe jibinaaɓe ina wasiyoo wonde cukalel ngel heɓi nguurndam mawɗam e jibinannde mum, ngel yahrata ko e hollirde maale ñawu nguu, ina foti ƴeewteede e Sarnat Staging hakkunde waktuuji 24 e 48 gila ngel jibinaa.

## Dingiral
Toɓɓere I Ɓooynde Toɓɓere II Hakkunde Toɓɓere III Teeŋtunde

Jeertinaango Hiperalerta Letarji Komaa

Toon ɓalndu Normal walla ɓeydagol Hipotonik Flaccid

Seizures Hay gooto Keewɗo Heewaani

Almuɓɓe Dilated, reaktif Tooso, reaktif Waɗde, fiɓnde

Fooftere Apnee sahaa kala

Duuɓi < 24 Waktuuji 2 - 14 Balɗe Yontere

Adaptée e...

## Ƴeew kadi
Hipoksi cerebral

## Tuugnorgal
SEICAP

**Sociedad Española de Inmunologia Clínica, Alergologia e Asma Pediátrica** (SEICAP), woni fedde Espaañnaare toppitiinde ko fayti e alerji sukaaɓe, asma e immunologie clinique, ko fedde ganndal, nde wonaa laamuyankoore, nde faandaare mum ko ƴellitde e sarde ganndal ñawuuji alerji e immunologie baawɗi bonnude sukaaɓe. Gila lewru suwee 2012 SEICAP ina anndiraa wonde fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore. Fannu wiɗto maɓɓe ina waɗi asma cukaagu, rinitis e konjunktiwitis, anafilaksi, dermatitis atopik, dermatitis jokkondirɗo, urtikaari e anjiyoedema, alerji nguura, alerji leɗɗe, alerji lateks, alerji ɓuuɓri ɓowɗi, ŋakkeende immunodefisiyeeji adanɗi, e diƴƴe goɗɗe. Ɗeeɗoo geɗe ina keewi no feewi e sukaaɓe, haa teeŋti noon e leyɗeele ƴellitiiɗe, ina mbaɗa ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 mbuuɗu ngam safrude cellal, tawi noon ina ɓeydoo haa teeŋti noon gila e kitaale 1990..

## Tuugnorgal
Society for Pediatric Radiology

**Sosiyetee ngam radiyoloji sukaaɓe** ko fedde ganndal radiyoloji sukaaɓe. Fedde ndee ina yaltina jaaynde wiyeteende Pediatric Radiology, ina yuɓɓina batu hitaande kala.  sosaa ko e hitaande 1958 e batu ngu waɗaanoo to Wasinton, to Dental Dowlaaji Amerik. Kuuwooɓe e sosde nde ko John Kaffey, Eduard Neuhauser e Frederik Silverman.

E hitaande 1985, Lionel W. Young wonti Afriknaajo-Ameriknaajo gadano hooreejo fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e radiyoloji sukaaɓe.

## Ƴeew kadi

## Rajo
Fedde radiyoloji to Amerik worgo

## Tuugnorgal
Summer penile syndrome

**Sindoron penile summer** (anndiraaɗo kadi ‘Lions Mane Penis’) ko ñawu nguu ina heɓtoo sukaaɓe e sahaa kala, ngu nganndu-ɗaa ko ɓuuɓri, ɓuuɓri (edema), e ɓuuɓri (pruritus) e ɓalndu penile.

## Uja
Sindoron penile summer ina heewi arde e ɓuuɓri chigger e dow penndi, walla, ko ɓuri famɗude, ko ɓuuɓri nokku gonɗo e ɓalndu e leɗɗe ko wayi no poison ivy, sumac, e oak. Ko ɓuri heewde e ñawuuji ɗii ina mbaɗa e lebbi ɓuuɓɗi, tawi ko comci jokkondirɗi e nguleeki ina addana jokkondiral penndi-araknid e penndi-leɗɗe ɓurde waawde.

## Hurgol
Safaaraaji gadani ngam ñawu nguu e nder ndunngu ina mbaɗi antihistamineeji e kompaasuuji coofɗi. E nder caɗeele teeŋtuɗe, ɗo ñawɗo oo woni e muusde no feewi walla tawa o waawaa yaltinde ƴiiƴam, ko kortikosteroid (kortikosteroid) gonɗo e nder ɓalndu ina ƴeewtee.

## Tuugnorgal
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

**Refleks tonik wuddu simmetiri** (STNR) ko refleks primitif mo heewi feeñde e lewru adanndu nguurndam cukalel, ina ustoo so duuɓi mum njahrata e lebbi 9–10. Ko ɓuuɓri ngaandi (reflexe bridging) walla mbayliigu (transitionnel) woni daawal ƴellitaare teeŋtungal, ina haani cukalel ngel waawa waylude gila e lelnude e dow leydi, fayde e ŋoŋɗude walla yahde e koyɗe nay. Ngam yahrude yeeso haa ɓurta ndee ɗoo daawal ƴellitaare, ɓiɗɗo oo ina foti wonde ko o baawɗo seerndude dille otomatik hoore ndee e dille otomatik juuɗe e koyɗe.

STNR ina heewi ƴellitaade haa timma e nder lebbi 6–8, ina ustoo no feewi e nder duuɓi 2–3. So tawii ndeeɗoo refleks ina jogaa ko ɓuri duuɓi 2–3 haa nde "wayli dille yiɗde", cukalel ngel ina hiisee wonde ina jogii "ƴellitaare refleks nde alaa ɗo haaɗi", ɗum noon ina waawi addude batte keewɗe e ƴellitaare cukalel ngel caggal ɗuum.

## Fotde
Refleks wuddu tonik simmetiri ina waawi ƴeewteede e waɗde cukalel ngel e dow leydi, tawa ina ɓuuɓna hoore ndee e dow leydi, tawa ina ɓuuɓna hoore ndee yeeso, caggal ɗuum ina yaajina ɗum caggal. Jaabawol ɗaminaangol ngol wonata ko ɓuuɓgol hoore yeeso ina addana ɓuuɓgol terɗe toowɗe e yaajnude terɗe lesɗe tawa ɓuuɓnugol hoore maa addan yaajde terɗe toowɗe e ɓuuɓnude terɗe lesɗe.

## Maanaa
Ndeeɗoo refleks ina waawi wallude cukalel ngel arde e ngonka koyɗe nay walla ŋoral kono haɗataa ŋoral sabu so wutte oo ɓuuɓtii yeeso, terɗe toowɗe ɗee ɓuuɓtoo, terɗe les ɗee njaha e yaajde. Ndeeɗoo feere yiyataa no feewi walla yaltinaaka e sukaaɓe tokosɓe kono ina waawi yiyeede e mbaadi ɓurndi yaawde e sukaaɓe heewɓe wonduɓe e mboros cerebral palsy.[citation needed]

## Ƴeew kadi
Refleks wuddu tonik asimetrik

## Tuugnorgal
Tonic labyrinthine reflex

**Refleks labirinti tonik** (TLR) ko refleks gadano tawaaɗo e neɗɗo jibinaaɗo keso. E nder ngool refleks, ɓuuɓnude hoore caggal (extension) tawa ina lelii e reedu ina addana ɓalndu nduu tiiɗde haa arti noon e artude caggal, koyɗe ɗee njuumta, njuumta, e ɓuuɓde, koyɗe ɗee njuumta, juuɗe ɗee njuumta (waasde ɓuuɓde e ŋoral e wuttulo, juuɗe ɗee njuumta walla njuumta). Ko rewi heen koo ina waɗa e juuɗe e koyɗe jogiiɗe ɓuuɓri daande. Heɓde ndeeɗoo refleks caggal daawal jibinannde ina wiyee kadi « pattern extension abnormal » walla tonngoode ekstensor.

Heɓde TLR kam e refleksuuji goɗɗi puɗɗiiɗi ko wayi no refleks tonik wuddu asimetrik (ATNR) caggal lebbi jeegom gadani nguurndam ina waawi hollude wonde cukalel ngel ina jogii ŋakkeende ƴellitaare e/walla ŋakkeende neurologique.Yeru, e yimɓe wonduɓe e cerebral palsy, refleksuuji ɗii ina mbaawi ɓurde juutde e even. Ko wayi no refleksuuji ɗi ngonaa no haanirta nii, refleks labyrinthine tonik e refleks wuddu tonik asimetrik fof ina mbaawi saabaade caɗeele e cukalel mawngel ngel. TLR e ATNR fof ina kaɗa golle kuuɓtodinɗe ko wayi no ruttaade, addude juuɗe, walla hay addude juuɗe e hunuko. So waktuuji ɓennii, TLR e ATNR fof ina mbaawi bonnude no feewi jokkondire e ƴiye cukalel mawngel ngel, addana hoore feggere ndee yaltude seeɗa e asetabulum (subluxation) walla yaltude e asetabulum haa laaɓa (dislocation).

## Tuugnorgal
Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart

**Test ƴeewndo ƴellitaare Trivandrum** (TDSC) ko ƴeewndo ƴellitaare sukaaɓe. Nde feewnaa ko e suɓaade geɗe 17 jarriborɗe e nder BSID (Normaaji Baroda).

## Tariya
Nde feewnaa, nde feewnaa ko to nokku ƴellitaare sukaaɓe, to opitaal SAT, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde safaara laamu, to Trivandrum, to leydi Kerala e hitaande 1991.

## Foondugo
Nde tabitinaama to opitaal e to bannge renndo e dow jarribo ƴeewndo ƴellitaare Denver.

E nder sensitivite 66,7% e specificite 78,8%, ina waawi huutoreede hay e golloowo cellal to bannge renndo ngam ƴeewndaade yimɓe heewɓe e ƴettude ko ina wona hojomaaji 5 ngam timminde.Ina heen geɗe keewɗe ƴellitaare hakkille e mooftugol, cakkitiiɗe e nder duuɓi 2 gadani ɗii. Ina ɗaɓɓi tan ko pentol e ɓuuɓri coktirgal ngam wonde geɗe jarribooje.[citation needed]

## Ƴeew kadi
Test ƴeewndo ƴellitaare Baroda

Denver Test ƴeewndo ƴellitaare

Goodenough–Harris Ƴeewndo-Neɗɗo

## Tuugnorgal
Abderhalden reaction

**Reaksiyoŋ Abderhalden** ko ƴeewndo ƴiiƴam ngam anndude so tawii ko reedu, ko Emil Abderhalden feewni ɗum.

E hitaande 1909, Abderhalden yiyti wonde so neɗɗo yiytii poroteyiin jananɗo e nder ƴiiƴam, ɓanndu nduu ina rewna e « fermentation defensive » (e haala hannde kaa, reaction protease) ko ɗum addanta poroteyiin oo ɓuuɓde. O feewni jarribo ngoo ko e hitaande 1912. Ngolɗoo jarribo wonti huunde nde luulndii ko juuti caggal nde ngol feewnaa, kadi golle maantiniiɗe njaltinaama ngam wallitde e salaade hoolaare jarribo ngoo. Gooto e ɗeen binndanɗe joofniri ko "...feere-feere hakkunde seraaji reedu e ɗi ngonaa reedu ina mbaɗa ko heɓaa heen koo fof ina hawra haa laaɓa cer, ina addana ɗum en waɗde feere, hay so tawii ko e karallaagal keewngal, tawa ko huunde nde alaa ko waawi heen wonde so wonaa ko moƴƴi walla ko boni e reedu." (Van Slyke e woɗɓe 1915). Fotde jarribo ngoo fof ko aldaa e hoolaare addani ɗum lomtineede e hitaande 1928 e jarribo Aschheim–Zonek. Sabu darnde Abderhalden toownde, aduna oo fof anndaaka haa ɓooyi caggal maayde makko wonde miijo ngo « enzim defansiyoŋ » (Abwehrfermente) gonɗo les oo, ko fenaande tan (Deichmann & Müller-Hill 1998).

## Tuugnorgal
Abelin reaction

**Reaksiyoŋ Abelin** ko reaksiyoŋ sifaa ngam hollirde woodde arsfenamin e neoarsfenamin e nder ƴiiƴam e ƴiiƴam.

Nde inniraa ko Isaak Abelin, ganndo fisik Suwis.

## Tuugnorgal
Acoustic rhinometry

**Rinometri akustik** ko peeje ƴeewndorɗe nokku e njuuteendi nofru e ɓuuɓri nofru rewrude e ƴeewndo akustik. Ina waawi huutoreede ngam fooɗtude maandeeji anatomiiji nofru, e waylooji gonɗi e nder nofru ngam jaabaade ƴeewndorɗe ɓuuɓnooje alerji. Mawneeki e mbaadi ɓoggi daande peeñɗi ina ndokka humpitooji ko faati e mbaydi e njuuteendi ɓuuɓri nofru, tawa kadi ko leelgol waktuuji peeñɗi ɗii ina nanndi e woɗɗude nofru nduu.

Siyasa
Fooyre ndee waɗata ko e feewnude ɓuuɓol akustik ummoraade e haaloowo walla ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol ngol, ngool ɓuuɓol sonndu ina rewnee e nofru e dow tuuba. Ndeeɗoo ɓuuɓol sonndu ina feeñnina caggal e mikroo, ngool feeñninde ina feeñnina fawaade e waylooji gonɗi e nder weeyo (impédance akustik) nokku oo jowitiiɗi e nokku gonɗo e ŋorol nofru. Mikro oo ina nelda maande sonndu nduu e amplifier e ordinateer baawɗo huutoraade ɗum e nder graphique distance area.

Ɗeeɗoo peeje ina kawri no feewi e peeje nokkuuje baɗaaɗe e CT scans e reentaare ƴiiƴam nofru fotde rhinomanometry, kono won heen ko ɗe ngonaa koolniiɗe e nokku caggal e nde nokku nofru oo ɓuuɓnata..

## Nafooje
Nafoore mawnde e ngalɗoo laawol ko wonde ngol alaa ko nafata rokkude peeje nokku gonɗo e ŋorol nofru e njuuteendi ŋorol nofru e nder doggi waktuuji gooŋɗuɗi. Ɗum ina waawi waɗeede e nder biro, e nder suudu safrirdu, walla e nder safrirde. Ndeeɗoo nokkuure taƴnde ina waawi kadi hollireede no ɓuuɓri nofru e dow ŋoral nofru gila e turbinate lesre haa e nokku 7 cm nofru hade mum hawrude e ŋoral nofru ɗiɗi ngal e nder gootal.

Nafooje no woorunoo
Ko famɗi fof nokku gonɗo e ŋoral nofru e nder tolnooji no woorunoo ko 0,7 cm2 ko ina tolnoo e 0,3-1,2 cm2. E nder ɓuuɓri ina waawi ɓeydaade haa hedde 0,5-1,3 cm2. Njuuteeki ngool laawol fawii ko e jokkondire hakkunde nofru e kaɓirɗe. Misposition tuuba walla ɓuuɓri henndu ina waawi addande njeñtudi ndii feeñde.

## Tuugnorgal
Ɗemngal Idon

Ɗemngal Idon** (Idong), walla **Ajiya**, ko [[Plateau languages|ɗemngal Plateau]] to nder woyla [[Naajeeriya|leydi Najeriya]]**
## Tuugnorgal
ACR score

**Njoɓdi ACR** ko peeje ngam fooɗtude waylo-waylo e maale ñawu nguu. Nde inniraa ko duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Amerik to bannge ƴiiƴam. Njoɓdi ACR ɓuri huutoreede ko e jarribooji safaara, ɓuri huutoreede ko e jokkondiral hakkunde safrooɓe e ñawɗo, sibu ina addana wiɗtooɓe ɓee jogaade tolno gooto.

Degreeji moƴƴitingol ceertuɗi ina mbiyaa ACR20, ACR50, ACR70. ACR20 fuɗɗiima eɓɓaade e limto ACR, fotde 20% ɓeydagol e dow tolno 28 hakkunde. ACR50 e ACR70 njiytiraa ko caggal mum, ko ina wona 50% e 70% e ɓeydagol.

Eskaal teddeendi ñawu nguu (RASS) tuugii ko e taƴe gonɗe e njuɓɓudi toɓɓere ACR.

Laabi peccitagol ñawu nguu e hitaande 2010 ACR / EULAR, tawi ina waɗi ƴeewndorɗe anti-CCP, peewniraa ko ngam tiiɗtinde ñawu nguu e fuɗɗoode, e sifaaji jowitiiɗi e ñawu nguu duumotoongu walla ɓuuɓngu.

## Tuugnorgal
Activated clotting time

**Waktuuji ɓuuɓɗi** (ACT), anndiraaɗi kadi waktu ɓuuɓɗi, ko jarribo ɓuuɓgol.

Test ACT ina waawi huutoreede ngam yuurnitaade batte ɓuuɓri, ko wayi no ummoraade e heparin toowɗo hade, e nder, e ko juuti caggal golle ɗe njiɗ-ɗaa waɗde, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri ɓernde, kardiyoloji interventionnel, trombolyse, oksijen ekstrakorporeel membrane (ECMO), e diiyalis jokkondirɗo. Ina fotnoo leƴƴanɗe potɗe huutoreede ngam ƴiiƴam ɗam fof ɓuuɓta so tawii laawol ndernderiwol ngol ina huutoree e ɓeydagol ɓuuɓnooje faktor XII. Waktuuji ɓuuɓɗi ɗii tuugii ko e tolno gonɗo e mbaydi gonndi e mbaydi, ina ɗaɓɓi nafoore teskinnde ngam ƴeewndaade sabu ŋakkeende jokkondire hakkunde iwdi e formulaasiyoŋ kuutorteeɗo oo. Ina heewi yamireede e nder ngonkaaji ɗo ƴeewndo waktuuji tromboplastin (PTT) ina waawi ƴettude waktuuji ɓurɗi heewde ngam ƴeewndaade walla tawa alaa ko nafata e safaara. For example, systems that do not pre-warm the vial or sample may see increased time to clotting because clotting times increase with temperature.

Juutgol ACT ina waawi hollude ŋakkeende geɗe coagulation, trombositopeni, walla ŋakkeende golle ƴiiƴam. Pooɗondiral waktuuji ɓuuɓɗi ina waawi battinde e leɗɗe ko wayi no warfarin, aprotinin, e GpIIb/IIIa, e ŋakkeende fijirde ko wayi no hipotermi, hipervolemi, e hipovolemi.

Tariya
Ko Hattersley adii waɗde ACT e hitaande 1966. Ko adii ɗuum, ngam yuurnitaade batte ɓuuɓri, ƴiiƴam ina waɗee e nder tuuba gilaas, ina reenee e 37 degere Celsius, ina huutoree e junngo haa ƴiiƴam ɗam natta ɓuuɓde. Nde yani e ƴeewtaade doseeji heparin e nder seppooji ɓernde sabu waktuuji cakkitiiɗi ɗii ina ɗaɓɓiree. So tawii ko dow tuuba gilaas oo ina huutoroo coagulation, waktu ɓuuɓɗo ina waawi ustaade e huutoraade activatoruuji goɗɗi ko wayi no celite e kaolin.

Laabi gollorɗi
Ko ɓuri heewde e ƴiiƴam ina waɗee e nder ɓuuɓri walla e karte wondude e ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam. Sammba oo ina jogaa e nguleeki toɗɗaandi, heewi wonde ko 37 degere Celsius. Toɓɓere joofnirde coagulation ina waawi anndeede e optik (yeru, ɓeydagol opacity yiytaa e sensor optik) walla sifaaji mekanik (yeru, ɓeydagol rigidity yiytaa e mbayliigu huunde e nder ɓuuɓri) ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam. Previously, to monitor coagulation effects, blood was placed in a glass tube, kept at 37 degrees Celsius, and manually manipulated until the blood was no longer fluid. It fell out of favor to monitor heparin dosing during cardiac surgery because of the dedicated time required. While the glass tube surface activated coagulation, the clotting time could be decreased with the use of other activators like celite and kaolin.

## Sappinolji
Njeñtudi ndii ina waawi seertude fawaade e kaɓirɗe e laabi kuutorteeɗi ɗii. Yeru, sisteemuuji ɗi ɓuuɓnataa ko adii ɓuuɓri walla sample ina mbaawi yiyde ɓeydagol waktuuji ɓuuɓgol sabu waktuuji ɓuuɓgol ina ɓeydoo e nguleeki. Ko ɓuri heewde e limtooji ko hakkunde 70 e 120 leƴƴannde. Wonande ñawɓe wonduɓe e antikoagulant, waktu oo ina ɓeydoo.

## Tuugnorgal
Piezoelectric surgery

**Opereeji** ƴiye piezoelektrik ko peeje kuutortooɗe diƴƴe piezoelektrik e kuutoragol taƴgol ƴiye. Laawol ngol ko Fernando Bianchetti, Domenico Versellotti, e Tomaso Versellotti. Nde fuɗɗii huutoreede ko e safaara ko e hitaande 1988. Nde hollitaama ngam huutoreede e nder golle hunduko, e ɓalndu, e ɓalndu e ɓalndu;[citation needed] kono ɓuri huutoreede ko e safaara ortodonti e ɓalndu.

So en ƴeewtindiima ƴoƴre ultrasonic kaɓirgal ngal, ina waawi taƴde ƴiye tiiɗɗe tawa ina ɗacca ƴiye softuɗe ɗe golle ɗee memotaako. Ɗatal ultrasonik ina moofta gila e 10, 30, e 60 cirƴam/s (Hz) haa 29 kHz. Ɓooygol ngol ina addana taƴde mbaydiiji miniraaji, wonaa ƴiye softuɗe. Doole ina mbaawi wayleede gila e 2,8 haa 16 W, tawa ina waɗi doole potɗe huutoreede ngam sifaaji ƴiye ceertuɗe. Tippudi ndii ina diwa e nder 60–200 μm, ko ɗuum addanta taƴde laaɓnde e taƴe laaɓtuɗe. E hitaande 2020 winndannde jowitiinde e toɓɓere piezoelektrik innitiri seppooji piezoelektrik ko gooto e kuutorɗe ɓurɗe teeŋtude e ngalɗoo miijo, ko jiidaa e ƴeewndo ultrasound safaara. Yanti heen e hitaande 2021 laboratuwaar Malhotra to Penn Neurosurgery yaltinii golle ɓeydooje e ngalɗoo laawol ngam kanseeruuji keewɗi e ɓalndu.

## Ƴeew kadi

* Seekogu
* Piyezomagnetism
* Piezoelektrik

## Tuugnorgal
Pierre Pigray

**Pierre Pigray** ko cafroowo Faraysenaajo jibinaaɗo to Pari e hitaande 1531. O woniino almuudo cafroowo lolluɗo biyeteeɗo Ambroise Paré hade makko heɓde seedantaagal cafroowo mawɗo e hitaande 1564. Gaagaa golle makko e gaañiiɓe e wolde Dreux (1562), Pigray ɓuri anndeede ko e laamɗo III, laamɗo Heordinaire, laamɗo cafroowo. e laamɗo Henri IV. O sankii ko ñalnde 16 oktoobar 1613.

Tuugnorgal
Perihepatic packing

**Packing perihepatic** ko feere seppo huutorteende ngam jokkondirde e seppo mboros e heeñere. E nder ngool laawol, heege ina pacciree ngam haɗde ƴiiƴam ɗam yaltataa e ƴiiƴam ɗam, ko ɓuri heewde e mum ko ñawu heege.

E nder ndeeɗoo seppo, paɗe laparotomi ina mbaɗee e sara heeñere ƴiiƴam. Faandaare mawnde e packing hepatic ko haɗde ƴiiƴam ɗam mbele trauma triad maayde ina waawa reeneede. Les walla ɓurtugol paaspoor heeñere ina waawi addude batte bonɗe, so tawii ƴiiƴam ɗam waawaano reentaade e ngalɗoo laawol seppo, manndaa Pringle ko feere woɗnde, baawnde huutoreede e sahaa.

## Tuugnorgal
Penile frenulectomy

**Frenulectomy** (frenulectomy) ko feere seppo ngam taƴde e ittude ƴiiƴam, ngam feewnude ngonka anndiraaka frenulum breve. Ngolɗoo ngonka ina haɗa ɓalndu nduu ruttaade timmunde tawa ina waɗi walla alaa. Ko ɓuri heewde e taƴgol ina waɗi kadi ittugol feccere walla timmungol ƴiiƴam ɗam. Safaaraaji goɗɗi ngam ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam ina mbaɗi : ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam, ɓuuɓri steroid, ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam (feccude ƴiiƴam), e ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam (rewnude ƴiiƴam).

Ko feere saɗnde, nde alaa ko nafata, nde waɗata ko e biro urologist. Ko adii fof cafroowo oo ina waɗa anestetik nokkuyankeewo, ko wayi no kiri lidocaine/prilocaine e dow frenulum e nokkuuji koɗdiiɗi heen. So tawii ñawɗo oo ina jogii ɗoon kala jikku caggal nde anestetik oo heɓi waktu mum, cafroowo oo ina waawi wasiyaade yo o waɗte e safrirde, tawa anestetik oo ina tiiɗi. Anestesi ina ɗaɓɓiree sabu mbaydi nerwel yaajndi e caɗtundi e nder frenulum, anestetik ɓurɗo yaajde ina wiyee ring-block, sifaa nerwel ina waawi huutoreede.

So frenulum oo taƴaama, cafroowo oo waɗa heen ƴiye ngam uddude ñawu nguu. Ñawɗo oo ina waawi rokkeede restoraaji ngam ñawndude ñawu nguu so tawii ina woodi ñawu nguu caggal ɗuum, kono ko ɓuri heewde e mum ko ɓuuɓri tan woni e ɓuuɓnude ƴiye ɗee e dow ɓalndu nduu. So tawii ƴiye ɗee ittaama, e nder balɗe jeeɗiɗi, golle jokkondire no woorunoo ina mbaawi fuɗɗaade.[citation needed] Doktooruuji goɗɗi ina wasiyoo yo lewru wooturu nduu sellu.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Osteoplasty

**Osteoplasti** ko caltal seppo jowitiingal e moƴƴitingol ƴiye walla ƴettugol ƴiye. Ko waylude walla waylude sifaa ƴiye e nder seppo. Ina waawi huutoreede ngam ustude mette jowitiiɗe e ñawu ƴiye metastatik.[source médicale unreliable?] Osteoplastie percutanée ina waɗi huutoraade semmbe ƴiye ngam ustude mette e moƴƴinde yah-ngartaa. Osteoplasti reseksiyoŋ ina huutoree e seppooji ngam hisnude jokkondire e ƴiye ɓalndu e koyɗe.

Ƴeew kadi

* Osteopaati
* Ortopedi
* Osteoblaas

## Tuugnorgal