Bulgariya

**Bulgariya**, e ɗon laabi laamu ko leydi Bulgariya, ko leydi wonndi e Fuɗnaange-rewo Yuroopu. Bulgariya woni ko bannge hirnaange maayo ɓaleejo e fuɗnaange maayo Danube, leydi Bulgariya ina heddi ko leydi Giriis e Turki to fuɗnaange, Serbi e Maseduwaan worgo to bannge hirnaange, Rumaani to bannge worgo. Njaajeendi mayri ko 110 994 kiloomeetaje kaaree (42 855 kiloomeeteer kaaree), ndi woni leydi 16ɓiri ɓurndi mawnude e nder Yuroopu. Sofiya woni laamorde ngenndi ndii e wuro ɓurngo mawnude; gure mawɗe goɗɗe ina mbaɗi Burgas, Plovdiv, e Varna. Ina jeyaa e renndooji gadani e nder leyɗeele Bulgariya hannde ɗee, pinal Karanovo (6 500 ko adii jibineede Iisaa). E teeminannde 6th haa 3th ko adii jibineede Iisaa, diiwaan oo wonnoo ko nokku hare hakkunde Tarasinaaɓe, Perse en, Selt en e Maseduwaan en ɓooyɓe ; deeƴre ari ko nde laamu Room heɓti diiwaan oo e hitaande ɗumngu 45. Caggal nde laamu Room feccii, njilluuji leƴƴi e nder diiwaan hee puɗɗii. Hedde teeminannde 6th, ko Slave en adanɓe koɗnoo e ɗeen terɗe. Bulgariya en, e gardagol Asparuh, njani e leyɗeele Bulgariya mawɗe ɓooyɗe, njani e Balkan en haa abada e darorɗe teeminannde 7th. Ɓe cosi Laamu Bulgariya gadano, ngu laamu Bizantiin jaɓi e nanondiral e hitaande 681 caggal iisa. Nde jiimi ko ɓuri heewde e Balkan en, nde jogii batte keewɗe e pine Slavic en e ƴellitde binndol Sirilik. Laamu Bulgariya gadano jooɗii haa fuɗɗoode teeminannde 11th, nde laamɗo Bizantiin biyeteeɗo Basil II heɓti ɗum, fusi ɗum. Muurtere Bulgariyayankoore nde heɓi nafoore e hitaande 1185, sosi Laamu Bulgariyae ɗiɗaɓo, ngu yettii ɗo tolnii e laamu Ivan Asen II (1218-1241). Caggal hareeji keewɗi tiiɗɗi e hareeji fedde nde, laamu nguu yani, e hitaande ɗumngu alif 1396 nguu yani e laamu Ottomaan en fotde teeminanɗe joy.

Konu Russi-Turki 1877-78 waɗii sosde dowla tataɓo e hannde oo, leydi Bulgariya, ndi bayyini jeytaare mum e laamu Ottomaan e hitaande 1908. Leƴƴi Bulgariya keewɗi heddii ko yaasi keeri leydi kesiri ndii, ɗum addani ɗum en ustude miijooji ɗi ngalaa jeytaare luure e hoɗdiiɓe mum e jokkondiral mum e Almaañ e nder hareeji winndereeji ɗiɗi ɗii kala. E hitaande 1946, Bulgariya naati e les njiimaandi Sowiyet en, wonti leydi sosiyaalist. Lannda kominist laamu nguu woppi laamu mum caggal nde 1989 waɗi wooteeji, o acci wooteeji lanndaaji keewɗi. Ndeen leydi Bulgariya wayliima wonti demokaraasi e faggudu luumo. Gila nde Bulgariya ƴetti doosgal demokaraasi e hitaande 1991, ko leydi parlemaa ngootiri, ndi diiwaanuuji 28 ngoni, tawi ina jogii darnde toownde e nder politik, e njuɓɓudi laamu, e faggudu.

Bulgariya ina jogii faggudu keewndu, faggudu mum luumo ina jeyaa e luumo ngootaagu Yuroopu, ko ɓuri heewde ko e sarwisaaji, rewi heen ko gollorɗe—haa teeŋti e mahngo masiŋaaji e njulaagu—e ndema. Leydi ndii ina wondi e caɗeele demokaraasi ; keewal yimɓe mum tolniima e miliyoŋaaji 9 e hitaande 1989, gila ndeen ustiima haa les miliyoŋaaji 6,4 e hitaande 2024. Bulgariya ina jeyaa e Dental Yuroopu, e nokku Schengen, e OTAN, e Diiso Yuroopu. Ko kañum kadi woni tergal sosngal OSCE, kañum ƴettii jooɗorde e nder Goomu Kisal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe laabi tati.

## Etimoloji
Innde Bulgariya ndee iwdi ko e Bulgariya en, leñol iwdi Turki, sosngo Laamu Bulgariya gadano. Innde maɓɓe faamaaka no feewi, ina saɗi ko rewindaade ɗum ko adii teeminannde 4th caggal iisa,[8] kono ina gasa tawa ummorii ko e helmere Proto-turki bulģha ("jillondirde", "diwtude", "ɓurtude") e... iwdi mum bulgak ("muurtere", "jiiɓru").[9] Maanaa oo ina waawi ɓeydaade yaajde haa "rebel", "udditde" walla "waɗde ngonka jiiɓru", e noon, e nder mbaydi gonndi e mum, "jiiɓru". Leƴƴi e nder Asii ndernderiiji jogiiɗi inɗe ɓadtiiɗe to bannge fonoloji ina keewi siforeede e konnguɗi nannduɗi, hono Buluoji, jeyaaɓe e pelle "Barbarian en joy", ɗe e nder teeminannde 4th kolliraama no ɗiɗo fof: "leñol jillondirngol" e "caɗeele". [13]

## Ɗuɗugo yimɓe
Ɗuɗugo jama’aje Bulgariyaya yaari 7,364,570 do limgo jama’aje 2012. Geɓe 72.5% be ɗuɗugo yimmɓe leddiman be ɗon joɗi der bernije. Yahugo 2019, Sofia kanjim’on berniwol ɓuri ɗuɗugo yimɓe ɗon hosi ɗuɗugo yimmɓe 1,241,675 be Plovdiv (346, 893), be Varna (336,505), be Burgas (202,434) be Ruse (142,902). Bulgariyaya’en kanbi’on mawɓe je nan ɓe 84.8% je ɗuɗugo yimɓe leddi man.
Sai ɗuɗugo maɓɓe Turkanko'en wodi geɓe jetati 8.8% be Rumawa ɓe ɗon tokkindiri be gebe 4.9% wodi. Fere bo jananɓe ɓe hosi geɓe man.

## Tariya

### Ko adii daartol e ɓooygol

Heddiiɓe e Neanderthal ina njogii ko ina wona duuɓi 150 000 jooni, walla Paleolitik hakkundeejo, ko yoga e batte golle aadee gadane e nder leyɗeele Bulgariya hannde ɗee.[14] Heddiiɓe e Homo sapiens tawaaɗi toon ina njogii duuɓi c. 000 hitaande BP. Ndee ɗoo yi’annde ina hollita gargol aadee hannde oo e nder Yuroopu.[15][16] Pinal Karanovo ummii ko c.6,500 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, o jeyaa ko e renndooji keewɗi e nder diiwaan hee, ɗi ƴellitii e ndema.[17] Pinal Varna e jamaanu njamndi (ujunere joyaɓere ko adii jibineede Iisaa) ina wiyee ko kañum sosi njamndi kaŋŋe.[18][19] Ngalu Varna Necropolis jokkondirngu nguu ina waɗi kaɓirɗe kaŋŋe ɓurɗe ɓooyde e winndere ndee, tawi duuɓi mum ina njahra e duuɓi 6 000.[20][21] Ngalu nguu ina waɗi nafoore ngam faamde njuɓɓudi renndo e njuɓɓudi renndooji Yuroopu gadani ɗii.[22][23][24]

Tracians, gooto e leƴƴi tati gadani ɗi Bulgariya en hannde, peeñii e duunde Balkan en won e sahaaji ko adii teeminannde 12th ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[25][26][27] Trace en ɓuri waawde njamndi, ɓe ndokki Gerek en kulhuli Orphean e Dionysian, kono ɓe ngoni ko e leƴƴi e ɓe ngalaa leydi.[28] Laamu Akemenid Perse heɓtii geɗe Bulgariya hannde ɗee (haa teeŋti e fuɗnaange Bulgariya) e teeminannde 6th ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ɓe njokki e dow diiwaan oo haa hitaande 479 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[29][30] Naatgol ngol wonti catal ngam ngootaagu Trace, ko ɓuri heewde e leƴƴi maɓɓe kawri e laamu laamɗo Teres ngam sosde laamu Odrysian e kitaale 470 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[28][30][31] Ko Filip II mo Makedon leefni nde e hitaande 341 ko adii jibineede Iisaa,[32] nde Selt en njani e mum e teeminannde 3th,[33] nde wonti diiwaan laamu Room e hitaande 45 ko adii jibineede Iisaa.[34]

E darorɗe teeminannde 1th caggal Iisaa, laamu Room sosaa e nder duunde Balkan ndee fof, diine kerecee en fuɗɗii sarde e nder diiwaan hee hedde teeminannde 4th.[28] Deftere Gothic—deftere aranndeere ɗemngal Germanic—ɗum bishop Gothic Ulfilas tagi haa nokkuure nde woni hannde haa woyla Bulgariyaa hedde hitaande 381.[35] Diiwaan oo naati e les njiimaandi Bizantiin caggal nde Rome yani e hitaande 476. Bizantiinnaaɓe ina ngondi e hareeji juutɗi e Perse, ɓe mbaawaano daɗndude leyɗeele maɓɓe Balkan en e njiimaandi barbaar en.[36] Ɗuum addani Slavi en naatde e duunde Balkan en e nder leydi hee, ko adii fof ko e nokku hakkunde maayo Danube e koɗli Balkan en anndiraaɗi Moesia.[37] Seeɗa-seeɗa, nder leydi ndi wonti leydi Slave en worgo, wuurɓe e les demokaraasi.[38][39] Slaav en ina njiyloo feccere e Thrace en, ɓe ngonaa Helennaaɓe, Romanaaɓe, e Gotik en e nder gure teeru.[40][41][42][43]

### Laamu Bulgariya gadano

Ɓooytaani caggal nde Slavic en naati, Moesia naati kadi, oo sahaa ko Bulgariya en e gardagol Khan Asparukh.[44] Horde maɓɓe ko heddiiɓe e Bulgariya mawɗo ɓooyɗo, fedde leƴƴi majjunde, tawaande to fuɗnaange maayo ɓaleejo e nder ko wiyetee hannde Ukrani e fuɗnaange Riisi. Asparukh yani e leyɗeele Bizantiin to Moesia, o heɓti leƴƴi Slavic en toon e hitaande 680.[26] Nanondiral jam e laamu Bizantiin siifondirii e hitaande 681, ko ɗum woni sosngo laamu Bulgariya gadano. Bulgar en tokosɓe ɓee mbaɗii kasta laamɗo ɓadiiɗo.[45]

Laamɓe lomtiiɓe ɓee semmbinii laamu Bulgariya e nder teeminannde 8th e 9th fof. Krum naatni binndi sariyaaji[46] e ƴeewtindori njillu mawngu Bizantiin e wolde Pliska, ɗo laamɗo Bizantiin biyeteeɗo Nicephorus I waraa.[47] Boris I momtii paganism ngam naftoraade diina Ortodoks fuɗnaange e hitaande 864. Tuubugol ngol rewi ko e jaɓgol Bizantiin e eklesiya Bulgariya[48] e jaɓde alkule Sirilik, ƴellitiiɗe e nder laamorgo leydi ndii, Preslav.[49] Ɗemngal gootal, diine e binndol semmbini laamu hakkundeejo, seeɗa-seeɗa ina hawra e Slav en e Bulgar en e nder leñol gootol haalooɓe ɗemngal Slavic gootal.[50][49] Duuɓi kaŋŋe puɗɗii ko e laamu Simeyon mawɗo duuɓi 34, gardinooɗo yaajde leydi ɓurndi mawnude e dowla oo.[51]

Caggal maayde Simeyon, Bulgariya leefnii hareeji e Magyar en e Pecheneg en e saaktude fenaande Bogomil.[50][52] Preslav nanngaama e konu Bizantiin e hitaande 971 caggal nde Rus e Bizantiin njani e mum.[50] Laamu nguu heɓtii ko juuti e hareeji ɗi Samuil waɗi,[53] kono ɗum joofi ko nde laamɗo Bizantiin biyeteeɗo Basil II fooli konu Bulgariya to Klyuch e hitaande 1014. Samuil maayi ko juuti caggal wolde ndee,[54] e hitaande 1018 Bizantiin en keɓii Bulgariya gadano oo Laamu.[55] Caggal nde ɓe keɓi, Basil II haɗii murtooji ɗii, o jokki laamu laamuuji nokkuuji ɗii, o naatni ɗum en e birooji e aristokraasi Bizantiin, o woppi leyɗeele maɓɓe e fartaŋŋe yoɓde njoɓdi kaŋŋe, o acci njoɓdi e mbaadiiji mum en.[56][57] Patriarcat Bulgariyae ustaama wonti arsibiskop, kono jokki e darnde mum otosefaal e dioceses mum.[57][56]

### Laamu Bulgariya ɗiɗaɓo

Daartol nder leydi Bizantiin wayliima caggal maayde Basil, murtooji keewɗi mbaɗi, ɗi ngalaa nafoore, ɓurɗi mawnude ɗii ko Peter Delyan ardii ɗum en. Laamu laamu nguu ustii caggal nde konu nguu fooli to Manzikert e dow Seljuk en, kadi ngu ɓeydii mettinde ɗum e hareeji kulɓiniiɗi. Ɗuum haɗi Bizantiin en waɗde Hellenisation, ɗum waɗi kadi leydi ɓuuɓndi ngam ɓeydaade murtude. E hitaande 1185, mawɓe laamu Asen, Ivan Asen I e Peter IV mbaɗii fitina mawɗo, ɓe keɓii sosde laamu Bulgariya. Ivan Asen e Peter ndarni laamu Bulgariya ɗiɗaɓu ngu laamorgo mum woni Tarnovo.[58]

Kaloyan, tataɓo e laamɓe Asen, yaajtini laamu mum haa Belgrade e Ohrid. O jaɓi ɓural ruuhuyankeewal paap, o heɓi kadi kuɗol laamɗowol e juuɗe legaat paap.[59] Laamu nguu yettiima ɗo tolninoo e laamu Ivan Asen II (1218-1241), nde keeri mum njaajni haa yettii daande maayo Albani, Serbi e Epirus, njulaagu e pinal ina ƴellitoo.[59][58] Laamu Ivan Asen kadi ina maantiniri mbayliigu e Rome e nder geɗe diine.[60]

Laamu Asen majjii e hitaande 1257. Hareeji nder leydi e hareeji Bizantiin e Hong Kong ɗi ngoppaani, ɗum addani Mongol en waawde jogaade laamu e dow leydi Bulgariya ndi leefɗi.[59][60] E hitaande 1277, gardiiɗo baali biyeteeɗo Ivaylo ardii murto mawngo remooɓe, riiwi Mongol en e leydi Bulgariya, waɗi mo laamɗo ko juuti.[61][58] O liɓaama e hitaande 1280 e juuɗe jom en leyɗeele fedde ndee,[61] ɓe hareeji maɓɓe hakkunde maɓɓe ngaddi Laamu Bulgariya ɗiɗaɓu nguu feccude e laamuuji fedde ndee tokoosi e nder teeminannde 14th.[58] Ɗee dowlaaji rump peccitaaɗi—tsardoms ɗiɗi to Vidin e Tarnovo e Despotate Dobrudzha—laatii ƴaañorgal weeɓngal ngam kulhuli kesi garooji ummoraade Fuɗnaange-rewo: Turki en Ottomaan en.[59]

## Tuugnorgal