Ismat Chughtai

**Ismat Chughtai** (21 ut 1915 - 24 oktoobar 1991) ko winndiyanke Urdu, binndoowo daartol, humanist liberal e waɗoowo filmuuji. Puɗɗagol e kitaale 1930, o winndii ko heewi e tiitooɗe ko wayi no jokkondiral rewɓe e rewɓe, jikkuuji hakkundeeji, e luural hakkunde yimɓe, heewɓe heen ko e yiyannde Marx. E mbaadi ndi nganndu-ɗaa ko goonga binndol, Chughtai tabitinii hoore mum no daande maantiniinde e nder binndol Urdu teeminannde noogasɓere, e hitaande 1976 laamu leydi Indiya rokki mo njeenaari Padma Shri.

## Nguurndam

## Fuɗɗoode nguurndam mum e golle mum (1915–41)
Ismat Chughtai jibinaa ko ñalnde 21 ut 1915 to Badayun, Uttar Pradesh, e galle Nusrat Khanam e Mirza Qaseem Baig Chughtai; ko kanko woni nayaɓo e nder ɓiɓɓe sappo—miñiraaɓe jeegom e miñiraaɓe rewɓe nayo.[1] Galle oo ina heewi yahde nde tawnoo baaba Chughtai ko golloowo laamu; o waɗi cukaagu makko e nder gure bayɗe no Jodhpur, Agra, e Aligarh—ko ɓuri heewde ko e fedde banndiraaɓe makko nde tawnoo banndiraaɓe makko rewɓe fof resndiino nde o woni suka no feewi. Chughtai siftinii batte banndiraaɓe mum ko huunde himmunde baɗnde neɗɗaagal makko e duuɓi makko gonɗi e ƴellitaare. O miijii ko miñiiko ɗiɗaɓo, hono Mirza Azim Beg Chughtai (kañum ne ko winndiyanke), ko o jannginoowo. Ɓesngu nguu jooɗiima haa Agra, caggal nde baaba Chughtai woppi golle laamu leydi Indiya.[2]

Chughtai heɓi jaŋde mum leslesre to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde rewɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde juulɓe Aligarh, o heɓi kadi seedantaagal makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Isabella Thoburn e hitaande 1940.[3] Hay so tawii ɓesngu makko ina haɓana ɗum no feewi, o timminii jaŋde makko leslesre to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde juulɓe Aligarh hitaande rewtunde ndee.[2] Ko e oon sahaa Chughtai jokkondiri e Fedde Winndooɓe Progressive, nde tawnoo o tawtoraama batu makko gadano e hitaande 1936 ɗo o hawri e Rashid Jahan, gooto e winndooɓe rewɓe ɓurɓe mawnude e nder dillere ndee, mo caggal ɗuum o heɓi njeenaari ngam wallitde Chughtai winndude " jikkuuji rewɓe goonga, caɗtuɗi".[4][5] Chughtai fuɗɗii winndude e nder suudu hedde oon sahaa, kono o ɗaɓɓaani bayyinaango ngam golle makko haa caggal ɗuum.[5]

Nde puɗɗii-mi winndude, wonno ko mbaydi -- winndude geɗe njimri walla winndude no Progressive nii. Nde puɗɗii-mi winndude, yimɓe ɓee mbeltiima no feewi sabu mi winndii ko laaɓti no feewi [...] Mi winndaani ko mbiyaten "literarily." Mi winndii miɗo waɗa winndude no kaaldirmi nii, e ɗemngal laaɓtungal no feewi, wonaa ɗemngal binndol.

—**Chghtai e binndanɗe mum gadane, e nder yeewtere nde o waɗdunoo e Mahfil e hitaande 1972.[6]**

Chughtai winndi drama ina wiyee Fasādī (Caɗeele) ngam jaaynde Urdu Saqi e hitaande 1939, ko ɗum woni deftere makko adannde yaltinnde. Nde yalti, janngooɓe ɓee njuumti ko e pijirlooji miñiiko Chughtai biyeteeɗo Azeem Beg, winndi e innde fenaande.[7] Caggal ɗuum, o fuɗɗii winndude e jaayɗe e jaayɗe goɗɗe. Won e golle makko gadane ina jeyaa heen Bachpan (Cukaagu), deftere nde o winndi e nguurndam makko, Kafir (Kafirɗo), daartol makko gadanol, e Dheet (Stubborn), ko o haala tan, e woɗɓe.[8] E nder jaabawol daartol ngol o winndi e jaaynde, Chughtai wiyi wonde golle makko ina njuumta, ina mbonna Quraan.[9] Oon noon, o jokki e winndude ko fayti e "geɗe ɗe o nanata".[9]

Jokkude jokkondiral Chughtai e Diɗɗal Winndooɓe Yahruɓe yeeso ina joginoo batte keewɗe e mbaadi binndol makko ; o ɓuri heen welde ko Angarey, deftere nde terɗe fedde nde mbinndi e ɗemngal Urdu, ina jeyaa heen Jahan, Sajjad Zaheer, Sahibzada Mahmuduzaffar e Ahmed Ali. Woɗɓe e batte mum gadane ina njeyaa heen winndooɓe hono Wiliyaam Sidney Porter, Joorji Bernard Shaw, e Anton Chekhov.[9] Kalyān (Buds) e Cōtēn (Gaañiiɓe), ɗiɗo e nder defte Chughtai gadane, njaltinaama e hitaande 1941 e hitaande 1942.[8]

Deftere Chughtai adannde wiyeteende Ziddi, nde o winndi e duuɓi makko capanɗe jeegom, nde o winndi e hitaande 1941. Deftere ndee ina haala giɗli hakkunde debbo gooto, golloowo e ballal galle e nder galle alɗuɗo, e ɓiy jom golle mum. Chughtai caggal mum yeewtidii e nanondiral e tiitooɗe e mbaadi deftere ndee e golle winndiyanke romantik biyeteeɗo Hijab Imtiaz Ali, o siftini mo wonde ko o baawɗo goɗɗo e fuɗɗoode. Miijooji ɗii njettii novella oo, sabu "prose compelling"[10] e rokkude "[glimpses] e nder aduna ɗo rewɓe etotoo yaltude e kaɓirɗe ɗe rewɓe woɗɓe tagi, wonaa worɓe".[11] Winndiyanke e winndiyanke daartol juutngol biyeteeɗo Aamer Hussein, e nder ƴeewndo mum 2015, nanndini Chughtai "daande oracular, nde haalataa walla firtaani, kono nde janngini daartol ngol e teskagol yimre" e daande winndiyanke Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Toni Morrison.[10] Ziddi caggal mum firtaama e ɗemngal Engele ko Wild at Heart, o waɗtaa e filmo 1948 mo innde mum nanndi.[1]

**Weltaare e waylude filmo (1942-60)**

Caggal nde o timmini dipolom makko Bachelor of Education, Chughtai heɓiino ɗaɓɓude golle gardiiɗo duɗal sukaaɓe rewɓe to Aligarh. Ko ɗoon o hawri e Shaheed Latif, o woni e janngude master to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde juulɓe Aligarh e oon sahaa.[7] Chughtai jokki winndugo ngam defte feere-feere wakkati o woni haa Aligarh. O heɓi nafoore e daartol juutngol ko wayi no Gainda e Khidmatgaar e pijirlooji Intikhab, ɗiin fof njaltinaama e nder yonta oo.[12] Ndeen o ummiima Bombay e hitaande 1942, o fuɗɗii golloraade ko Inspectre duɗe.[7] E darorɗe hitaande ndee, o resi Latif, mo jooni woni binndoowo kaaldigal to Bollywood, e nder kewu keeriiɗo

Batte e mbaadi binndol

## windugoBatte e mbaadi binndol
Chughtai ko juulɗo liberal mo ɓiyum debbo, ɓiyiiko gorko, e ɓiyiiko gorko ina resndaa hindu en. E konngol makko, Chughtai ummorii ko e galle "Hindu en, juulɓe e Kerecee'en ɓe fof nguurdi e jam".[50] O wii o janngataa Qur’aana tan, kono kadi Gita e Biibal e udditaare.[50]

Daartol Chughtai ngol ina hollita pinal diiwaan mo o hoɗi oo. Ɗuum hollitaama no feewi e daartol makko "Sacred Duty", ɗo o haali ko fayti e caɗeele renndo e nder leydi Indiya, o tuugnii e aadaaji ngenndiiji, diineeji e pinal keertiiɗi.[51][52]

E nder duuɓi Chughtai, Nazar Sajjad Hyder tabitinii hoore mum daande rewɓe jeytaare, e daartol juutngol rewɓe ɗiɗo ceertuɓe no feewi, Hijab Imtiaz Ali e Rashid Jehan, kadi ko batte maantinɗe e fuɗɗoode.[53]

Heewɓe e binndanɗe makko, haa arti noon e Angarey e Lihaaf, ngoppaama e nder Asii fuɗnaange sabu ko woni e mum koo ko reformist e feministe ina mettini e konservatiif en (yeru, miijo makko wonde Niqab, woni mbaydi ndi rewɓe ɓoornotoo e nder renndooji juulɓe, ina foti ustude rewɓe juulɓe sabu ɗum ko tooñannge e fedde).[54][55]

**E nder pinal yimɓe**

E nder filmo Saadat Hasan Manto mo hitaande 2018, tiitoonde mum, Manto, jikku makko ko Rajshri Deshpande holliri ɗum.

Filmu drama mo ɗemngal hindi Indiya hitaande 2019, Lihaaf: The Quilt tuugnii ko e daartol ngol, hoodereeji ɗii ko Anushka Sen, Tannishtha Chatterjee, Mir Sarwar, Sonal Sehgal, Shoib Nikash Shah, Namita Lal, e Virendra Saxena. Ardii ɗum ko Rahat Kazmi.[57]

## Binndanɗe ko faati e Ismat Chughtai
Ismat: Nguurndam makko, jamaanu makko. Sukrita Paul Kumar, Katha, New Delhi, 2000. .

Ismat Chughtai, Daande Kulaani. Manjulaa Negi, Rupa e Co, 2003.81-29101-53-X.

"Torchbearer revolution binndol". Hindu, Alet 21 lewru Mbooy 2000.[1][usurped]

Kashmir Uzma Urdu yontere, Srinagar, 27 Duujal 2004, 2 Yarkomaa 2005.[2]

“Ismat Chughtai – Pakistaan-Inndo (1915-1991)”, Yimɓe Duniyaaru, 5 May 2006.[3]

Eyad N. Al-Samman, “Ismat Chughtai: Debbo juulɗo mo alaa ɗo haaɗi e fiction Urdu”, Yemem Times, 13 lewru Abriil 2009

## Teddungal
Ñalnde 21 ut 2018, Google mawninii duuɓi mum 107 e Google Doodle.[58]

## Bibliografi
Winndannde mawnde: Doggol golle Ismat Chughtai

Filmogaraafi

## windugo
Vidiyo

Hitaande Tiitoonde Role Notes

1948 Shikayat – Winndiyanke kaaldigal

1948 Ziddi –

1950 Arzoo –

1951 Busdil –

1952 Siisaa –

1953 Fareb – Kadi ko gardiiɗo

1954 Darwaaza –

1955 Renndo –

1958 Sone Ki Chidiya – Kadi peewnoowo

1958 Lala Rukh – Kadi ko gardiiɗo e peewnoowo

1966 Baharen Fir Bhi Ayengi –

1973 Garam Hawa – njeenaari ɓurndi moƴƴude e daartol (renndini ko e Kaifi Azmi)

1978 Junoon Mariyam Labadoor Cameo feeñde

Caught ai ko juulɗo liberal mo ɓiyum debbo, ɓiyiiko gorko, e ɓiyiiko gorko ina resndaa hindu en. E konngol makko, Chughtai ummorii ko e galle "Hindu en, juulɓe e Kerecee'en ɓe fof nguurdi e jam".[50] O wii o janngataa Qur’aana tan, kono kadi Gita e Biibal e udditaare.[50]

Daartol Chughtai ngol ina hollita pinal diiwaan mo o hoɗi oo. Ɗuum hollitaama no feewi e daartol makko "Sacred Duty", ɗo o haali ko fayti e caɗeele renndo e nder leydi Indiya, o tuugnii e aadaaji ngenndiiji, diineeji e pinal keertiiɗi.[51][52]

E nder duuɓi Chughtai, Nazar Sajjad Hyder tabitinii hoore mum daande rewɓe jeytaare, e daartol juutngol rewɓe ɗiɗo ceertuɓe no feewi, Hijab Imtiaz Ali e Rashid Jehan, kadi ko batte maantinɗe e fuɗɗoode.[53]

Heewɓe e binndanɗe makko, haa arti noon e Angarey e Lihaaf, ngoppaama e nder Asii fuɗnaange sabu ko woni e mum koo ko reformist e feministe ina mettini e konservatiif en (yeru, miijo makko wonde Niqab, woni mbaydi ndi rewɓe ɓoornotoo e nder renndooji juulɓe, ina foti ustude rewɓe juulɓe sabu ɗum ko tooñannge e fedde).[54][55]

## E nder pinal yimɓe
E nder filmo Saadat Hasan Manto mo hitaande 2018, tiitoonde mum, Manto, jikku makko ko Rajshri Deshpande holliri ɗum.

Filmu drama mo ɗemngal hindi Indiya hitaande 2019, Lihaaf: The Quilt tuugnii ko e daartol ngol, hoodereeji ɗii ko Anushka Sen, Tannishtha Chatterjee, Mir Sarwar, Sonal Sehgal, Shoib Nikash Shah, Namita Lal, e Virendra Saxena. Ardii ɗum ko Rahat Kazmi.[57]

Binndanɗe ko faati e Ismat Chughtai

Ismat: Nguurndam makko, jamaanu makko. Sukrita Paul Kumar, Katha, New Delhi, 2000. .

Ismat Chughtai, Daande Kulaani. Manjulaa Negi, Rupa e Co, 2003.81-29101-53-X.

"Torchbearer revolution binndol". Hindu, Alet 21 lewru Mbooy 2000.[1][usurped]

Kashmir Uzma Urdu yontere, Srinagar, 27 Duujal 2004, 2 Yarkomaa 2005.[2]

“Ismat Chughtai – Pakistaan-Inndo (1915-1991)”, Yimɓe Duniyaaru, 5 May 2006.[3]

Eyad N. Al-Samman, “Ismat Chughtai: Debbo juulɗo mo alaa ɗo haaɗi e fiction Urdu”, Yemem Times, 13 lewru Abriil 2009

## Teddungal
Ñalnde 21 ut 2018, Google mawninii duuɓi mum 107 e Google Doodle.[58]

## Bibliografi
Winndannde mawnde: Doggol golle Ismat Chughtai

## Filmogaraafi

## Vidiyo
Hitaande Tiitoonde Role Notes

1948 Shikayat – Winndiyanke kaaldigal

1948 Ziddi –

1950 Arzoo –

1951 Busdil –

1952 Siisaa –

1953 Fareb – Kadi ko gardiiɗo

1954 Darwaaza –

1955 Renndo –

1958 Sone Ki Chidiya – Kadi peewnoowo

1958 Lala Rukh – Kadi ko gardiiɗo e peewnoowo

1966 Baharen Fir Bhi Ayengi –

1973 Garam Hawa – njeenaari ɓurndi moƴƴude e daartol (renndini ko e Kaifi Azmi)

1978 Junoon Mariyam Labadoor Cameo feeñde

## Njeenaaje e teddungal
Hitaande golle Njeenaari Categori Njeñtudi Ref.

1974 Terhi Lakeer Ghalib heɓi njeenaari ɓurndi moƴƴude e filmo urdu [59].

1974-75 Garam Hawa heɓi njeenaari filmuuji ngenndiiji daartol ɓurngol moƴƴude

Njeenaari Filmfare Taariindi ɓurndi moƴƴude heɓi

– Njeenaari laamu leydi Indiya – Won

1976 – njeenaaje siwil en Inndonaajo biyeteeɗo Padma Shri Won [60].

1979 – Njeenaari binndol Makhdoom heɓi

1982 – Njeenaari Nehru leydi Sowiyet – heɓi [61].

1990 – Iqbal Samman heɓi jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Urdu to Rajasthan [61].

## Ƴeew kadi
Doggol winndooɓe Inndo

## Tuugnorgal

## Teskorɗe
^ Fuɗɗoode.[13][44][45][46]

## Ciimtol
^ Juppude haa: a b c d Gopal, Priyamvada (2012). Radikalism binndol e nder leydi Indiya: Jinnaaɗo, ngenndi e waylude jeytaare. Jaaynde Ruutledge. 83-84. . Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 23 oktoobar 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 26 abriil 2018.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d Parekh, Rauf (30 ut 2015). "Binndol: Ismat Chughtai: nguurndam mum, miijo mum e naalankaagal mum". Fajiri. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 6 Duujal 2017. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 24 Abriil 2018.

^ Namita (11 noowammbar 2014). "Binndi laaɓtundi rowrowre defterdu AMU". Mint. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 12 oktoobar 2017. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 24 abriil 2018.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Bahuguna, Urvasi (15 ut 2017). "Jbinaa ko e ñalawma jeytaare leydi Indiya garoowo, Ismat Chughtai winndi ko fayti e aduna mo o yiyi, mo o yiɗaa". Yillo.nder. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 16 oktoobar 2017. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 25 abriil 2017.

^ Juppude haa: a b Maklan, Karlin. "Fantaas ko keeri: Goonga, Fantastik e tooñannge e nder fijirde Urdu hakkunde teeminannde noogas" (PDF). Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Teksas, to Austin. Arsiif (PDF) gila e asli mum ñalnde 4 Duujal 2013. Ƴeewtaa ko 11 Yarkomaa 2012.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Koppola, Karlo (1972). "Yewtere e Ismat Chughtai". Mahfil. 8 (2–3);

^ Juppude haa: a b c d Naqwi, Tahira (1993). "Ismat Chughtai–Teddungal" (PDF). Hitaande jaŋde Urdu. 8. Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wiskonsin. Arsiif (PDF) gila e asli mum ñalnde 26 abriil 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 25 abriil 2018.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f g Bano, Farhat (2013). "Feñgol hakkille rewɓe e nder rewɓe juulɓe haala Aligarh" (PDF). Duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Calcutta. Arsiwiraa ko e asli (PDF) ñalnde 14 mee 2018. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 13 mee 2018 – e laawol Shodhganga.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d Patel, Aakar (14 ut 2015). "Penndol Ismat Chughtai ngol hulaani". Mint wuurɗo. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 26 abriil 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 25 abriil 2018.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e f g Huseyn, Aamer (4 ut 2015). "Hol no foti balɗe maayo waawi jogaade baraas?". Jaaynde Kindle. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 4 suwee 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 suwee 2019.

^ Afif Siddiqi, Shams (5 suwee 2014). "Laamu ɓernde". Telegaraam oo. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 19 suwee 2019.

^ Juppude haa: a b Gupta, Neeta. "Haalaaji juutɗi". Duɗal Janngugol Udditiingol. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 6 mee 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 27 abriil 2018.

^ Juppude haa: a b c Kumar, Kuldeep (20 lewru Yarkomaa 2017). "Siftorde ƴaañoowo". Hindu en. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 14 lewru Mbooy 2018. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 8 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ Mitra, Ipshita (28 suwee 2012). "Eeraango jinnaaɗo gooto e nder binndol". Jamanuuji leydi Indiya. Keɓtinaama ñalnde 7 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ Juppude haa: a b Asadudiin, M (1 abriil 2012). "Dude, ɗum wonaa ko boni". Telegaraam oo. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 7 lewru Mbooy 2018. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 7 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ Shamsie, Muneeza (27 noowammbar 2016). "Daande rewɓe Ismat Chughtai". Fajiri. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 7 lewru Mbooy 2018. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 7 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ Pool Kumar, Sukrita; Saadiik, Saadiik (2000). Ismat: Nguurndam makko, jamaanu makko. Defte Katha. p. 65. . Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 18 suwee 2019.

^ Jump up to: a b "Jalngu jibinannde Ismat Chughtai: Ƴeewto golle makko ciftorteeɗe". Ekspres indiyanke. 21 lewru bowte 2018. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 23 suwee 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 17 suwee 2019.

^ Zakariya, Rafiya (26 oktoobar 2013). "Ismat Chughtai: Adunaaji nder rewɓe jannguɓe". Fajiri. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 20 abriil 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 5 mee 2018.

^ Gautam, Nista (22 lewru bowte hitaande 2015). "Ismat Chughtai, a jaaraama sabu ko a Tedhi Lakeer men". Ñalawma kalaO. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 6 lewru Mbooy 2018. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 5 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ Juppude haa: a b Rajadyaksha, Ashish; Wilemen, Pool (2014). Ansiklopedi Sinema Indiya. Routledge. p. 80. . Nde ƴettaa ko ñalnde 7 mee 2018.

↑ Hayder, Kuraatulaayin (25 lewru bowte hitaande 2017). "Ismat Chughtai cuusi ƴellitde mbaydi naafigaagal e nder renndo Inndo". Ñalawma kalaO. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 12 lewru Mbooy 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 11 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ Sadiik, Daktar; Paul Kumar, Sukrita (2000). Ismat: Nguurndam makko, jamaanu makko. Defte Katha. p. 92. . Nde ƴettaa ko ñalnde 12 mee 2018. Nde ƴettaa ko ñalnde 11 mee 2018.

^ Gahlot, Deepa (2015). Take-2: 50 Filmuuji potɗi ƴeewteede. Hay House, Inc. . Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 12 lewru Mbooy 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 11 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ "Nutan haa abada". Rediff.com. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 12 lewru Mbooy 2018. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 11 lewru Mbooy 2018.

^ Somaaya, Bhawana (2016). Nde wootere Dow