Lituwaniya

**[[Lituwaniya]]** (**Lituwaani**) ko leydi wonndi e diiwaan Baltik e Yuroopu.[a] Ina jeyaa e leyɗeele tati Baltik, ina woni e daande maayo Baltik fuɗnaange. Nde heeddi ko Letton to bannge worgo, Belaruusiya to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange, Poloonya to fuɗnaange, e semi-ekklaaf Riisi Kaliningrad Oblast to fuɗnaange-rewo, e keeri maayo e Suwed to hirnaange. Wertallo leydi Lituwaani ko 65 300 km2 (25 200 km2), yimɓe mum ina tolnoo e 2,86 miliyoŋ neɗɗo. Laamorde mayri e wuro ɓurngo mawnude ko Vilnius ; birniiji mawɗi goɗɗi ɗii ko Kaunas, Klaipeda, Shiauliya e Panevežis. Lituwaannaaɓe njeyaa ko e fedde etnolinguistik Balt en, ina kaala Lituwaan, gooto e terɗe seeɗa tan wuurɓe e caltal Baltik e nder galle ɗemɗe Indo-Yuroopu, ko ngal kadi woni ɗemngal ɓurngal haaleede e caltal ngal.

Duuɓi ujunnaaje, leƴƴi Baltik ceertuɗi ina nguurnoo e daande maayo Baltik to fuɗnaange-rewo. E kitaale 1230, leyɗeele Lituwaani kawritii ko adii fof ko Mindaugas, sosi Laamu Lituwaani ñalnde 6 sulyee 1253. Caggal ɗuum, yaajde e tiiɗtinde ɗum addani Lituwaani mawnude, tawi e teeminannde 14ɓiire ko leydi ɓurndi mawnude e Yuroopu. [22] E hitaande 1386, Duki mawɗo oo naati e de facto de facto dental keeriiɗo e Koronaawiris Laamu Poloñ. Laamuuji ɗiɗi ɗii kawritii e nder leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗe Poloñ e Lituwaani mbaɗi e hitaande 1569, ɗe ngoni gootal e dowlaaji ɓurɗi mawnude e ɓurɗi alɗude e nder Yuroopu. Commonwealth juuti ko ɓuri teeminanɗe ɗiɗi, haa leyɗeele hoɗdiiɓe ɗee ndartini ɗum seeɗa seeɗa hakkunde 1772 e 1795, tawi Laamaandi Riisi heɓti ko ɓuri heewde e leydi Lituwaani. Hakkunde wolde adunaare adannde, Lituwaani bayyini jeytaare mum e hitaande 1918, sosi leydi Lituwaani hannde ndii. E wolde adunaare ɗiɗmere, Lituwaani heɓtinaama e juuɗe Dental Sowiyet, ndeen ko Almaañ Nazi, hade mum heɓtude ɗum e hitaande 1944. Hare Lituwaani e juuɗe Sowiyet juuti haa puɗal kitaale 1950. Ñalnde 11 mars 1990, hitaande hade Dental Sowiyet fusde e dow laawol, Lituwaani wonti leydi Sowiyet gadani ndi seerti e mum nde o bayyini wonde o artirii jeytaare makko.[23]

Lituwaani ko leydi ƴellitiindi, jogiindi ngalu keewngu, faggudu yahrundu yeeso, woni 37ɓo e nder limto ƴellitaare aadee (HDI) e 19ɓo e nder ciimtol weltaare winndere.[24] Lituwaani ko tergal Dental Yuroopu, e Diiso Yuroopu, e zone euro, e Banke Nordik, e nanondiral Schengen, e OTAN, e OCDE. Ina tawtoree kadi e mbaadi gollondiral diiwaan Nordik-Baltik (NB8).

## Etimoloji

Winndannde adannde anndaande e innde Lituwaani (Lituwaani: Lietuva) woni ko e daartol Saint Bruno ñalnde 9 mars 1009 e nder deftere wiyeteende Quedlinburg.[25] Taariikaaji ɗii mbinnditii innde Lietuva ndee e nder latin: Litua[26] (ina wiyee [litua]). Sabu ŋakkeende hujjaaji laaɓtuɗi, maanaa goonga innde ndee anndaaka, annduɓe ina njeewta ɗum haa jooni. Won heen ko ina wona mbaydiiji seeɗa.[27]

Nde tawnoo Lietuva ina jogii jokkol (-uva), ina foti wonde helmere asliire nanndunde e mum tawa alaa jokkol.[27] Kanndidaa ina waawi wonde Lietā. Sabu etnonimuuji Baltik keewɗi ummorii ko e hidronimuuji, annduɓe ɗemɗe njiytii iwdi mum en e nder hidronimuuji nokkuuji. Heewi wonde ko inɗe ɗee peeñata ko e ngalɗoo laawol : hidronim → toponim → etnonim.[28] Lietava, maayo tokooso ngo woɗɗaani Kernavė, nokku ɓurɗo mawnude e dowla Lituani fuɗɗoode, kadi ina waawi wonde laamorgo adanngo Duchy mawɗo Lituwaani, ina heewi wiyde ko kañum woni iwdi innde ndee.[28] Kono maayo ngoo ina famɗi no feewi, won heen ina cikka wonde huunde tokosere, nokkuure ndee ina waawi rokkude innde mum leñol ngol fof. To bannge goɗɗo oo, hono ndeeɗoo innde meeɗaa yiyeede e daartol winndere ndee.[29]

Artūras Dubonis hollitii miijo ngoɗngo,[30] wonde Lietuva ina jokkondiri e helmere leičiai (keewgol leitis). Gila e cakkital teeminannde 13ɓiire, leičiai ko fedde renndoyankoore warngooji ceertuɗi e nder renndo Lituwaani gonɗo les njiimaandi laamɗo Lituwaani walla dowla oo e hoore mum. Konngol leičiai ngol huutoraama e nder iwdiiji daartol teeminannde 14–16ɓiire ngam wonde leñol Lituaniyankooɓe (kono wonaa Samogitiyankooɓe) e ngol huutortee haa jooni, ko ɓuri heewde e jimɗi walla e nder daartol, e ɗemngal Letton, ngal jokkondiri e Lituwaani.[31][31][ 32][33]

## Joografi

Lituani woni ko e diiwaan Baltik to Yuroopu[a], njaajeendi mum ko 65 300 km2 (25 200 km2).[55] Nde woni ko hakkunde latitudeeji 53° e 57° N, ko ɓuri heewde heen ko hakkunde njuuteendi 21° e 27° E (feccere e ŋoral Curonian woni ko bannge hirnaange 21°). Ina waɗi fotde 99 kiloomeeteer (61,5 mi) e daande maayo, ko hedde 38 kiloomeeteer tan (24 mi) e mayre ina fawii e maayo Baltik udditiingo, ko famɗi fof e dowlaaji ɗiɗi Baltik keddiiɗi ɗii. Heddii ko daande maayo ngoo, ko ŋoral njaareendi Kuroniyankeewal. Porto mawɗo ndiyam ngulɗam Lituwaani, hono Klaipėda, woni ko e daande maayo Kuro (Lituwaani: Kuršių marios), maayo ɓuuɓngo, yaajngo haa fuɗnaange haa Kaliningrad. Maayo mawngo e ɓurngo mawnude e nder leydi ndii, hono maayo Nemunas, e yoga e ɓulli mum ina njogii laanaaji hakkunde leyɗeele.

Lituani woni ko e daande maayo Yuroopu worgo. Leydi mayri ina ɓuuɓnaa e ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi e yontaaji ɓuuɓɗi cakkitiiɗi ɗii, kadi ko jillondiral hakkunde leyɗeele leslese e toowɗe. Toɓɓere mayre ɓurnde toowde ko tufnde Aukštojas to 294 meeteer (965 ft) to bannge fuɗnaange leydi ndii. Nokku oo ina waɗi maayooji keewɗi (yeru, maayo Vištytis) e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi, e nokkuuji laddeeji jillondirɗi ina njogii ko ina ɓura 33% e leydi ndii. Drūkšiai ɓuri mawnude, Tauragnas ɓuri luggiɗde e Asveja woni maayo ɓurngo juutde e nder leydi Lituwaani.

Caggal hiisaade keerol duunde Yuroopu e hitaande 1989, Jean-George Affholder, ganndo to Duɗal Geographique National (Duɗal Geographique Ngenndiwal Farayse), hollitii wonde cakaare geɗe Yuroopu woni ko e Lituwaani, to 54°54 ′N 25°19′E, kilooji 26 (16 mi) to fuɗnaange laamorgo leydi Lituwaani, hono Vilnius.[56] Affholder waɗi ɗum ko e hiisaade cakkital teddeendi limre joometiri Yuroopu.

### Tarde

Caggal nde Lituwaani heɓti jeytaare mum e hitaande 1990, Aplinkos apsaugos įstatymas (Sariya jowitiiɗo e ndeenka weeyo) ƴettaa ko adii e hitaande 1992. Sariya oo rokkii hujjaaji ngam yuɓɓinde jokkondiral renndo e fannu ndeenka weeyo e hakkeeji baɗɗiiɗi e ndeenka weeyo yimɓe e nder reende keewal nguurndam gonngal e nder leydi Lituwaani, e nder njuɓɓudi ekolosii e leydi.[60] Lituwaani jaɓii taƴde ko famɗi fof 20% e tolnooji 1990 e hitaande 2020, ko famɗi fof 40% e hitaande 2030, wondude e denndaangal terɗe Dental Yuroopu. Kadi, e hitaande 2020 ko famzi fof 20% (27% e hitaande 2030) e nder vursugol semmbe leydi ndii ina foti ummoraade e vursugol semmbeeji kesi.[61] E hitaande 2016, Lituwaani yaltinii sariyaaji teeŋtuɗi jowitiiɗi e depasuuji konte, ɗum addani mooftude 92% e denndaangal paaspooruuji e hitaande 2017.[62]

Lituwaani alaa koɗli toowɗi e leydi mum ina heewi laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi, laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi e gese cereeli ɓuuɓɗe. Kono tan, nde seerti e keewal gure, ɗe njoginoo ko adii ɗuum cuuɗi ɗo Lituani en ɓooyɓe njuɓɓinnoo hirsirde ngam laamɓe pagan.[63] Lituwaani ko diiwaan keewɗo ndiyam, ko ina ɓura 3 000 maayo, ko ɓuri heewde heen ko to fuɗnaange-rewo. Leydi ndii ina heewi kadi maayooji keewɗi, teeŋti noon e Nemunaaji ɓurɗi juutde.[63] Lituwaani ina jogii ekoreeji ɗiɗi leydi : laddeeji jillondirɗi Yuroopu hakkundeejo e laddeeji jillondirɗi Sarmatik.[64]

Ladde ina jeyaa e geɗe ɓurɗe teeŋtude e nder leydi Lituwaani. Laddeeji ina njogii tataɓal leydi ndii e peewnugol gollorɗe jowitiiɗe e leɗɗe ina tolnoo e 11% e peewnugol gollorɗe leydi ndii.[65] Lituwaani ina jogii parkeeji ngenndiiji joy,[66] parkeeji diiwaanuuji 30,[67] 402 nokkuuji restoraaji,[68] 668 geɗe ndonaandi tawaaɗe ɗe laamu reenata.[69]

E hitaande 2018 Lituwaani woni joyaɓo, ɗiɗaɓo caggal Suwed (nokkuuji 3 gadani ɗii ndokkaaka) e nder limto golle mbayliigu weeyo (CCPI).[70] Nde mari 2019 limngal limngal 1.62/10, nde woni 162 nder duniyaaru nder 172 lesdi.[71]

### Keewceeral nguurndam

Ekosistemaaji Lituani ina mbaɗi ekosistemaaji tawaaɗi e semi-natural (laddeeji, ɓulli, nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e laddeeji), e ekosistemaaji antropogenik (ndema e gure). E nder ekosistemaaji tago, laddeeji ina teskaa e Lituwaani, ina njogii 33% e leydi ndii. Leyzeele vurze moxxude (bogge vurze toowde, feggere, vurze moxxude ekn) ina njogii 7,9 % e leydi ndii, zum woni 70 % e leyzeele ze majjii sabu vursugol ngol e vursugol tovo ngo hakkunde 1960 e 1980. Waylooji e nder renndooji lezze vurze moxxude ze addani lomtaade moos e renndooji huɗo e leɗɗe e leɗɗe, e fenaande nde alaa ɗo haaɗi e ƴellitgol leydi, ɓeydii yoorde sabu toɓɓere ndiyam. Ina waɗi 29 000 maayo tawi njuuteendi mum en ko 64 000 km e nder leydi Lituwaani, tawi ko maayo Nemunas ina jogii 74% e leydi ndii. Sabu mahngo baraasuuji, ko ina tolnoo e 70% e nokkuuji ɗo liɗɗi potɗi jibineede ɗii njibinata, majjii. Won heen, ekosistemaaji maayooji e maayo ina njokki e batte eutrophication anthropogenic.[74]

Leydi ndema ina waɗi 54% e leydi Lituwaani (fotde 70% e leydi ndi ko leydi ndema e 30% ko laddeeji e laddeeji), ko ina tolnoo e 400 000 ha leydi ndema ndemaaka, ina waɗi kadi nokkuuji ekolosii ngam huɗo e leɗɗe njiylotooɗe. Bonannde hoɗorde ina waɗa e diiwanuuji jogiiɗi leyɗeele keewɗe, caɗtuɗe, nde tawnoo nokkuuji ndema ina njaaji. Hannde, 18,9% e denndaangal leɗɗe, tawi heen 1,87% e denndaangal leɗɗe funeeɓe anndaaɗe e 31% e denndaangal leɗɗe liɗɗi anndaaɗe, ina limtaa e deftere boɗeere Lituwaani. Doggol ngol ina waɗi kadi 8% e liɗɗi ɗii fof.[74]

Yimɓe kulle ladde ɗee ɓeydiima no feewi nde tawnoo dogdu nduu ɓeydiima famɗude, urbanisation addani laddeeji ɗii ɓeydaade (laddeeji ɗii ɓeydiima fotde laabi tati gila nde ɗi ngoni lesɗi ɗii). Hannde, Lituwaani ina jogii ko ina tolnoo e 250 000 daabaaji ladde ɓurɗi mawnude walla 5 e kala kiloomeeteer kaaree. Daabaaji ladde mawɗi ɓurɗi heewde e kala nokku e nder leydi Lituwaani ko ƴiye, ina heen 120 000. Rewi e maɓɓe ko baali (55 000). Kosam ɗam ko : ƴiye (~22 000), ƴiye (~21 000) e ɓurɗe mawnude : moose (~7 000). E nder kullon ladde Lituani, ko mborosaaji ɓuri heewde (~27 000). Wolf en noon ɓuri waawde huutoreede ko e miijooji ɗii nde tawnoo ko 800 tan ngoni e Lituwaani. Hay ko ɓuri famɗude ko linngu (~200). Daabaaji mawɗi ɗi kaal-ɗen dow ɗii, ina heen mboros oo, ~200 000 e majji ina mbaawi wuurde e nder laddeeji Lituwaani.[75]

## Nate

File:Trakai-Troki.jpg|Duundeere Trakai, Lituani
File:Tytuvėnai Monastery Church Interior, Tytuvėnai, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|Eklesiya dewal Tytuvėnai, nder leydi Lituwaani
File:Vilnius Modern Skyline At Dusk, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|Asamaan hannde oo, ko wuro Vilnius, to leydi Lituwaani
File:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania.jpg|Ministeer geɗe caggal leydi Lituwaani
File:Lithuanian State Symbol - The Columns of Gediminas (Gediminaičių stulpai) above the doors, Kaunas, Lithuania, Interbellum.jpg|Aalamji Leydi Lituwaani
File:Church of St. Teresa Interior 3, Vilnius, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|Yiyngo nder eklesiya St. Teresa


## Tuugnorgal