Nigerian English

**Engeleshire Naajeeriya**, anndiraande kadi Engeleshire Naajeeriya, ko ɗemngal Engeleshire kaaleteengal e nder leydi Najeriya. Tuugnaade e ɗemngal Engele Biritanik, ɗemngal ngal ina waɗi kelme ñamlaaɗe e collocations ceertuɗe ummoraade e ɗemɗe ngenndiije Naajeeriya, sabu haaju hollirde miijooji keertiiɗi e pine leƴƴi nder ngenndi ndii (e.g. debbo mawɗo).

Pidgin Naajeeriya, pidgin ummoriiɗo e Engele, ɓuri huutoreede ko e jeewte ɗe ngonaa njuɓɓudi, kono Engele Naajeeriya Standard huutortee ko e politik, jaŋde njuɓɓudi, jaayndeeji, e kuutorɗe laamu goɗɗe.

### Ɗemɗe Woodi ɗemɗe tati mawɗe ɗe Engele Naajeeriya: Engele Hausa (haalooɓe Hausa), Engele Igbo (Igbo’en kaala) e Engele Yoruba (Yoruba’en kaala). Engele Pidgin Naajeeriya ina heewi haaleede no feewi e nder diiwaan Fuɗnaange-Fuɗnaange Naajeeriya (Edo, Maayooji, Bayelsa, Delta, et-cetera), kadi ina haalee e saraaji firooji dialectical Engele Najeriya [ko woodi e mbaadi hakkundeejo e nder Naajeeriya fof e dow (n) anecdotal, toɓɓere renndo ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri anndeede e ko Hausa firti ɗum].
Hay so tawii Hausa, Igbo e Yoruba ina keɓa wonde leyɗeele tati mawɗe politik e nder leydi Najeriya (fawaade e limooje-limtol), pidgin English, 'patois' nokkuure nde hollirta ko mbaydi casual e ɗemngal Engele Najeriya, ina anndaa ko ɓuri heewde e sifaaji Diiwaan Fuɗnaange-Fuɗnaange leydi Naajeeriya ɓuri nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder leydi ndi.

Nde ɓuri heewde e ɗemngal pidgin kaaleteengal e nder wuro Lagos, ngal sahaa e sahaa fof ina yiyee tan ko ɗemngal Engele Naajeeriya gonngal e nder wuro-Yoruba. Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt e Bini City ko misaaluuji gure mawɗe Naajeeriya ɗo ɗemngal Engele pidgin ngal goonga, haa teeŋti noon e goɗɗi.

### Ko woni e renndo-pinal Engeleere Naajeeriya ko ɗemngal Engeleere nativized. Hono no Engele Afrik worgo nii, jibinannde mum e ƴellitaare mum e nder Engele Aduna Keso ina hawri e sahaa koloñaal Angalteer e caggal mum. Engeleere Naajeeriya wonti ɗemngal nativized ngal gollortoo ko keeriindi e nder pinal mum.
Engeleere Naajeeriya ɓooyii wonde miijo luulndiingo sabu miijo "Standard Nigerian English" (SNE) ina saɗi tabitineede, so en ƴeewii fossilisation mo waɗi e nder janngingol Engeleere e nder diiwanuuji keewɗi e nder leydi Najeriya, ngam a geɗe keewɗe ko ɓuri heewde ko "naatgol, ŋakkeende kaɓirɗe, e cuuɗi janngirɗe keewɗi yimɓe".

Jokkondiral hakkunde Engele Standard British e Engele Nijeer, jogiiɗe kuule ɗiɗi ceertuɗe no feewi, ko wayi no kuule grammaire, noddaango, e binndol, addani toon feeñde e ko ɓuri heewde e "analogy faulty", miijo wonde sabu sifaa grammaire gooto ina nanndi e goɗɗo e kuutoragol, the... kuule jowitiiɗe e arandeere ndee ina kuutoree kadi e ɗiɗaɓere ndee, e nder ko Okoro inniri "substandard" sifaaji Engele Naajeeriya.

Feereeji seeɗa kawritii e nder renndooji ɗi ndarni ceertugol hakkunde sifaaji ceertuɗi hay e nder ɗemngal Engele Najeriya, ɗiin fof ko jowitiiɗi e nafooje pinal ɗe kollitaaɗe no feewi e ɗemngal Engele. Yeruuji ɗiɗi ɓurɗi heewde ko "yaafo" e "sir". Maanaa "sorry" ina heewi hollude won e mbaadiiji kuuɓtodinɗi e bannge neɗɗo haaloowo ɗum, kono wonande kala sifaaji Engele Naajeeriya, ɗum huutortee ko ngam hollirde yurmeende e mbaadi keeriindi, walla hollirde yurmeende e kala mo heɓi musiiba . "Sir" walla lomtinde inɗe e tiitooɗe ina hollita teddungal e nafoore toownde wonande neɗɗaagal. Tacking on "sir" e tiitoonde woɗnde ("Professor sir") ina hollita tolno ɓurɗo mawnude e teddungal e ko woodi walla ko ɓuri heewde e neɗɗaagal.

Hay so tawii tolnooji laaɓtuɗi kuutoragol Engeleere Naajeeriya ina luurdi, miijo wooto hollitii wonde ina woodi tolnooji nay kuutoragol e nder Engeleere nativized, kono wonaa indigenous:

Toɓɓere 1: Pidgin, haaltee ko ɗemngal casual
Toɓɓere 2: Ɗatal dow, e ɓurngal haaleede. Haala ko ɓeen jogiiɓe jaŋde leslesre[6].
Toɓɓere 3 : Maandeeji ɗii ko leksikon ɓurɗo yaajde, ƴoƴre e huutoraade sifaaji ɗi haalooɓe Toɓɓere 1 "rewnata" haalooɓe ɓeen jogiiɓe "jaŋde hakkundeere"[6]
Toɓɓere 4: Eɓɓaande no NSE nde tawnoo sifaaji mum ina nanndi no feewi (kono haa jooni ina waɗi sifaaji Najeriya) "to Standard English", kaalaaɗo e ɓeen jogiiɓe jaŋde kolees[6].
Siistem toɓɓe ko gooto tan e nder ceertugol teskinngol e nder realisations pragmatiques e ɗemngal Engele Najeriya. Ngam sifaa woodgol mum e nder leydi Najeriya, ɗemngal Engele ngal wonti ko huunde nde hoɗɓe e leydi Najeriya ɓee ngoni e haɓaade nguurndam ɓurɗam nativisitic, ɓe ngarta e haala ɓurka heewde e ɗemɗe ɓiyleydaagu leydi Najeriya.[7] Kono noon, sifaa naatgol ngol e darnde Engele e nder huutoraade nafooje koloñaal e nder leydi Nijeer caggal koloñaal, addani won heen wiyde Engele seerndaani e sifaa ɗemngal e nder diiwaan hee.Kesɗitingol leksiko-semantik
Woodi geɗe tati gonɗe e peeje kese ɗe mbaɗi ngam ƴellitde ɗemngal Engele e nder leydi Najeriya:[8] "konnguɗi ñamlaaɗi, kaalis, e waylooji maanaaji".

### Konnguɗi ñamlaaɗi Loanword ko Oxford Dictionary firti ko "konngol ƴettaangol e ɗemngal jananal tawa waylaaka seeɗa walla alaa ko wayli". Engeleere Naajeeriya ina jogii kelme keewɗe ɗe ngalaa ko nanndi e ɗemngal Engeleere kono ɗe ndartinii koye mum en e nder ɗemngal ngal e maanaa keeriiɗo.[9] Yeruuji gonɗi les ɗii, ko Grace Ebunlola (ina ƴetta ɗi):
agbada: ko sifaa mbaydi ɓuuɓndi wonande worɓe, haa teeŋti noon e nder Yoruba en: ‘Mawɗo Ogini ɓoornii ko agbada to ñalngu dewgal.’
babban riga: ko sifaa mbaydi juutndi, loowndi worɓe, haa teeŋti e nder Hausa en: ‘Miɗo yiɗi babban riga maa no feewi.’
akara: huunde ñaamdu, ina wiyee kadi ‘cake bean’
akamu pap: sifaa ɓuuɓri gawri: ‘Hannde subaka mi ñaamii akara e akamu.’
akpu, banga, eba, egusi, ogbono, tuwo: ‘suukara’ (e ɗemɗe Naajeeriya ceertuɗe), hono no: ‘Kala nde ñaammi eba, miɗo wondi e ɓuuɓri reedu’; ‘Mbele miɗo waawi ñaamde tuwo?’; ‘Mi yiɗaa uurngol akpu’; ‘Mi yiɗan nyaamugo suukara ogbono jillondirɗo bee egusi.’ Akpu e ogbono ɗon laaɓi iwdi diga ɗemngal Igbo, tuwo Hausa. Banga ɓuri nanndude e Dowla Delta (hay so tawii ko nanndi e ñameele peewnaaɗe e huunde wootere; ɗum woni, ɓuuɓri palme; ina woodi e saraaji Najeriya, yeru, Igbo ofe akwu, Ibibio-Efik abak atama, Isoko izuwo ibiedi, Itsekiri obe eyin-ikpogi suukara banga-egusi). Akamu ko konngol renndini hakkunde Yoruba e Igbo e ina wayi no ina gasa tawa egusi ko, kadi.
danfo, okada: laawol yah-ngartaa: ‘Aɗa yaha e danfo walla aɗa ƴetta okada.’
adakaji, oba: tiitooɗe laamu, hono no: ‘Adakaji II wonnoo ko e laamɗo oba Lagos.’
Koyɗe
Coinages, hay so ina nanndi e loanwords, ina kuutoroo no sifaa colloquialism haalteeɗo e ɗemngal Engele kono ina jogii maanaa pinal keeriiɗo. Ɗee kadi ina keewi no feewi e ɗemngal Engele Naajeeriya.[10] So en tuugniima e loanwords, coinages ina keewi jogaade nguurndam juutɗam, ina huutoree ngam fawaade e pinal keeringal hannde, kadi ko noon, ina maaya ko yaawi caggal nde keɓaa.[10]Yeruuji ɗii ko Abdullaahi-Idiagbon e Olaniyi ndokki ɗum en:

Koyngal juutngal (maanaa "jokkondiral moƴƴal")
Ndimaagu e nuunɗal
Ngaree e duuɓi
Taƴde tapi (fotde taƴde leydi e nder leydi Angalteer)
Nokku mo yahdaani
Gorko leɗɗe e kalifaandi
Kaalis-saak
Juggernaut politik/Teddungal
Jom suudu politik (sehil kawtal walla dognoowo)
Nanondiral Konkordiya
Doole les (debbo huutortooɗo jokkere enɗam mum ngam yeeyde)
Coinages ngonaa gootum e akronimuuji, hay so tawii noon Engele Naajeeriya ina jogii akronimuuji keertiiɗi.

Akronimuuji ina njogii golle keewɗe, ina njokki e kuule ɗe akronimuuji Standard English : alkule gadane ɗee ƴettetee ko e kala konngol e nder konngol (haa teeŋti e tiitooɗe birooji, gollorɗe laamu ekn).

### Waylooji maanaa Janngugol semantik ko, e nder kuuɓal, janngugol kuuɓtodinngol maanaa kelme.
Yeru ɓurɗo heewde e waylo-waylo maanaa ko e ƴellitgol maanaa kelme Engele ngam faandaare e kuutoragol Naajeeriya. Ɗuum ina waawi addande maanaaji asliiji Engele "mbayliigu, keertiiɗi, walla yaajɗi".

Yeru, e won e nokkuuji, hay so tawii maanaa winndereyankeewo "trek" ina jogii maanaa juutɗo walla yahdu caɗtundu, kuutoragol Naajeeriya firti ko "yahdu juutndu".

Yeru teeŋtuɗo e semantik e nder NE ko huutoraade salminaango keewngo. Ndeen ƴaañgal maanaa ina waawi waylude maanaa konngol Engele kono kadi ina hollita huunde e pinal Naajeeriya. Yeru, konngol "goodnight, ma" ina waawi wiyeede ko aldaa e waktu ñalawma, ina gollira tan ko no miijo wonde neɗɗo gonɗo e haala oo yiyataake haa ñalnde wonnde.Ɗuum ɓuri teskaade ko e pinal Yoruba.[4]Fonoloji
Ndee feccere ina waɗi binndanɗe fonetik e nder alkule fonetik winndereeje (IPA). Ngam heɓde doggol naatgol e maandeeji IPA, ƴeew Ballal:IPA. Ngam seerndude [ ], / / ​​e ⟨ ⟩, ƴeew IPA § Ɗemɗe e keerol binndol.
No binndol ngol woniri jooni nii, ko ɓuri heewde e wiɗtooji fonologiiji ɗii ƴeewtindiima ko heewi e haalooɓe Engele e nder leydi Nijeer, ummoriiɓe e nokkuuji keewɗi (diiwaan iwdi, golle hannde, renndo, ekn). Wonno heen ko teeŋti e diiwanuuji ko wayi no ɗi Hausa, Igbo, e Yoruba.

A particularly expansive example of semantics in NE is the use of a variety of greetings. That stretching of meaning can change the meaning of the English phrase but also represents something from Nigerian culture. For example, the saying "goodnight, ma" can be said regardless of time of day and functions simply as an assumption that the person in question will not be seen until the next day.

Engele Naajeeriya ina waawi miijaade no Engele Amerik nii e nder ngal ɗoon laawol: no Engele Amerik nii, Engele Najeriya ina seerti e diiwaanuuji, kadi ko noon, waylooji fonoloji ina peeñnina e laabi ceertuɗi e nder diiwanuuji ceertuɗi.

A particularly expansive example of semantics in NE is the use of a variety of greetings. That stretching of meaning can change the meaning of the English phrase but also represents something from Nigerian culture. For example, the saying "goodnight, ma" can be said regardless of time of day and functions simply as an assumption that the person in question will not be seen until the next day.

Won e geɗe ɓurɗe waawde huutoreede e nder Engeleeji Naajeeriya ina jeyaa heen:

Daande -z nde "s" woni e binndol wonta daande, ɗum woni "boys" ina wiyee /ˈbɔɪs/.

Some common features across Nigerian Englishes include:

* Voiced -z sounds in which the "s" is present in spelling become voiceless, i.e. "boys" is pronounced .

Yeeso alkule /ɪ/ e nder /e/, hollirteeɗe e kelme ko wayi no "expect", mbiyaten /ekˈspekt/ e nder NE.
Sabu frikatif palato-alveolar /ʒ/ daande woodaani e ko ɓuri heewde e sifaaji Nijeer, kala konngol ngol fonem ina waylee e daande -sh /ʃ/, ko wayi no e konngol "conclusion", ngol mbiyatee ko /kənˈkluːʃən/ e nder NE.
Suffix konnguɗi keewɗi e helmere “jooni”, haa teeŋti noon so waɗde yeru huunde. Yeru (1); ngam minit gooto wonde ko ñalngu nguu janngo aɗa waɗa heen fedde/celebration). Yeru (2): “woto mi waɗtu hay hunduko jooni” (mi yiɗaa joofnude haalde ko mi nimsa mbele mi haaldata heen no feewi, ko famɗi fof wonaa tawo); “on yimɓe ina poti wiyde mi wonde on ngarii, jooni” (miɗo yiɗi anndude mi wonde on njiɗii njillu).