Mahnaz Afkhami

**Mahnaz Afkhami (Persian: مهناز افخمي; jibinaa 14 janngo 1941) ko haaniyankeewo hakkiilo rewɓe Iraniyanko'en, o waɗi golle e nder laamu Iran gila 1976 haa 1978. O woni mo o haɓɓii e hooreejo wonde Women's Learning Partnership (WLP), mo o woni ardiiɗo jaaynde Foundation for Iranian Studies e mo o woni Minista'en Fedde rewɓe nder laamu Iran. O jooɗii e nder leydi Amerik gila 1979.**

Afkhami ko daraniiɗo hakkeeji rewɓe gila e kitaale 1970.[3] O sosi e o ardii pelle keewɗe ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje, jowitiiɗe e ɓamtude darnde rewɓe e nder leydi Iraan, caggal ɗuum e nder winndere ndee kala.[4] O jannginii e o yaltinii defte keewɗe ko fayti e dille rewɓe winndereyankooje, hakkeeji aadee rewɓe, rewɓe e ardaade, rewɓe e karallaagal, ngonka rewɓe e nder renndooji ɗi juulɓe ɓuri heewde e ko fayti e tawtoreede rewɓe e mahngo renndo siwil e demokaraasi. Defte makko firaama e ɗemɗe keewɗe, ɗe njaltinaama e nder winndere ndee.[5][6]

## Golle

## Ardorde e tawtoreede politik
E duuɓi 17, Afkhami naati e senndikaa, o dañii heen nafoore ngam haɓaade ŋakkeende hakkeeji makko e nder golloowo nde golloowo gooto woppi mo golle mum ko juuti, caggal ɗuum o artiri mo golle ngam waasde yoɓde njulaagu ngu o dañi.[7] O yettii ndee ɗoo yeewtere nde o rokki mo miijo wonde yuɓɓinde ina waawi addude waylo-waylo renndo.[citation needed]

E hitaande 1976, Afkhami naamnaama yo o naata e kabine laamu Iran, o wonti jaagorde geɗe rewɓe.[2] Posto oo woodaano to Iraan ko adii ɗuum kadi neɗɗo goɗɗo jogiiɗo hono ndeeɗoo darnde ko Françoise Giroud to Farayse.

E hitaande 2001, Afkhami yaltinii deftere wiyeteende Ardorde Suɓngooji: Deftere janngingol Ardorde ngam Rewɓe[8] ngam wallitde rewɓe wonde ardiiɓe e nder galleeji mum en, e nder renndooji mum en, e nder leyɗeele mum en. Nde firtaama e ɗemɗe 20. E hitaande 2010, o yaltini deftere Ardorde golle: Deftere tawtoreede politik wonande rewɓe.[9] Defte ɗee kuutoraama ngam heblude e nder winndere ndee, haa arti noon e ujunnaaje ujunnaaje.

Afkhami e miñi mum debbo Farah Abrahimi ina njeyaa e nder yeewtere PBS wiyeteende Destination America e hitaande 2005. E oon sahaa Afkhami wonti jaagorde geɗe rewɓe, miñi mum debbo ina ardii e nder dingiral almudɓe ɗaɓɓooɓe liɓde laamu Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[10]

## Potal rewɓe e worɓe
E hitaande 1969, duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal nde o arti e leydi Iraan, o woni porfeseer binndol e hooreejo departemaa Engele to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde ngenndiwal Iraan, Afkhami naati e dille rewɓe Iraan, o sosi Fedde rewɓe Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde. E hitaande 1970, o wonti koolaaɗo kuuɓal Fedde Rewɓe Iraan (WOI).[11] O woni toon duuɓi sappo, e nder ɗuum o golliima ngam hakkeeji rewɓe Iraan.[7]

Nde Afkhami woni jaagorde geɗe rewɓe, sariyaaji leydi Iraan ina ndokka rewɓe fotdeeji to bannge ceergal ; ɓeydii duuɓi dewgal ɓurɗi famɗude ; wallitde golle rewɓe e ballal jibinannde e toppitagol sukaaɓe ; e mahde dow sariyaaji galleeji hitaande 1967.[7][12]

Afkhami wonnoo ko tergal e Diiso toowngo leydi Iran ngam ƴellitde ɓesngu e wellitaare e nder diɗɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kerman e duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Farah ngam rewɓe.[13] O winndii wonde "doole rewɓe ko laawol, ko laawol kuuɓtodinngol, jowitiingol e ƴellitgol hakkillaaji, mahngo karallaagal e moƴƴitingol sariyaaji ɗi ngonaa nuunɗuɗi, ɗi kaɗata jaŋde rewɓe, golle mum en, tawtoreede mum en e ƴettugol kuule, ko ɓuri heen heewde, fartaŋŋeeji mum en to bannge faggudu." jeytaare."[14]

## Eggugol e naatgol e dille rewɓe winndereyankooje
Nde wolde lislaam Iraan fuɗɗii e hitaande 1979, Afkhami ina wonnoo e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe to New York ina yeewtida e sosde Duɗal Wiɗtooji e Heblooji hakkunde leyɗeele ngam ɓamtaare rewɓe (INSTRAW). O tuumaama e absentiement "Bonannde e dow Leydi e haɓde e Alla." O meeɗaa hootde Iraan, o wuuri ko e nokku mum e nder egguɓe,[15] hay so tawii o wiyi omo yiɗi artude ngam wallitde mahngo Iraan so tawii politik mum wayliima.[16]

O wallitii e deftere wiyeteende "Jaango e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi, dille rewɓe ko adii waylo-waylo" e nder deftere wiyeteende Sisterhood Is Global: Antoloji dille rewɓe hakkunde leyɗeele, nde Robin Morgan winndi.[17]

E hitaande 1994, o yaltini deftere wiyeteende Women in Exile, deftere natal rewɓe daraniiɓe eggugol politik.

Ndeen Afkhami naatii e dille hakkunde leyɗeele ngam haɓaade hakkeeji rewɓe, o wiyi : « Sarɗiiji ɗi rewɓe njogii ɗii ina ɓura sarɗiiji ɗi ɓe ceerti ɗii ».[18] O wonti jaagorgal Human Rights Watch e cukko hooreejo e gardiiɗo [The Banndiraaɓe ko winndereyankoore?].[19] Gila ndeen, o winndii « Feewde e rewɓe adunaaru 2015-02-15 to masiŋ Wayback.

Afkhami golliima e juɓɓule e goomuuji keewɗi e nder pelle winndereeje ina jeyaa heen Goomu toppitiingu dille winndereeje ngam demokaraasi (1999–2010), Fedde winndereyankoore jojjanɗe aadee (2000–2006), Fedde winndereyankoore ngam rewɓe (1998–2007). ), Jinnaaɗo e golle (2003-2008), Joɗnde hakkunde pine ardiiɓe rewɓe (2010) [20] e Fedde gollal rewɓe adunaare ngam sukaaɓe (2006-2009).,[21] Kaalis adunaaru ngam rewɓe (1998-2007),[22]. ] Musiyum hakkunde leyɗeele rewɓe (2000–2014),[23] Hakkeeji: Eɓɓaande winndereyankoore (2002–2010), e Rewɓe hakkeeji aadee (2000–2004).

O wonii hannde e Goomu Wagginoore Diɗɗal Hakkeeji Rewɓe to Human Rights Watch,[24] Yiilirde Ngenndiire ngam Janngirɗe Iraan,[1] e Yiilirde toppitiinde Galle Naalankaagal Freer Smithsonian e Galle Arthur M. Sackler

## Pinal, Lislaam e winndereyankaagal hakkeeji
Afkhami ina sikki wonde diine e feminism njiidaani ("Rewɓe fotaani doole suɓaade hakkunde ndimaagu e Alla" Archived 2013-09-26 à la Wayback Machine). Ɗum fof e wayde noon, pinal e diine ina mbaawi wonde caɗeele to bannge jojjanɗe aadee rewɓe : « Eɗen poti naamnaade : hol ko waɗi salaade hakkeeji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e jojjanɗe aadee wonande rewɓe ina tuugii sahaa kala e won e 

fundamen ».

## Bibliografi
Afkhami yaltinii binndanɗe e defte keewɗe, teeŋti noon e jojjanɗe aadee rewɓe, rewɓe juulɓe, kam e dille rewɓe Iraan.

## Defte
2022 Bannge goɗɗo oo e silsil: Ciftorgol eggugol, Iraan, e dille rewɓe aduna. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Carolina worgo.

2015 Ko ɓuri potal: Deftere ngam haɓaade jojjanɗe aadee (winnduɗo), Fedde janngugol rewɓe, Bethesda, Maryland

2012 Nasaraaku dow fitinaaji: Tabitinki kisal rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe (winnduɗo), Kawtal janngirde rewɓe, Bethesda, Maryland

2010 Ardiiɗo golle: Deftere tawtoreede politik wonande rewɓe (winnduɗo), Goomu janngugol rewɓe, Bethesda, Maryland

2002 Feewde e renndo yurmeende (moƴƴinoowo), Fedde janngugol rewɓe, Bethesda, Maryland

2001 Ardungal e suɓngooji: Deftere janngingol ardungal ngam rewɓe (winnduɗo), Kawtal janngugol rewɓe, Bethesda, Maryland

1998 Kisal e kisal: Ittugol fitinaaji e rewɓe e nder renndooji juulɓe (winnduɗo), Duɗal Sisterhood ko winndereyankeewal, Bethesda, Maryland

1997 Rewɓe juulɓe e politik tawtoreede (e Erika Friedl winndi), jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Sirakusa, Sirakusa, New York

1996 Ɗaɓɓude hakkeeji men: Deftere jaŋde hakkeeji aadee rewɓe e nder renndooji juulɓe (winnduɗo e Haleh Vaziri), Duɗal Sisterhood ko winndereyankeewal, Bethesda, Maryland

1995 Goongɗinal e ndimaagu: Hakkeeji rewɓe e nder winndere juulɓe, jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Syracuse e I.B. Tawris

1994 Rewɓe e sariyaaji e nder leydi Iraan (1967–1978) (moƴƴere e naatgol), nokku rewɓe e fedde janngugol leydi Iran

1994 Rewɓe e nder egguɓe, jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Virginia

1994 E nder gite henndu: Rewɓe e nder Iraan caggal njiimaandi (Erika Friedl yuɓɓini ɗum), jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Syracuse e I.B. Tawris

1992 Iraan: Deftere jannde (e Charlotte Albright), Fedde Janngirɗe Iraan

1978 "Teskorɗe e dow janngirɗe e kaɓirɗe ngam porogaraam jaŋde rewɓe ngam rewɓe duɗe jaaɓi haaɗtirde Iraan".

"Peeje ngenndiije golle Iraan ngam naatgol rewɓe e ƴellitaare: miijo, njuɓɓudi e gollal"

(binndanɗe peewnaaɗe ngam Fedde Rewɓe to Iraan ngam wiɗtooji rewɓe, Teheran)

## Faandaare (cuɓaande)
"Hakkeeji rewɓe e nder leydi Iraan: gila e bayyinaaɗe winndere haa e kuutoragol nokkuuji", e nder deftere Rewɓe e sukaaɓe rewɓe ina ummoo: yahrude yeeso e reentaade e nder winndere ndee, nde Ellen Chesler e Terry McGovern njuɓɓini. Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Routledge, New York e Angalteer, 2016.

"Konngol: Annoore naange, windooji udditiiɗi, e henndu laaɓndu: Hare ngam hakkeeji rewɓe e nder leydi Iran", e nder Shirin Nehsat: Taariindi haɓde e Melissa Ho, defte Smithsonian, 2015.

"Hakkeeji yah-ngartaa: Rewɓe ina mbayla teeminannde 21ɓiire", e nder deftere wiyeteende « Hakkeeji rewɓe : yiyngooji e peeje aduna, » nde Joanna Kerr, Ellen Sprenger, e Alison Symington mbinndi. Defte Zed, New York: 2004.

“Rewɓe, Teknoloji, e Ɓamtaare Aadama,” nder Rewɓe Fuunaange Cakaare dow yahdu, Woodrow Wilson nokkuure duuniyaaru annduɓe, Eɓɓoore Fuunaange cakaare, 2003.

"Epilogue: Nafooje men rennduɗe e aadee" e nder ngam moƴƴinde aduna, ko Marjorie Agosín e Betty Jean Craige njuɓɓini. Jaaynde White Pine, New York, 2002

"Njuɓɓudi rewɓe Iraan: politik ƴellitaare e waylo-waylo weeyo", e nder deftere Rewɓe e nder Iraan gila e ƴellitaare lislaam haa e leydi lislaam, nde Lois Beck & Guity Nashat winndi. Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Illinois: 2002.

“Apartheid hakkunde rewɓe e worɓe, jokkondire hakkunde rewɓe e worɓe, e hakkeeji rewɓe e nder renndooji juulɓe,” e nder Rewɓe, rewɓe e worɓe, e hakkeeji aadee: Yiyngo winndereyankeewo, mo Marjorie Agosín winndi, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Rutgers, hitaande 2001.

"Relativism pinal e hakkeeji aadee rewɓe", e nder sariyaaji rewɓe e hakkeeji aadee hakkunde leyɗeele, ɗi Kelly D. Askin e Dorean M. Koenig njuɓɓini. Muulooɓe hakkunde leyɗeele, Inc., New York: 2000.

"Apartheid hakkunde rewɓe e worɓe e haala jokkere enɗam e nder renndooji juulɓe", e nder deftere diine e hakkeeji aadee rewɓe, nde Courtney Howland winndi. Jaaynde St. Martin, New York: 1999.

"Yiyngo jinnaaɓe e nder pinal" e nder pinal e nder ƴellitaare duumotoonde: Naatgol e pinal e dokke tawaaɗe ɗe Ismail Serageldin, Joan Martin-Brown winndi. Gila e batu ngu Banke Adunanke e Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Jaŋde, Ganndal e Pinal (UNESCO) yuɓɓini. Banke Duniyaaru, 1999.

« Debbo e nder eggol », e nder Kartal yaakaare, ngal Marjorie Agosin winndi. Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Rutgers: Mee 1999.

"Feewde e rewɓe winndereyankoore: Yiyngo juulɓe", e nder haala radikal: Rewɓe keɓtinaaɗi, ɗi Diane Bell e Renate Klein njuɓɓini. Jaaynde Spinifex: 1996.

"Anndal e pinal: Rewɓe ko yimɓe e gollooɓe waylude pinal," e nder deftere Gila e haajuuji ɓurɗi teeŋtude haa e hakkeeji ɓurɗi teeŋtude, Duɗal rewɓe, sariya e ƴellitaare: 1996.

"Rewɓe Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo e hakkeeji aadee", e nder Rewɓe, Pinal e Renndo: Jannguɗo. Sosiyetee muuloowo Kendall/Hunt: 1994.

## Binndanɗe (cuɓaaɗe)
"Rewɓe, Hakkeeji, e Kisal e nder Iraan" (e ɗemngal Almaañ e Engele) e nder Der Tagesspiegel, Duɗal Amerik to Berlin, lewru suwee 2008.

"Hakkeeji...

## Tuugnorgal
^ Jump up to: a b "Gollotooɓe | Fooyre jaŋde Iraan". Bethesda, MD, Amerik: Fedde jaŋde Iraan. Arsiif ko gila e asli mum ñalnde 17-11-2012. Keɓtinaa ko 2013-09.

^ Juppude haa: a b Jecks, Nicki (19 ut 2009). "'Ko miin wonnoo jaagorgal Iran cakkitiingal'". BBC Kuugal Duniyaaru. Ƴeewtaama ñalnde 22 Abriil 2010.

^ Latam, Judit (11 lewru juko hitaande 2008). "Fayndaare fedde janngugol rewɓe ko semmbinde rewɓe, wiyi hooreejo fedde nde". Kabaaru VOA. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 10 lewru Abriil 2012. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 22 lewru Abriil 2010.

^ Hill, Mary Ann (5 abriil 2005). "Mahnaz Afkhami, daraniiɗo hakkeeji rewɓe hakkunde leyɗeele, ina haalda e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wellesley ñalnde 6 abriil". Biro toppitiiɗo geɗe renndo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Wellesley. Ƴeewtaama ñalnde 22 Abriil 2010.

^ "Mahnaz Afkhami - Iraan". Blog Yimɓe Aduna. Arsiif ko gila e asli mum ñalnde 28-07-2017. Heɓtinaa ko ñalnde 23-04-2010.

^ "Ardude e Suɓngooji". Partondiral janngugol rewɓe. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 27-03-2009. Heɓtinaa ko ñalnde 23-04-2010.

^ Juppude haa: a b c d e Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2003). Zanun-e Iraan, 1357-1342: Musaaba ba Mahnaas Afkhami (Rewɓe, Dowla, e Renndo e nder Iraan 1963-1978: Yeewtere e Mahnaas Afkhami). Bethesda, MD: Fedde janngugol Iraan.

^ "Ardude e suɓngooji: Deftere janngingol ardorde wonande rewɓe". Arsiif ko gila e asli mum ñalnde 10-08-2018. Heɓtinaama e 11-06-2013.

^ "Ardude e golle: Deftere tawtoreede politik wonande rewɓe". Arsiif ko gila e asli mum ñalnde 10-08-2018. Heɓtinaama e 11-06-2013.

^ "PBS Amerik: Banndiraaɓe rewɓe Mahnaz e Farah ummoriiɓe Iran". 9 lewru juko hitaande 2010. Waɗiraa ko e asli mum ñalnde 21-12-2021 – e lowre www.youtube.com.

^ Hansen, Liane (23 ut 2009). "Waraa kono yejjittaake: Parsay Farrokhroo mo Iraan". NPR. Ƴeewtaama ñalnde 22 Abriil 2010.

↑ Ahmadi Khorasani, Noushin (14 oktoobar 2008). "Fate sariya ndeenka ɓesngu". Duɗal Feministe. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 5 Oktoobar 2009. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 22 Abriil 2010.

^ "Batu keeriiɗo rewɓe jaagorɗe pinal: nguurndam haaloowo mawɗo". Batu keeriiɗo rewɓe jaagorɗe pinal - Reykjavik 2005. Arsiif gila e fuɗɗoode ñalnde 2012-03-06. Ko 22-04-2010 ƴettaa.

^ "Ndimaagu ina addana en doole". Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 10-2017. Heɓtinaama e 11-06-2013.

^ Afkhami, Mahnaas (1994). Rewɓe E Eggugol. Jaaynde jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Virginia. .

^ "Joɗnde Amerik: Mahnaz Afkhami e Farah Ibraahimi: Iraan". PBS. Oktoobar 2005. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 23 Abriil 2010.

^ "Tablo ko woni e mum: Banndiraaɓe ko winndereyankoore". Catal.vsc.jaŋde. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 12-2015. Heɓtinaama e 15-10-2015.

^ "Goonɗinal e ndimaagu: Naatgol | Mahnaz Afkhami". www.mahnazafkhami.net. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 26-02-2011.

^ "Ko fayti e banndiraaɓe ko duɗal winnderewal". Sisterhood Ko Duɗal Adunawal. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 28-06-2010. Ko 22-04-2010 ƴettaa.

^ "Forum hakkunde pine ardiiɓe rewɓe ina haala kisal winndere". Heɓtinde hakkeeji : Eɓɓaande winndereyankoore etikaaji (2002-2010). Oktoobar 2006. Ƴeewtaa ko ñalnde 22 Abriil 2010.

^ "Reso golle rewɓe aduna ngam sukaaɓe". Kaalis ndeenka sukaaɓe. Arsiif gila e asli mum ñalnde 30-12-2010. Ko 22-04-2010 ƴettaa.

^ "Kaalis winndereejo ngam rewɓe - Konsejeras". Kaalis aduna ngam rewɓe. Moƴƴinaama e asli mum ñalnde 1 abriil 2009. Ƴeewtaa ko 2010-04-22.

^ "Goomu winndereyankeewu - Musium winndereejo rewɓe". Musiyum hakkunde leyɗeele rewɓe. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 21-05-2010. Ko 22-04-2010 ƴettaa.

^ "Goomu Hakkeeji Aadee: Yiilirde Ngenndiire". Fedde toppitiinde jojjanɗe aadee. Ko 22-04-2010 ƴettaa.

^ "Yiyngo jinnaaɓe e nder pinal". Hiisaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 15 lewru Juko hitaande 2013.

^ Goongɗinal e ndimaagu: Hakkeeji rewɓe e nder winndere juulɓe Archive 2019-06-05 to Machine Wayback. Ƴeew kadi Yiyngo Jinnaaɗo e nder Pinal Arsiif 2019-06-04 to Masiŋ Wayback, E Taƴre Aadaaji e Jamanuuji Arsiif 2017-08-23 to Masiŋ Wayback e Relativism Pinal e Hakkeeji Aadee Rewɓe Arsiif 20-21 ko Masiŋ Wayback.

^ Juppude haa: a b Askari, Hooman (16 noowammbar 2011). "Haɓde e hakkeeji rewɓe: yeewtere e Mahnaz Afkhami". Arseh sevom renndo siwil lowre ONG (). Mofndaama gila e fuɗɗoode ñalnde 9 lewru Yarkomaa 2018. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 21 lewru Juko hitaande 2017.

^ Latam, Judit (11 desaambar 2009). "Kampaañ rewɓe Iraan ngam haɗde sariyaaji diisnondiral e maɓɓe". Kabaaru VOA. Ƴeewtaama ñalnde 23 Abriil 2010.

## Jokkondire yaajɗe
Wikimedia Commons ena jogii jaayɗe jowitiiɗe e Mahnaz Afkhami.

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