open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Operative report

**Ciimtol opereeji** ko ciimtol binndaangol e nder deftere safaara ñawɗo ngam winndude ko yowitii e opereeji. Ciimtol opereeji ɗii ina dictee ɗoon e ɗoon caggal nde opereeji ɗii mbaɗi, caggal ɗuum ina winndee e deftere ñawɗo oo. Ciimtol ngol ina waɗi ƴeewndorɗe ko adii e caggal nde opereeji ɗii mbaɗi, ngonka ñawɗo oo caggal nde opereeji ɗii mbaɗi, denndaangal leɗɗe kuutorteeɗe e jokkondiral e golle ɗee, daartol safaara (Hx) jowitiingol e ɗuum, ƴeewndo ɓanndu (PE), ɗereeji jaɓgol, jamirooje operetor oo, e anndinde anestetik e anestetik kuutorteeɗo.

Ciimtol ngol huutortee ko e annduɓe cellal tawtoraaɓe ɗoon e ɗoon safaara ñawɗo oo caggal nde o selli, kadi ko kañum woni sabaabu gadano ngam ɗaɓɓude yoɓde njoɓdi ñawɗo oo, ekipaaji seppooji ɗii, e nokku safaara oo. Ñawɗo oo kadi ina jogii hakke heɓde ciimtol ngol, e kaayitaaji safaara goɗɗi, e sariyaaji ko ɓuri heewde e dowlaaji Amerik, e juɓɓule keewɗe goɗɗe.

Standarduuji ciimtol gollordu ko Fedde Jaɓɓugol Cellal Ambulatoor (AAAHC) e Komisariyaa Jokkondiral Jaɓgol Juɓɓule Cellal (JCAHO) ndarni tolnooji ciimtol golle.

## Tuugnorgal
Operating field

**Fannu opereeji**, ina wiyee kadi fannu seppo, ko nokku steril keeriiɗo ɗo seppo waɗata. Ina heewi huutoreede ngam ustude baasal caggal nde neɗɗo selli, tee ina fadi ɓeydude kattanɗe e nder seppooji. Lesɗingol caɗeele caggal seppo ina jokkondiri kadi e laaɓal nokku seppo.

## Tuugnorgal
Omentopexy

**Omentopexy** ko feere seppo nde omentum mawɗo oo suuɗee e tergal ɓadiiɗo. Sutura to ɓalndu ina huutoree ngam addande cirƴam woɗɗitaade cirƴam portal e nder cirƴam kaval. Ina waawi kadi suɓeede e tergal goɗɗal ngam ɓeydude cirƴam ƴiiƴam.

Tuugnorgal
Adams Forward Bend Test

**Test Adams Forward Bend** ina huutoree e ngonkaaji keewɗi ngam anndude ñawu nguu ; kono wonaa ɗum woni ƴoogirde adannde ngam ƴeewde ñawu nguu. Ngolɗoo ƴeewndo ina heewi huutoreede e nder duɗe e nder birooji safrooɓe ngam ƴeewde so tawii ko skoliose. Ñawɗo oo ina ɓuuɓtoo yeeso, ina wayi no ɓe njuurotoo. So ñawɗo oo ina wondi e skoliyoos, ɓalndu maɓɓe ina heewi jogaade doggol laaɓtungol ɗo ɓalndu nduu woni ɗoo, bannge gooto ina toowa bannge goɗɗo oo. Ɓaawo ñawɗo ina laaɓi haa laaɓi so tawii ɓe ngalaa skoliose.

Test oo, inniraa ko William Adams, siifaama e hitaande 1865. O yiyti « sifaa huunde yirlotoonde skoliose » caggal nde o waɗi postmortem e dow seppo e geologist biyeteeɗo Gideon Mantell, mo duuɓi keewɗi wonnoo e caɗeele ɓalndu.

## Ƴeew kadi
Skoliometre

## Tuugnorgal
Society for Pediatric Research

**Fedde wiɗtooji sukaaɓe** (SPR) ko fedde winndereyankoore wiɗtooɓe sukaaɓe e nder fannuuji keewɗi.Fedde ndee ina gollodii e renndooji diiwanuuji nay keertiiɗi : Fedde Fuɗnaange, Cakaare, Fuɗnaange, e Hirnaange ngam wiɗtooji sukaaɓe. Fedde wiɗtooji sukaaɓe ko gollodiiɗo e Fedde Ameriknaare wiɗtooji sukaaɓe.

## Ƴeew kadi
Akademi Ameriknaajo ko faati e safaara sukaaɓe
Koolaaɗo kuuɓal Amerik to bannge safaara sukaaɓe Fedde sukaaɓe jannginooɓe Fedde Ameriknaare toppitiinde ko fayti e sukaaɓe.

## Tuugnorgal
Streff syndrome

**Sindoron Streff** ko ngonka yiytere ɓurnde hollirde sukaaɓe wonɓe e sahaaji ŋakkere yiytere walla ŋakkere ɓernde.

## Sappinol
Heewi ñawɓe ɓee maa ustoy stereopsis, ŋakkere jaɓɓungal mawnde e retinoskopi dinamiik, e ustaare fannu yiytere (fannu tuubaako walla spiral). Sindoron Streff fuɗɗii siforeede ko e hitaande 1962, ko doktoor gite gooto, Doktoor John Streff, ko sindoron mo alaa ko bonnata. E hitaande 1962, Doktoor Streff e Doktoor Richard Apell njaajni miijo ngoo ngam ɓeydude heen mboros biyeteeɗo « syndrome adaptive précoce » ko adii mboros Streff. Doktoor Streff ina sikki waylooji yiytere ɗii ko baasal ummoraade e jaŋde. Luural ina woodi e taksonomi ŋakkeende yiytere gollorde. Won wiɗtooji kollitii wonde mboros Streff ina waawi arde e ŋakkeende golle e nder laawol magnosellulaar ngol ƴiiƴam gonɗam e nder reedu. Ɗeen ɓoccooɗe ko 10% tan e ɓoccooɗe nerwooji retina, ina mbinnditoo ƴeewndo dille. These cells are only 10% of the retinal nerve cells and register motion detection.

## Ñawu nguu
Laabi ƴeewndorɗe ñawu Streff ɗii laaɓtaani no feewi, tee goonga oo, ko Akademi Ameriknaajo ko faati e gite, Akademi Ameriknaajo ko faati e gite sukaaɓe, Akademi Ameriknaajo ko faati e gite sukaaɓe walla Akademi Ameriknaajo ko faati e gite sukaaɓe anndaaka no feewi.

## Hurgol
Ko ɓuri heewde e safrooɓe gite ina kawri wonde mboros Streff ko ustaare huuɓtodinnde e golle gite, tawi bonnugol mbaydiiji ngaddaani ɗum. Ko ñawu nguu ina jokkondiri e mette yiytere ko adii fof e njuɓɓudi hoɗorde. Hans Selye siftinii baasal, mette e eustress. Ɓuri heewde ko e sukaaɓe rewɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi 8 haa 14. Kaɓirɗe janngirɗe ɗe juuɗe njogii ina keewi jogaade ko ɓuri ɓadaade. Janngude e daande toownde ina hollita maale toowɗe e ƴattaade konnguɗi kuutorteeɗi. Daartol reentaade golle galle e fadde golle ekkol ina heewi taweede. So tawii ñawɗo oo yamiraama yo janngu e daande toownde, ndeen lenyol +.50 huutoree, ina heewi wonde ɓeydagol mawngol no ñawɗo oo e jibinannde mum teskirta nii. Njeñtudi ndi aldaa e sago e yiytere colour walla jarribo fannu yiytere heewaani. Fannu yiytere ina heewi hollirde ko ‘tubular’ ɓuuɓɗo e woɗɗude jarribooji keewɗi. Ko ŋakki e yiytere ina faamniree mette, tee safaaraaji ɗii ina keewi rokkude ñawɗo oo gite janngirɗe ɗe ngalaa doole. Sifaa "relaxing" gite jaŋngugol ina sikka ina usta baasal yiytere ɓadtiinde, ina addana golle no haanirta nii. Batte ɓernde gonɗe e ŋakkere yiytere ɓadtiinde ina ustoo kadi.

Innde "non-malingering" ndee ko yeddude wonde ñawɗo oo ina maling.

## Teskorɗe
Addis count

**Limre Addis** ko ƴeewndo ƴiiƴam ngam fooɗtude ƴiiƴam e nder sahaa.

Nde inniraa ko Tomaas Addis.

## Tuugnorgal
Antibody barcoding

**Reaksiyoŋ Agostini** ko ƴeewndo safaara hoyngo ngam anndude so tawii glukos ina woodi e ƴiiƴam.

Laawol ngol ko ɓeydude ƴiiƴam ɗam e nder ɓuuɓri peewniindi e kuloriid aurik e oksidaa potaasiyom. So glukos ina woodi, ɓuuɓri ndii ina wonta boɗeeri. Although promising, the technique has not yet been extensively proven or developed.

## Ƴeew kadi
Doggol ƴeewndorɗe safaara

## Tuugnorgal
Apnea–hypopnea index

**Indeks Apnee–Hipopnee walla Indeks Apnee–Hipopnee** (AHI) ko indeks kuutorteeɗo ngam hollitde tiiɗnaare apnee ɗanngal. Ina hollira ɗum limoore kewuuji apnee e hipopnee e nder waktu ɗanngal. Apnee ko ŋakkeende henndu timmundu e nder hunuko e hunuko. Hipopnee ko ɓuuɓri feccere e laawol henndu, ina famɗitina fooftere. Apneeji (pauseeji e fooftere) ina poti jogaade ko famɗi fof leƴƴanɗe 10, tawa ina njokkondiri e ustaare oksijen ƴiiƴam ngam ƴeewteede. Hawrude e AHI e desaturaasiyoŋ oksijen ina rokka tolno tiiɗnaare apnee ɗanngal kuuɓtodinɗo, ƴeewndotooɗo limoore ŋakkeende fooftere ɗanngal e tolno desaturaasiyoŋ oksijen (toɓɓere oksijen ŋakkunde e nder ƴiiƴam) e nder ŋakkeendeeji ɗii.

AHI ina hiisee e feccude limoore kewuuji apnee e limoore waktuuji ɗanngal. Nafooje AHI wonande mawɓe ina limtee e :

Ko woowaa: AHI<5

Apnee ɗanngal ɓuuɓngal : 5≤AHI<15

Apnee ɗanngal ɓuuɓngal : 15≤AHI<30

Apnee ɗanngal tiiɗngal : AHI≥30

Wonande sukaaɓe, sabu fijirde mum en ceertunde, AHI ɓurɗo 1 ina hiisee wonde ko huunde nde alaa no fotiri. Ñawɓe sukaaɓe ɓe keɓaani duuɓi 18 tawa ina njogii AHI 2 walla ko ɓuri ɗum, ina keewi neldude ngam safrude.

Indeks Apnea-Hypopnea ina ñiŋaa sabu mum weeɓde no feewi ngam ƴeewde no moƴƴi kewuuji apnee e hipopnee ngam tiiɗnaare mum en.

E nder wiɗto wooto, dumunna apnee-hipopnee moƳƳo e wonaa AHI tawaama ina jokkondiri e hipertension ɓurɗo bonde.

Kewu apnee gooto juutɗo ina laaɓi ɓuri bonde e sahaa gooto mo feccitaa e kewuuji keewɗi ɓurɗi juutde, tawa ina waɗi fooftere hakkunde kewuuji, tee ina jogori jogaade AHI les.

## Ƴeew kadi
icon Portal safaara

Apnee ɗanngal obstruktif

Saturaasiyoŋ oksijen (safaara)

Indeks ŋakkeende fooftere

## Tuugnorgal
Adjumani

**Adjumani** ko wuro wonngo e diiwaan Fuɗnaange leydi Uganndaa. Ko ɗum nokku mawɗo kominaaji, njuɓɓudi, e njulaagu e nder diiwaan Adjumani. Distrik oo inniraa ko wuro ngoo.

## Wakere
Adjumani woni ko e diiwaan Niil hirnaange, ko ina tolnoo e 196 kiloomeeteer (122 mi), e laawol, fuɗnaange-rewo Arua, wuro ɓurngo mawnude e nder diiwaan hee. Adjumani woni ko hedde kilooji 116 (72 mi), to fuɗnaange-rewo Gulu, wuro ɓurngo mawnude e nder diiwaan worgo leydi Uganndaa.

Ɗum ko hedde 445 kiloomeeteer (277 mi), to fuɗnaange-rewo Kampala, laamorgo e wuro ɓurngo mawnude e leydi ugannda Koɗkiiji wuro ngo ko 3°22'38.0" N, 31°47'26.0" Fuɗnaange (Njaajeendi:3.377222; Njuuteeki:31.790556). Diɗɗal wuro Adjumani ina jooɗii e dow tooweeki 816 meeter (2 677 ft), dow tolno maayo.

## Ummatore
Bimngal lesdi 1991 limti ɗuuɗal yimɓe wuro man bana 2,108. Limngal 2002 waɗii yimɓe wuro ngo ko 19,876. Binndital ngenndiwal e wizto galleeji e hitaande 2014 limtii yimve e nder wuro ngo ko 35 433 hozve.

E hitaande 2015, Biro toppitiiɗo limlebbi leydi Uganndaa (UBOS) limtii wonde yimɓe wuro Adjumani ina tolnoo e 35 600 neɗɗo. E hitaande 2020, njuɓɓudi yimɓe waɗii yimɓe wuro ngo e 37 100 ; e nder heen 19 400 (52,3 e kala 100) ko rewve e 17 700 (47,7 e kala 100) ko worve. UBOS hiisiima wonde keewal yimɓe wuro ngoo ɓeydiima fotde 0,83 e nder teemedere, hitaande kala, hakkunde 2015 e 2020.

Adjumani kadi ina hoɗi ko ina ɓura 200 000 mooliiɗo e ɗaɓɓooɓe asilo ummoriiɓe leyɗeele Afrik jeetati, hay so tawii noon ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ummorii ko Sudaan worgo ɓadiiɗo, ɗum noon ko nokku ɓurɗo heewde mooliiɓe e nder leydi ndii.

## Yimɓe daartol
Hitaande Pop. ±%
1991 2 108 —
2002 19 876 +842,9%
2014 ko 35 433 +78,3%
2015 35 600 +0,5%
2020 37 100 +4,2%
iwdi:
Toɓɓe nafooje
Ko ɗeeɗoo geɗe ɓeydooje nafoore ina tawee e nder wuro ngoo walla saraaji keeri mum: (a) birooji Diisnondiral wuro Adjumani (b) Gardiiɗo njuɓɓudi diiwaan Adjumani (c) Opitaal mawɗo Adjumani, opitaal laamu 100 leeso mo ministeer cellal Uganndaa ardii e (d) njuɓɓudi laamu Adjumani Laamu Aviation Siwil.

## Yimɓe teskinaaɓe
Dominika Dipio, miñi mum debbo diineyanke Uganndaa, waɗoowo filmuuji, binndoowo e jannginoowo

## Ƴeew kadi
Doggol gure e gure e nder leydi Uganndaa

Tuugnorgal
Arm recoil

**Arm recoil** ko ƴeewndo neurologique e neonate ngam anndude tonngoode ɓalndu.

## Laahal
Ɓiɗɗo oo ina waɗee e dow ŋoral, junngo mum ina ɓuuɓtoo e ŋoral. Koppi (juumre) ina yaaji e ɓuuɓnude junngo ; caggal ɗuum o woppitaa.

## Lartol
No junngo yeeso ngoo yaawirta artude e ngonka mum flexed asliijo e keewal flexion maa toɗɗo score.

Toɓɓere 0 : Juuɗe ina keddii ina njaaji 180 degere walla dille ɗe ngonaa no woorunoo puɗɗoo

Toɓɓere 1 : Ɓooygol ɓurngol famɗude, 140-180 degere

Toɓɓere 2 : Ɓooygol seeɗa, 110-140 degere

Toɓɓere 3 : Fleksiyoŋ moƳƳo, 90-110 degere

Toɓɓere 4 : Yaawde hootde e ɓuuɓri timmundi, ko famɗi fof 90 degere

Kabaaru

So ƴellitaare tonngoode ndee mawnii (toon flexor), ko noon recoil oo ɓeydortoo yaawde. Ɗum ina yahdi e duuɓi jibinannde ɓurɗi yahrude yeeso e nder njuuteendi Ballard.ref>

Recoil koyɗe ina waawi ƴeewteede e rewrude e ngool ɗoon laawol.

## Tuugnorgal
Ashby technique

**Feere Ashby** ko feere ngam anndude keewal e nguurndam ƴiiƴam mboɗejam e nder aadee, ko Doktoor Winifred Ashby yaltini ɗum e hitaande 1919. Feere ndee ko waɗde ƴiiƴam mboɗejam dokkuɗo ƴiiƴam gonɗam e fedde ƴiiƴam ceertunde e nder neɗɗo keɓoowo, caggal ɗuum ƴeewndo ƴiiƴam waɗaa sahaa e sahaa fof. Ndeen noon,  différentiel de cellules rouges ina huutoree ngam anndude limoore ƴiye dokkooje heddiiɗe ɗee, ɗuum ina addana anndude tolno nguurndam. Nde hawraani e karallaagal raajo-isotopeeji, ko nde karallaagal gadanal ngam tabitinde nguurndam ƴiiƴam mboɗejam laaɓtuɗam. Haa teeŋti noon, ƴiiƴam mbaydi O ina adii waɗeede e yimɓe mbaydi A walla B. E nder ƴiiƴam caggal ɗuum, ƴiiƴam ñawɗo oo e hoore mum A e B ina ittaa e aglutination e serum anti-A walla anti-B. Limre heddiiɓe e ƴiye Tipe O ɗe ngonaa agglutinated ko gollal sahaa ina siftina keewal nguurndam ƴiye ƴiiƴam. Ndee feere huutoraama no feewi e wolde adunaare ɗimmere e ko juuti caggal ɗuum kono ko ɓooyaani koo lomtinaama e feereeji limtooji ƴiiƴam neɗɗo, sabu batte kuutoragol ƴiiƴam dokkoowo.

## Tuugnorgal
Neuraxial blockade

**Neuraxial blockade** ko anestetik nokkuyankeewo waɗeteeɗo e saraaji nerfuuji gonɗi e nder ɓalndu, ko wayi no anestetik ɓalndu, anestetik caudal, anestetik epidural, e anestetik ɓalndu e epidural kawraaɗo. Feere ndee ina huutoree e seppooji, e nder jibinannde, e ngam ustude ɓuuɓri caggal seppooji e ɓuuɓri gonndi e ɓuuɓri.

## Ƴeew kadi

* Daartol anestetik neuraksiyal

## Tuugnorgal
Nerve-sparing surgery

**Operation nerve-sparing** ko sifaa opereeji etaade hisnude nerfuuji saraaji ƴiye ɗe ƴettetee.

Ina heewi huutoreede e radical retropubic prostatectomy, woni safaara seppo ngam safrude kanseer prostate, ɗo bonnugol nerfuuji e nder seppo ina addana ɗum caɗeele, ko wayi no ŋakkere ƴiiƴam e ŋakkere semmbe. E nder prostatektomi radikal mo nerfuuji ndarni, mo Doktoor Patrick Walsh fuɗɗii ƴettude e kitaale 1980, seppooji ɗii ina nganndi, ina njiɗi haɗde bonnude nerfuuji ɗii. Cafrooɓe ina mbaawi yiytude e gite mum en neruuji kavernos penndi walla waɗde jarribo ƴeewndo pletismogaraaf penndi ngam hoolkisaade neruuji ɗii, e ɗuum haɗa bonnude ɗi. Laawol ɗiɗmol ngol ina etoo daɗndude neruuji banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof e nder ɓalndu nduu. Laawol gootol ngol ko bannge gooto tan, ko heewi ko sabu kanseer prostate oo ina yaaji ngam haɗde laawol ɗiɗmol ngol nerwooji ; wiɗtooji kollitii wonde ngool laawol ina addana neɗɗo heɓde njeñtudi ɓurndi moƴƴude e seppooji ɗi ngalaa nerwooji, kono duuɓi ñawɗo oo e golle mum gadiiɗe ɗee ina njogii batte keewɗe e njeñtudi caggal seppooji ɗii.

## Tuugnorgal
Åstrand test

**Test Åstrand** ko feere ngam hiisaade VO2 max (toɓɓere ɓurnde mawnude nde neɗɗo waawi ñaamde oksijen e nder ekkorse), ko ɗum kolliroowo fitinaaji ɓernde e ƴiiƴam.Test oo ina waɗi ekkorse dartiinde, submaximal) e dow ergometer cirkowol e ɓeydagol tiiɗnaare ɓernde seeɗa seeɗa (monitor exercise). Ngalɗoo doosgal huutortee ko ngam teskaade VO2 max tawa ɗaɓɓaani doole ɓurɗe heewde.

## Tuugnorgal
Trinder glucose activity test

**Test golle glucose Trinder** ko test ƴeewndo kuutorteeɗo e safaara ngam anndude so tawii glucose walla glucose oxidase ina woodi.  Test oo huutortoo ko reagent Trinder, ko teskuyaaji mbayliigu colour ummoriiɗi e reaksiyoŋ Trinder.

Reagent Trinder, inniraaɗo P. Trinder mo Departemaa Biyokimiya to suudu safrirdu laamɗo to Sunderland (ƴeew winndannde limtaande e jaŋngo ngo), ina waɗi aminoantipiriin (hono 4-aminoantipiriin) e fenol (p-hidroksi]benzeen.

Reaksiyoŋ Trinder ko reaksiyoŋ hakkunde peroksiid hidrojen e fenol e aminoantipirin ngam waɗde kinon (kinoneimiin), kataliis e woodgol peroksidaas (hono peroksidaas mboros).[1][2][3][4][5]  Peroksiid hidrojen oo e hoore mum ina heɓee e mbaydi adanndi ɗo glukos oo oksidaa e nder gonndigal katalis oksidaas glukos oo, waɗta ɗum H2O2 e asid glukonik.

Kinone oo ko boɗeejo-violet,ref name=TECS />e tiiɗnaare mbaydi ndii ina yahdi e ɓuuɓri glukos.[3]  Nokku oo ina fotndee e 505 nm,[2] 510 nm,[4] walla 540 nm.[3]

Kite ƴeewndorɗe baɗɗe ƴeewndo Trinder ina ngoodi, ina heen gooto ummoriiɗo e Sigma-Aldrich.[2]

Laawol Stanbio ngol glucose gootol tuugii ko e karallaagal Trinder.[3][6]

## Tuugnorgal
Transrectal ultrasonography

**Ultrasonografi transrectal**, walla TRUS e tonngol, ko feere sosde natal terɗe nder reedu, ɓurnde huutoreede ngam waɗde ƴeewndo biopsie (biopsie) gonɗo e ɓalndu, tawa ina ardii ɗum e worɓe wonduɓe e antigen keeriiɗo e ɓalndu toowɗo walla e dow noduleeji reedu prostatik toowɗi.  Biopsie gonɗo e TRUS ina waawi hollirde kanseer mboros, walla hiperplasie prostatique moƴƴo, walla prostatitis.  TRUS ina waawi kadi yiytude ñawuuji goɗɗi e nder reedu les, ina waawi kadi huutoreede ngam ƴeewde kanseer reedu gadano.

## Tuugnorgal
Total complement activity

**Golle timmuɗe** (TCA) ko jarribooji keewɗi baɗɗiiɗi e golle njuɓɓudi timmundi e nder neɗɗo.

## Testeeji
Teskuyaaji timmuɗiC4 (C)FB (A)C3CH50Sarɗiiji·↓↓↓PSG, C3 NeF AA↓·↓·HAE, C4D···↓TCPD↓·/↓↓↓SLE↑↑↑↑f

Teskuyaaji keewɗi ina mbaawi huutoreede ngam fooɗtude TCA, kono ɓurɗo huutoreede e dow ko teskuyaaji CH50..  Fooyre woɗnde ina waɗi ƴeewndo liposome (LIA),  feere tiitoonde tuuba gooto,method.e feere ƴiiƴam-plaquemethod.

## CH50 Laawol ngol
Fooyre ndee tuugii ko e mbaawka serum neɗɗo ngam ustude ƴiiƴam baali, ɓuuɓɗam, ɓuuɓɗam, ɓuuɓɗam (IgG rabbit).  Serum neɗɗo oo ina ɓuuɓnee haa 50% e ƴiiƴam baali ɗii ɓuuɓtoo.  Ɗum winndaa ko e CH50.

CH50 ina ƴeewtoo laawol timmungol kiiɗɗo, ɗum noon ina ɗaɓɓi geɗe C1-C9 gollotooɗe.

### CH50 Firo
So tawii neɗɗo ina jogii geɗe ballitooje ŋakkeende walla ŋakkeende golle, ndeen e fuɗɗoode ɗe ina usta mbaawka limtude eritrosit.  Ko ɗum waɗi kala dillugol e serum maɓɓe ina ɓeyda bonnude ngool gollal, ɗum firti ko dillugol les ngol ina foti yettaade ngam heɓde 50% e mbaawka.  E ko feewti heen, kala neɗɗo mo tolnooji komplement walla golle mum ɓeydii, ina jogori jogaade CH50 toowɗo nde tawnoo ɓeydagol dillugol ina foti yettaade 50% e maande lyse.

Ustagol CH50 ina waawi yiyeede e cirrhosis walla hepatitis[6] sabu ŋakkeende peewnugol komplement e nder heeñere.  Ina waawi kadi yiyeede e lupus erythematosus systemique sabu ɓeydagol huutoraade geɗe ballitooje sabu patoloji ngonka autoimmune.  Ina ustoo e sahaa njiyaagu (kono wonduɓe e ñawu nguu ina njogii nafoore no feewi hakkunde njiyaagu).[7]

Ɓeydagol teddeendi CH50 firti ko timmugol mum en ina heewi golle so renndinaama e no woorunoo, ɗum ina waawi yiyeede e kanseer walla e kolitis ulceratif[citation needed].

Neɗɗo ina waawi firtude nafoore CH50 wondude e nafoore faktoruuji timmuɗi neɗɗo ngam wallitde anndude etioloji.  Yeru, so tawii e neɗɗo ina jogii teddeendi C3/C4 no woorunoo kono CH50 ina usta, ɗuum ina waawi hollitde ŋakkeende laawol timmungol tawa so neɗɗo ina jogii teddeendi C3 e CH50 tokosiri ina waawi hollitde ngonka autoimmune ko wayi no lupus erythematosus systemique.

Anndugol hemolitik laawol goɗngol ("AH50") ina waawi huutoreede e jokkondire ngam hollitde so tawii won ŋakkeende laawol timmungol (CH50 e AH50 fof ina famɗi), ŋakkeende laawol kiiɗɗo (CH50 ina famɗi, AH50 ina woodi) walla ŋakkeende laawol goɗngol (AH50 ina famɗi, CH50 ina famɗi).

## Tuugnorgal
Tinetti test

**Test Tinetti** (TT), walla Test Mobiliteer (POMA), ko test kilinik keewɗo huutoreede ngam ƴeewde mbaawkaaji neɗɗo e nder ballondiral gonngal e mbaydi mbaylaandi..  Nde inniraa ko gooto e sosnooɓe nde, hono Mary Tinetti.  Test oo ko e taƴe ɗiɗi juutɗe ɗe heen gooto ƴeewtotoo baawɗe balance static e nder jappeere caggal ɗuum daraade, e yahdu woɗndu nduu.[2]  Taƴe ɗiɗi ɗee ina kuutoree sahaa e sahaa fof ngam waɗde jarribooji ceertuɗi..

Ina waɗi inɗe goɗɗe keewɗe, ina heen ƴeewndo yahdu e balans Tinetti, ƴeewndo moɓondiral Tinetti, e ƴeewndo balans Tinetti ;  feere yaajnde e innde, taƴe jarribooje e nafooje taƴɗe ina addana sahaaji jiiɓru.[4]

## Ƴeew kadi
Teskuyaaji Romberg

Test jooɗaade-umminde

Timed Up e Go jarribo

## Tuugnorgal
Tandem gait

**Yahdu tandem** ko yahdu (laabi yahdu) tawa ina waɗi paɗe tokoose no feewi e nder doggol juutngol, mbele, e kala paɗe, taƴre koyngal yahrata yeeso ndee ina waɗee ɗoon e ɗoon e yeeso, walla ina mema tan, koppi koyngal caggal/ballal.

￼Neurologiste en ina mbaawi naamnaade neɗɗo yo yah no yahrata e ŋoral nii ngam yaltinde yahdu tandem.

Neurologiste en ina naamnoo sahaa e sahaa fof ñawɓe ɓee yo njahdu e laawol peewal, kuutortoo ko yahdu tandem ngam ƴeewndaade ngam wallitde anndude ataxia, haa teeŋti noon e ataxia truncal, sibu ñawɓe ɗeen caɗeele maa njogo yahdu ndu dartaaki.  Yahde e tandem ina mawnina ŋakkeende darnde.  Kono tan, njeñtudi ndii laaɓtaani, sibu ŋakkeende walla caɗeele keewɗe ina mbaawi saabaade yahdu ndu dartaaki (ko wayi no caɗeele yiytere, caɗeele e neeruuji mooftuɗi, kortikol associatif walla tampere terɗe leslese sabu sabaabuuji ɗi ngonaa neeruuji).  Ko ɗum waɗi, waasde yahde no haanirta nii e nder yahdu tandem, hollittaako wonde ataxia ina woodi.[citation needed]

Yahdu tandem luggiɗndu tawa alaa ko ŋakki heen ko huunde maantiniinde e mboros posterior vermal split syndrome.

Tuumaaɗo ina waawi kadi naamneede ngam waɗde yahdu tandem e nder "yahdu e wirnude" feccere e jarribo sobriety ladde.test]].

## Tuugnorgal
Syndromic testing

**Teskagol sindrom** ko feere nde safroowo cellal ƴeewtotoo ñawɗo e sahaa gooto ngam anndude so tawii ina jogii pathogens keewɗi tawa ina waɗi maale gonɗe e dow mum.  Ɗuum ina addana dokkuɓe yamiroore ƴeewndo gooto ngam ƴeewde so tawii ñawɓe ɓee ina ngondi e ñawu nguu, tawa ina yamira ƴeewndo kala sabaabu potɗo wonde sabaabu ñawu nguu.  Ina waawi huutoreede e ñawɓe ɓe cellal mum en ŋakkiraa, e nder nokkuuji safrirde ɗi ngalaa kaɓirɗe ƴeewndo, walla ñawɓe waawɓe heɓde kala limoore walla denndaangal sabaabuuji gonɗi e ñawu nguu, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri fooftere, gastroenteritis,,ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam, walla ɓuuɓri CNS. .Fooyre ndee huutoriima ƴeewndorɗe sindrom (syndrome) keewɗe baawɗe yiytude e sahaa gooto geɗe keewɗe, ɓeyda laaɓal ƴeewndorɗe geɗe mikroobiyoŋ. Panel multiplex gadano ngam jarribaade sindrom jaɓaaɗo e FDA heɓi jaɓgol e hitaande 2008,,e gila ndeen, panneeji ngam pathogens keewɗi potɗi jaɓeede.

## Tuugnorgal
Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm

**Algoritme thresholding interactive mo Suwed**, mo heewi wiyeede ko SITA, ko feere ngam ƴeewde so tawii ko ŋakkere fannu yiytere, ko ɓuri heewde e ƴeewndo walla ƴeewndo glucose.. Ina hawra e jarribo fannu yiytere ko wayi no perimetri otomaatik kuuɓtodinɗo (SAP) walla perimetri otomaatik njuuteendi ɓoggi juutɗi (SWAP) ngam anndude fannuuji yiytere e mbaadi ɓurndi moƴƴude.

Perimetri otomaatik kuuɓtodinɗo ina hollita no dimmbingol annoore (damal) yiyretee e toɓɓe ceertuɗe e nder fannu yiytere yitere gooto.  Algoritmeeji keewɗi peewnitaama ngam anndude ngool keerol e nder sappooji haa ko ɓuri teemedere toɓɓe keewɗe e nder fannu yiytere wootere.  Algoritme SITA ina moƴƴina anndinde limtooji perimetrik tawa ina jokki e hiisaade ko limtooji ɗaminaaɗi ɗii tuugnii e duuɓi ñawɗo oo e limtooji koɗdiiɗi ɗii.  E oon sifaa, ina waawi ustude waktuuji potɗi heɓde fannu yiytere haa 50%, kadi ina usta ŋakkeende muñal, ina ɓeyda hoolaare.  Mode SITA ina huutoree hannde no feewi e nder perimeteruuji otomaatik ordinateeruuji keewɗi.

Mode jarribo ina taƴa jarribo so boowal fotde yettiima.  Ɗuum ina addana en waktu jarribo ɓurɗo juutde tawa ina wiyee ko foti no fannuuji yiyteede otomaatik goɗɗi ɗii nii.

## Tuugnorgal
Surfactant–albumin ratio

Ko **limre surfactant–albumin woni** jarribo ngam ƴeewde mawnugol ɓuuɓri ɓiɗɗo. .Fooyre ndee, hay so tawii nattii huutoreede e njulaagu, huutoriima ƴeewndo otomatik ngam fooɗtude annoore ɓuuɓnde polarize yaltunde e sample ndiyam amniyotik mo ƴaañii e ƴeewndo ɓuuɓngo jokkondirngo e lesitin (fosfatidilkolin way) e suitch a direct  geɗe ina mbaawi heɓde. Ko ɓuri heewde e lesitin – e tuugnaade e albumin – ina hollita mawnugol ɓuuɓri (e ko nanndi heen nguurndam cukalel ngel).  Nde ndee jarribo huutortenoo haa jooni e golle, Standards of Laboratory Practice ƴettii tolno mawnugol ɓuuɓri ko 55 mg lesitin e kala gram albumin..

## Tuugnorgal
Stenvers projection

E nder fannu safaara otologie, ƴeewndo **Stenvers ko karallaagal** radiyoloji baawngal rokkude yiyngo oblique e ɓalndu, kadi ina tabitina yiyngo ɓurngo moƴƴude e ƴiyal petrous, labyrinthe ƴiyal, e kanndaa nanoowo nder..  Ina teskaa e dingiral caggal-anterior e dingiral ɓalewal.

Eɓɓoore Stenvers ndee inniraa ko cafroowo biyeteeɗo Hendrik Willem Stenvers (1889-1973) mo Utrecht, ƴettuɗo nde e hitaande 1917. Schütz siforii ɗum e hitaande 1938 wondude e ƴeewndo bannge, caggal ɗuum Muntean e Fink wasiyii ɗum e hitaande 1941..

Ngam ƴeewndo Stenvers, ñawɗo ina waɗee ina fadi filmo oo, hoore mum ina ɓuuɓtoo seeɗa, ina yirloo 45 degere e bannge ƴeewteteeɗo oo.[1]  Ɗaɗi ɗii maa mbaɗtu 10 haa 15 degere caudal.

## Tuugnorgal
Mumford procedure

**Laawol Mumford**, anndiraangol kadi ƴettugol ƴiye distal walla ƴettugol ƴiye distal, ko laabi ortopedi baɗaaɗi ngam moƴƴinde mette e mette ɓalndu, tawa ko e ƴettugol damal ƴiye distal (lateral). Ɓeen wonduɓe e rafi osteoartritis e nder jokkondire akromioklavikulaar ina mbaawi suɓaade ngalɗoo laawol so tawii feere woɗnde nde wonaa seppo (yeru, injection kortison) ina ŋakki. Opereeji ɗii ina mbaawi waɗeede e laawol udditiingol walla artroskopi. Rejim physique therapy caggal seppo ina yamiree, ko ɓuri heewde e ñawɓe ina keɓa cellal timmungal e nder yontere 8 haa 10 caggal seppo. Ko Eugene Bishop Mumford, cafroowo ƴiye, sosi laawol ngol e hitaande 1941.

## Tuugnorgal
Thermal amplitude (medical)

**Amplitude nguleeki walla** njuuteendi nguleeki ko njuuteendi nguleeki ɗo otoantibiotik toowɗo walla alloantibiotik ɓuuɓɗo jokkondirta e antigen mum..Antibiotikuuji cooyɗi baawɗi jokkondirde e antigen ko ɓuri 30 °C (86 °F) ina njiytee ina mbaawi wonde ko ɓuri teeŋtude e safaara, ina mbaawi kadi addande ñawu nguu heɓtaade walla ɓeydaade bonde e nguleeki ɓurtuki.. So tawii nguleeki kii ɓadtiima nguleeki ɓanndu (37 °C walla 99 °F), ina ɓeydoo waawde saabaade maale ko wayi no ŋakkere ƴiiƴam walla mboros Raynaud. Antibiotikuuji ɗi njiylotoo tan ko e nguleeki les 30 °C (86 °F) ina keewi siforeede no feewi e nder safaara.

## Tuugnorgal
Mucosectomy

**Mukotomi** ko feere seppo ngam ittude ƴiiƴam e nder tergal. Ɗumɗoo ina waɗi e nder opereeji keewɗi e nder ɓalndu, ko wayi no mukosektomi antireflux ngam safrude ƴiiƴam Barrett, kolektomi ngam safrude ñawanɗe ɓalndu ceertuɗe] e miotomi endoskopi per-oral ngam safrude achalasia.

## Tuugnorgal
Mikulicz's drain

**Mikulicz's drain** ko innde huutorteende e peeje kuutorteeɗe e safaara ɓuuɓɗo ngam haɓaade ƴiiƴam. Hannde, ko adii fof ko e nder seppooji caggal nde neɗɗo selli, ko ɗum feere sakkitiinde so tawii laabi goɗɗi ɗii fof ngam haɓaade ƴiiƴam ina ŋakki. Laawol ngol ko ɓuuɓnude laylaytol gaas e nder ɓuuɓri ndii, caggal ɗuum paccirtee e laylayti gaas keewɗi goɗɗi no laylaytol asliwol ngol ɓuuɓnirtee haa ɓura luggiɗde e nder ɓuuɓri ndii. Ko noon kadi, ɓuuɓri ina addana ɗum tawa golle kapilaar ɗe saak gaas improvisé ina reena ɓuuɓri.[citation needed]

Ko cafroowo Poloñnaajo biyeteeɗo Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850-1905) feewni ɗum ngam ustude ɓuuɓri reedu caggal nde opereeji mbaɗi. Ko adii ɗuum, gaas oo ina safree e iodoform ngam haɓde e ñawu nguu.

## Tuugnorgal
Robert Williams Michell

**Robeer Wiliyam Michell** FRCS (25 ut 1863 – 20 sulyee 1916) ko cafroowo Angalteer.

O jibinaa ko to Truro, o janngi to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Honiton e to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge. O golliima to opitaal St Bartholomew.

O woniino cirridiiɗo konu e nder RAMC e wolde Boer e wolde adunaare adannde. E nder oon sahaa o haaldaa e dipiteeji. O dañii gaañanɗe nde o yiylotonoo maayɓe e leydi hay gooto, o artiraa to leydi Angalteer, o maayi ɗoon. Ina wiyee o wasiyaama ngam heɓde Victoria Cross, kono haa jooni o rokkaaka.

O wirnaa ko e nder Parroisse Ascension to Cambridge.

Kop Michell kop jolngo kolees to Cambridge inniraa ko kanko.

O woniino kadi mason tiiɗɗo, o woniino tergal e fedde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Isaac Newton e fedde Alma Mater.

## Tuugnorgal
Michelassi strictureplasty

Ko wiyetee « strictureplastie isoperistaltique » bannge-e-bannge, ko anndiraa kadi hannde « strictureplastie Michelassi » koo, ko ngam haɗde sakkitde ɓalndu tokoosru keewndu so tawii ko taƴe juutɗe gonɗe e ñawu Crohn.

E nder ndeeɗoo strictureplasty, loopal juutngal ɓalndu ndu ñawu Crohn toɗɗii nduu, ko adii fof ko feccaade e hakkunde mum. Ndeen feccere ɗiɗi ɗee ina njuutee bannge e bannge. Udditgol juutngol no feewi ina sosee hakkunde loope ɗiɗi, ɗe njuumta.

Yaajde ngalɗoo karallaagal ko ɓooyaani koo e ñawu Crohn, feccere sakkitiinde e ɓalndu tokoosru (ileum terminal) naatoowo e nder ɓalndu ñaamo, ina jogori waylude sifaa safrugol ileitis terminal e nder seppooji, gila e ƴettugol (ileocolectomy) e laawol ɓuuɓngol. Ndee feere ina huutoree hannde e nder winndere ndee kala.[3] Njeñtudi juutndi e ngalɗoo karallaagal ina weltini no feewi.

Strictureplasties ina peccii e pelle tati : Laabi gaadoraaɗi, hakkundeeji, e caɗtuɗi. Ko ɓuuɓri Heineke-Mikulicz ɓuri heewde e ɓuuɓri gonndi e ɓuuɓri, ɓuuɓri Finney ko ɓuuɓri hakkundeeri ɓurndi heewde, ɓuuɓri ɓurndi heewde caɗtundi ko ɓuuɓri Michelassi.[citation needed]

Tuugnorgal
Back examination

**Wiɗto ɓalndu** ko feccere e ƴeewndo ɓanndu huutorteeɗo ngam anndude pathogen potɗo wonde e ɓalndu.

Ƴeewndo ɓalndu ko feere ngam ƴeewde ɓalndu ngam anndude so tawii ina waawi wonde ñawu nguu. Inklinomeeteruuji safaara ina mbaawi huutoreede ngam ƴeewde tolno dille. Ooɗoo sifaa ƴeewndo ina waawi wallude e ƴeewde skoliyoos, kifosis e ñawu diski degeneratif.

Gaagaa ƴeewndooji kuuɓtodinɗi baɗaaɗi e kala jokkondire (ƴeewndo, palpaasiyoŋ, njuuteendi dille, e pulse distal, doole, senngooji, e refleksuuji), ina woodi manndaaji keewɗi keertiiɗi keertiiɗi e ƴeewndo caggal. Ɗee geɗe ina njeyaa heen :

## Yahdu
Koyngal peewngal ƴeftude

Maandeeji Waddell

## Test Schober
Seedeeji ummoriiɗi e ƴeewndo caggal kollitooji bonnugol ɓalndu ina mbaawi addande ƴeewndo reedu ngam anndude tonngoode nde alaa ko bonnata.

## Tuugnorgal
Technetium (99mTc) tilmanocept

**Technetium (99mTc) tilmanocept**, yeeyeteeɗo e innde Lymphoseek, ko huunde ƴeewndotoonde radiyoo farmasii huutorteende ngam yiytude ƴiye ɗe mbaawi yaltude e ɓuuɓri, e wallitde safrooɓe yiytude ƴiye ngam ittude ɗe e nder seppo.

Ko ɓuri heewde e batte mum ko ɓuuɓri walla ɓuuɓri e nokku ɗo ƴiiƴam ɗam waɗaa ɗoo.

Nde jaɓaama ngam huutoreede e safaara to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e lewru marse 2013,nder Dental Orop e lewru noowammbar 2014.

## Kuutoragol safaara
To Amerik, tilmanocept technetium (99mTc) ina hollitee e ƴeewndo sintigrafik walla tawa alaa ngam ƴeewde kartoŋaaji limfatik kuutortooɗi limto gamma junngo ngam yiytude limfe limfatik ɓuuɓnooje nokku ɓuuɓɗo gadano e yimɓe wonduɓe e ɓuuɓɗe tiiɗɗe ɗe ngalɗoo laawol woni e nder njuɓɓudi nder operaasiyoŋ ;  e ardude e biopsie limfatik sentinel kuutortooɗo limto gamma junngo e yimɓe wonduɓe e kanseer ƴiiƴam gonɗo e nder reedu, kanseer ɓernde walla melanoma

E nder UE, tilmanocept technetium (99mTc) ina hollira ngam ƴeewde e yiytude e nder operaasiyoŋ limfe sentinel gonɗe e ɓuuɓri gonndi e mawɓe wonduɓe e kanseer ɓernde, melanoma, walla kanseer gonɗo e nder hunuko. Hoto ƴeewndo yaajngo e ƴeewndo nder golle ina waawi waɗeede tawa ina huutoroo kaɓirgal ƴeewndo gamma.

## Tariya
Kisal e nafoore tilmanocept teknetium (99mTc) kolliraama e nder jarribooji ɗiɗi gonɗi e 332 tawtoraaɓe wonduɓe e rafi melanoma walla kanseer ɓernde. Tawtoraaɓe ɓee fof ina njuutee e teknetium (99mTc) tilmanocept e danewol bulo, lekki goɗki kuutorteeki ngam wallitde yiytude ƴiye.

## Tuugnorgal
Biceps reflex

**Refleks biseps** ko jarribo luggiɗngo (DTR) (anndiraango kadi jarribo refleks muscle-stretch) ƴeewndotooɗo golle arc refleks C5 e arc refleks C6. Test oo waɗata ko e huutoraade martolin tendon ngam yaawde ɓuuɓnude tendon biceps brachii nde rewata e fossa cubital. E teskaade, jarribo ngoo ina huutoroo ƴeewndorɗe ɓuuɓɗe nder ɓalndu biceps brachii jokkondirɗe ko ɓuri heewde e nerwel ɓalndu C5 e feccere e nerwel ɓalndu C6 ngam addande ɓalndu nduu ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓtude junngo yeeso.

Kosam tiiɗɗam ina hollita ɓuuɓol "yaawngol", ɓuuɓol ngol alaa semmbe walla ngol alaa, ina anndiraa "diminished". Reflekseeji jaawɗi walla ɗi ngalaa ina kuutoree ngam anndude nokku ɗo ñawu nguu woni ɗoo. Ko ɓuri heewde, reflekseeji jaawɗi ina tawee e ɓuuɓri neronuuji mooftuɗi toowɗi, reflekseeji ɗi ngalaa walla ustiiɗi ina tawee e ɓuuɓri neronuuji mooftuɗi lesɗi.

Waylo-waylo e nder refleks biceps ina hollita pathogenesis to tolno nerwel musculocutaneous, segment C5/6 walla e won e nokkuuji dow mum e nder ɓalndu walla ngaandi.

## Tuugnorgal
Behavioral observation audiometry

**Odiometri ƴeewndo jikkuuji** (BOA) ko sifaa odiometri (ƴeewndo nanɗe ngam waawde anndude tolno, tolno nguleeki ekn) waɗeteeɗo e sukaaɓe ɓe duuɓi mum en njahrata e lebbi jeegom.ref>

## Tuugnorgal
Beutler test

**Test Beutler**, anndiraango kadi test spot fluorescent, ko test ƴeewndo kuutorteeɗo ngam anndude ŋakkeende enzim.

## Kuutorɗe
Ina waawi huutoreede e ƴeewndo ngam :

galaktosemiya.

ŋakkeende glukos-6-fosfaat dehidrogenaas

## Tuugnorgal
Speculoscopy

**Spekuloskopi** ko feere nde annoore keeriinde daneere-boɗeere (Speculite) huutortee ngam ƴeewde reedu nduu so ina woodi mborosaaji kanseer walla ko adii kanseer.

Asid asetik ina waɗee e nder reedu, ina ɗalee jooɗaade fotde leƴƴanɗe 60, caggal ɗuum reedu nduu ƴeewtee e mawningol 4-6x.  Annoore ndee ummotoo ko e lewlewndu annoore kemiluminescent, ndu jokkondirta e bannge nder ɓalndu toowndu speculum vaginal e mbaydi jokkere enɗam.  Test oo ina waawi huutoreede ngam timminde ƴeewndo (pap) e ƴeewndo kanseer reedu.  Spekuloskopi mo moƴƴaani, wondude e pap smear mo moƴƴaani ina addana en hoolaare ɓurnde mawnude e ŋakkeende ñawu nguu.[citation needed]

Nde feewnaa ko e hitaande 1988.  Ko FDA jaɓi ɗum ngam ɓeydaade e ƴeewndo Pap smear e hitaande 1995.

E oo sahaa alaa kodde CPT/HCPCS ngam ɗuum kadi ko ɓuri heewde e sosiyeteeji asiraaji safaara ndarnaaki ngalɗoo laawol.

Bannge annoore ina hokka annoore fotde hojomaaji 15–20.

## Tuugnorgal
Skeletal survey

**Wiɗto ƴiye** ina wiyee kadi wiɗto ƴiyeko' limto ƴiye denndaangal ƴiye ɓanndu, walla ko famɗi fof ƴiye aksiyoŋ e ƴiye kortikol mawɗe.  Kuutoragol ɓurngol heewde ko ƴeewde mboros biyeteeɗo myeloma multiple, ɗo ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam feeñata ko no ɓuuɓri "punched-out" nii.  Ko ɓuri heewde e ranwiiji ngam wiɗto ƴiye ina mbaɗi ranwiiji ɓalndu, ɓalndu nduu fof, pelɓondiral, ƴiye, humeri e femora (kosam juutɗam ɓadiiɗo).  Ina ɓuri ƴeewndo isotopeeji waawde yiytude naatgol ƴiye e nder mboros biyeteeɗo myeloma keewɗo.  Hay so tawii ina famɗi no feewi e MRI, ina weeɓi waɗde heen ƴiye ɓurɗe heewde.  Wiɗto hollitii wonde MRI tan e ɓalndu e pelvis ina waawi yiytude 9% e ñawɓe wonduɓe e ƴiye ɓurɗe yaajde e wiɗto ƴiye ɓurngo yaajde ngo noon ina heddii e feere teskinnde.

Wiɗtooji ƴiye ina kuutoree kadi e tuumeede ñawu nguu tawa wonaa aksidaa e nder sukaaɓe (CE [3] ina hollita wonde 19 natal cukalel ngel ina ƴettee.) Ɗeeɗoo natal ko radiyoloji sukaaɓe konsulteer habri ɗum en, tee ina heewi waɗde heen koppiiji.  Gaññeeje ɗe ngonaa aksidaa ina tuumaa so tawii cukalel ngel heɓii gaññeeje ɗe ƴeewndorɗe safaara ɗee njahdaani e firo dokkaango e gaññeeje ɗee, ko wayi no ɓuuɓri spiral e cukalel ngel yahdaani tawo.

CT ɓalndu ina waɗee kadi e jokkondirde e radiyoo so tawii cukalel ngel ina yahra e duuɓi 10 walla so tawii cukalel ngel ina yahra e duuɓi 18, tawa ina waɗi sarɗiiji kilinik (ekkimosis perioribtal, yeru) ngam ittude mboros bonɗo e hoore.

Njeñtudi wiɗto ƴiye ina waawi huutoreede e nder ñaawirde ngam seedaade ko fayti e majjere sukaaɓe.

## Tuugnorgal
Siewert classification

**Senngo Siewert-Stein** (ina heewi wiyeede senngo Siewert e nder limto juutngo) ko feere senngo anatomi kuutorteeɗo ngam adenokarsinoomaaji jokkondire esofagogastrik.

Senngooji

### Sifaa I
Adenokarsinooma mo feccere woɗnde e nder reedu.  Catal ɓuuɓri ndii ina woni 1–5 cm dow cardia gastrique.

### Sifaa II
Adenokarsinooma mo ɓernde goonga.  Catal ɓuuɓri ndii ina woni 1 cm dow walla 2 cm les cardia gastrique.  Hiisaama ko jokkondiral gastroesofageal goonga.

### Sifaa III
Adenokarsinooma reedu les ɓernde.  Catal ɓuuɓri ndii ina woni les ɓuuɓri ɓalndu 2–5 cm.

￼Seerndi Siewert ngam kanseer jokkondiral esofagogastrik.

## Tuugnorgal
Siderophage

**siderofaaj** ko makrofaaji baɗɗi hemosiderin.  Piɓaaji ɓuuɓɗi ɓernde ko siderofaaji peeñɗi e nder alveoli ɓuuɓri yimɓe wonduɓe e ɓuuɓri ɓernde nano walla ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri gonndi e ɓuuɓri, nde ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam toowɗam addanta piɓaaji ƴiiƴam boɗeeji rewde e ɓalndu ƴiiƴam..  Siderofaaji ngonaa keertiiɗi e ŋakkeende ɓernde.  Ɗe ngoni ko e kala ɗo ƴiiƴam mboɗejam hawri e makrofaaji, ko wayi no ƴiiƴam ɓuuɓɗam.

E nder ŋakkere ɓernde nano, ƴiiƴam nano ɗam waawaa yahdude e ƴiiƴam naatɗam e ƴiiƴam ɗam.  Backup mo heɓaa oo ina addana ƴiiƴam ɓeydaade ɓuuɓde e kapilaaruuji alveolaaji, ƴiiƴam mboɗejam ina yalta.  Makrofaaji alveolaaji (ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe) ina ɓuuɓna ƴiiƴam mboɗejam, ina ɓuuɓtoo e hemosiderin ɓaleejo.

E nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, septaaji alveolaaji ina mbaɗta ɓuuɓde e fiɓnde, kadi ina ɓeyda ɓuuɓri e kapilaaruuji alveolaaji, ina addana ɗum en ɓuuɓde ƴiiƴam mboɗejam, ɗam makrofaaji alveolaaji mbaɗata fagositosis.

## Tuugnorgal
ST Genesia

**ST Genesia** ko njuɓɓudi ƴeewndotoondi njulaagu otomaatik timmundi ngam waɗde ƴeewndorɗe jibinannde trombine (TGAs) e ɗuum waɗi ƴeewndorɗe coagulation. Ko Diagnostica Stago feewni nde, ko sosiyetee oo yaltini nde e hitaande 2018.

E aadaaji, TGAs ina huutoree e laabi otomaatik feccere hono trombogramme otomaatik kalibraa (CAT), baɗaaɗo e hitaande 2003.Kono CAT ina waɗee e nder 96 ɓulli, ina ɗaɓɓi karallaagal keeringal ngam waɗde ɗum.  Ndeen noon, nde yiyri ko ŋakkeende huutoraade e nder laboratuwaaruuji gaadoraaɗi, nde ɓuri famɗude e nokkuuji wiɗto..  Soklaaji njuɓɓudi e CAT kadi addanii caɗeele e ƴeewndorɗe janngugol e janngugol e nder wiɗtooji. Ina wiyee wonde naatgol ST Genesia system, baawngol addande TGAs waɗde ko ɓuri hoybude e kadi hollirde ɓeydagol jibinannde so yerondiraama e CAT, ina foti addande TGAs waawde huutoreede e nder laboratuwaaruuji safaara..

## Tuugnorgal
Spinal Cord Toolbox

**Kuutorgal ɓalndu** (SCT)  ko kuutorɗe ƴeewndorɗe moƴƴe ngam natal ɓalndu keɓtinaangal e ƴeewndo magnetik.  Ko ɓuri teeŋtude e geɗe ɗee ko seerndude, winnditaade e hiisaade mette anatomiije.

## Tagle
Propseg Otomatik ƴettugol ɓalndu.

Template PAM50 ko template anatomique mo ƴiiƴam ɓalndu ɓuuɓnata ƴiiƴam timmuɗam e ngaandi, ina heɓee ngam ƴeewndaade MRI teeŋtuɗo T1-, T2- e T2*.  Template PAM50 ina waɗi peccitagol baawngol wonde e huunde ɓaleere, huunde ɓaleere, CSF kam e atlasuuji baawɗi wonde e nokkuuji ɓaleeji e laabi huunde ɓaleere. The template also include segmentation of spinal levels for automatic assessment of metrics at specific locations. Template oo ina waɗi kadi peccitagol toɓɓe ɓalndu ngam ƴeewtaade otomatik metrik e nokkuuji keertiiɗi.

Atlas Matter daneejo ina waɗi 29 masɗe volume feccere ɗe matter tracts.

## Tuugnorgal
Seroprevalence

**Seroprevalence** ko limoore yimɓe e nder ɓesngu nguu, ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ina ngondi e rafi keeriiɗo[1] tuugnaade e ƴeewndo serologie (serum ƴiiƴam), heewi hollirde ko e nder teemedere (100) e ƴeewndorɗe ƴeewndaaɗe ɗee fof walla e nder teemedere e nder 100 000 neɗɗo ƴeewndaa.  No anndinde no moƴƴi feeñde ñawu nguu heewi tuugnaade ko e woodgol antibiotik wonande oon ñawu (haa teeŋti noon e ñawuuji viral ko wayi no herpes simplex, VIH, e SARS-CoV-2), ndeeɗoo limoore alaa ko nafata so tawii keertinagol antibiotik oo ina famɗi.[citation].

## Tuugnorgal
  "Ɓooygol mborosaaji | NIH".  kabaruuji safaara.hiv.gov.  Heɓtinaama ñalnde 24 lewru bowte hitaande 2021.
Sereny test

**Test Sereny** ko test kuutorteeɗo ngam ƴeewde so tawii ko mboros biyeteeɗo Escherichia coli, mboros biyeteeɗo Shigella, e mboros biyeteeɗo Listeria monocytogenes ina waawi naatde e ɓalndu..

Ɗum waɗetee ko e ɓuuɓnude suspension bakteriiji e nder gite ƴiye.  Konjunktiwitis mucopurulent tiiɗɗo e keratitis tiiɗɗo ina kollita ƴeewndo moƴƴo.

## Tuugnorgal
Screening cultures

**Pinal ƴeewndo** ko sifaa ƴeewndo safaara waɗeteeɗo ngam yiytude ñawu nguu.  Pine ƴeewndo ina keewi waɗeede ngam yiytude ñawuuji ɗi ngalaa maale e maale.

## Nokkuuji pine ƴeewndo
Ñawu Streptococcus Groupe B perinatal ummorii ko e mboros gonɗo e nder reedu ɓiɗɗo oo, ummoraade e sarde Streptococcus Groupe B ummoraade e reedu debbo koloñaal mo nganndu-ɗaa alaa ko woni e mum.  Wiɗtooji safaara kollitii wonde pine ƴeewndorɗe hade jibineede ina usta ñawu nguu, hono « Streptocoque Perinatal Groupe B » .  Janngirɗe juɓɓule goote walla juɓɓule toppitiiɗe cellal ina kollita wonde juɓɓule jogiiɗe politik ƴeewndo tuugiiɗo e pinal ina njogii fotde 90% e rewɓe jibinannde wonduɓe e ƴeewndo GBS binnditagol, e fotde 90% e rewɓe wonduɓe e GBS keɓii antibiotikuuji nder jibinannde.[1]  Annduɓe ko yowitii e njoɓdi peeje ƴeewndorɗe e riisuuji kollitii wonde hay so tawii njoɓdi adanndi jowitiindi e mooftugol e golloraade eɓɓaaɗe ina addana peeje ƴeewndo ɗee ɓurde yaajde e peeje tuugiiɗe e riis, ko ɓuri heewde e njoɓdiiji baɗeteeɗi ngam haɓaade ñawu nguu seerndaani no feewi hakkunde peeje ɗee.[2]

Opitaaluuji mawɗi ɗii, nokkuuji toppitiiɗi cellal ina keewi waɗde ƴeewndorɗe nofru, ƴiiƴam ɓalndu walla ƴiiƴam ɓalndu ngam ƴeewde so tawii ko Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) walla mborosaaji keewɗi (MRO) gonɗi e reentaade Methicillin.

## Tuugnorgal
Schumm test

**Test Schumm** (shoom) ko test ƴiiƴam kuutortooɗo spektoroskopi ngam anndude tolno maantinɗo methemalbumin e nder ƴiiƴam.  Njiylawu moƴƴo ina waawi hollude hemolisis nder ƴiiƴam. . Test Schumm inniraa ko Otto Schumm, ganndo kemikal Almaañnaajo, guurɗo e fuɗɗoode teeminannde 20ɓiire.[citation needed]

Njiylawu moƴƴo ina waɗa so tawii mbaawka jokkondirde e haptoglobin e nder ƴiiƴam ina heewi, ɗum addanta heme yaltude e hemoglobin mo cellal mum alaa, jokkondirde e albumin.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Abortion in Slovakia

**Rewde reedu e nder leydi Slowaaki** ina laawɗi e dow ɗaɓɓaande haa jonte 12 reedu, e dow dalillaaji safaara e nder daawal gadanal. Resde reedu laawɗinaama haa timmi ñalnde 23 oktoobar 1986. Resde reedu ina rokkaa kuule e nder leydi Slowaaki e ko wiyetee hannde leydi Cekoslowaki gila 19 desaambar 1957, kono ko sariya 1986 itti sarɗiiji jaɓgol safrooɓe ngam resde reedu ko adii yontere sappo e ɗiɗmere. Sukaaɓe rewɓe ɓe duuɓi mum en njahrata e 16 ina ɗaɓɓi yamiroore jibnaaɓe ngam ruttaade, sukaaɓe rewɓe yahrooɓe e duuɓi 16 e 17 ina mbaawi waɗde ɗum tawa ɓe njaɓaani kono jibnaaɓe ɓee ina poti humpiteede haa jooni.

Ngam heɓde ruttaade cuɓaaɗo, debbo ina foti ɓurde yontere sappo e ɗiɗmere reedu mum, kadi ina foti anndinde ɗaɓɓaande mum ruttaade e binndol to doktoor mum, tawa kadi ina rokka debbo oo humpitooji ko faati e jibinannde, tawa kadi ina neldee to safrirde ngam ittude reedu mum. After twelve weeks, a group of physicians must approve the abortion, which in practice only occurs if there is a chance of irreparable harm for either the fetus or the mother. Caggal jonte sappo e ɗiɗi, fedde safrooɓe ina foti jaɓde ruttaade, tawa noon e nder golle mum, ina waɗa tan so tawii won ko waawi bonnude ɓiɗɗo oo walla yumma oo.

E lewru Oktoobar 2020, kuulal potnoongal tiiɗtinde sariya ruttaade e nder leydi Slowaki fooli ɗum, tawi ko 59 woote njaɓaani, 58 njaɓi.

Hakindo ruttaade e reedu ina mawni e kitaale 1980 caggal nde sariya ruttaade e reedu ɓooyɗo oo yaltinaa, fotde 40 reedu e nder 100 jibinannde. E hitaande 2004, limoore ndee ustii les 15 jibinannde 100, ko ɗum woni limoore ɓurnde famɗude gila laamu nguu fuɗɗii reende limooje jibinannde e hitaande 1958.

Haa e hitaande 2010, keewal jibinannde ko 13,9 jibinannde e nder 1000 debbo jahroowo e duuɓi 15-44.

## Tuugnorgal
Michaab

**Michaab** ko kaɓirgal safaara gadanal, ngal Al-Zahrawi sosi, ko sifaa litotriit mo alaa ko bonnata. O waawii ɓuuɓnude haayre ndee e nder ɓalndu nduu tawa o alaa haaju e seppo. lt ko caggal ɗuum Jean Civiale wayli ɗum, huutorii ɗum ngam waɗde litotripsi transurethral, ​​woni seppo gadano anndaango ngo alaa ko bonnata, ngam ɓuuɓnude kaaƴe nder reedu tawa alaa ko udditi reedu (lithotomie). Ngam ittude kalkulus kuutorgal ngal ina waɗee e nder reedu e ɓulli borɗi e nder haayre ndee. Caggal ɗuum, nde ɓuuɓnaa e kuutorgal gootal, nde heɓi heen pecce ɗe aspiree walla ɗe ɗalee no haanirta nii e ƴiiƴam.[citation needed]

## Tuugnorgal
Radial artery puncture

**Puncture artérielle radiale** ko feere safaara waɗeteende ngam heɓde ƴiiƴam ƴiiƴam ngam ƴeewndaade gaas.  Njaajeendi ina waɗee e nder ƴiiƴam radiis, ina heewi ƴiiƴam e hoore mum.  Siringi oo ina foti waɗeede e heparin seeɗa ngam haɗde ɗum ɓuuɓde, walla ina foti heparineede, tawa ina ƴetta heparin seeɗa, ina ɓuuɓna ɗum kadi.[citation needed].  Seedeeji keɓaaɗi ina kollita wonde huutoraade anestesi nokkuyankeewo, hade punndi arteriyel, ustataa mette ɗe nganndu-ɗaa e golle ɗee..

## Tuugnorgal
Schiller's test

**Test Schiller** walla test Schiller Iodine ko test safaara ɗo ɓuuɓri iodine waɗata e reedu ngam anndude kanseer reedu..

## Laahal
Kosam iodine Schiller ina waɗee e nder reedu e nder yiytere toownde.  Mukosa reedu no woorunoo ina waɗi glikogen e ɓuuɓri ɓaleeri, tawi noon nokkuuji ɗi ngonaa no woorunoo, ko wayi no kanseer reedu puɗɗorɗo, ƴettataa ɓuuɓri ndii.  Ndeen nokkuuji ɗi ngonaa no haanirta nii ina mbaawi ƴeewteede e ƴeewteede e histooloji.  Ko woni e iodine Schiller ko gootum e iodine Lugol, ɗiɗmo oo ɓuri heewde.  So yowitaare Schiller alaa, yowitaare Lugol ina waawi huutoreede ngam waylude ɗum.

Test Schiller wonaa tan e kanseer reedu, sibu nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓɗi e keratosis ina mbaawi kadi waasde ƴettude ɓuuɓri ndii..

## Eponim
Test Schiller inniraa ko Doktoor Walter Schiller (1887 – 1960)..

## Tuugnorgal
Brachioradialis reflex

**Refleks brachioradialis** (anndiraaɗo kadi refleks supinator ) ina yiyee e nder ƴeewndo neurobiyoloji e fiyde ƴiiƴam (e naatgol mum e dow ŋoral junngo e nder golle styloid radial (bannge ŋoral ŋoral ko hedde 4 inch (102 mm) ɓadiiɗo ŋoral ŋoral ñawɗo oo ɓuuɓnude Ngolɗoo refleks ko nerwel radiyel (toɓɓere ɓalndu: C5, C6) nawrata ɗum.

Refleks oo ina foti saabaade ɓuuɓri seeɗa walla ɓuuɓri seeɗa e ɓuuɓri seeɗa e koyngal. E ko luurdi e ko yimɓe fof cikkata, ngool refleks fotaani saabaade ɓuuɓri junngo e/walla ɓuuɓri radiis, sibu brachioradialis taƴataa junngo.supination]]

## Tuugnorgal
Blantyre coma scale

**Toɓɓere komaa Blantyre** ko waylude toɓɓere komaa sukaaɓe Glasgow, peewniraande ngam ƴeewde komaa paawngal e sukaaɓe.

Ko Terrie Taylor e Malcolm Molyneux peewni nde e hitaande 1987, nde inniraa ko wuro Malawi wiyeteengo Blantire, nokku ɗo eɓɓaande Malaria Blantyre woni ɗoo.

## Huutoraade njuuteend
iNjoɓdi ndi njuuteendi komaa Blantyre rokkata ndii ko limoore tuggi 0 haa 5. Njoɓdi ndii ina anndaa e ɓeydugol njeñtudi ummoraade e pelle tati : Jaabawol mooftugol, jaabawol haala, e dille gite.

Toɓɓere ɓurnde famɗude ko 0 ko hollirta njeñtudi bonndi tawi ko ɓuri heewde ko 5 ko hollirta njeñtudi moƴƴiri. Denndaangal tolnooji les 5 ina njiytee ko aldaa e sago.

## Dimngal gite
1 – Ina ndaara walla ina rewa

0 – Waasde ndaarde walla rewde

## Jaabawol moter ɓurngol moƴƴude
2 – Localize stimulus mettuɗo (waawde ñawɗo ittude stimulus) .

1 – Ittugol tergal e stimulus mettuɗo
0 – Alaa jaabawol walla jaabawol ngol fotaani

Jaabawol ɓurngol moƴƴude e haala
2 – Woyde no haanirta nii e naafigaagal, walla so tawii ko haala, haalde

1 – Moƴƴere walla woyde nde aldaa e sago tawa ina wondi e mette

0 – Alaa jaabawol daande e naafigaagal

## Tuugnorgal
Bodansky unit

**Yuɓɓo Bodansky** ko peeje ɓooyɗe ngam ƴeewde tolno fosfatase alkali e nder ƴiiƴam. Ina siforee no keewal fosfataas alkaline ɓuuɓnoowo 1 mg iyon fosfaat e nder waktu gadano ɓuuɓɗo e ɓuuɓri tampon ina waɗi β-gliserofosfaat sodium. Ndee feere woni jarribo adanngo ngam fooɗtude tolno fosfatase alkali e nder ƴiiƴam, ko Aaron Bodansky ƴetti nde e fuɗɗoode kitaale 1930.

Yuɓɓooji goɗɗi kuutortenooɗi ko adii ngam ƴeewde tolno fosfataas alkali e nder ƴiiƴam ko yuɓɓooji King-Armstrong, yuɓɓooji Kind-King, e yuɓɓooji hakkunde leyɗeele. Kono tan, yuɓɓo Bodansky e ɗeen yuɓɓooji goɗɗi ɗii, ɓooyii, tee tolno jooni oo ngam fotde fosfataas alkali ko yuɓɓooji e liiteer (U/L).

## Tuugnorgal
Bradyesthesia

**Bradyesthesia** ko leelgol faamde.Helmere ndee ummorii ko e helmere "aisthesis" firti ko ɓuuɓri.

## Tuugnorgal
Breast ultrasound

**Ultrason kosam** ko karallaagal ƴeewndo safaara huutortoo ko ultrason safaara ngam waɗde ƴeewndo ɓalndu. Ina waawi waɗeede ngam ƴeewndaade walla ƴeewndaade, ina waawi huutoreede tawa ina waɗi mammogram walla tawa alaa. Haa teeŋti noon, ultrasound e nder reedu ina waawi naftoraade rewɓe tokosɓe jogiiɓe ƴiye fiɓnde ɓurɗe denndaangal, baawɗe waɗde mammogramme ɓurɗo saɗtude firo.

Ultrason otomaatik (AWBU) ko karallaagal peewnoowo natal volumetrik e ɓalndu, tee ina heewi ko aldaa e karallaagal golloowo. Ina huutoroo ultrasound toowɗo ngam wallitde waɗde ƴeewndo diagnostic e ɓuuɓri laktifer (sonography duct) e waɗde ɓuuɓri dilaasiyoŋ e masiŋaaji nder ɓuuɓri ina njiyee. Galaktogaraafi ko karallaagal goɗngal baawngal huutoreede ngam yiytude mbaydi laktik, kadi ina addana yiytude nokku ɓurɗo yaajde.

Elastography ko sifaa ƴeewndo ultrasound peewnoowo tiiɗnaare ƴiye, ina waawi huutoreede ngam yiytude ɓuuɓri. Ultrason kosam ina huutoree kadi ngam waɗde biopsie aspiration fine-needle e aspiration fine-needle guidée par le ultrasound e ɓuuɓri kosam.

Rewɓe ina mbaawi ɓurde yiɗde ƴeewde ultrasound e nder reedu, sibu ko ɗum feere nde alaa ko bonnata, tee nde alaa ko nafata e ɓuuɓri reedu tawa ina tawee e mamogaraafi.

Ultrasound kosam ina heewi waɗeede e huutoraade 7 haa 14 Megahertz, ina waawi kadi waɗde ultrasound wutte aksiyoŋ e aksiyoŋ ngam yiytude nodule ɗe ngonaa no haanirta nii e nder aksiyoŋ, sibu ɓuuɓri limfatik e geɗe kosam ina waɗa e limfaaji aksiyoŋaaji ɗi ngalaa.

## Ƴeew kadi
Maande kiisɗo acorn

## Tuugnorgal