Leila Ahmed

**Leila Ahmed** (arab : لیلى أحمد ; jibinaa ko ñalnde 29 mee 1940)[1] ko ganndo lislaam Misra-Ameriknaajo. E hitaande 1992 o yaltini deftere makko Women and Gender in Islam, nde o yi’etee ko e ƴeewndo daartol ngol ko adii darnde rewɓe e nder renndooji juulɓe aarabeeɓe.[2][3] O wonti jannginoowo gadano janngude rewɓe e diine to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard e hitaande 1999, o woniino jappeere jannginoowo diine Victor S. Thomas gila 2003. Caggal ɗuum o rokkaama jannginoowo wiɗto Victor S. Thomas e hitaande 2020.[4]. ]

## Nguurndam
Jibinaa ko e diiwaan Heliopolis to Kayhayɗi, baaba mum ko Ejiptnaajo hakkundeejo, yumma mum ko Turkinaajo toowɗo e hitaande 1940,[5] Cukaagu Ahmed ina mbayli ɗum e nafooje juulɓe Ejiptnaaɓe e njiimaandi ndimaagu aristokraasi Misra e les njiimaandi ancien régime. Galle Ahmed wonti ko ƴaañiiɗo e politik caggal dillere Ofiseeji Libre e hitaande 1952. Baaba makko, injenieer siwil, wonnoo ko luulndiiɗo Gamal Abdel Nasser mahngo baraas toowɗo Aswan e dow kuule ekolosii.[6]

O heɓi dipolomaaji makko leslesɗi e doktoraa makko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge e kitaale 1960 hade makko yahde to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik ngam jannginde e winndude, ɗo o toɗɗaa o woni porfeseer to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Massachusetts Amherst, to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Massachusetts Amherst, e... darnde gardiiɗo e nder porogaraamuuji ɗii[8] e hitaande 1981. Professeur e nder jaŋde rewɓe e diine to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard Divinity rewi heen ko e hitaande 1999, ɗo o jannginta jooni.[7]

## Yiyngooji

## Suuɗde

E hitaande 2013, Ahmed, mo meeɗiino luulndaade mbaydi mbaylaandi, heɓi njeenaari to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Louisville Grawemeyer to bannge diine ngam ƴeewtaade mbaydi mbaylaandi rewɓe juulɓe e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, o siftini no won e rewɓe ɓoornortoo mbaydi mbaylaandi ngam hollirde golle ngam nuunɗal e waylo renndo.[9] Ko noon ne kadi, o nattii sikkude wonde ummital mbaydi ndii ko e njiimaandi baabiraagal tan, miijo ngo o joginoo nde o woni suka, nde tawnoo o teskiima no rewɓe heewɓe e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik ɓoornortoo ɗum ngam hollirde mbaydi lislaam mum en, woni nuunɗal renndo , e ƴellitde hakkillaaji rewɓe woɗɓe e kabaruuji renndo ngo ko fayti e ɓalli rewɓe e ɓoornagol mum en. Kono tan, omo sikki wonde mbaydi ndii alaa maanaa winndereyankeewo, tee ina jokki e doole baabiraagal e nder nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder winndere ndee.[10]

Gila e sifaa golle Ahmed ɗe Yale University Press London rokki : « Ahmed teskiima wonde lislaam, e darnde mum e nder gollal miskineeɓe e nder reende nuunɗal renndo, ko mbaydi lislaam ɓurndi hoybude e nafoore mum jokkondirde e demokaraasiiji hirnaange ' aadaaji mum e nder golle nuunɗal e mbayliigu renndo Heewi wonde ko lislaamiyankooɓe, hay so tawii ko ɓuri juulɓe sekulaar en, ngoni ko e ardaade hareeji gollorɗi hannde ɗii, ko wayi no hakkeeji siwil e hakkeeji rewɓe, ko ɗum woni ko Ahmed holliti ko ina ɓadii miijo makko e ndee toɓɓere."[11]

## Kugal

## Laawol keeri (1999)
Ndee feccere e nguurndam neɗɗo guurɗo, alaa ko woni heen so wonaa tuugnorgal walla iwdi. (Mee 2022)

E nder deftere makko 1999 wiyeteende A Border Passage, Ahmed siftinii nehdi makko e pine keewɗe e nder leydi Cairene e nguurndam makko mawɗo, ko o jeyaaɗo e leydi Orop e leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik. O haalata no o naatiri e lislaam rewrude e neene makko e nder cukaagu makko, o ari e seerndude ɗum e "Islaam laawɗuɗo" no diineeji worɓe ɓurɓe heewde e mum en mbaɗirta e waajaade ɗum nii. Ndee ɗoo faamde, caggal ɗuum, wonata ko tuugnorgal deftere makko adannde, Women and Gender in Islam (1992), nde o winndi hannde, ko fayti e daartol lislaam, e feminism juulɓe, e darnde rewɓe e nder lislaam kam e jeewte juulɓe ko fayti e rewɓe.

Ahmed ina haala ko fayti e ko o dañi e Orop e Amerik, ko huunde nde o heewnoo waɗde e jiiɓru e jiiɓru nde o yiɗi hawrude e ngonka makko juulɗo Ejipt e nafooje hirnaange. E nder njiyaagu e njiyaagu luulndiingu juulɓe, e caggal nde o ƴetti geɗe aadaaji ɗe worɓe njogii e nder pinal makko, o felliti riiwtude miijooji e miijooji bonɗi ɗi Hirnaange joginoo e Lislaam e rewɓe juulɓe.

Ahmed ko ƴattoowo no feewi ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe to Ejipt e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo. O sakkitii tonngoode wootere e nder nguurndam makko, ko fayti e naamnal ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, e geɗe politik e golle baɗɗe faayiida ngam mahde leydi Ejipt caggal nde konu nguu waɗi kuudetaa. E wiyde wiɗtooji Ahmed, miijo wonde Misranaaɓe ko « aarabeeɓe » ina famɗi ɗo nanaaka haa e nder teeminannde 20ɓiire. O siftinii ngenndiyaŋkaagal aarabeeɓe, hono no mbaydiiji keewɗi goɗɗi ɗii nii, ko sifaa imperiyaalisma pinal. Ndeeɗoo imperiyaalisma pinal ina ñaama keewal e ƴellitaare pinal, wonaa tan e nder leyɗeele ɓurɗe heewde haalooɓe ɗemngal aarabeeɓe (ɓe keewi haalde ɗemɗe ceertuɗe no feewi), kono kadi e nder leyɗeele tokoose ɗe kaalaani ɗemngal aarabeeɓe e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo e Afrik worgo fof.

## Rewɓe e jinnaaɓe e nder lislaam (1992)
E nder deftere makko germinaal, Women and Gender in Islam (1992), Ahmed hollitii wonde golle tooñannge ɗe rewɓe Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo mbaɗata ɗee, ko sabu ɓeydagol firooji baabiraaɓe e Lislaam, wonaa Lislaam e hoore mum. O jokki e wiyde wonde nde lislaam ƴellitii, daandeeji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi peeñi e nder diine hee :

Sifaa etikaaji baawɗo haɓaade potal nehdi e ruuhu hakkunde aadee en fof ;

Sifaa njuɓɓudi (hiérarchie) ko ɗum woni tuugnorgal jokkondiral gorko/rewɓe ; njuɓɓudi gonndi e jinnaaɓe/jinnaaɓe.[12]

Jaŋde lislaam ƴellitii e nder renndo androcentric, misogynic, ngo Irak Abbasid, aadaaji mum ɓuri heewde ko e laamu Sasaniyankeewu caggal nde ngu heɓti.[13] Ndee renndo teeŋtinii e juɓɓinii daande njuɓɓudi jinnaaɓe e muumɗini daande potal e nuunɗal. Lislaam ko diine noon wonti haala eliteeji ɓurɗi heewde politik, i.e.; renndo worɓe. Won maale gadane ngam haɓaade Lislaam tabitinaaɗo. Yeru, miijooji pelle Suufiyankooɓe e Qarmatiyankooɓe, filosof en hono Ibn al-Arabi e darnde ɓesnguuji doole e yimɓe feewde e ɓiɓɓe mum en rewɓe to bannge dewgal e jaŋde (yeru; waɗde kuulal dewgal gootol e nder nanondiral dewgal walla gooto ngam rokkude jaŋde keeriinde).[citation ina haani]

Ko wonaa ɗuum koo, Lislaam tabitɗo oo heɓiino caɗeele teeŋtuɗe seeɗa haa e fuɗɗoode njiimaandi koloñaal e teeminannde 19ɓiire. Ko ɓuri heewde e golle koloñaal Oropnaaɓe ko faggudu ; kono, ndimaagu rewɓe huutoraa ko no hujja ngam laawɗinde naatgol geɗe politik. Feminism koloñaal ko haala Hirnaange jowitiika e njiimaandi, "naatni miijo wonde jokkondire ndernderiije ina ngoodi hakkunde haala pinal e ngonka rewɓe, e ... wonde yahrude yeeso rewɓe ina waawi heɓtaade tan ko e accude pinal ngenndiwal."[14]

Ko waawi heen wonde fof, jaabawol gadanol ngol ko jaɓde nafooje hirnaange ɗe lislaamiyankooɓe politik mbaɗi. Ndeeɗoo jaɓgol yi’i ko jiidaa e lislaam e pinal ɗo goonga lislaam wonti sifaa to bannge goonga pinal e, teeŋti noon e darnde rewɓe e nder lislaam. Ɗum addani tabitinde aadaaji koɗki jowitiiɗi e rewɓe e artirde aadaaji e sariyaaji renndooji lislaam ɓennuɗi ɗii. Teskagol ngol ko wonde ina woodi firo laaɓtungo e lislaam tuugiiɗo e binndanɗe e juɓɓule ƴellitaaɗe e nder Irak Abbasid. E fawaade e ɗeen miijooji, maanaa jinnaaɗo e darnde rewɓe e nder Lislaam ko “ko laaɓtaani, ko laaɓtuɗo e nder won e maanaaji laaɓtuɗi e timmuɗi.”[15]

Gila e ndee feere adannde, annduɓe rewɓe juulɓe ina mbiya wonde nafooje jamaanu Abbaasid en e nder leydi Irak ngonaa ko ɓuri heewde e lislaam — kono ko ɗe keertiiɗe e sahaa, pinal e yimɓe. Binndi e juɓɓule lislaam ina poti seertude e pinal baabiraaɓe, ƴeewteede to bannge nafoore, e heɗaade daande potal e nuunɗal. Ahm

## Bibliografi

## Defte e tonngooɗe defte
Edward W. Lane: Janngugol nguurndam makko e golle makko e miijooji Biritaannaaɓe e Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo e teeminannde sappo e jeenay. Londres: Longman (1978)

"Kewu aadaaji e nder nokkuuji lislaam to Malesi", e nder Rewɓe juulɓe (1984)

"Hakkunde adunaaji ɗiɗi: Sosde debbo Ejiptnaajo mbayliigu teeminannde", e nder Nguurndam/Lines: Miijo Taariindi Rewɓe (1988)

"Rewɓe aarabeeɓe: 1995", e nder Duuɓi sappo aarabeeɓe garooji: Jaŋngooji goɗɗi (1988)

"Feminism e wiɗto hakkunde pine: Konnguɗi haala e nder Lislaam" E nder Arde e Konnguɗi: Feminism, Teori e Politik. Ed. Elisabet Weed. New York: Routledge (1989)

Rewɓe e jinnaaɓe e nder Lislaam: Daartol jeewte jamaanu. New Haven: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Yale (1992, 2021)

Laawol keeri: Gila Kayhayɗi haa Amerik—Jaɓɓal debbo. New York: Farar Straus e Giroux (1999)

Rewolisiyoŋ deƴƴuɗo: Ummital Veil, gila Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo haa Amerik. Haven keso. Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Yale (2011)

## Binndanɗe
"Rewɓe e nder ummital Lislaam." Daandeeji lislaam kesi : Miijaade politik e jamaanu : Jannguɗo. Ed. Mehran kamrawa. Berkeley, CA: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kaliforni, 2006. 177-200.

"Haala Veil." Post-kolonialismaaji: Antoloji miijo pinal e ñiŋooje. Ed. Gaurav Desai e Supriya Nair. New Brunswick, NJ: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Rutgers, 2005. 315-338.

"Jeewte Veil kadi: Yiyngo ummoraade Amerik e fuɗɗoode teeminannde noogas e go'o". E dow leydi mbayliigu: Rewɓe juulɓe e jamaanu aduna. Ed. Fereshte Nourale-Simone. New York: Jaayndeeji rewɓe to Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde New York, 2005.

"Jinnde e binndol e nder Lislaam." Alaa ko selli: Rewɓe ina njaaboo e fundamentalism diine e kulhuli. Ed. Betsy Reed. New York: Jaaynde hunduko Thunder/Defte ngenndi, 2002.

"Rewɓe Lislaam". Waylo 83 (2000): 78-97.

"Islaam arano e darnde rewɓe: caɗeele firo." Rewɓe e nder daartol Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo: Waylude keeri e nder jinnaaɓe e jinnaaɓe. Ed. Nikki R. Keddi, Beth Baron. New Haven: Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Yale, 1993.

"Pine Aarabeeɓe e Binndol Ɓalli Debbo." Haalaaji jowitiiɗi e jinnaaɓe 9.1 (1 mars 1989): 41-55.

"Rewɓe e Gargol Lislaam." Maandeeji 11.4 (Duuɓri, 1986): 665-691.

"Feminism e dille rewɓe e nder Fuɗnaange hakkundeejo, wiɗto adanngo: Turki, Misra, Alseri, Republiik Demokaratik Yimɓe Yemen." Rewɓe e Lislaam. Ed. Elen Skineer. Virginia: Jaaynde Pergamon: 1982. 153.

“Etnosentrism hirnaange e miijooji Harem.” Janngirɗe rewɓe 8.3 (Ndunngu, 1982): 521-534.

Ahmed, Leila, Krishna Ahooja-Patel, Charlotte Bunch, Nilufer Cagatay, Ursula Funk, Dafna N. Izraeli, Margaret McIntosh, Helen I. Safa, e Aline K. Wong. "Miijooji dow Tinker's 'Miijo Feminist dow Kopenhag'en". Maandeeji 6.4 (Duuɓri, 1981): 771-790.

"Kawral e Feminism Amerik: Yiyngo debbo juulɗo e batuuji ɗiɗi". Jaaynde jannde rewɓe 8.3 (duuɓi, 1980): 7–9.

## Filmogaraafi
Ahmed wonnoo ko wasiyaajo e filmo biyeteeɗo Muhammadu: ndonu annabi (2002) keɓɗo njeenaari, mo fedde wiyeteende Unity Productions Foundation feewni.

## Tuugnorgal
^ Natal Leyla Ahmed

^ Mehran kamrawa, binndol. (2006). Daandeeji kesi lislaam: miijaade politik e jamaanu : janngoowo. Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kaliforni. p. 177.

^ Teodor Jibriil; Rabiha Hannan, binndol. (2011). Lislaam e Veil: Konngol Teori e Diiwaan. Muulngo Bloomsbury. p. 83.

^ "Leyla Ahmed". hds.jaŋde.hardi. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 12-07-2014. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 14-05-2022.

^ Abdelrazek, Amal Talaat (2007). Winndooɓe rewɓe aarabeeɓe Ameriknaaɓe hannde ɓee: anndinde limlebbi e taƴgol keeri. Jaaynde Kambriya. p. 21. .

^ Hazel (oktoobar 2010). "Wakili'en: Memoirs, Taariiha taariiha, taariiha: Leyɗeele Amerika". Ansiklopedi rewɓe e pine lislaam. Moƴƴinaama gila e asli mum ñalnde 10-2017. Heɓtinaa ko 2017-10-02 – e laawol tuugnorgal Brill to enternet.

^ Juppude haa: a b Mehran Kamrava (2006). Daandeeji lislaam kesi : miijaade politik e jamaanu : janngoowo. Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Kaliforni. .

^ "Porfesoor Leila Ahmed, Ph.D., ina haala e nder yeewtere teddunde". Duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Carnegie Mellon to leydi Kataar. 22 mars 2010.

^ "Njiylawu Ahmed e ɓeydagol 'veiling' heɓi njeenaari diine". Arsiif gila e asli mum ñalnde 31-10-2014.

^ "Veil majjere". 25 Abriil 2011. Mooftaa ko e asli mum ñalnde 14 sulyee 2023. Heɓtinaama ñalnde 14 sulyee 2023.

^ "Jaaynde Duɗal Jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Yale London: Waylo-waylo deeƴngo". 2023. Ko mooftaa e asli mum ñalnde 2023-12-07. Ƴeewtaa ko 2023-12-07.

^ Ahmed, Leyla. Rewɓe e Jinnaaɓe e nder Lislaam. Jaaynde duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Yale, 1992, p. 66.

^ Ahmadu 1992, p. 79-83

^ Ahmadu 1992, p. 244

^ ciimtol, p. 238

## Jokkondire yaajɗe
Ahmed ko jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Harvard

Yeewtere e Ahmed ("Rewɓe juulɓe e luural goɗngal) winndaama ñalnde 2015-09-24 to masiŋ Wayback to On Being (eɓɓoore rajo) ñalnde 7 lewru Duujal hitaande 2006

Porofesoor Leila Ahmed, Ph.D., ina haala e nder yeewtere teddunde ñalnde 22 mars 2010

Laawol keerol: diga Kayhayru haa Amerik -- Jahdu debbo, Leila Ahmed, New York: Farrar, Straus e Giroux, 1999.

Nafoore Leila Ahmed Julia Lieblich, jaaynde fedde, ñalnde 12 lewru bowte hitaande 1999