Transhumance

**Transhumance** yɛ mboayɛn anaadɛ etubrafo bi, mboa a wɔdze hɔn kɔ mbea fofor wɔ awɔw ber na awɔw ber mu edzidzibea ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ntsam. Wɔ mbepɔw do mbea (vertical transhumance) no, ɔkyerɛ dɛ wɔbɛkɔ edzidzibea a ɔkorɔn wɔ awɔw ber mu na bon a ɔba fam ntsam wɔ awɔw ber mu. Mboahwɛfo wɔ fie a ɔtra hɔ daa, mpɛn pii no wɔ nkoko mu. Mpɛn pii no, nguankuw no nkotsee na wotu kwan, na nyimpa dodow bi a wohia na wɔahwɛ hɔn, ber a nyimpa dodow no ara tra ase. Dza ɔnye eyi bɔ abira no, ɔyɛ mberɛw dɛ wim tsebew, sikasɛm, anaa amanyɔsɛm mu nsakrae bɛsɛe horizontal transhumance.

## Asɛmfua na nkyerɛase

Asɛmfua transhumance fi Franse kasa mu na efi Latin nsɛmfua trans "across" na humus "ground" mu. Transhumance nyaa nkɔdo wɔ asasepɔn biara a nyimpa tse do. Ɔwom dɛ nsonsonoe kɛse wɔ amambra na mfirdwuma mu dze, nanso ndzeyɛɛ a ɔhyɛ ase a wɔdze nya edzidzibea a ɔwɔ ekyirkyir a ɔwɔ mber mu no dzi dwuma no tse dɛ dza ɔtse dɛm ara.

## Wɔ abakɔsɛm a odzi kan mu
Nna wɔyɛ transhumance wɔ Europa wɔ mber a edzii abakɔsɛm enyim no mu. Isotope nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛɛ wɔ mboa mbiew (bones) ho no kyerɛ dɛ ɔtɔ da bi a na wɔdze mboa tu kɔ mbea fofor wɔ ber biara mu.: 27 Nanso ɔyɛ adze a ɔkɔ do wɔ wiadze nyinara.

Koko sofo (Hill people) nya aborɔfo nyimdze na ɔbɛyɛ dɛ wɔtraa ase awo ntoatoado pii mbrɛ ahokokwaw a ɔdɔɔso a wonyae na ama wɔatum edzi yie wɔ koko na mbepɔw do mbea do. Hɔn a wɔka kar dodow no ara nyim kuayɛ a wɔdze hwɛ hɔn asetradze, Mboahwɛ na kwaa na nsu a awɔw wom na nsu a ɔkɔ ntsɛmntsɛm sohwɛ. Nsɛm pii esi wɔ wim nsakrae ho ansa na abakɔsɛm reba a ɔkaa amambra a ɔtsetse dɛm,

## Europe

### Alps
*Main article: [[:en:Alpine_transhumance|Alpine transhumance]]*

### Balkanfo (Balkans)

Wɔ Balkan aman mu no, Albaniafo, Helafo Sarakatsanifo, Epuei Fam Romancefo (Romaniafo, Aromaniafo, Megleno-Romaniafo na Istro-Romaniafo) na Turkeyfo Yörükfo fi tsetse dze dzii ahohuru ber mu bosoom ahorow wɔ mbepɔw do na wɔsan kɔ asasetaw a ɔba fam do wɔ awɔw ber mu.

## Britain

### Wales
Wɔ Wales mbea dodow no ara no, na mfuw mu edwumayɛfo na ɔtɔ mber bi a okuafo no dze ahohur ber mu bosoom ahorow no tra ahohur ber mu fie bi a ɔwɔ bepɔw do, anaa hafod (wɔbɔ no [ˈhavɔd]), baabi a na mboa no dzidzi. Wɔ osutɔber ewie no na ekuafo ebusua na edwumayɛfo no pam nguankuw no sian kɔ mbɔnsa (valleys) mu, na wɔtra atrae tsitsir anaa hendref ([ˈhɛndrɛv]).

### Scotland
Wɔ Scotland mbea pii a koko na mbepɔw wɔ do no, na kuayɛ edwumayɛfo dze awɔw ber mu bosoom ahorow wɔ bothies anaa shielings mu (àirigh anaa ruighe wɔ Scotland Gaelic kasa mu). Akwan atsitsir a karkafo fa do wɔ Scotland epuei fam no bi nye Cairnamounth, Elsick Mounth na Causey Mounth. Dɛm adzeyɛ yi egyae kɛse, nanso wɔdze dzii dwuma wɔ nkae a ɔtse ase mu (living memory) wɔ Hebrides na Scotland Mbepɔw do. Ndɛ wɔdze lɔɔre (truck) na ɔyɛ transhumance pii, na wɔdze nguankuw (flock) a ɔwɔ mbepɔw do kɔ agistment ase kɔ edzidzibea a ɔba fam wɔ awɔw ber mu.

## Afrika

### Afrika Etsifi (North Africa)
Nna Berberfo (Berber people) a wɔwɔ Afrika Etsifi fam no yɛ ekuafo fi tsetse, na wɔtse mbepɔw a ɔbɛn Mediterranea mpoano kakra do, anaadɛ wɔtse oasis. Mbom, Tuaregfo (Tuareg) na Zenagafo (Zenaga) a wɔwɔ Sahara kɛsee fam no yɛ etubrafo a wɔdan hɔn nyimpa. Ekuw afofor tse dɛ Chaouisfo yɛɛ transhumance a otsim hɔ (fixed transhumance).

### Afrika Abɛn (Horn of Africa)
Wɔ nkuraase no, Somaliafo (Somali) na Afarfo (Afar) a wɔwɔ Afrika Etsifi Epuei nso yɛ etubrafo a wɔdze hɔn kɔ nyimpa fofor mu. Hɔn mboayɛn no gyina yoma (camel) a wɔyɛn hɔn do, na wɔdze nguan na apɔnkye a wɔhwɛ hɔn fofor ka ho.

### Afrika Epuei (East Africa)
Pokotfo no yɛ mboahwɛfo a wɔyɛ etubrafo fa bi a wohu hɔn tsitsir wɔ Kenya etsifi fam atɔe na Amudat mansin mu wɔ Uganda. Apaamu hɔfo yɛ etubrafo transhumance, a mber mu akwantu kɔ do wɔ sare a ɔwɔ Kenya (North Pokot sub-county) na Uganda (Amudat, Nakapiripirit na Moroto mansin) ntam (George Magak Oguna, 2014).

Maasaifo (Maasai) yɛ nyimpa a wɔyɛ etubrafo fa bi a wɔwɔ Kenya na Tanzania etsifi fam tsitsir a wɔwɔ amambra a ɔfa nyimpa a wɔsakra hɔn ho a ɔfa hɔn anantwi ho.

### Nigeria

*Fulani* yɛ Hausa asɛmfua a ɔkyerɛ nyimpa a wɔyɛ mboahwɛfo a wɔwɔ Nigeria a wɔka Fulbefo (*[[:en:Fula_people|Fulbe]]*) a wotu kɔtra mbea fofor no mu. Fulanifo tsetse Nigeria anantwi dodow no ara, a wɔkyerɛ dɛ 83% yɛ mboahwɛfo, 17% yɛ ekuraase anantwi na 0.3% kurom).

## Hwɛ iyi so

* Altitudinal migration
* Kuchis
* Rarámuri
* Sarakatsani
* Seasonal human migration
* Yaylak

## Adanse ahorow (Sources)

* Jones, Schuyler. "Transhumance Reconsidered". *Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute*, London, 2005.
* Costello, Eugene & Svensson, Eva (eds.).  Routledge, London, 2018.
* Jones, Schuyler. *Men of Influence: Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan*. Seminar Press, London & New York, 1974.

## Mboaedze