پرودس اکتور شروو

[بندانگشتی|برخی [لیگچرهای پهلوی کتابی براساس یافته‌های شَروو (۲۰۰۳)]]
**پرودس اُکتور شَروو** یا **پرودز اُکتور شَروو**  (زادهٔ ۳۰ دسامبر ۱۹۴۴، استاینکیر) استاد ایران‌شناس اهل نروژ در دانشکدهٔ زبان‌ها و تمدن خاور نزدیک دانشگاه هاروارد است. او ملیت نروژی دارد و دانش‌آموختهٔ زبان‌های ایرانی باستان و میانه (اوستایی، پهلوی، غیره)، ادبیات و ادیان (زرتشتی، مانوی) و گویش‌های ایرانی است. او از سال ۱۹۸۵ تا ۱۹۹۱ در *[[دانشنامه ایرانیکا|دانشنامهٔ ایرانیکا]]* دستیار ارشد ویراستاری بوده‌است و برای تدریس در دانشگاه هاروارد به آن دانشگاه دعوت شد. او مقالات زیادی در *دانشنامهٔ ایرانیکا* نوشته‌است؛ ازجمله: «اژدها»، «جمشید»، «الفبا و زبان‌های ایرانی»، «واژه‌های ایرانی در متون چینی»، و «کیانیان».

او جانشین کرسی آقا خان تدریس ایران‌شناسی ریچارد فرای در دانشگاه هاروارد شد.

او با  زبان‌های کلاسیک و پویا شامل زبان زبان نورس باستان، زبان نروژی، زبان انگلیسی، زبان فرانسوی، زبان آلمانی، زبان ایتالیایی، زبان اسپانیایی، زبان روسی، زبان لاتین، زبان لارستانی، زبان کمزاری، زبان بشاگردی، زبان پشتو، زبان یدغه، زبان یغنابی، زبان مونجی، زبان ختنی|ختنی (زبان سکایی)، زبان اوستایی، زبان فارسی باستان، زبان فارسی میانه، زبان پارتی، زبان سغدی، فارسی نو، زبان آسی، زبان‌های کردی، تخارها، زبان وداها و زبان سنسکریت کلاسیک آشنایی داشت.

## تزهای ارائه‌شده
فوق لیسانس:

* Undersøkelser til verbalsystemet i gammelpersisk og vestlig middel-iransk (Studies in the verbal systems of Old Persian and western Middle Persian), M.A. thesis, Oslo and Copenhagen, 1974 (115 pp. xerox, unpublished, but see nos. 29, 33).

دکترا:

* The Paikuli inscription, restoration and interpretation. Pt. 1 Restored text and translation (109 pp.). Pt 2. Introduction and commentary. Doctoral thesis, Oslo, Norway, 1981 (27 + 311 pp. , xerox).

شایستگی:

* The Khotanese Suvar.abh.sottamas.tra. Pt. 1. The manuscripts: transcription with critical apparatus and indices (34 + 168 pp. , xerox). Pt. 2. Synoptic Khotanese text and English translation containing the corresponding Sanskrit text compared with the Tibetan and Chinese versions (403 pp. , xerox). Pt. 3. Commentary (44 + 22 pp. , xerox). Doctoral Habilitation thesis. Mainz, West Germany, 1983.

## آثار (کتاب، مقاله)
کتاب:
* * دیباچه‌ای بر زبان پهلوی*، مترجم: امیر زمانی، تهران: انتشارات نیک خرد، ۱۳۹۲ شابک ۸۱۰۱-۹۶۴-۹۷۸-۳۳-۸
* عناصر ایرانی در کیش مانوی، ترجمه محمد شکری فومشی، تهران، طهوری، ۱۳۸۲.

Iranian and Zoroastrian Studies in Honor of Prods Oktor Skjærvø, ed. Carol Bromberg, Nicholas Sims-
Williams, and Ursula Sims-Williams, BAI 19, 2005 [pub. 2009].

سال ۱۹۷۵

* “Notes on the dialects of M.n.b and Hormoz,” Norwegian Journal of Linguistics (NTS) 29, 1975, pp.113–128).

سال ۱۹۷۶

* “Sogdian Notes,” Acta Orientalia 37, 1976, pp. 111–116.

سال ۱۹۷۸

* The Sassanian inscription of Paikuli, with H. Humbach, Wiesbaden. I: Supplement to Herzfeld’s Paikuli, by H. Humbach, 1978 (28 pp. , 116 figs).

سال ۱۹۷۹

* “The interpretation of the Paikuli inscription,” in Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses für Iranische Kunst und Archäologie München 7. -10. September 1976, Berlin, 1979, pp. 329–331.
* “Georg Morgenstierne,” Acta Orientalia 40, 1979, pp. 5–10.

سال ۱۹۸۰

* The Sassanian inscription of Paikuli II: Synoptic tables, with H. Humbach, Wiesbaden, 1980 (12 pp. , 15 folding tables).
* Studies in the Vocabulary of Khotanese, with R. E. Emmerick, Vienna, 1980 (133 pp.).

۱۹۸۱

* “The Old Khotanese fragment H 147 NS 115 and remarks on Old Khotanese hamdärväto, pat..u, vya and ya,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 44/3, 1981, pp. 453–467.

سال ۱۹۸۳

* The Sassanian inscription of Paikuli, III.1 Restored text and translation and III.2 Commentary by P. O. Skjærvø, with H. Humbach, Wiesbaden, 1983 (152, 160 pp.).
* “Case in inscriptional Middle Persian, inscriptional Parthian and the Pahlavi Psalter,” Studia Iranica 12, 1983, 1, pp. 69–94; 2, pp. 151–181.
* “‘Kirdir’s Vision’: Translation and Analysis,” Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 16, 1983 [publ. 1985], pp. 269-306.

سال ۱۹۸۴

* “Farnah: mot mède en vieux-perse?” Bulletin de la Société Linguistique 79, 1984, pp. 241–259.
* “On the editing of Khotanese Buddhist texts,” in Middle Iranian Studies. Proceedings of the International Symposium organized by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven from the 17th to the 20th of May 1982, ed. by W. Skalmowski and A. van Tongerloo, Louvain, 1984, pp. 151–158.

سال ۱۹۸۵

* “Khotanese Old Iranian *dw-,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 48/1, 1985, pp.60–73.
* “Thematic and linguistic parallels in the Achaemenian and Sassanian inscriptions,” in Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce II, Acta Iranica 25, Leiden, 1985, pp. 593–603.
* “Remarks on the Old Persian verbal system,” Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 45, 1985, pp.211–227 (= Festgabe für K. Hoffmann).

سال ۱۹۸۶

* Studia Grammatica Iranica. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach, ed. , with R. Schmitt, Munich, 1986 (Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, Beiheft 13, N.F.).
* “Khotanese fragments of the Vimalak.rtinirde.as.tra,” in Kaly.namitr.raga.am. Essays in Honour of N. Simonsson, Uppsala, 1986, pp. 229–260.
* “Verbs in Parthian and Middle Persian inscriptions,” in Studia Grammatica Iranica. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach, ed. by R. Schmitt and P. O. Skjærvø, Munich, 1986, 425-439.
* “A fragment of a column with a Pahlavi funerary inscription,” in Ursula Seidl, Iranische Denkmäler, Lief. 12: Iranische Felsreliefs H: Die elamischen Felsreliefs von K.r.ng.n und Naq. -e Rustam, mit
* einem Anhang von P. O. Skjærvø, Berlin, 1986,.
* “Ard Ya.t,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/4, 1986, 355-356.

سال ۱۹۸۷

* Studies in the Vocabulary of Khotanese II, with R. E. Emmerick, Vienna, 1987 (171 pp.).
* “A.a. Old Persian Arta,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/7, 1987, 696.
* “A.i in the Younger Avesta,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/7, 1987, 752.
* “The legend of A.oka in Khotanese,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/7, 1987, 782-83.
* “The legend of A.oka and the founding of Khotan,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/7-8, 1987, 783-85.
* “On the Tumshuqese Karmav.can. ,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1987, pp. 77–90 1987.
* “.sr..t.r,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/8, 1987, pp. 801–802.
* “A.t.d ya.t,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/8, 1987, p. 826.
* “Asw.r,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica II/8, 1987, p. 877.
* “A.dah. i. In Old and Middle Iranian,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica III/1, 1987, pp. 191–199.

سال ۱۹۸۸

* “Bag nask,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica III/4, 1988, pp. 400–401.
* “Bag.n ya.t,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica III/4, 1988, pp. 406.
* “The Khotanese H.dayas.tra,” in A Green Leaf. Papers in Honour of J. P. Asmussen, Acta Iranica, Leiden, 1988, pp. 157–71.
* “Bardesanes,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica III/7-8, 1988, pp. 780–85.
* “Bari. nask,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica III/8, 1988, pp. 799–800.
* “Barsom ya.t,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica III/8, 1988, p. 827.
* “Ba.kardi,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica III/8, 1988, pp. 846–850.

سال ۱۹۸۹

* “Languages of Southeast Iran: L.rest.n. , Kumz.r. , Ba.kard. ,” in Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. R. Schmitt, Wiesbaden 1989, pp. 363–369.
* “Modern East Iranian Languages,” in Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. R. Schmitt, Wiesbaden 1989, pp. 370–383.
* “Pashto,” in Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. R. Schmitt, Wiesbaden 1989, pp. 384–410.
* “Yidgha and Mun.. ,” in Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. R. Schmitt, Wiesbaden 1989, pp. 411–416.
* “Verbal ideograms and the imperfect in Middle Persian and Parthian,” in Études irano-aryennes offertes à Gilbert Lazard, Studia Iranica, cahier 7, 1989, pp. 333–54.
* “Buddhism. iii. Buddhist literature in Khotanese and Tumshuqese,” in: Encyclopædia Iranica IV/5, 1989, pp. 499–505. With R. E. Emmerick.

سال ۱۹۹۰

* “Bun-x.nag,” in: Encyclopædia Iranica IV/5, 1990, p. 551.
* “A Copy of the Hajiabad inscription in the Babylonian Collection, Yale,” in Bulletin of the Asia Institute. In Honor of R. N. Frye 4, 1990 [1991], pp. 289–93.

سال ۱۹۹۱

* The G.th.s of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts. By H. Humbach in collaboration with J. Elfenbein and P. O. Skjærvø. 2 vols. Heidelberg, 1991.
* “Middle Persian an.d, an.nd,” in R. E. Emmerick and D. Weber, eds. , Corolla Iranica. Papers in Honour of Prof. D. N. MacKenzie on the occasion of his 65th birthday on April 8th, 1991, Frankfurt, etc. , 1991, pp. 190–97.
* “Chinese-Iranian Relations. viii. Persian Language and Literature in China: Iranian words in Chinese texts,” in: Encyclopædia Iranica V/5, 1991, pp. 449–52.
* “Chinese Turkestan. ii. In Pre-Islamic Times,” in: Encyclopædia Iranica V/5, 1991, pp. 463–69. With V. Mair.
* “Chinese Turkestan. ii. In Pre-Islamic Times: Iranian Religious Terms in Pre-Islamic Central Asia and Inner Asia,” in: Encyclopædia Iranica V/5, 1991, pp. 469–71.
* “Class System. i. In the Avesta,” in: Encyclopædia Iranica V/6, 1991, pp. 650–51.
* “Kings of Khotan in the Eighth Century,” in Histoire et cultes de l’Asie centrale préislamique, Paris, 1991, pp. 255–78.
* “Ysenik.. ,” in Studia Etymologica Indoeuropaea Memoriae A. J. van Windekens (1915-1989) dicata, ed. L. Isebaert, Louvain, 1991 [1992], pp. 281–84.
* “A new edition of the Khwarezmian phrases in the Qunyat al-munya,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54/3, 1991, pp. 496–505

سال ۱۹۹۲

* “L’inscription d’Abn.n et l’imparfait en moyen-perse,” Studia Iranica 21/2, 1992, pp. 153–60.
* “A Seal-Amulet of the Sasanian Era: Imagery and Typology, the Inscription, and Technical Comments: II. The Inscription” in Bulletin of the Asia Institute 6, 1992 [Dec. 1993], pp. 49–56. With P. O. Harper et al.

سال ۱۹۹۳

* “The Earliest Datable Inscription on a Sasanian Bowl: Two Silver Bowls in the J. Paul Getty Museum,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 7, 1993 [1994], pp. 181–192. With P. O. Harper (rec’d 8/8/94).

سال ۱۹۹۴

* “Achaemenid *Vispa.iy.ti. ~ Sasanian Wisp..d,” Studia Iranica 23, 1994, pp. 79–80.
* “Venus and the Buddha, or How Many Steps to Nirvana? Buddhist Elements in Manichean Literature,” in Iranian and Indo-European Studies. Memorial Volume Otakar Klíma, ed. P. Vavrou.ek, Praha: enigma corporation, 1994, pp. 239–254.

سال ۱۹۹۵

* “Iranian Elements in Manicheism. A Comparative Contrastive Approach. Irano-Manichaica I,” in R. Gyselen, ed. , Au carrefour des religions. Hommages à Philippe Gignoux, Res Orientales 7, Paris, 1995, pp. 263–284.
* “Middle Eastern Literature: Persian,” in C. J. Summers, ed. , The Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. A Reader's Companion to the the Writers and Their Works, From Antiquity to the Present, Henry Holt and Company: New York, 1995, pp. 485–486.

سال ۱۹۹۶

* “Of Lice and Men and the Manichean Anthropology,” in R. Söhnen-Thieme and O. v.Hinüber, eds. , Festschrift George Buddruss … (Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik 19), Reinbek, 1994, pp. 269–286.
* “The Avesta as Source for the Early History of the Iranians,” in G. Erdosy, ed. , The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia, Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1995, pp. 155–176.
* “Iranian alphabets derived from Aramaic,” in P. T. Daniels and W. Bright, eds. , The World’s Writing Systems, New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 515–535.
* “Iranian Epic and the Manichean Book of Giants. Irano-Manichaica III,” AOASH 48/1-2 = E. Jeremias, ed. , Zsigismond Telegdi Memorial Volume, Budapest, 1995 [1997], pp. 187–223.
* “Hymnic Composition in the Avesta,” Die Sprache 36/2, 1994, pp. 199–243.
* “Iranian Languages,” in R. S. Simon, P. Mattar, and R. W. Bulliet, eds. , Encyclopaedia of the Modern Middle East, London, etc. , 1996, pp. pp. 875–876.

سال ۱۹۹۷

* Studies in the Vocabulary of Khotanese III, with R. E. Emmerick, Vienna, 1997.
* “Zarathustra in the Avesta and in Manicheism. Irano-Manichaica IV,” in La Persia e l’Asia centrale da Alessandro al X secolo … (Roma, 9-12 novembre 1994), Roma: Academia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1996 [1997], pp. 597–628.
* “The Literature of the Most Ancient Iranians,” in S. J. H. Manekshaw and P. R. Ichaporia, eds. , Proceedings of the Second North American Gatha Conference. Houston, Texas, 1996, The Journal of the Research and Historical Preservation Committee 2, 1996 [1997], pp. 221–235.
* “The State of Old-Avestan Scholarship,” JAOS 117/1, 1997, pp. 103–114 [rev. article of J. Kellens-E. Pirart, Les textes vieil-avestiques, vols. 2-3, Wiesbaden, 1990, 1991; J. Kellens, Le panthéon de lAvesta ancien, Wiesbaden, 1994].
* “Avestica I. A Perfect Participle, vaoxvå.h. ,” JAOS 117/1, 1997, pp. 145–147.
* “Counter-Manichean Elements in Kerd.r’s Inscriptions. Irano-Manichaica II,” in L. Cirillo and A. v.Tongerloo, eds. , Atti del Terzo Congresso Internazionale di Studi “Manicheismo e Oriente cristiano antico,” Arcavacata di Rende-Amantea 31 agosto - 5 settembre 1993 (Manichean Studies III), Louvain and Naples: Brepols, 1997, pp. 313–342.
* “The Manichean Polemical Hymns in M 28 I,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 9, 1995 [1997], pp. 239–255. 117 “On the Middle Persian Imperfect,” in E. Pirart, ed. , Syntaxe des Langues Indo-iraniennes anciennes. Colloque International, Sitges (Barcelona) 4-5 mai 1993, Aula Orientalis Supplementa 6, Barcelona: Editorial AUSA, 1997, pp. 161–188.
* “Aramaic in Iran,” ARAM 7 (Palmyra and the Aramaeans), 1995 [1997/98], pp. 283–318.
* “Some Uses of Clay Bullae in Sasanian Iran: Bullae in the Rosen and Museum of Fine Arts Collections,” in R. Gyselen, ed. , Sceaux d’Orient et leur emploi (Res Orientales X), Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient, 1997, pp. 67–78. With J.A. Lerner.

سال ۱۹۹۸

* “Eastern Iranian Epic Traditions I. Siy.va. and Kun.la,” in J. Jasanoff, H.C. Melchert, and L. Oliver, eds. , Mír Curad. Studies in Honor of Calvert Watkins, Innsbruck, 1998 (Innsbr. Beitr. z.Sprachwiss. 92), pp. 645–658.
* “Royalty in Early Iranian Literature,” in Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies held in Cambridge, 11th to 15th September 1995, Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1998, pp. 99–107.
* “The Middle Persian Inscription from Meshkinshahr,” in Studies in Honor of Vladimir A. Livshits, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 10, 1996 [1998], pp. 53–61. With R. N. Frye.
* “Avestica II. Yokes and Spades and Remnants of the “Tripartite Ideology”,” Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 57, 1997 [1998], pp. 115-128.
* On a collection of Sasanian seals in Christies New York, catalog of Antiquities. Friday 18 December 1998, pp. 106-107.

سال ۱۹۹۹

* “Eastern Iranian Epic Traditions II. Rostam and Bh..ma,” AcOrHung 51, 1998 [1999], pp. 159–170.
* “Avestan Quotations in Old Persian?” in S. Shaked and A. Netzer, eds. , Irano-Judaica IV, Jerusalem, 1999, pp. 1–64.
* “Khotan, An Early Center of Buddhism in Chinese Turkestan,” in Collection of Essays 1993. Buddhism across Boundaries—Chinese Buddhism and the Western Regions [ed. J. R. McRae and J. Nattier], Sanchung, Taipei County, 1999, pp. 265–344 [conference at Hsi Lai University, Hacienda Heights, California. 3-6 January 1993].

سال ۲۰۰۰

* “Islam,” in G. E. Haggerty, ed. , Gay History and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, New York and London: Garland Publishing, 2000, pp. 478–480.
* “Islamic Mysticism,” in G. E. Haggerty, ed. , Gay History and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, New York and London: Garland Publishing, 2000, p. 480.
* “Persian/Iranian Literature and Culture,” in G. E. Haggerty, ed. , Gay History and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, New York and London: Garland Publishing, 2000, pp. 677–680.
* “The Joy of the Cup,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 11, 1997 [2000], pp. 93–104 [November 30, 2000].
* “Eastern Iranian Epic Traditions III: Zarathustra and Diomedes—An Indo-European Epic Warrior Type,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 11, 1997 [2000], pp. 175–182 [November 30, 2000].
* “Den store gud er Ahura Mazda. Iran,” transls. from Avestan and Pahlavi, in I begynnelsen, Den norske bokklubben, Oslo, 2000, pp. 307–323.

سال ۲۰۰۱

* “Rivals and Bad Poets: The Poet’s Complaint in the Old Avesta,” in M. G. Schmidt and W. Bisang, eds. , Philologica et Linguistica. Historia, Pluralitas, Universitas. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80. Geburtstag am 4. Dezember 2001, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2001, pp. 351–376.

سال ۲۰۰۲

* Khotanese Manuscripts from Chinese Turkestan in The British Library. A Complete Catalogue with Texts and Translations, with Contributions by Ursula Sims-Williams, The British Library, 2002 (Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II/V, Texts VI).
* “Ahura Mazd. and .rmaiti, Heaven and Earth, in the Old Avesta,” in J. P. Brereton and S. W. Jamison, eds. , Indic and Iranian Studies in Honor of Stanley Insler on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, JAOS 122/2, 2002, pp. 399–410.
* “Recent Khotanese Ghostwords,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 13, 1999 [2002], pp. 151–55.
* “Methodological Questions in Old Persian and Parthian Epigraphy,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 13, 1999 [2002], pp. 157–67.
* “The Stein Khotanese collection,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 13, 1999 [2002], pp. 204–6. 150 Obituary: Ronald Eric Emmerick, in Studia Iranica 31/2, 2002, pp. 275–79. [1.13.03]
* “Praise and Blame in the Avesta. The Poet-Sacrificer and His Duties,” in Studies in Honour of Shaul Shaked I, Jerusalem studies in Arabic and Islam 26, Jerusalem, 2002, pp. 29–67.

سال ۲۰۰۳

* Zarathustras sanger og de zoroastriske skrifter, De norske bokklubbene, Oslo, 2004.
* “Zarathustra: First Poet-Sacrificer,” in Paitim.na. Essays in Iranian, Indian, and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Hanns-Peter Schmidt, vols. I-II in one, ed. S. Adhami, Costa Mesa: Mazda, 2003, pp. 157–94.
* “Coupe portant une inscription en moyen perse,” in Catalogue de l’exposition De l’Indus à l’Oxus. Archéologie de l’Asie Centrale, ed. O. Boperachi et al. , Association IMAGO - musée de Lattes: Lattes, 2003, pp. 378 (no. 331), 382 (pl. 331).
* “Truth and Deception in Ancient Iran,” in Carlo G. Cereti and Farrox Vajifdar, eds. , Jamshid Soroush Soroushian Commemorative Volume, vol. II: .ta. -e dorun - The Fire Within, Bloomington, Ind.. :1st Books Library, 2003, pp. 383–434.
* “Paleography,” in M. Alram and R. Gyselen, Sylloge Nummorum Sasanidarum Paris Berlin Wien, vol. 1, Ardashir I. - Shapur I. , ÖAW, phil. -hist. Kl. , Denkschriften 317, Vienna: Verl. der ÖAW, 2003, pp. 46–69.
* “Fragments of the Ratnak..a-s.tra (K..yapaparivarta) in Khotanese,” in C. G. Cereti, M. Maggi, and E. Provasi, eds. , Religious Themes and Texts of Pre-Islamic Iran and Central Asia. Studies in Honour of Professor Gherardo Gnoli on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday on 6 December 2002, Beiträge zur Iranistik 24, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2003, pp. 409–420, with pls. 11-12.
* “Herzfeld and the Paikuli Inscription,” in the Encyclopædia Iranica XII/3, 2003, pp. 298–300.
* “The Great Seal of P.r.z,” Studia Iranica 32/2, 2003, pp. 281–86.

سال ۲۰۰۴

* This Most Excellent Shine of Gold, King of Kings of Sutras. The Khotanese Suvar.abh.sottamas.tra, Sources of Oriental languages and literatures 60-61, Central Asian sources 5-6, [Cambridge, Mass.]: Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, 2004.
* “Smashing Urine: on Yasna 48.10,” in M. Stausberg, ed. , Zoroastrian Rituals in Context, Numen Book Series. Studies in the History of Religions 102, Leiden and Boston, 2004, pp. 253–81. [January 5, 2004]
* “Homosexuality,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica XI/4, 2004, pp. 440–41.
* ““Contents of the Niyayishns or Niyayesh,” FEZANA Journal, Summer 2004 (Treasures from the Avesta: Niyayishns and Yashts), pp. 32–40.
* “Iranians, Indians, Chinese and Tibetans: The Rulers and Ruled of Khotan in the First Millennium,” in Susan Whitfield and Ursula sims-Williams, eds. , The Silk Road. Trade, Travel, War and Faith, published on the occasion of the exhibition at the British Library 7 May – 12 September 2004, pp. 34– 42.
* “The Antiquity of Old Avestan,” N.me-ye Ir.n-e B.st.n. The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies 3/2, 2003-2004, pp. 15–41.

سال ۲۰۰۵

* “Herzfeld and Iranian Studies,” in A. C. Gunter and S. R. Hauser, eds. , Ernst Herzfeld and the Development of the Near Eastern Studies, 1900-1950 (proceedings of the conference at The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery May 3-5, 2001), Leiden and Boston, 2005, pp. 295–313.
* “A Force against Evil,” “Good vs. Evil,” The Amesha Spentas,” “The Avesta,” “The Fravashis,” in Calliope. Exploring World History: Good Words, Good Thoughts, Good Deeds. Zoroastrianism, vol. 15, no. 5, January 2005, Cobblestone Publications (magazine targeting a young audience).
* “Poetic and Cosmic Weaving in Ancient Iran. Reflections on Avestan vahma and Yasna 34.2,” in D. Haug and E. Welo, eds. , Hapta.ahapt.iti.. Festschrift for Fridrik Thordarson, Oslo: Novus, 2005, pp. 267–79.
* “Apropos a Zoroastrian Maxim on a Sasanian Seal,” Studia Iranica 34, 2005, pp. 137–38.
* “The Avestan Yasna: Ritual and Myth,” FEZANA Journal, Summer 2005, pp. 57–60.
* “An Account Tablet from Eighth-Century Khotan,” Bulletin of the Asia Institute 15, 2001 [2005], pp. 1–8.
* “The Achaemenids and the Avesta,” in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis and Sarah Stewart, eds. , Birth of the Persian Empire, London and New York, 2005, pp. 52–84.
* “Bactrian,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , I, p. 647.
* “Balochi,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , I, p. 672.
* “Chorasmian,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , II, p. 385.
* “Iran: script, Old Persian, Aramaic, Avestan,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed.m VI, p. 12.
* “Iran: script, Brahmi,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed.
* “Iranian Languages,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , VI, p. 18.
* “Khotanese,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , VI, p. 195.
* “Kurdish,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , VI, p. 265.
* “Pahlavi,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , IX, p. 126.
* “Persian, Modern,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , IX, p. 295.
* “Persian, Old,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , IX, p. 297.
* “Sogdian,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , XI, p. 503.
* “South and Southeast Asia Writing Systems,” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd ed. , XI, p. 544.

سال ۲۰۰۶

* “Avestica III. Notes on the Avestan Locative Singular,” in Dieter Weber. , ed. , Languages of Iran: Past and Present. Iranian Studies in Memoriam David Neil MacKenzie, Iranica 8, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2005 [2006], pp. 197–206.
* “Iran iv. Iranian Languages and Scripts,” in Encyclopædia Iranica XIII/3, 2006, pp. 344–77.
* “Goldziher and Iranian Elements in Islam,” in Apor Éva and Ormos István, eds. , Goldziher Memorial Conference June 21-22, 2000, Budapest. Oriental Collection. Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 2005 [2006], pp. 245–250.
* “A Note on the Legend,” in Judith A. Lerner and Prods Oktor Skjærvø, “The Seal of a Eunuch in the Sasanian Court,” Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 1 (dedicated to David Bivar), 2006, pp. 115–117.
* “A New Block from the Paikuli Inscription,” Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 1 (dedicated to David Bivar), 2006, pp. 119–123.
* “Ahura Mazda,” in The New Interpreter’s Bible (NIDB), vol. 1 (A-C), Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2006, p. 89.
* “Avesta,” in NIDB I, pp. 357–358.
* “Ctesias,” in NIDB I, pp. 807–8.

سال ۲۰۰۷

* “The Videvdad: Its Ritual-Mythical Significance,” in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis and Sarah Stewart, eds. , The Age of the Parthians, The Idea of Iran 2, London and New York, 2007, pp. 105–41.
* “The Importance of Orality for the Study of Old Iranian Literature and Myth,” N.me-ye Ir.n-e B.st.n. The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies 5/1&2, 2005-6 [2007], pp. 1–23.
* “Avestica V. The Thematic Optative 3rd Plural in -aiia.n and the Instrumental Plural of n-stems and Some Other Consonant Stems,” in Alan J. Nussbaum, ed. , Verba Docenti. Studies in Historical and Indo-European Linguistics Presented to Jay H. Jasanoff by Students, Colleagues, and Friends, Ann Arbor, 2007, pp. 321–28.
* “The Legends” and “Appendix 1-3,” in M. Alram, M. Blet-Lemarquand, P. O. Skjærvø, “Shapur, King of Kings of Iranians and Non-Iranians,” Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: Données pour l’histoire et la géographie historique, Res Orientales 17, Paris, 2007, pp. 11–40.
* “Avestan and Old Persian Morphology,” in Alan S. Kaye, ed. , Morphologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake, Ind. : Eisenbrauns, 2007, pp. 853–940.
* “The Avestan Yasna: Ritual and Myth,” in Claus V. Pedersen and Fereydun Vahman, eds. , Religious Texts in Iranian Languages. Symposium Held in Copenhagen May 2002, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen, 2006 [2007], pp. 57–84.
* “A Postscript on ‘The Seal of a Eunuch in the Sasanian Court’,” Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 2, 2007, p. 39.
* “Gathas,” in NIDB II, p. 525.

سال ۲۰۰۸

* “Tah.d.. Gifts and Counter-Gifts in the Ancient Zoroastrian Ritual,” in Classical Arabic Humanities in their Own Terms. Festschrift for Wolfhart Heinrichs on his 65th Birthday Presented by His Students and Collegues, ed. Beatrice Gruendler and Michael Cooperson, Brill, 2008, pp. 493–520.
* “The Story of A.i Dah.ka in the 9th Book of the D.nkard and Pahlavi .y.b ‘Blaze, Conflagration’,” in Brigitte Huber, Marianne Volkart, and Paul Widmer, eds. , Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek, Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, 2 vols. , Beiträge zur Zentralasienforschung 12, [Halle/Saale] 2008, pp. 533-49.
* “A Khotanese Amulet,” in M. Macuch, M. Maggi, and W. Sundermann (eds.), Iranian Languages and Texts from Iran and Turan. Ronald E. Emmerick Memorial Volume, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007 [2008], pp. 387–401.
* “Jam..d,” in Encyclopædia Iranica XIV/5, 2008, pp. 501–22.
* “A Triplet of Manichean Middle Iranian Studies,”
* “The G...s and the Kusti,” in M. Jaafari-Dehaghi, ed. , One for the Earth: Prof. Dr. Y. Mahyar Nawabi Memorial Volume, Tehran 1387/2008, pp. 117–33.

سال ۲۰۰۹

* “On Videvdad 11 and Its Pahlavi Commentaries,” in Éric Pirart et Xavier Tremblay, eds. , Zarathushtra entre l’Inde et l’Iran. Études indo-iraniennes et indo-européennes offertes à Jean Kellens à l’occasion de son 65e anniversaire, Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2009, pp. 289–304 (Beiträge zur Iranistik 30).
* “OL’ News — ODs and Ends,” in Werner, Sundermann, Almut Hintze, and François de Blois, eds. , Exegisti Monumenta. Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009, pp. 479-95.
* “Fragments of the Suvar.abh.sottamas.tra in Or.15009 and Or.15010,” in The British Library Sanskrit Fragments, Volume II.1-2, Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, Soka University, 2009, vol. I.1, pp. 597–635; plates in vol. II.2.
* “Reflexes of Iranian Oral Traditions in Manichean Literature,” in Literarische Stoffe und ihre Gestaltung in mitteliranischer Zeit. Ehrencolloquium anlässlich des 70. Geburtstages von Prof. Dr. Werner Sundermann 30. /31. März 2006, Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2009, pp. 269–86.
* “The End of Eighth-Century Khotan in Its Texts,” Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 3, 2008 [2009], pp. 119–44.
* “Pahlavi,” in New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol. IV, pp. 355–56.
* “Persia, History and Religion,” in New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol.IV, pp. 451–57.
* “Persian, Old,” in New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol.IV, p. 457.
* “Rages,” in New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol.IV, pp. 727–28.
* “Zarathustra,” in New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol.V, p. 956.
* “Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism,” in New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, vol.V, p. 993.
* “Old Iranian languages,” in G. Windfuhr, ed. , The Iranian Languages, Routledge Family Series, London and New York: Routledge, 2009, pp. 43–195.
* “Middle West Iranian,” in G. Windfuhr, ed. , The Iranian Languages, Routledge Family Series, London and New York: Routledge, 2009, pp. 196–278.

سال ۲۰۱۰

* “On the Terminology and Style of the Pahlavi Scholastic Literature,” in Carol Bakhos and M. Rahim Shayegan, The Talmud in its Iranian Context, Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010, pp. 178–205 (UCLA May 5-6, 2007).

سال ۲۰۱۱

* Manikeiske skrifter, transls. by Einar Thomassen og Prods Oktor Skjærvø, Verdens hellige skrifter, Oslo: Bokklubben, 2011.
* The Spirit of Zoroastrianism, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011..
* Foreword and other contributions [translations from Iranian] to Satnam Khalsa Mendoza Forrest, Whores, and Sorcerers: The Concept of Evil in Early Iran, UTP.
* Seal inscriptions in Christie’s, Ancient Jewelry, Thursday 9 December 2010, pp. 333–34.
* “Zoroastrian Dualism,” in Eric M. Meyers et al. (eds.), Light Against Darkness: Dualism in Ancient Mediterranean Religion and the Contemporary World, Journal of Ancient Judaism. Supplements II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011, pp. 55–91 (acts of Light Against Darkness Dualism in Ancient Mediterranean Religion and the Contemporary World, June 2nd-5th 2003, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill).
* “The Manichean Myth,” appendix to Werner Sundermann, “What has come down to us from Manicheism?,” in Eric M. Meyers et al. (eds.), Light Against Darkness: Dualism in Ancient Mediterranean Religion and the Contemporary World, Journal of Ancient Judaism. Supplements II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011, pp. 241–48.
* “Kars.sp,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica XV/6, pp. 601–7.
* “Karsivaz i. In the Avesta and the Pahlavi books,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica XV/6, p. 607.
* “Kartir,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica XV/6, 2011, pp. 607–28.
* “Zarathustra: A Revolutionary Monotheist?,” in Beate Pongratz-Leisten, ed. , Reconsidering the Concept of Revolutionary Monotheism, Winona Lake, Ind. : Eisenbrauns, 2011, pp. 317–50 [acts of the conference Reconsidering the Concept of “Revolutionary Monotheism,” Princeton, February 2007].
* “Marriage. Xw.d.dah,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online.
* “Khotan” (overview), in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online.

سال ۲۰۱۲

* “Avestan society,” in T. Daryaee, ed. , The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, Oxford, pp. 57–119.
* “Hairy Meat? On N.rangest.n, chapter 47.1-20,” in Steven Fine and Shai Secunda, eds. , Shoshanat Yaakov: Ancient Jewish and Iranian Studies in Honor of Yaakov Elman, Leiden: Brill, 2012, pp. 415– 440.
* “‘If Water had not been made to Dry up, this Earth would have been Drowned’: Pahlavi *.w.s- “to dry,” in Rebecca Hasselbach and Na‘ama Pat-El, eds. , Language and Nature. Papers Presented to John Huehnergard on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 67, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 2012, pp. 347–358.
* “The Zoroastrian Oral Tradition as Reflected in the Texts,” in Alberto Cantera, ed. , The Transmission of the Avesta, Iranica 20, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012, pp. 3–48 (proceedings of the conference Poets, priests, scribes and (e-)librarians. The transmission of holy wisdom in Zoroastrianism, Salamanca, 2nd -5th September 2009).
* “Zoroastrianism,” in Cambridge History of Ancient Mediterranean Religions, vol. 1.
* “Kay.ni.n,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
* “Khotanese,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
* and Daniel J. Sheffield, “Zoroastrian scriptures,” in Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, ed. A. Sharma, Springer (12/15/11).
* “Abar R.dest.n. Bab.l: Jewish-Iranian Encounters in Ancient Times,” in Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon: Scholarly Conversations between Babylonians, Iranians, and Jews in Antiquity, Tuebingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013 [acts of Encounters by the Rivers of Babylon ..., Jerusalem, 2011].
* “43. The Documentation of Iranian,” in “VI. Iranian,” in HKS.
* “Gathic Quotations in the Young Avesta,” in MV Duchesne-Guillemin.
* “Concepts of Pollution in Late Sasanian Iran. Does Pollution Need Stairs, and Does It Fill Space?” With Yaakov Elman, in ARAM.
* “Avestica IV. An.hit. : Unblemished or Unattached?,” in FS NN.
* “Approaches to the G...s,” in Michael Stausberg and Yuhan S. -D. Vevaina, eds. , Blackwell Companion to the Study of Zoroastrianism.
* “Turks (Uighurs) and Turkic in the Khotanese Texts from Khotan and Dunhuang,” in acts of symposium within the framework of the Gunnar Jarring Program at SCASSS, Uppsala University, May 20-22, 2006.
* “The Avesta and Zoroastrianism in Achaemenid and Sasanian Iran,” in Daniel Potts, ed. , Oxford Handbook of Iranian Archaeology (۱۱ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۱).
* “Interpretations of Zarathustra and the Gathas” and “Indo-European heritage> Indo-Iranian heritage” (7,000 words), in Michael Stausberg and Yuhan S. -D. Vevainia, eds. Blackwell Companion to the Study of Zoroastrianism (۱۵ ژوئن ۲۰۱۰).
* Weaving Worlds of Thought. Old Iranian Creation Myths and The Fravashis, Paris.
* Legal Documents Concerning Purchase, Sale, and Ownership from Eighth-Century Khotan, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
* “Languages,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
* “History of the study of Iranian languages,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
* “Middle Persian Language, Script, and Inscriptions,” in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
* “Achaemenid religion,” in Ali Mousavi and Touraj Daryaee, Excavating an Empire,

## پانویس

## منابع
* POS CV Biblio - Faculty of Arts and Sciences - Harvard University
* Prods Oktor Skjærvø

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