George Crumb

**George Henry Crumb** (Charleston, Mendebaldeko Virginia, 1929ko urriaren 24a - Media, Pennsylvania, 2022ko otsailaren 6a) estatubatuar musika klasiko moderno eta abangoardiako musikagilea izan zen.

Michiganen eta Charlestonen musika ikasi zuen eta Coloradoko Unibertsitatean eta Pennsylvaniako Unibertsitatean musika irakaskuntzan aritu zen.

Hasierako etapan Anton Webernen eragina izan zuen, baina laster tinbre ezohikoak erabili zituen. Era berean, musika idazteko modu alternatiboak eta teknika hedatuak erabiltzen ditu, bai bokalak, bai instrumentalak. Musika "bultzada espiritualaren zerbitzura dauden proportzioen sistema gisa" definitu zuen.

1968an Pulitzer Saria Musikan irabazi zuen *Echoes of Time and the River* lanarekin eta 2000. urtean Emmy Saria irabazi zuen Star Child lanarekin.

## Lanak 
### Orkestra 
* *Gethsemane* (1947), for small orchestra
* *Diptych* (1955)
* *Variazioni* (1959), for large orchestra
* *Echoes of Time and the River* (*Echoes II*) (1967)
* *A Haunted Landscape* (1984)

### Ahotsa orkestrarekin 
* *Star-Child* (1977, revised 1979), for soprano, antiphonal children's voices, male speaking choir, bell ringers, and large orchestra

### Ganberako musika 
* Two Duos (1944?), for flute and clarinet
* Four Pieces (1945), for violin and piano
* Violin Sonata (1949)
* Three Pastoral Pieces (1952), for oboe and piano
* Viola Sonata (1953)
* String Quartet (1954)
* Sonata for Solo Cello (1955)
* Four Nocturnes (*Night Music II*) (1964), for violin and piano
* *Eleven Echoes of Autumn, 1965* (*Echoes I*) (1966), for violin, alto flute, clarinet, and piano
* *Black Angels* (*Images I*) (1970), for electric string quartet
* *Vox Balaenae* (*Voice of the Whale*) (1971), for electric flute, electric cello, and amplified piano
* *Music for a Summer Evening* (*Makrokosmos III*) (1974), for two amplified pianos and percussion (two players).
* *Dream Sequence* (*Images II*) (1976), for violin, cello, piano, percussion (one player), and off-stage glass harmonica (two players)
* *Pastoral Drone* (1982), for organ
* *An Idyll for the Misbegotten* (*Images III*) (1986), for amplified flute and percussion (three players).
* *Easter Dawning* (1991), for carillon
* *Quest* (1994), for guitar, soprano saxophone, harp, double bass, and percussion (two players)
* *Mundus Canis* (''A Dog's World*) (1998), for guitar and percussion

### Piano 
* Piano Sonata (1945)
* Prelude and Toccata (1951)
* Five Pieces (1962)
* *Makrokosmos*, Volume I (1972), for amplified piano
* *Makrokosmos*, Volume II (1973), for amplified piano
* *Celestial Mechanics* (*Makrokosmos IV*) (1979), for amplified piano (four hands)
* *A Little Suite for Christmas, A.D. 1979* (1980)
* *Gnomic Variations* (1981)
**Processional* (1983)
* *Zeitgeist* (*Tableaux Vivants*) (1988), for two amplified pianos
* *Eine Kleine Mitternachtmusik* (*A Little Midnight Music*) (2001)
* *Otherworldly Resonances* (2003), for two pianos
* *Metamorphoses,* Book I (2017)

### Ahotsa 
* Four Songs (1945?), for voice, clarinet and piano
* Seven Songs (1946), for voice and piano
* Three Early Songs (1947), for voice and piano
* A Cycle of Greek Lyrics (1950?), for voice and piano
* *Night Music I* (1963, revised 1976), for soprano, piano/celeste, and two percussionists
* *Songs, Drones, and Refrains of Death* (1968), for baritone, electric guitar, electric double bass, amplified piano/electric harpsichord, and two percussionists
* *Night of the Four Moons* (1969), for alto, alto flute/piccolo, banjo, electric cello, and percussion
* *Ancient Voices of Children* (1970), for mezzo-soprano, boy soprano, oboe, mandolin, harp, amplified piano (and toy piano), and percussion (three players)
* *Lux Aeterna* (1971) for soprano, bass flute/soprano recorder, sitar, and percussion (two players)
* *Apparition* (1979), for soprano and amplified piano
* *The Sleeper* (1984), for soprano and piano
* *Federico's Little Songs for Children* (1986), for soprano, flute/piccolo/alto flute/bass flute, and harp
* *Yesteryear* (2005/13), for mezzo-soprano, amplified piano, and percussion (two players)

#### *Madrigals* 
* *Madrigals*, Book I (1965), for soprano, vibraphone, and double bass
* *Madrigals*, Book II (1965), for soprano, flute/alto flute/piccolo, and percussion
* *Madrigals*, Book III (1969), for soprano, harp, and percussion
* *Madrigals*, Book IV (1969), for soprano, flute/alto flute/piccolo, harp, double bass, and percussion

#### *American Songbook* 
* *American Songbook I: The River of Life* (2003), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
* *American Songbook II: A Journey Beyond Time* (2003), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
* *American Songbook III: Unto the Hills* (2001), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
* *American Songbook IV: Winds of Destiny* (2004), for soprano, percussion quartet and piano
* *American Songbook V: Voices from a Forgotten World* (2007), for soprano, baritone, percussion quartet and piano
* *American Songbook VI: Voices from the Morning of the Earth* (2008), for soprano, baritone, percussion quartet and piano
* *American Songbook VII: Voices from the Heartland* (2010), for soprano, baritone, percussion quartet and piano

#### *Spanish Songbook* 
* *Spanish Songbook I: The Ghosts of Alhambra* (2008), for baritone, guitar and percussion
* *Spanish Songbook II: Sun and Shadow* (2009), for female voice and amplified piano
* *Spanish Songbook III: The Yellow Moon of Andalusia* (2012), for mezzo-soprano and amplified piano

### Musika korala 
* *Alleluja'' (1948), for unaccompanied chorus

## Kanpo estekak