Frans de Waal

**Franciscus Bernardus Maria de Waal** ('s-Hertogenbosch, 1948ko urriaren 29a – Stone Mountain, Georgia, 2024ko martxoaren 14a) herbeheretar primatologoa izan zen. 

Nijmegen, Groningen eta Utrechteko unibertsitateetan ikasi zuen, eta zoologian eta etiologian espezializatu zen Jan van Hoof irakaslearekin, primateen emozioen aurpegi-adierazpenean aditua. 1977an zoologian doktoratu zen.

1975ean Arnhemen zooko txinpantzeak aztertzeko bost urteko proiektua hasi zuen. 1982an *Chimpanzee Politics* liburua argitaratu zuen, txinpantzeen estrategia sozialak lehen aldiz deskribatuz. Nikolas Makiaveloren teoriak sartu zituen primatologian, eta engainua, gatazken konponketa eta primateen arteko enpatia aztertu zituen. Bonoboak eta haien arteko sexua ere ikertu zituen.

1971n Ameriketako Estatu Batuetara iritsi zen Wisconsin National Primate Research Center-ren lan egitera eta 1991n Atlantako Emory Unibertsitatean irakasle izendatu zuten. Emoryko Yerkes National Primate Research Center-reko Living Links Center-reko zuzendaria ere izan zen. 2008an AEBetako herritartasuna jaso zuen.

2013ko *The Bonobo and the Atheist* liburuan moraltasuna sortzetikoa dela eta erlijioaren papera bigarren mailakoa dela ondorioztatu zuen.

## Lan hautatuak 
### Liburuak 
* Different: Gender Through the Eyes of a Primatologist. New York: W. W. Norton. 2022. ISBN 978-1-324-00710-4.
* Mama's Last Hug: Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves. New York: W. W. Norton. 2019. ISBN 978-0-393-63506-5.
* Are We Smart Enough to Know How Smart Animals Are?. New York: W. W. Norton. 2016. ISBN 978-0-393-24618-6.
* The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates. New York: W. W. Norton. 2013. ISBN 978-0-393-07377-5.
* The Age of Empathy: Nature's Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York: Crown Publishing Group. 2009. ISBN 9780307407771.
* Primates and Philosophers: How Morality Evolved, 2006. ISBN 0-691-12447-7Our Inner Ape. New York: Riverhead Books, 2005. ISBN 1-57322-312-3
* Animal Social Complexity: Intelligence, Culture, and Individualized Societies, Edited with Peter L. Tyack. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-00929-0.
* My Family Album, Thirty Years of Primate Photography 2003.
* Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us about Human Social Evolution, Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00460-4.
* The Ape and the Sushi Master, Cultural reflections by a primatologist. New York: Basic Books, 2001. ISBN 0-465-04175-2
* Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (25th Anniversary ed.). Baltimore, MD: JHU Press; 2007. ISBN 978-0-8018-8656-0.
* Natural Conflict Resolution. 2000 (with Filippo Aureli)
* Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 0-520-20535-9 (with Frans Lanting)
* Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-674-35660-8
* Chimpanzee Cultures, Edited with Richard Wrangham, W.C. McGrew, and Paul Heltne. Foreword by Jane Goodall. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-674-11662-3.
* Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-674-65920-1

### Artikuluak 
* 2022 de Waal, Frans B.M. and K. Andrews. "The question of animal emotions." Science 375 (6587): 1351–1352. 25 March 2022.
* 2015 Opinion piece about the discovery of Homo naledi in The New York Times
* 2013 Opinion piece about animal intelligence in The Wall Street Journal
* 2010 Opinion piece about God and morality in The New York Times
* 2010 de Waal, Frans B.M.; Ferrari, Pier Francesco (May 2010). "Towards a bottom-up perspective on animal and human cognition". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14: 201–207.
* 2009, de Waal, Frans B. M. (July 2009). "Darwin's last laugh". Nature. 460 (7252): 175
* 2008 de Waal, Frans B.M. (January 2008). "Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy". Annual Review of Psychology. 59 (1): 279–300.
* 2007, "Bonobos, Left & Right" Skeptic, (8 August 2007).
* 2006, Plotnik, Joshua M.; de Waal, Frans B. M.; Reiss, Diana (7 November 2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103
* 2005, "The empathic ape", New Scientist, 8 October 2005
* 2001, "Do Humans Alone 'Feel Your Pain'?" (Chronicle.com, 26 October 2001)
* 1999, de Waal, Frans B. M. (December 1999). "The End of Nature versus Nurture". Scientific American. 281 (6): 94–99
* 1995, de Waal, Frans B. M. (March 1995). "Bonobo Sex and Society The behavior of a close relative challenges assumptions about male supremacy in human evolution". Scientific American.  272 (3): 82–88.

## Kanpo estekak