Arne Naess

**Arne Naess** (1912ko urtarrilaren 27a - 2009ko urtarrilaren 12a)​ Norvegiako Filosofo bat izan zen. Ezaguna egin zen Ekologia Sakona filosofiaren sortzailea izateagatik. 1973 urtean bere teoria aditzera eman zuen. Bere ideiek oihartzun handia izan zuten mugimendu ekologistan. Horrez gain, mendizalea, idazlea eta ekintzaile ekologista izan zen.

## Bizitza 
Arne Naess filosofoa Oslon jaio zen 1912 urtean. Gazte zenetik Ingurumena eta naturaren babesa arreta deitu zioten, ekologismoa ia existitzen ez zen garai batean ere.

Osloko unibertsitateko irakasle gazteena izan zen 27 urterekin. Lanpostu horretan 1939tik 1970era egon zen.

Bi aldiz ezkondu zen. Bere lehenengo emaztea Else izan zen, eta bi seme-alaba izan zituen berarekin. Else hil eta gero, 61 urterekin, Fai gaztearekin ezkondu zen.

Ekologia sakona ideia honetatik abiatzen da: Gizakia ez da naturatik at dagoen zerbait, naturaren parte da, beste izaki bizidun batzuen baldintza berberetan, beste espezie bat bezala.

Horrez gain, teoria hau, krisi ekologikoa eragindako arazoen sakontasunaz arduratzen da eta erabateko aldaketa aldarrikatzen du: Berdintasun biozentrikoa antropozentrismoaren aurrean eta balio intrintsekoen garrantzia balio instrumentalen aurrean. 

Naessek ekologia sakonaren mugimenduaren izaera plurala eta transkulturala azpimarratu zuen. Mugimendu horren azken oinarriak sistema filosofiko, etiko edo erlijioso desberdinetatik erator daitezke. Halakorik ezean, printzipio eta balio biozentriko berberetan oinarritutako  bizitzako ekosofia pertsonalak sortzeko gonbita egiten zuen. ==
·        *Næss, Arne (1936). Erkenntnis und wissenschaftliches Verhalten. Skrifter utg. av det Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo. 2. Hist.-filos. klasse, 1936 (in German). Vol. 1. Oslo: I kommisjom hos J. Dybwad. OCLC 5916296.*

·        *Næss, Arne (1938). "Truth" as Conceived by Those Who Are Not Professional Philosophers. Skrifter utg. av det Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo, II. Hist.-filos. klasse, 1938, no. 4. Oslo: I. kommisjon hos J. Dybwad. OCLC 1021167.*

·        *Næss, Arne (1953). Interpretation and Preciseness: A Contribution to the Theory of Communication. Skrifter utg. av det Norske videnskaps-akademi i Oslo. 2. Hist.-filos. klasse, 1953, no. 1. Oslo: I kommisjon hos J. Dybwad. OCLC 3195596.*

·        *Næss, Arne; Christophersen, Jens A.; Kvalø, Kjell (1956). Democracy, Ideology, and Objectivity: Studies in the Semantics and Cognitive Analysis of Ideological Controversy. Oslo: Published for the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities by University Press. OCLC 1942421.*

·        *Næss, Arne (June 1958). "A systematization of Gandhian ethics of conflict resolution". Journal of Conflict Resolution. **2** (2): 140–155. doi:10.1177/002200275800200202. JSTOR 172972. S2CID 144823357.*

·        *Næss, Arne (1965). Gandhi and the Nuclear Age. Totowa, NJ: Bedminster Press. OCLC 368861.*

·        *Næss, Arne (1966). Communication and Argument: Elements of Applied Semantics. Translated by Alastair Hannay. Totowa, NJ: Bedminster Press. OCLC 1012411.*

·        *Næss, Arne (1968) [1965]. Four Modern Philosophers: Carnap, Wittgenstein, Heidegger, Sartre. Translated by Alastair Hannay. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 252616.* Translation of *Moderne filosofer*.

·        *Næss, Arne (1968). Scepticism. International Library of Philosophy and Scientific Method. New York: Humanities Press. . OCLC 1283.*

·        *Næss, Arne (1973). "The shallow and the deep, long‐range ecology movement: a summary" (PDF). Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy. **16** (1–4): 95–100. doi:10.1080/00201747308601682.*

·        ''Næss, Arne (1975) [1972]. Freedom, Emotion and Self-Subsistence: The Structure of a Central Part of Spinoza's Ethics. Filosofiske problemer. Vol. 42. Oslo: Universitetsforl. . OCLC 3841538.*

·        *Næss, Arne (Fall 1984). "A defence of the deep ecology movement". Environmental Ethics. **6** (3): 265–270. doi:10.5840/enviroethics19846330.*

·        *Næss, Arne (Winter 1986). "The deep ecological movement: some philosophical aspects". Philosophical Inquiry. **8** (1/2): 10–31. doi:10.5840/philinquiry198681/22.*

·        *Naess, Arne (1987). "Self-realization: an ecological approach to being in the world". The Trumpeter. **4** (3): 35–42.*

·        *Næss, Arne (1989) [1976]. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated by David Rothenberg. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511525599. . OCLC 17621528.'' "Not a direct translation of Arne Naess' 1976 work, *Økologi, samfunn, og livsstil*, but rather a new work in English, based on the Norwegian, with many sections revised and rewritten by Professor Naess".

·        *Rothenberg, David; Næss, Arne (1993). Is It Painful to Think?: Conversations with Arne Næss. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. . JSTOR 10.5749/j.ctttspr2. OCLC 25631774.*

·        *Witoszek, Nina; Brennan, Andrew, eds. (1999). Philosophical Dialogues: Arne Næss and the Progress of Ecophilosophy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. . OCLC 39157669.*

·        ''Næss, Arne; Haukeland, Per Ingvar (2002) [1998]. Life's Philosophy: Reason & Feeling in a Deeper World. Translated by Roland Huntford. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. . JSTOR j.ctt46n9qm. OCLC 48642579.*

·        *Glasser, Harold, ed. (2005). The Selected Works of Arne Naess, Volumes 1–10. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4519-6. . OCLC 62309695.'' (Review by David Orton, 2006)

o   Vol. 1: Interpretation and Preciseness: A Contribution to the Theory of Communication

o   Vol. 2: Scepticism: Wonder and Joy of a Wandering Seeker

o   Vol. 3: Which World Is the Real One?: Inquiry into Comprehensive Systems, Cultures, and Philosophies

o   Vol. 4: The Pluralist and Possibilist Aspect of the Scientific Enterprise: Rich Descriptions, Abundant Choices, and Open Futures

o   Vol. 5: Gandhi and Group Conflict: Explorations of Nonviolent Resistance, Satyāgraha

o   Vol. 6: Freedom, Emotion, and Self-Subsistence: The Structure of a Central Part of Spinoza's Ethics

o   Vol. 7: Communication and Argument: Elements of Applied Semantics

o   Vol. 8: Common Sense, Knowledge, and Truth: Open Inquiry in a Pluralistic World: Selected Papers

o   Vol. 9: Reason, Democracy, and Science: Understanding Among Conflicting Worldviews: Selected Papers

o   Vol. 10: Deep Ecology of Wisdom: Explorations in Unities of Nature and Cultures: Selected Papers

·        *Drengson, Alan R.; Devall, Bill, eds. (2008). Ecology of Wisdom: Writings by Arne Naess. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint. . OCLC 180574094.*

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