Mary Midgley

**Mary Beatrice Scrutton**, **Mary Midgley** izenarekin ezagutua (Londres, 1919ko irailaren 13a - Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2018ko urriaren 10a), filosofo ingelesa, etikan aditua.

## Biografia 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne-ko Unibertsitateko Filosofia irakaslea izan zen eta ezaguna da zientziari, etikari eta animalien eskubideei buruzko bere lanengatik. Bere lehen liburua *Beast And Man* (1978), 50 urte baino gehiago zuenean idatzi zuen. Harrezkero 15 liburu baino gehiago idatzi zituen, haien artean: *Animals And Why They Matter* (1983), *Wickedness* (1984), *The Ethical Primate* (1994), *Evolution as a Religion* (1985) eta *Science as Salvation* (1992). Durhameko eta Newcastleeko unibertsitateek doktore  izendatu zuten. Bere autobiografia, *The Owl of Minerva*, 2005an argitaratu zen.

## Argitalpenak 
### Liburuak 
* *Beast And Man: The Roots of Human Nature*. Routledge, 1978; argitalpena zuzenduta 1995. 
* *Heart and Mind: The Varieties of Moral Experience*. Routledge, 1981. 
* *Animals And Why They Matter: A Journey Around the Species Barrier*. University of Georgia Press, 1983. 
* *Wickedness: A philosophical Essay*. Routledge, 1984. 
* with Judith Hughes. ''Women's Choices: Philosophical Problems Facing Feminism*. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983. 
* *Evolution as a Religion: Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears*. Routledge, 1985; berrargitaratua sarrera berriarekin 2002an.  Dedikatua "to the memory of Charles Darwin who never said these things."
* *Can't We Make Moral Judgements?*. Bristol Press, 1989. 
* *Wisdom, Information and Wonder: What Is Knowledge For?*. Routledge, 1989. 
* *Science As Salvation: A Modern Myth and Its Meaning*. Routledge, 1992.  (hemen ere lor daiteke Gifford Lectures bilduman)
* *The Ethical Primate: Humans, Freedom and Morality*. Routledge, 1994. 
* *Utopias, Dolphins and Computers: Problems of Philosophical Plumbing*. Routledge, 1996. 
* *Science And Poetry*. Routledge, 2001. 
* *Myths We Live By*. Routledge, 2003. 
* *The Owl of Minerva: A Memoir*. Routledge, 2005.  (bere autobiografia)
* *Earthy Realism: The Meaning of Gaia*. Imprint Academic, 2007. 
* *The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene*. Acumen, 2010. 
* *Are you an Illusion?*. Acumen, 2014. 
* *What Is Philosophy for?*. Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.

### Liburuxkak 
* *Biological and Cultural Evolution*, Institute for Cultural Research Monograph Series, No. 20, 1984. 
* *Gaia: The Next Big Idea*, Demos publications, 2001. 
* *Impact Pamphlet 15: Intelligent Design and Other Ideological Problems*, 2007. 

### Artikuluak 
* The Emancipation of Women (1952) *The Twentieth Century* **CLII**, No. 901, pp.&nbsp;217–25
* Bishop Butler: A Reply (1952) *The Twentieth Century* **CLII**, No. 905
* Ou Sont les Neiges de ma Tante (1959) *The Twentieth Century*, pp.&nbsp;168–79
* Is "Moral" Dirty Word? (1972) *Philosophy* **47**, No 181, pp.&nbsp;206–228 * The Concept of Beastliness: Philosophy, Ethics and Animal Behaviour (1973) *Philosophy* **48**, No. 148, pp.&nbsp;111–135 * The Neutrality of the Moral Philosopher (1974) *Supplementary Volume of the Aristotelian Society*, pp.&nbsp;211–29 * The Game Game (1974) *Philosophy'' **49**, No. 189, pp.&nbsp;231–253 *On Trying Out One's New Sword on a Chance Wayfarer (1977) *The Listener* (Reprinted in Midgley, Mary *Heart and Mind* (1981) and MacKinnon, Barbara *Ethics, Theory and Contemporary Issues* (Third Edition 2001))
* More about Reason, Commitment and Social Anthropology (1978) *Philosophy* **53**, No. 205, pp.&nbsp;401–403 * The Objection to Systematic Humbug (1978) *Philosophy* **53**, No. 204, pp.&nbsp;147–169 * Freedom and Heredity (1978) *The Listener* (Reprinted in Midgley, Mary *Heart and Mind* (1981))
* Brutality and Sentimentality (1979) *Philosophy* **54**, No. 209, pp.&nbsp;385–389 * The All-Female Number (1979) *Philosophy* **54** No. 210, pp.&nbsp;552–554 *Gene-Juggling (1979) *Philosophy* **54**, No. 210, pp.&nbsp;439–458 * The Absence of a Gap between Facts and Values (with Stephen R. L. Clark) (1980) *Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes* **54**, pp.&nbsp;207–223+225-240 * Consequentialism and Common Sense (1980) *The Hastings Center Report* **10**, No. 5, pp.&nbsp;43–44
* Why Knowledge Matters (1981) *Animals in Research: New Perspectives in Animal Experimentation* ed. David Sperling
* Human Ideals and Human Needs (1983) *Philosophy* **58**, No. 223, pp.&nbsp;89–94 * Towards a New Understanding of Human Nature: The Limits of Individualism (1983) *How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey* ed. Donald J. Ortner
* Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism (1983) *Philosophy* **58**, No. 225, pp.&nbsp;365–377 * Duties Concerning Islands (1983) *Encounter* **LX** (Reprinted in *People, Penguins and Plastic Trees* (1986) ed. Donald Vandeveer also in *Ethics* (1994) ed. Peter Singer and *Environmental Ethics* (1995) ed. Robert Elliot)
* De-Dramatizing Darwin (1984) *The Monist* '*67*, No. 2
* Persons and Non-Persons (1985) *In Defense of Animals*, pp.&nbsp;52–62
* Can Specialist Damage Your Health? (1987) *International Journal of Moral and Social Studies* **2**, No. 1
* Keeping Species on Ice (1987) *Beyond the Bars: the Zoo Dilemma* ed.Virginia MacKenna, Will Travers and Jonathan Wray
* The Flight from Blame (1987) *Philosophy* **62**, No. 241, pp.&nbsp;271–291

* Evolution As A Religion: A Comparison of Prophecies
* Archivado el 14 de junio de 2006 en la Wayback Machine. (1987) *Zygon* **22**, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;179–194 doi&nbsp;[//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1987.tb00845.x 10.1111/j.1467-9744.1987.tb00845.x]
* Embarrassing Relatives: Changing Perceptions of Animals (1987) *The Trumpter* **4**, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;17–19
* Beasts, Brutes and Monsters (1988) *What Is An Animal?* ed. Tim Ingold
* Teleological Theories of Morality (1988) *An Encyclopaedia of Philosophy* ed. G.H.R. Parkinson
* On Not Being afraid of Natural Sex Differences (1988) *Feminist Perspectives in Philosophy ed. Morwenna Griffiths and Margaret Whitford*
* Practical Solutions (1988) *The Hastings Center Report* **19**, No. 6, pp.&nbsp;44–45 
* Myths of Intellectual Isolation (1988–89) *Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society* **LXXXIX**, Part 1
* The Value of "Useless" Research: Supporting Scholarship for the Long Run (1989) *Report by the Council for Science and Society*
* Are You an Animal? (1989) *Animal Experimentation: The Consensus Changes* ed. Gill Langley
* Why Smartness is Not Enough (1990) *Rethinking the Curriculum; Towards an Integrated, Interdisciplinary College Education* ed. Mary E. Clark and Sandra A. Wawritko
* Homunculus Trouble, or, What is Applied Philosophy? (1990) *Journal of Social Philosophy* **21**, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;5–15 
* The Use and Uselessness of Learning (1990) *European Journal of Education* **25**, No.3, pp.&nbsp;283–294 
* Rights-Talk Will Not Sort Out Child-abuse; Comment on Archard on Parental Rights (1991) *Journal of Applied Philosophy* **8**, No. 1 
* The Origin of Ethics (1991) *A Companion To Ethics* ed. Peter Singer (Available in Spanish )
* Is the Biosphere a Luxury? (1992) *The Hastings Center Report* **22**, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;7–12 
* Towards a More Humane View of the Beasts? (1992) *The Environment in Question* ed. David E. Cooper and Joy A. Palmer
* The Significance of Species (1992) *The Moral Life* ed. Stephen Luper-Foy and Curtis Brown (Reprinted in *The Animal Rights/ Environmental Ethics Debate, The Environmental Perspective* (1992) ed. Eugene C. Hargrove)
* Strange Contest, Science versus Religion (1992) *The Gospel and Contemporary Culture* ed. Hugh Montefiore
* Philosophical Plumbing (1992) *The Impulse to Philosophise* ed. A. Phillips Griffiths
* The idea of Salvation Through Science (1992) *New Blackfriars* **73**, No. 860, pp.&nbsp;257–265 
* Can Science Save its Soul (1992) *New Scientist*, pp.&nbsp;43–6
* Beasts versus the Biosphere (1992) *Environmental Values* **1**, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;113–21
* The Four-Leggeds, The Two-Leggeds and the Wingeds (1993) *Society and Animals* **1**, No. 1.
* Visions, Secular and Sacred (1994) *Milltown Studies* **34**, pp.&nbsp;74–93
* The End of Anthropocentrism? (1994) *Philosophy and the Natural Environment* ed. Robin Attfield and Andrew Belsey
* Darwinism and Ethics (1994) *Medicine and Moral Reasoning* ed. K.W.M. Fulford, Grant Gillett and Janet Martin Soskice
* Bridge-Building at Last (1994) *Animals and Human Society* ed. Aubrey Manning and James Serpell
* Zombies and the Turing Test (1995) *Journal of Consciousness Studies* **2**, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;351–2
* Reductive Megalomania (1995) ''Nature's Imagination; The Frontiers of Scientific Vision* ed. John Cornwall
* Trouble with Families? (1995) *Introducing Applied Ethics ed. Brenda Almond (Joint with Judith Hughes)*
* The Challenge of Science, Limited Knowledge, or a New High Priesthood? (1995) *True to this Earth* ed. Alan Race and Roger Williamson
* The Mixed Community (1995) * Earth Ethics, Environmental Ethics, Animal Rights and Practical Applications* ed. James P. Serba
* Visions, Secular and Sacred (1995) *The Hastings Center Report'' **25**, No. 5, pp.&nbsp;20–27 
* Darwin's Central Problems (1995) *Science* **268**, No. 5214, pp.&nbsp;1196–1198 
* The Ethical Primate. Anthony Freeman in discussion with Mary Midgley (1995) *Journal of Consciousness Studies* **2**, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;67–75(9) (Joint with Anthony Freeman)
* Sustainability and Moral Pluralism (1996) *Ethics and The Environment* **1**, No. 1
* One World – But a Big One (1996) *Journal of Consciousness Studies* **3**, No. 5/6
* Earth Matters; Thinking about the Environment (1996) *The Age of Anxiety* ed. Sarah Dunant and Roy Porter
* The View from Britain: What is Dissolving Families? (1996) *American Philosophical Association, Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy* **96**, No. 1 (Joint with Judith Hughes)
* Can Education be Moral? (1996) *Res Publica* **II**, No. 1  (Reprinted in *Teaching Right and Wrong, Moral Education in the Balance* ed Richard Smith and Paul Standish)
* Science in the World (1996) *Science Studies* **9**, No. 2
* The Myths We Live By (1996) *The Values of Science* Oxford Amnesty Lectures ed Wes Williams
* Visions of Embattled Science (1997) *Science Today: Problem or Crisis?* ed Ralph Levinson and Jeff Thomas
* The Soul's Successors: Philosophy and the "Body" (1997) *Religion and the Body* ed Sarah Coakley
* Putting Ourselves Together Again (1998) *Consciousness and Human Human Identity* ed John Cornwall
* Monkey business. The Origin of Species changed man's conception of himself forever. So why, asks Mary Midgley, is Darwinism used to reinforce the arid individualism of our age? (1999) New Statesman
* The Problem of Humbug (1998) *Media Ethics* ed Matthew Kieram
* Descarte's prisoners (1999) New Statesman
* Being Scientific about Our Selves (1999) *Journal of Consciousness Studies*, **6** (Reprinted in *Models of the Self* (1999) ed Shaun Gallagher and Jonathan Shear)
* Towards an Ethic of Global Responsibility (1999) *Human Rights in Global Politics* ed Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler
* The Origins of Don Giovanni (1999–2000) *Philosophy Now*, p.&nbsp;32
* Alchemy Revived (2000) *The Hastings Center Report* **30**, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;41–43 
* Biotechnology and Monstrosity: Why We Should Pay Attention to the "Yuk Factor" (2000) *The Hastings Center Report* **30**, No. 5, pp.&nbsp;7–15 
* Earth Song (2000) New Statesman
* Both nice and nasty (2000) New Statesman
* Individualism and the Concept of Gaia (2000) *Review of International Studies* **26**, pp.&nbsp;29–44
* Consciousness, Fatalism and Science (2000) *The Human Person in Science and Theology* ed Niels Hendrik Gregerson, Willem B. Drees and Ulf Gorman
* Human Nature, Human Variety, Human Freedom (2000) *Being Humans: Anthropological Universality and Particularity* ed Neil Roughley
* Why Memes? (2000) *Alas, Poor Darwin ed Hukary and Steven Rose*
* The Need for Wonder (2000) *God for the 21st Century* ed Russell Stannard
* What Gaia Means (2001) *The Guardian*
* The bankers' abstract vision of the globe is limited (2001) The Guardian
* The Problem of Living with Wildness (2001) *Wolves and Human Communities: Biology, Politics and Ethics* ed Virginia A. Sharpe, Bryan Norton and Strachan Donelley
* Wickedness (2001) ''The Philosophers' Magazine* pp.&nbsp;23–5
* Being Objective (2001) *Nature* **410**, p.&nbsp;753 
* Heaven and Earth, an Awkward History (2001–2002) *Philosophy Now* **34** p.&nbsp;18
* Does the Earth Concern Us? (2001–2002) *Gaia Circular*, p.&nbsp;4
* Choosing the Selectors (2002) *Proceedings of the British Academy* **112** published as *The Evolution of Cultural Entities* ed Michael Wheeler, John Ziman and Margaret A. Boden
* Pluralism: The Many-Maps Model (2002) *Philosophy Now* **35**
* How real are you? (2002) *Think. A Periodical of the Royal Institute of Philosophy*
* Reply to target article: “Inventing the Subject; the Renewal of ’Psychological’ Psychology”
* Archivado el 22 de junio de 2007 en la Wayback Machine. (2002) *Journal of Anthropological Psychology''
* Enough is never enough (2002) The Guardian
* It's all in the mind (2002) The Guardian
* Science and Poetry (2003) *Situation Analysis* **2** (edited extract from Chapters 17 Individualism and the Concept of Gaia and 18 Gods and Goddesses; the Role of Wonder of *Science and Poetry*)
* Great Thinkers – James Lovelock (2003) New Statesman
* Curiouser and curiouser (2003) The Guardian
* Fate by fluke (2003) The Guardian
* Criticising the Cosmos (2003) *Is Nature Ever Evil? Religion, Science and Value* ed Willem B. Drees
* Zombies (2003–2004) *Philosophy Now* pp.&nbsp;13–14
* Souls, Minds, Bodies, Planets pt1 and pt2 (2004) Two-part article on the Mind Body problem *Philosophy Now*
* Us and Them (2004) New Statesman
* Counting the cost of revenge (2004) The Guardian
* Mind and Body: The End of Apartheid (2004) *Science, Consciousness and Ultimate Reality ed David Lorimer*
* Why Clones? (2004) *Scientific and Medical Network Review*, No. 84
* Visions and Values (2005) *Resurgence* **228**
* Proud not to be a doctor (2005) The Guardian
* Designs on Darwinism (2005) The Guardian
* Review: The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins (2006) *New Scientist* Issue 2572 
* Rethinking sex and the selfish gene: why we do it (2006) *Heredity* **96**, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;271–2 
* A Plague On Both Their Houses (2007) *Philosophy Now* **64**
* Mary Midgley on Dawkins (2007) *Interlog*
* Does Science Make God Obsolete? (2008) *John Templeton Foundation*

## Erreferentziak 
## Bibliografia 
* Brown, A., "Mary, Mary, quite contrary", *The Guardian*, 13 January 2001.
* Dawkins, Richard. "In Defence of Selfish Genes", *Philosophy*, vol 56, 1981, pp.&nbsp;556–573. *Edgar, John. *Responses: Carvings and Claywork: Jon Edgar Sculpture 2003–2008*. Hesworth Press, 2008.
* Else, L. "Mary, Mary, quite contrary", *New Scientist*, 3 November 2001.
* Jackson, Nick. "Against the grain: There are questions that science cannot answer", *The Independent*, 3 January 2008.
* Lamey, Andy. "Sympathy and Scapegoating in J. M. Coetzee", in Anton Leist and Peter Singer (eds.). *J. M. Coetzee and Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature*. Columbia University Press, 2010.
* Lodge, David. "Disturbing the Peace," *The New York Review of Books*, undated.
* Mackie, J. L. The Law of the Jungle, *Philosophy*, vol. 53, 1978, pp.&nbsp;455–464. *Midgley, Mary. "Hobbes's Leviathan, Part 3: What is selfishness?", *The Guardian*, 20 April 2009.
* Midgley, Mary. *Owl of Minerva: A Memoir*. Routledge, 2005.
* Midgley, Mary. "Designs on Darwinism", *The Guardian*, 6 September 2005.
* Midgley, Mary. *The Myths We Live By*. Routledge, 2003.
* Midgley, Mary. *Science As Salvation: A Modern Myth and Its Meaning*. Routledge 1992.
* Midgley, Mary. *Evolution as a Religion: Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears*. Routledge, 1985.
* Midgley, Mary. Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism, *Philosophy*, vol 58, 1983, pp.&nbsp;365–377. *Midgley, Mary. "Gene Juggling", *Philosophy*, vol 54, no. 210, 1979, pp.&nbsp;439–458.

## Kanpo loturak 
* Midgley, David (ed.). *The Essential Mary Midgley*. Routledge, 2005. 
* Biography for her Gifford Lectures.
* Writings in *The Guardian*
* "Of memes and witchcraft", contribution to discussion on Journal of Consciousness Studies newsgroup, 1999.
* *Science and Poetry* review, Kenan Malik, 2 March 2001.
* *Myths We Live By* review, *The Guardian*, 16 August 2003.
* *Myths We Live By* review, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 6 February 2004.
* *Myths We Live By* review, *New Statesman*.
* "Mary Midgley: Moral missionary", *The Guardian*, 20 September 2005.
* *The Owl of Minerva* review, *The Times Literary Supplement*, 26 April 2006.
* "Books by and an Interview with: Mary Midgley", *Three Monkeys Online*, February 2007.
* "Mary Midgley on C. S. Lewis", private letters, published with permission
* "Interview with Mary Midgley", by Sheila Heti in *The Believer*, February 2008.
* *The Genial Self*, review in the *Oxonian Review*
* In the 20th Century Science, 1998ko azaroak 5, programa "In Our Time" irratsaioan Bbc Radio.