Rosalind Franklin

**Rosalind Elsie Franklin** (25. juuli 1920, Notting Hill, London – 16. aprill 1958, London) oli briti biofüüsik ja röntgenkristallograaf, kes andis otsustava panuse DNA, RNA, viiruste, kivisöe ja grafiidi peenmolekulaarstruktuuride mõistmisse. Kõige tuntum on tema töö DNA-ga, kuna DNA-l on ülitähtis roll rakumetabolismis ja geneetikas ning selle struktuuri avastamine aitas kaastöölistel mõista, kuidas edastub pärilikkusinfo vanematelt lastele.

Kõige tuntum on Franklini töö DNA röntgendifraktsiooni kujutistega, mis viis DNA kaksikspiraali avastamiseni. Francis Cricki hinnangul olid Franklini andmed selle struktuuri kindlaksmääramise võti, lubades Crickil ja Watsonil 1953. aastal DNA struktuuri molekulaarmudeli. Franklini saadud kujutisi röntgendifraktsioonist, mis kinnitasid DNA kaksikspiraalstruktuuri, näidati Watsonile ilma Franklini loa ja teadmiseta. See foto ja tema täpne tõlgendus sellest andsid väärtusliku arusaama DNA struktuurist, kuid Franklini teaduslik panus kaksikspiraali avastamisse jäetakse tihti kahe silma vahele.

Franklini artiklite avaldamata visandid (mille ta koostas, tehes ettevalmistusi Londoni King's College'ist lahkumiseks) näitavad, et ta oli iseseisvalt teinud kindlaks DNA kaksikspiraali B-vormi ja fosfaatrühmade asetuse struktuuri välisküljel. Lisaks veenis just Franklini aruanne Cricki ja Watsonit, et struktuuri selgroog peab asuma välisküljel, mis oli otsustav, kuna enne seda olid nii nemad kui ka Linus Pauling üksteisest sõltumatult loonud mudelid, milles ahelad paiknesid molekuli siseküljel ning alused väljaspool. Paraku avaldati tema artikkel kolmandana ajakirja Nature kolmest DNA-teemalisest artiklist koosnevas seerias, kus Watsoni ja Cricki artikkel vaid vihjas tema panusele nende hüpoteesi.

Pärast DNA-uuringus osalemist juhtis Franklin teedrajavaid tubakamosaiigiviiruse ja poliomüeliidiviiruse uuringuid. Ta suri 1958. aastal 37-aastaselt munasarjavähki.

## Vaata ka

* Matilda efekt

## Viited

## Kirjandus
* Bryson, B. *A Short History of Nearly Everything.* (2004). Black Swan ISBN 0-552-99704-8.
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* Crick, F. H. C. *What Mad Pursuit*, (1988). Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09137-7.
* Elkin, L., O. *[http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTOAD000056000003000042000001&idtype=cvips Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix] [[Physics Today]]* March 2003, pp.&nbsp;42–48.
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* Ferry, Georgina, 2007. Max Perutz and the Secret of Life. Published in the UK by Chatto & Windus (ISBN 0-701-17695-4), and in the USA by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
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* Franklin, R.E. and Gosling, R.G. authors of papers received 6 March 1953: Acta Cryst. (1953). 6, 673 The Structure of Sodium Thymonucleate Fibres I. The Influence of Water Content II. The Cylindrically Symmetrical Patterson Function
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* Holt, J. (2002) "Photo Finish: Rosalind Franklin and the great DNA race" *The New Yorker* October
* Judson, Horace Freeland, "The Eighth Day of Creation:Makers of the Revolution in Biology" ( London: Jonathan Cape,1979),Penguin,1995;expanded edition;New York:Cold Spring Harbor Press,1996).
* Maddox, B. *Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA* (2002). Harper Collins ISBN 0-00-655211-0.
* Nobel Prize (1962). *[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1962/index.html The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962]*, *for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material*, Nobelprize.org
* Olby, R., "The Path to the Double Helix"(London:Macmillan,1974)
* Sayre, A. 1975. *Rosalind Franklin and DNA*. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32044-8.
* Segev, T. *One Palestine, Complete*, (2000) (ISBN 0-349-11286-X) Abacus History.
* Stent, Gunther, editor. "Critical Edition of The Double Helix"(1980) W.W. Norton Co, New York and London. ISBN 0-393-95075-1.
* Watson, J. Letter to *[[Science]]*, *164*, p.&nbsp;1539, 27 (1969).
* Wilkins, M., *The Third Man of the Double Helix, an autobiography* (2003) Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-280667-X.
* Yockey, H. P. *Information Theory, Evolution, and the Origin of Life* (2005).
* Brown, Andrew; "*J. D. Bernal: The Sage of Science*", Oxford University Press, 2005; ISBN 0-19-920565-5
* Chomet, S. (Ed.), *D.N.A. Genesis of a Discovery*. Newman-Hemisphere Press (1994): NB a few copies are available from Newman-Hemisphere at 101 Swan Court, London SW3 5RY (phone/fax: 07092 060530).
* Crick, Francis (1988) "What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery" (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990) ISBN 0-465-09138-5
* Dickerson, Richard E.; *"Present at the Flood: How Structural Molecular Biology Came About",* Sinauer, 2005; ISBN 0-87893-168-6
* John Finch; 'A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge
* Hager, Thomas; "*Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling*", Simon & Schuster 1995; ISBN 0-684-80909-5
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* Glynn, Jennifer, "My sister Rosalind Franklin"(Oxford University Press, 2012) ISBN 978-0-19-969962-9
* Glynn, Jennifer, "Rosalind Franklin, 1920–1958" in "Cambridge Women: Twelve Portraits" (CUP 1996) pp 267 – 282 eds. Edward Shils and Carmen Blacker, ISBN 0-521-48287-9
* Klug, A. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography article on R.E. Franklin, OUP, Matthew H.C.G. Ed., first published Sept 2004; online edn, Jan 2007, 1840 words; ISBN 0-19-861411-X; was selected "Life of The Day" on 16 April 2008 (50th anniversary of her death).
* Klug, A. A lecture about Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the elucidation of the structure of DNA. in *DNA Changing Science and Society: The Darwin Lectures for 2003* Krude, Torsten (Ed.) CUP (2003)
* Olby, Robert, (1972) 'Rosalind Elsie Franklin' biography in "Dictionary of Scientific Biography", ed. Charles C. Gillespie (New York: Charles Scribner's sons) ISBN 0-684-10121-1
* Olby, Robert, *The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA*, (1974). MacMillan ISBN 0-486-68117-3
* Tait, Sylvia & James "A Quartet of Unlikely Discoveries" (Athena Press 2004) ISBN 1-84401-343-X
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* Wilkins, Maurice, "The Third Man of The Double Helix", OUP 2003; ISBN 978-0-19-280667-3.

## Välislingid
* The Rosalind Franklin Society
* CWP at UCLA
* The History of medicine topographical database in ub Himetop
* Work at Birbeck and meeting REF (12)
* Work with REF (13)
* REF and the discovery of the structure of DNA. (17)
* REF's death and joining the MRC's LMB in Cambridge (18)
* My aunt, the DNA pioneer by S. Franklin
* "Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix", *Physics Today*, by Lynne O. Elkin
* "Light on a Dark Lady", republished article by A. Piper from *Trends in Biochemical Science*
* Oxford Dictionary of National Biography for article by Sir Aaron Klug
* "The first American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure", Saturday, June 13, 1953, *The New York Times*
* "Biography of Rosalind Franklin", Lynne O. Elkin, *Jewish Women Encyclopedia*
* ''Nova'': "Secret of Photo 51"
* The Rosalind Franklin Papers Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine
* Bancroft Archive of the University of California, Berkeley Lynne Elkin collection of original Franklin research
* The Rosalind Franklin Papers at Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge
* Rosalind Franklin publications. List of publications from 1948 to (posthumous reprint) 1995
* Key Participants: Rosalind Franklin – *Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History*
* "Rosalind Franklin's work on coal, carbon, and graphite", by Peter J F Harris in PDF format
* Energia Vol.6 No.6 (1995) (University of Kentucky centre for Applied Energy Research). Contains Rosalind Franklin Article in PDF format