Kaŝtanflanka parulio

La **Kaŝtanflanka parulio** (***Dendroica pensylvanica***) estas birdospecio de la familio de Paruliedoj kaj granda genro *Dendroica*.

## Disvastiĝo 
Ili reproduktigas en orienta Nordameriko kaj en suda Kanado okcidenten ĝis la Kanadaj Prerioj. Ili reproduktiĝas ankaŭ en la regiono de la Grandaj Lagoj kaj en orienta Usono.

Tiuj nearktisaj birdoj estas migrantaj, kiuj vintras en Centrameriko suden al norda Kolombio, kun nekonfirmita vidaĵo el tiom sude kiom el Ekvadoro; ili estas ankaŭ tre raraj vagantoj en okcidentan Eŭropon.

eta|maldekstra|Maskla plenkreskulo, somere (supre)Juna masklo (centre)Plenkreskulo, vintra (sube)

## Aspekto 
Somere masklo de Kaŝtanflanka parulio estas nekonfuzebla laŭ aspekto. Li montras malhele striecan grizan dorson (nigraj plumoj kun flavaj bordoj), blankan vizaĝon kun el beko **nigraj okulstrio al nuko kaj kolstrio suben** (tiele restas granda blanka orelareo) kaj flavverdecan kronon kun mallarĝa blankeca frunta bordo. Ties subaj partoj estas blankaj, kun tre markate **brunaj flankoj** (kaŝtankoloraj), kaj ĝi havas ankaŭ du blankajn flugilstriojn. Inoj similas al eluzitaj versioj de somera masklo, kaj ĉefe, ino ne havas la markatan kapobildon kaj ankaŭ havas malpli da bruna koloro en flankoj. La beko estas rekta kaj pintakra. La kruroj estas grizecaj.

Nereproduktuloj de ambaŭ seksoj havas verdecajn kapojn, kaj verdecajn suprajn partojn kiuj estas kutime nestriecaj. Ili havas ankaŭ nestriecajn palgrizajn brustojn. Ties flugilstrioj estas ĉiam en ties plumaroj. Manko de strieco helpas distingi tiun specion el la Stria parulio for de la reprodukta sezono.

## Kutimaro 
[eta|Masklo, [Otavo, Ontario]]
La kantoj estas fajfaj *pliis, pliis, pliis tumiĉ*. Ties alvokoj estas akraj *ĉip*. La tasforma nesto estas situa en malalta arbusto, kutime en juna decidua arbaro aŭ arbustaro. La ino demetas 3-5 ovojn. Tiu specio estas ofte parazitita de la Brunkapa molotro.

Kaŝtanflankaj parulioj estas insektovoraj, sed tio inkludas berojn en ties vintra dieto. Ili manĝas aktive en arbustoj kaj malgrandaj arboj, kaj foje kaptas insektojn perfluge.

La nombroj de tiu birdospecio pliiĝis dum duarangaj arbaroj iĝis pli komunaj oriente fine de la 19a jarcento; ties nombroj iom malpliiĝis ekde tiam.

## Notoj 
## Referencoj 
*  Malplej Zorgiga.
*  (1994): *New World Warblers*. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6
*  (2007): The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico. *Bird Conservation International* **17**(1): 45-61.  PDF plena teksto
*  (2004): New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia. ''Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club* **124**(1): 38-51. [PDF plena teksto](http://www.alpec.org/Articulo%20BBOC/Strewe%20&%20Navarro%202004%20BBOC%20124%20(1).pdf) 

## Eksteraj ligiloj 
* Filmetoj, fotoj kaj sonoj de Kaŝtanflanka parulio ĉe Internet Bird Collection
* Kaŝtanflanka parulio - *Dendroica Pensylvanica*  - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* Speciinformaro pri Kaŝtanflanka parulio – Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio
* Informaro kaj fotoj de Kaŝtanflanka parulio - Suddakotaj Birdoj kaj Birdumo
* Fotaro de Kaŝtanflanka parulio  VIREO
* Kaŝtanflanka parulio ĉe *Animal Diversity Web*

## Plia legado 

### Tezoj 
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* Woodcock JM. M.Sc. (1997). *Effects of manual, mechanical, and aerial herbicide conifer release on songbird numbers in regenerating spruce plantations in northwestern Ontario*. Lakehead University (Canada), Canada.

### Artikoloj 
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* Bruce EB, Herman LM, Jr., Ian RKS & David FW. (2004). *EXTRAPAIR PATERNITY INCREASES VARIABILITY IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN THE CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER (DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA), A SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS SONGBIRD*. The Auk. vol **121**, no 3. p. 788.

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* Byers BE. (1996). *Messages encoded in the songs of chestnut-sided warblers*. Animal Behaviour. vol **52**, no 4. p. 691-705.

* Byers BE & King DI. (2000). *Singing by female Chestnut-sided Warblers*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **112**, no 4. p. 547-550.

* Byers BE & Kroodsma DE. (1992). *Development of two song categories by chestnut-sided warblers*. Animal Behaviour. vol **44**, no 5. p. 799-810.

* Byers BE, Mays HL, Jr., Stewart IRK & Westneat DF. (2004). *Extrapair paternity increases variability in male reproductive success in the chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), a socially monogamous songbird*. Auk. vol **121**, no 3. p. 788-795.

* David IK & Bruce EB. (2002). *An evaluation of powerline rights-of-way as habitat for early-successional shrubland birds*. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol **30**, no 3. p. 868.

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* Greenberg R. (1984). *Neophobia in the Foraging Site Selection of a Neotropical Migrant Bird an Experimental Study*. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol **81**, no 12. p. 3778-3780.

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* John MB & Alan WH. (2005). *BIRD COMMUNITIES AFTER BLOWDOWN IN A LATE-SUCCESSIONAL GREAT LAKES SPRUCE-FIR FOREST*. The Wilson Bulletin. vol **117**, no 4. p. 341.

* King DI & Byers BE. (2002). *An evaluation of powerline rights-of-way as habitat for early-successional shrubland birds*. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol **30**, no 3. p. 868-874.

* King DI & Degraaf RM. (2004). *Effects of group-selection opening size on the distribution and reproductive success of an early-successional shrubland bird*. Forest Ecology & Management. vol **190**, no 2-3. p. 179-185.

* King DI, Degraaf RM & Griffin CR. (2001). *Plumage coloration and reproductive success in male Chestnut-sided Warblers*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **113**, no 2. p. 239-242.

* King DI, Degraaf RM & Griffin CR. (2001). *Productivity of early successional shrubland birds in clearcuts and groupcuts in an eastern deciduous forest*. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol **65**, no 2. p. 345-350.

* Klaus NA, Buehler DA & Saxton AM. (2005). *Forest management alternatives and songbird breeding habitat on the Cherokee National Forest, Tennessee*. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol **69**, no 1. p. 222-234.

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* Mahony N, Nol E & Hutchinson T. (1997). *Food-chain chemistry, reproductive success, and foraging behaviour of songbirds in acidified maple forests of central Ontario*. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol **75**, no 4. p. 509-517.

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* Nathan AK, David AB & Arnold MS. (2005). *FOREST MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES AND SONGBIRD BREEDING HABITAT ON THE CHEROKEE NATIONAL FOREST, TENNESSEE*. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol **69**, no 1. p. 222.

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Kategorio:Paruliedoj
Kategorio:Nearktisa faŭno
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