Orvanga parulio

La **Orvanga parulio** *Dendroica chrysoparia* estas paserina birdo de la familio de Paruliedoj de Ameriko kaj granda genro de Dendroica.

## Aspekto 
Ĝi estas birdo kiu montras tre rimarkindan belan **flavegan vizaĝon ĉirkaŭatan de nigraj** krono, nuko, kolo, gorĝareo kaj supra brusto kaj trapasata de traokula strio kiu atingas ĝis la nuko. Tiu flavega koloro kun iom da oranĝeca nuanco nomigas la specion en Esperanto, en la angla parolata en Teksaso kiel "Golden" (ora) kaj en la latina scienca nomo kie la radiko "ĥrisos" el la antikva greka signifas same "ora". La dorso estas griznigreca strieca kaj en flugiloj videblas klare du blankaj flugilstrioj. La subaj partoj estas helgrizecaj kun nigreca punktostrieco en flankoj.

Ĝi estas endanĝerita specio de birdo kiu reproduktiĝas en centra Teksaso, el Kantono Palo Pinto sudokcidenten laŭlonge de la orienta kaj suda bordo de la Eduarda Altebenaĵo al Kantono Kinney. La Orvanga parulio estas la ununura birdospecio kun reprodukta teritorio limigita al Teksaso.

Orvangaj parulioj nestumas en arboj de Junipero *Juniperus ashei* kaj kverkoj en ravinoj kaj kanjonoj. Ili uzas arboŝelon kaj araneretojn por konstrui siajn nestojn. La ino demetas 3 al 4 ovojn. Tiuj parulioj manĝas insektojn kaj araneojn. Ili vintrumas en suda Meksiko (Chiapas), Gvatemalo, Honduro kaj Nikaragvo.

La Orvanga parulio estas **endanĝerita** ĉar multaj arbaroj de junipero kaj kverko estis klarigitaj por konstrui domojn, ŝoseojn kaj magazenojn por rikoltoj aŭ herbo por brutobredado. Aliaj arbaroj estis inunditaj kiam oni konstruis grandaj digolagojn.

## Referencoj 
*  Endanĝerita.

## Eksteraj ligiloj 
* BirdLife Species Factsheet
* Balcones Canyonland Preserve kun sonoj de la du tipoj de alvokoj

## Plia legado 
### Libroj 
* Harper SJ, Westervelt JD & Shapiro A-M. (2002). *Management application of an agent-based model: Control of cowbirds at the landscape scale*. In *Gimblett, H Randy [Editor, Reprint Author] Integrating geographic information systems and agent-based modeling techniques for stimulating social and ecological processes:105-123, 2002*. Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016.

* Ladd, C., and L. Gass. 1999. *Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia)*. In *The Birds of North America*, No. 420 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

* Pulich, W. M. 1976. *The Golden-cheeked Warbler.* Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Austin, TX. 172pp.

* Shapiro A-MT, Harper SJ & Westervelt JD. (2004). *The Fort Hood Avian Simulation Model-V: A spatially explicit population viability model for two endangered species*. In *Costanza, Robert [Editor, Reprint Author], Voinov, Alexey [Editor, Reprint Author] Landscape simulation modeling: A spatially explicit, dynamic approach:233-247, 2004*. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10010-7858.

### Tezoj 
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* Stake MM. M.S. (2003). *Golden-cheeked warbler nest predators and factors affecting nest predation*. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States, Missouri.

### Artikoloj 
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* Lewis TJ, Ainley DG, Greenberg D & Greenberg R. (1974). *A Golden-Cheeked Warbler on the Farallon Islands*. Auk. vol **91**, no 2. p. 411-412.

* Lockwood MW. (1996). *Courtship behavior of Golden-cheeked Warblers*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **108**, no 3. p. 591-592.

* Lovette IJ & Hochachka WM. (2006). *Simultaneous effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and competition on avian community structure*. Ecology. p. S) S14-S28, JUL 2006.

* Magness DR, Wilkins RN & Hejl SJ. (2006). *Quantitative relationships among golden-cheeked warbler occurrence and landscape size, composition, and structure*. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol **34**, no 2. p. 473-479.

* Mike MS & Paul MC. (2001). *Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown-headed Cowbirds*. The Wilson Bulletin. vol **113**, no 4. p. 456.

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* Shaw DM & Atkinson SF. (1990). *An Introduction to the Use of Geographic Information Systems for Ornithological Research*. Condor. vol **92**, no 3. p. 564-570.

* Smeins FE & Moses ME. (1994). *Temporal analysis of golden-cheeked warbler habitat fragmentation using remote sensing and GIS*. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. vol **75**, no 2 PART 2. p. 213-214.

* Stake MM. (2001). *Predation by a Great Plains rat snake on an adult female Golden-cheeked Warbler*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **113**, no 4. p. 460-461.

* Stake MM & Cavanagh PM. (2001). *Removal of host nestlings and fecal sacs by Brown-headed Cowbirds*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **113**, no 4. p. 456-459.

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Kategorio:Paseroformaj
Kategorio:Paruliedoj
Kategorio:Birdoj de Ameriko