Blankakrona emberizo

La **blankakrona emberizo**, ankaŭ nomata **blankakrona zonotriĥo** aŭ **blankakrona plumzonulo** (***Zonotrichia leucophrys***) estas mezgranda birdospecio membro de la grupo de Amerikaj paseroj indiĝena de Nordameriko kaj membro de la genro de zonotriĥoj, kiu enhavas speciojn de brunstriecaj dorsoj kaj distingaj kapobildoj.

## Aspekto 
[eta|maldekstra|[Otavo, Ontario]]
Plenkreskuloj estas 18&nbsp;cm longaj kaj havas **nigrablankajn striojn en kapo**, grizajn vizaĝon, nukon, kolzonon kaj subajn partojn, brunajn striecajn suprajn partojn kaj longan brunecan voston. La flugiloj estas brunaj kun strioj kaj la kruroj estas rozkoloraj. Ties bekoj estas rozkoloraj aŭ flavaj kun nigrecaj supra bordo kaj pinto. La okulaj irisoj estas malhelbrunaj kaj estas tre mallarĝa blanka okulringo videbla nur en suba duono ĉar supra koincidas kun blanka superokula strio. Ili estas similaj laŭ aspekto al la Blankgorĝa emberizo sed havas nek la blankajn gorĝajn markojn nek la flavajn bridomakulojn.

Resume oni povas diri, ke temas pri helgriza birdo kun brunecaj supraj partoj kaj tre rimarkinda **nigrablanka kontrasta kronobildo** konsista el centra mallarĝa blanka kronostrio (de kio venas la komuna nomo Blankakrona emberizo), kaj ambaŭflanke unue larĝa nigra subkrona strizono, blanka larĝa superokula strizono (de kio venas la latina scienca nomo *leucophrys*, kunmetaĵo de du radikoj de la antikva greka signife respektive “blanka” kaj “brovo”, kio tradukeblus per Blankabrova emberizo) kiu komencas per grizeca brido kaj fina fajna mallarĝa traokula strio ankaŭ post grizeca brido. Tiu nigrablanka kronobildo estus sufiĉa kialo ankaŭ por alternativa nomo Blankanigrakrona emberizo, ne tre taŭga pro troa longeco.

## Reproduktado 
Ties reprodukta habitato estas arbustecaj areoj de norda Kanado kaj okcidenta Usono. Ili nestumas ĉu malalte en arbustoj aŭ surgrunde sub arbustoj kaj la ino demetas 3-5 brunmarkajn grizajn aŭ verdecbluajn ovojn.

## Subspecioj 
Estas 5 nune agnoskataj subspecioj de la Blankakrona emberizo (*pugetensis*, *gambelii*, *nuttalli*, *oriantha*, kaj *leucophrys*), varie pri migranta kutimaro kaj reprodukta habitato. La nuttalla subspecio estas de konstantaj loĝantaj birdoj en Kalifornio, dum la gambela subspecio povas migri tiom for kiom ĝis la Arkta Cirklo dum la somera reprodukta sezono. Nordaj birdoj migras al suda Usono.

## Vaganteco 
La Blankakrona emberizo estas tre rara vaganto al Okcidenta Eŭropo. Unu estis en Graflando Cork, Irlando maje de 2003. Alia troviĝis en Norfolk, Anglio januare de 2008. Ankaŭ junulo estis observata en Ona, Norvegio oktobre de 2009. Junulo estis vidata en Surrey, Anglio en majo de 2010.

## Kutimaro 
Tiuj nearktisaj birdoj manĝas surgrunde aŭ en malalta vegetaĵaro, sed foje faras mallongajn flugojn por kapti flugantajn insektojn. Ili manĝas ĉefe semojn, aliajn plantopartojn kaj insektojn. Vintre ili ofte manĝas are.

## Migrada alerteco 
La Blankakrona emberizo estas konata pro sia natura alerteca mekanismo, kiu permesas ĝin resti veka dum ĝis du semajnoj dummigrado. Tiu efiko estis studata por eblaj homaj aplikoj, kiaj lacego pro laborvicoj aŭ kamionŝoforado.

## Bildoj 

Image:White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys; nuttalli) Morro Bay, CA 29j (2232004154).jpg
Image:Zonotrichia leucophrys1.jpg|Plenkreskulo de Blankakrona emberizo
Image:Zonotrichia_leucophrys_30943.JPG|Unuavintra junulo
File:Bird on a wire p1060660.jpg|specimeno de la subspecio *nuttalli* elŜtata Rezervejo Point Lobos, Kalifornio
File:Zonotrichia-leucophrys-profile.jpg

## Referencoj
## Literaturo
* Byers, Olsson kaj Curson, *Buntings and Sparrows* ISBN 1-873403-19-4
## Libroj 
* Chilton, G., M. C. Baker, C. D. Barrentine, and M. A. Cunningham. 1995. *White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)*. In *The Birds of North America*, No. 183 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.
* Kroodsma DE, Baker MC, Baptista LF & Petrinovich L. (1985). ''Vocal "dialects" in Nuttall's white-crowned sparrow*. In *Johnston, R F [Editor] Current Ornithology 103-133, 1985*. Plenum Press, 233 Spring Street, New York, New York.

### Tezoj 
* Banks RC. Ph.D. (1962). *GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW, ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS*. University of California, Berkeley, United States, California.
* Baptista LF. Ph.D. (1972). *DEMES, DISPERSION AND SONG DIALECTS OF SEDENTARY POPULATIONS OF THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS NUTTALLI)*. University of California, Berkeley, United States, California.
* Blanchard BD. Ph.D. (1939). *ENVIRONMENT AND ANNUAL CYCLE IN THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS (ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS) OF THE PACIFIC SEABOARD*. University of California, Berkeley, United States, California.
* Chilton GD. Ph.D. (1993). *Song dialects and mate choice by white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys*. University of Calgary (Canada), Canada.
* Dobson CW. Ph.D. (1973). *BEHAVIOR OF THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS NUTTALLI) IN A SONG-REINFORCED LABORATORY OPERANT TASK*. University of California, Riverside, United States, California.
* Fugle GN. Ph.D. (1983). *BEHAVIORAL DOMINANCE IN WINTERING WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS, ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS GAMBELII: ITS CORRELATES AND CONSEQUENCES*. University of California, Santa Barbara, United States, California.
* MacDougall-Shackleton EA. Ph.D. (2000). *Song dialects, mate choice and population structure in mountain white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha)*. Princeton University, United States, New Jersey.
* Norment CJ. Ph.D. (1992). *The comparative breeding ecology of the Harris' sparrow (Zonotrichia querula) and white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) in the Northwest Territories, Canada*. University of Kansas, United States, Kansas.
* Patterson TL. Ph.D. (1977). *THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW (ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS NUTTALLI): REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS, ECOLOGY AND TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR*. University of California, Riverside, United States, California.
* Ross AE. Ph.D. (1985). *SOCIAL DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES IN CAPTIVE GROUPS OF WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS, ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS LEUCOPHRYS (STATUS DETERMINANTS, STATUS SIGNAL, AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR, INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION, DIFFERENTIAL DISTRIBUTION)*. Clemson University, United States, South Carolina.

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## Eksteraj ligiloj 
* Speciinformaro pri la Blankakrona emberizo - Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio
* Blankakrona emberizo - *Zonotrichia leucophrys* - USGS Patuxent Birdidentigejo
* Informaro kaj Fotoj de Blankakrona emberizo – Suddakotaj Birdoj kaj Birdumo
* Filmetoj de Blankakrona emberizo ĉe Internet Bird Collection
* Fotaro de Blankakrona emberizo  VIREO
* Blankakrona emberizo , Birds of Nova Scotia
* *Daily Mail'' artikolo pri Blankakrona emberizo kiel ekzota vizitanto en GB, nune rememorata en preĝeja fenestro

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