Thomas Say

**Thomas SAY** (27a de Junio, 1787 – 10a de Oktobro, 1834) estis usona entomologo, konkologo, kaj herpetologo. Liaj studoj pri insektoj kaj konkoj, nombraj kontribuoj al sciencaj gazetoj, kaj sciencaj ekspedicioj al Florido, Georgio, la Roka Montaro, Meksiko, kaj aliloken faris lin internacie konata natursciencisto. Say estis nomita la patro de usonaj priskribaj entomologio kaj konkologio. Li servis kiel bibliotekisto de la Akademio de Naturaj Sciencoj de Filadelfio, zorganto de la Usona Filozofia Societo (elektita en 1817), kaj profesoro de natura historio en la Universitato de Pensilvanio. and professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania.

## Kariero
Say helpis en la fondo de la Akademio de Naturaj Sciencoj de Filadelfio (ANSP) en 1812. In 1816, li renkontiĝis kun Charles Alexandre Lesueur, franca natursciencisto, malakologo, kaj iĥtiologo kiu tuj iĝis membro de la Akademio kaj servis kiel ĝia zorganto ĝis 1824.

En la Akademio, Say eklaboris por la *American Entomology*. Por kolekti insektojn, li faris nombrajn ekspediciojn al landlimaj areoj, riskante atakojn de indiĝenoj kaj akcidentojn pro veturado en sovaĝa kamparo. En 1818, Say akompanis sian amikon William Maclure, tiam prezidanto de la ANSP kaj patro de la usona geologio; Gerhard Troost, ankaŭ geologo; kaj aliajn membrojn de la Akademio al geologia ekspedicio ĉe insuloj de Georgio kaj Florido, tiam hispana teritorio.

En 1819–20, Stephen Harriman Long estris esploradon al la Roka Montaro kaj al alfluantoj de la rivero Misuro, kun Say kiel zoologo. Ilia oficiala rakonto de tiu ekspedicio inkludis la unuajn priskribojn de kojoto, de la vulpo *Vulpes velox*, la tiranedo *Tyrannus verticalis*, la Strivosta kolombo, la Salpinkto, la tiranedo *Sayornis saya* (kiu portas la nomon de Say kaj en la genronomo kaj en la specia nomo), la Malgranda kardelo, la Alaŭdopasero, la lazurulo *Passerina amoena*, la Oranĝkrona vermivoro, la lacertoj *Aspidoscelis tesselata* kaj *Crotaphytus collaris*, la skinko *Scincella lateralis*, kaj la serpentoj *Pantherophis obsoletus* kaj Thamnophis proximus.

En 1823, Say estis ĉefa zoologo en la ekspedicio de Long al la ekfluo de la rivero Misisipo. Li veturis en la "Boatload of Knowledge" al la kolektiveco New Harmony en Indianao (1826–34), eksperimento de utopia societo fondita de Robert Owen. Say estis akompanita de Maclure, Lesueur, Troost, kaj Francis Neef, plinoviga pedagogo. Tie li poste renkontiĝis kun Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, alia natursciencisto.

## Publikigitaj verkoj 
* Say, T. 1817. Description of seven species of American fresh water and land shells, not noticed in the systems. Part 1. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(1), 13–16. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. Description of seven species of American fresh water and land shells, not noticed in the systems. Part 2. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(2), 17–18. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. Descriptions of several new species of North American insects. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(2), 19–23. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. Some account of the insect known by the name of Hessian Fly, and of a parasitic insect that feeds on it. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(3), 43–48. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. On a new genus of the Crustacea, and the species on which it is established. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(4), 49–52. (Read July 8, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 1. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(4), 57–64. (Read August 5, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 2. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(5), 65–83. (Read August 5, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 3. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(6), 97–101. (Read August 5, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. Description of new species of land and fresh water shells of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(6), 123–126. (Read October 28, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1817. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 4. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(6), 155–169. (Read November 4, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 5. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 235–253. (Read November 11, 1817) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. Account of two new genera, and several new species, of fresh water and land snails. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(7), 276–284. (Read May 25, 1818) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 6. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 313–319. (Read June 10, 1818) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 7. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 374–401. (Read June 10, 1818) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. Notes on Professor Green's paper on the Amphibia, published in the September number of this journal. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1(7), 405–407. (Read October 6, 1818) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Part 8. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 423–441. (Read June 10, 1818) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. Observations on some of the animals described in the account of the Crustacea of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 442–444. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. Appendix to the account of the Crustacea of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 445–458. (Read December 1, 1818) (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. Description of a new genus of fresh water bivalve shells. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 459–460. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1818. Description of three new species of the genus *Naesa*. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 1, 482–485. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of the Thysanourae of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 2, 11–13. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of the Arachnides of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 2, 59–81. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of the Myriapodae of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 2, 102–113. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1821. Descriptions of Univalve shells of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 2, 149–178. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of Dipterous insects of the United States. Part 1. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 3(1), 9–53. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of Dipterous insects of the United States. Part 2. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 3(1), 73–104. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1823. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 1. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 3(1), 139–215. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 2. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 3(2), 238–281. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 3. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 3(2), 298–330. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects. Part 4. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 3(2), 403–462. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of Coleopterous insects, collected in the late expedition to the Rocky Mountains. Part 1. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 4(1), 83–99. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1824. An account of some of the fossil shells of Maryland. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 4(1), 124–154. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. On the fresh water and land Tortoises of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 4(2), 203–219. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. Description of three new species of Coluber, inhabiting the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 4(2), 237–241. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. On two genera and several species of Crinoidea. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 4(2), 289–295. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new Hemipterous insects, collected in the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under command of Major Long. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 4(2), 307–344. (BHL link)
* Say, T., and G. Ord. 1825. Description of a new species of Mammalia, whereon a genus is supposed to be founded. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 4(2), 352–355. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new species of Hister and Hololepta, inhabiting the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(1), 32–47. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of some new species of fresh water and land shells, inhabiting the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(1), 119–131. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. On the species of the Linnaean genus Asterias, inhabiting the coast of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(1), 141–153. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1825. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Part 1. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(1), 160–204. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1827. Descriptions of marine shells, recently discovered on the coast of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(2), 207–220. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1827. On the species of the Linnaean genus Echinus, inhabiting the coast of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(2), 225–228. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1827. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Part 2. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(2), 237–283. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1827. Descriptions of new species of Coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. Part 3. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 5(2), 293–316. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1829. Description of new Dipterous insects of the United States. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 6(1), 149–178. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1830. Description of North American Dipterous insects. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 6(2), 183–188. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1830. Description of new North American Hemipterous insects. Part 1. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 6(2), 235–244. (BHL link)
* Say, T. 1830. Description of new North American Hemipterous insects. Part 2. *Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia* 6(2), 299–314. (BHL link)

## Referencoj
## Bibliografio
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## Eksteraj ligiloj
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*Thomas Say (1787–1834), father of American entomology, University of Evansville
**Pomacea paludosa* (Say, 1829)
* Paintings of The Cliffs, the Say family home on the Schuylkill River at Gray's Ferry, de David Kennedy
** "The Cliffs, the Country Residence of the Say Family for Nearly 40 Years Sketched After Brenton by Kennedy in 1836" 
**"The Cliffs" Country Residence of Benjamin Say at Gray's Ferry "
*Tomb of Thomas Say, The Naturalist Historical Society of Pennsylvania 
*Tombo , ĉe 3a kaj Arch Stratoj en Philadelphia

Kategorio:Usonaj natursciencistoj
Kategorio:Usonaj entomologoj
Kategorio:Usonaj moluskistoj
Kategorio:Usonaj kvakeroj
Kategorio:Malakologio