Hans Morgenthau

**Hans Joachim MORGENTHAU** (17a de Februaro, 1904 – 19a de Julio, 1980) estis unu el la ĉefaj figuroj de la 20-a jarcento en studoj pri internaciaj rilatoj. La verkoj de Morgenthau apartenas al la tradicio de "realismo" en la teorio pri internaciaj rilatoj, kaj li estas kutime konsiderata inter la plej influaj realistoj de la periodo post la Dua Mondmilito.

## Kariero
Morgenthau daris mejloŝtonajn kontribuojn al la teorio pri internaciaj rilatoj kaj al la studo de internacia juro. Lia *Politics Among Nations* (politiko inter nacioj, inter ŝtatoj), unuafoje publikigita en 1948, trairis kvin eldonoj dum lia vivodaŭro kaj estis amplekse adoptita kiel lernolibro en usonaj universitatoj. Kvankam Morgenthau emfazis la centrecon de povo kaj de "la nacia intereso," la subtitolo de *Politics Among Nations* - "the struggle for power and peace" (lukto por povo kaj paco) - indikas, ke temas ne nur pri la lukto por povo sed ankaŭ pri la vojoj en kiu ĝi estas limigita per la etiko, normoj, kaj juro.

Aldone al liaj libroj, Morgenthau verkis amplekse pri internacia politiko kaj precize pri usona eksterlanda politiko por publikaĵoj de ĝenerala cirkulado kiel *The New Leader*, *Commentary*, *Worldview*, *The New York Review of Books*, kaj *The New Republic*. Li interkonatiĝis kaj korespondis kun multaj el la ĉefaj intelektuloj kaj verkistoj siaepokaj, kiel Reinhold Niebuhr, George F. Kennan, Carl Schmitt kaj Hannah Arendt. Iam komence de la Malvarma Milito, Morgenthau estis konsilisto de la Usona Departemento de Ŝtato kiam Kennan estris ties *Policy Planning Staff*, kaj duan fojon dum la prezidentecoj de Kennedy kaj Johnson ĝis li estis elpostenigitaj de Johnson kiam li publike ekkritikis la usonan politikon en Vjetnamio. Dum plej el sia kariero, tamen, Morgenthau estis estimita kiel akademia interpretisto de la usona eksterlanda politiko.

## Kelkaj verkoj
* *Scientific Man versus Power Politics* (1946) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
* *Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace* (1948, and subsequent editions) New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
* *In Defense of the National Interest* (1951) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
* *The Purpose of American Politics* (1960) New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
* *Crossroad Papers: A Look Into the American Future* (ed.) (1965) New York, NY: Norton.
* *Truth and Power: Essays of a Decade, 1960–70* (1970) New York, NY: Praeger.
* ''Essays on Lincoln's Faith and Politics*. (1983) Lanham, MD: Univ. Press of America for the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the Univ. of Virginia. Co-published with a separate text by David Hein.
* *The Concept of the Political* (2012; orig. 1933) Intro. by H. Behr and F. Roesch. Trans. by M. Vidal. Palgrave Macmillan.

Por kompleta listo de la verkoj de Morgenthau, vidu "The Hans J. Morgenthau Page" ĉe Google Sites.

## Vidu ankaŭ
* E. H. Carr
* Stephen Walt

## Referencoj
**Notoj**

**Bibliografio**
* Bain, William. "Deconfusing Morgenthau: Moral Inquiry and Classical Realism Reconsidered." *Review of International Studies* 26, no. 3 (2000): 445–64.
* Behr, Hartmut, kaj Amelia Heath. "Misreading in IR Theory and Ideology Critique: Morgenthau, Waltz and Neo-Realism." *Review of International Studies* 35 (2009): 327–49.
* Bell, Duncan, ed. *Political Thought and International Relations: Variations on a Realist Theme.* Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
* Bessner, Daniel kaj Nicolas Guilhot. "How Realism Waltzed Off." *International Security*, 40 no.2 (2015): 87-118. 
* Bird, Kai. *The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms*, Simon and Schuster, 2000.
* Buzan, Barry. "The Timeless Wisdom of Realism?," in *International Theory: Positivism and Beyond,* ed. S. Smith et al. Cambridge University Press, 1996.
* Conces, Rory J. "Rethinking Realism (or Whatever) and the War on Terrorism in a Place Like the Balkans." *Theoria* 56 (2009): 81–124.
* Cozette, Murielle. "Reclaiming the Critical Dimension of Realism: Hans J. Morgenthau on the Ethics of Scholarship." *Review of International Studies* 34 (2008): 5–27.
* Craig, Campbell. *Glimmer of a New Leviathan: Total War in the Realism of Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and Waltz.* New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
* Donnelly, Jack. *Realism and International Relations.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
* Frei, Christoph. *Hans J. Morgenthau: An Intellectual Biography.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
* Gellman, Peter. "Hans J. Morgenthau and the Legacy of Political Realism." *Review of International Studies* 14 (1988): 247–66.
* Goldstein, Gordon. *Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam*, 2009.
* Greenberg, Udi. *The Weimar Century: German Émigrés and the Ideological Foundations of the Cold War*. Princeton University Press, 2014. 
* Griffiths, Martin. *Realism, Idealism and International Politics.* London: Routledge, 1992.
* Guilhot, Nicolas. "The Realist Gambit: Postwar American Political Science and the Birth of IR Theory." *International Political Sociology* 4, no. 2 (2008): 281–304.
* Guilhot, Nicolas. *After the Enlightenment: Political Realism and International Relations in the Mid-Twentieth Century*. Cambridge University Press, 2017.
* Hacke, Christian, Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, and Kai M. Schellhorn, eds. *The Heritage, Challenge, and Future of Realism: In Memoriam Hans J. Morgenthau (1904–1980).'' Göttingen, Germany: V&R unipress, 2005.
* Hoffmann, Stanley. "Hans Morgenthau: The Limits and Influence of 'Realism'." In *Janus and Minerva.* Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1987, pp.&nbsp;70–81.
* Jütersonke, Oliver. "Hans J. Morgenthau on the Limits of Justiciability in International Law." *Journal of the History of International Law* 8, no. 2 (2006): 181–211.
* Kane, John. *Between Virtue and Power: The Persistent Moral Dilemma of U.S. Foreign Policy*, Yale University Press, 2008, chapter 15.
* Kaplan, Robert D. (2012) *The Revenge of Geography: What the Maps Tell Us About the Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate.* New York: Random House. 
* Karkour, Haro L. "Illiberal and Irrational? Trump and the Challenge of Liberal Modernity in US Foreign Policy," *International Relations*, published online 1 September, 2020.
* Karkour, Haro L. kaj Dominik Giese."Bringing Morgenthau's Ethics In: Pluralism, Incommensurability, and the Turn from Fragmentation to Dialogue in IR." *European Journal of International Relations,* published online July 6, 2020. 
* Klusmeyer, Douglas. "Beyond Tragedy: Hannah Arendt and Hans Morgenthau on Responsibility, Evil and Political Ethics." *International Studies Review* 11, no.2 (2009): 332–351.
* Knoll, Erwin kaj Judith Nies McFadden, eds., *War Crimes and the American Conscience.* Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970 (report of a conference on "War and National Responsibility" in which Morgenthau participated). 
* Koskenniemi, Martti. *The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960* (Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures).
* Lang, Anthony F., Jr., eld. ''Political Theory and International Affairs: Hans J. Morgenthau on Aristotle's The Politics.* Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
* Lebow, Richard Ned. *The Tragic Vision of Politics.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
* Lichtheim, George. "The Politics of Conservative Realism." In *The Concept of Ideology and Other Essays,* New York: Vintage, 1967, pp.&nbsp;129–150. 
* Little, Richard. *The Balance of Power in International Relations: Metaphors, Myths and Models.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
* Mazur, G.O., eld. *One Hundred Year Commemoration to the Life of Hans Morgenthau.* New York: Semenenko, 2004.
* Mazur, G.O., eld. *Twenty-Five Year Memorial Commemoration to the Life of Hans Morgenthau.* New York: Semenenko Foundation, Andreeff Hall, 12, rue de Montrosier, 92200 Neuilly, Paris, France, 2006.
* Mearsheimer, John J. "Hans Morgenthau and the Iraq War: Realism Versus Neo-Conservatism." *openDemocracy.net* (2005).
* Mearsheimer, John J. *The Tragedy of Great Power Politics,* W.W. Norton & Co., 2001; updated edition, 2014.
* Milne, David. *America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War*, Hill & Wang, 2008.
* Mollov, M. Benjamin. *Power and Transcendence: Hans J. Morgenthau and the Jewish Experience.* Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002.
* Molloy, Sean. "Aristotle, Epicurus, Morgenthau and the Political Ethics of the Lesser Evil." *Journal of International Political Theory* 5 (2009): 94–112.
* Molloy, Sean. *The Hidden History of Realism: A Genealogy of Power Politics.* New York: Palgrave, 2006.
* Murray, A. J. H. "The Moral Politics of Hans Morgenthau." *The Review of Politics* 58, no. 1 (1996): 81–107.
* Myers, Robert J. "Hans J. Morgenthau: On Speaking Truth to Power." *Society* 29, no. 2 (1992): 65–71.
* Neacsu, Mihaela. *Hans J. Morgenthau's Theory of International Relations: Disenchantment and Re-Enchantment.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
* Peterson, Ulrik. "Breathing Nietzsche's Air: New Reflections on Morgenthau's Concept of Power and Human Nature." *Alternatives* 24, no. 1 (1999): 83–113.
* Pichler, Hans-Karl. "The Godfathers of 'Truth': Max Weber and Carl Schmitt in Morgenthau's Theory of Power Politics." *Review of International Studies* 24 (1998): 185-200.  
* Pin-Fat, V. "The Metaphysics of the National Interest and the 'Mysticism' of the Nation-State: Reading Hans J. Morgenthau." *Review of International Studies* 31, no. 2 (2005): 217–36.
* Rafshoon, Ellen Glaser. "A Realist's Moral Opposition to War: Hans J. Morgenthau and Vietnam." *Peace and Change* 26 (2001): 55-77.
* Rice, Daniel. *Reinhold Niebuhr and His Circle of Influence*. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
* Rösch, Felix. "Pouvoir, Puissance, and Politics: Hans Morgenthau's Dualistic Concept of Power?." *Review of International Studies* 40, no. 2 (2013): 349-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210513000065 
* Rösch, Felix. ''Power, Knowledge, and Dissent in Morgenthau's Worldview*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. 
* Rohde, Christoph. Hans J. Morgenthau und der weltpolitische Realismus: Die Grundlegung einer realistischen Theorie. P. Weidmann und Christoph Rohde von VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften (16. Februar 2004)
* Rosenthal, Joel H. *Righteous Realists: Political Realism, Responsible Power, and American Culture in the Nuclear Age.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.
* Russell, Greg. *Hans J. Morgenthau and the Ethics of American Statecraft.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.
* Scheuerman, William E. *Hans Morgenthau: Realism and Beyond.* Cambridge: Polity, 2009.
* Scheuerman, William E. "Realism and the Left: The Case of Hans J. Morgenthau." *Review of International Studies* 34 (2008): 29–51.
* Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., "National Interests and Moral Absolutes." In *The Cycles of American History'' (Houghton Mifflin, 1986), pp.&nbsp;69–86.
* Schuett, Robert. "Freudian Roots of Political Realism: The Importance of Sigmund Freud to Hans J. Morgenthau's Theory of International Power Politics." *History of the Human Sciences* 20, no. 4 (2007): 53–78.
* Schuett, Robert. *Political Realism, Freud, and Human Nature in International Relations: The Resurrection of the Realist Man.* New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
* Shilliam, Robbie. "Morgenthau in Context: German Backwardness, German Intellectuals and the Rise and Fall of a Liberal Project." *European Journal of International Relations* 13, no. 3 (2007): 299–327.
* Smith, Michael J. *Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger.* Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
* Spegele, Roger D. *Political Realism in International Theory.* Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996.
* Thompson, Kenneth W., and Robert J. Myers, eds. *Truth and Tragedy: A Tribute to Hans J. Morgenthau.* augmented ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1984.
* Tickner, J. Ann. "Hans Morgenthau's Principles of Political Realism: A Feminist Reformulation." *Millennium: Journal of International Studies* 17, no.3 (1988): 429–40.
* Tjalve, Vibeke Schou. *Realist Strategies of Republican Peace: Niebuhr, Morgenthau, and the Politics of Patriotic Dissent.* New York: Palgrave, 2008.
* Tsou, Tang. ''America's Failure in China, 1941–50*.
* Turner, Stephen, kaj G.O. Mazur. "Morgenthau as a Weberian Methodologist." *European Journal of International Relations* 15, no. 3 (2009): 477–504.
* Walker, R.B.J. "Realism and Change," in *Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory* (Cambridge U.P., 1993), pp.&nbsp;104–124.  
* Waltz, Kenneth N. *Theory of International Politics,* McGraw-Hill, 1979. 
* Williams, Michael C., ed. *Realism Reconsidered: The Legacy of Hans Morgenthau in International Relations.* Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
* Williams, Michael C. *The Realist Tradition and the Limits of International Relations.* Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
* Williams, Michael C. "Why Ideas Matter in International Relations: Hans Morgenthau, Classical Realism, and the Moral Construction of Power Politics." *International Organization'' 58 (2004): 633–65.
* Wong, Benjamin. "Hans Morgenthau's Anti-Machiavellian Machiavellianism." *Millennium: Journal of International Studies* 29, no. 2 (2000): 389–409.
* Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth. *Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World*, Second Edition, Yale University Press, 2004.
* Zambernardi, Lorenzo. *I limiti della potenza. Etica e politica nella teoria internazionale di Hans J. Morgenthau.* Bologna: Il Mulino, 2010.
* Zambernardi, Lorenzo. "The Impotence of Power: Morgenthau's Critique of American Intervention in Vietnam." *Review of International Studies* 37 (2011): 1335–1356.

## Eksteraj ligiloj
*Guide to the Hans Morgenthau Collection ĉe Leo Baeck Institute, Novjorko.

Kategorio:Usonaj politologoj
Kategorio:Germanaj usonanoj
Kategorio:Esploristoj de internaciaj rilatoj