Harold Bloom

**Harold Bloom** (Novjorko, 11-a de julio de 1930 - 14-a de oktobro 2019) estis literatura kritikisto kaj teoriisto usona, krom profesoro ĉe Universitato Yale.

Ekde la publikigo de sia unua libro en 1959, Bloom verkis pli ol 20 librojn de literaturscienco, el kiuj pluraj libroj diskutantaj religion, kaj romanojn. Li redaktis centojn da antologioj koncerne multajn literaturajn kaj filozofiajn figurojn por la eldonejo Chelsea House. La libroj de Bloom estis tradukitaj en pli ol 40 lingvojn.

Bloom venis al publika atento en Usono kiel komentisto dum la kanona milito komence de la 1990-aj jaroj.

## La kanona afero 
En 1994, Bloom publikigis *The Western Canon*, nome "La okcidenta kanono", enketo pri la plej gravaj literaturaj verkoj de Eŭropo kaj Ameriko ekde la 14-a jarcento, nome 26 verkoj kiujn li konsideris gravegaj kaj reprezentantaj de iliaj nacioj kaj de la okcidenta kanono. Krom analizoj de la diversaj reprezentaj verkoj de la kanono, la plej grava konzerno de la volumeno reprenas literaturon de tiuj kiujn li nomas la "lernejo de indigno", la plejparte akademiaj kritikistoj kiuj apogas socian celon en legado. Bloom kredas ke la celoj de legado devas esti izola estetika plezuro kaj mem-kompreno prefere ol la celo tenita de "fortoj de malsimpatio" kontraŭ plibonigado de onia socio, kiun li gisas kiel absurda celo, dirante: "La ideo ke vi profitas el la insultitoj kaj vunditoj per legado de ties propraj originoj prefere ol legado de Shakespeare estas unu el la plej strangaj iluzioj iam reklamitaj per aŭ en niaj lernejoj." Lia pozicio estas ke politiko havas neniun lokon en literaturscienco: feminisma aŭ marksisma legado de *Hamleto* rakontus al oni ion pri feminismo kaj marksismo, li diras, sed verŝajne nenion koncerne Hamlet mem.

Aldone al pripensado pri kiom multe da influo verkisto havos sur pli postaj verkistoj, Bloom proponis la koncepton de "kanonika fremdeco" (kp. perturba) kiel komparonormo de la merito de literatura verko. *La Okcidenta Kanono* ankaŭ inkludis liston - kiu stimulis pli ĝeneraligitan intereson ol io ajn alia en la volumeno - de ĉiuj okcidentaj verkoj de antikvo ĝis la nuno kiun Bloom konsiderigis kiel permanentaj membroj de la kanono de literatura klasikaĵo, aŭ (inter pli lastatempaj verkoj) kandidatoj por tiu statuso. Bloom diris, ke li faris la liston de la pinto de sia kapo laŭ la peto de sia redaktisto, kaj ke li ne subtenas ĝin.

## Elektita bibliografio 
### Libroj 
* ''Shelley's Mythmaking.* New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959.
* *The Visionary Company: A Reading of English Romantic Poetry.* Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961. Rev. kaj ampleksigita eld. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971.
* *Blake's Apocalypse: A Study in Poetic Argument.* Anchor Books: New York: Doubleday and Co., 1963.
* *The Literary Criticism of John Ruskin.*; Edited with introduction. New York: DoubleDay, 1965.
* *Walter Pater: Marius the Epicurean*; edition with introduction. New York: New American Library, 1970.
* *Romanticism and Consciousness: Essays in Criticism.*; Edited with introduction. New York: Norton, 1970.
* *Yeats.* New York: Oxford University Press, 1970. ISBN 0-19-501603-3
* *The Ringers in the Tower: Studies in Romantic Tradition.* Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.
* *The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973; 2d ed., 1997. ISBN 0-19-511221-0
* *The Selected Writings of Walter Pater*; edition with introduction and notes. New York: New American Library, 1974.
* *A Map of Misreading.* New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
* *Kabbalah and Criticism.* New York : Seabury Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8264-0242-9
* *Poetry and Repression: Revisionism from Blake to Stevens.* New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
* *Figures of Capable Imagination.* New York: Seabury Press, 1976.
* *Wallace Stevens: The Poems of our Climate.* Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1977.
* *Deconstruction and Criticism.* New York: Seabury Press, 1980.
* *The Flight to Lucifer: Gnostic Fantasy.* New York: Vintage Books, 1980. ISBN 0-394-74323-7
* *Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism.* New York : Oxford University Press, 1982.
* *The Breaking of the Vessels.* Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
* *Ruin the Sacred Truths: Poetry and Belief from the Bible to the Present.* Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
* *The Book of J: Translated from the Hebrew by David Rosenberg; Interpreted by Harold Bloom.* New York: Grove Press, 1990 ISBN 0-8021-4191-9
* *The Gospel of Thomas: The Hidden Sayings of Jesus*; translation with introduction, critical edition of the Coptic text and notes by Marvin Meyer, with an interpretation by Harold Bloom. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992.
* *The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation*; Touchstone Books; ISBN 0-671-86737-7 (1992; Aŭgusto 1993)
* *The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages*. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.
* *Omens of Millennium: The Gnosis of Angels, Dreams, and Resurrection.* New York: Riverhead Books, 1996.
* *Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human.* New York: 1998. ISBN 1-57322-751-X
* *How to Read and Why.* New York: 2000. ISBN 0-684-85906-8
* *Stories and Poems for Extremely Intelligent Children of All Ages.* New York: 2001.
* *Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds.* New York: 2003. ISBN 0-446-52717-3
* *Hamlet: Poem Unlimited.* New York: 2003.
* *The Best Poems of the English Language: From Chaucer Through Frost.* New York: 2004. ISBN 0-06-054041-9
* *Where Shall Wisdom Be Found?* New York: 2004. ISBN 1-57322-284-4
* *Jesus and Yahweh: The Names Divine* 2005. ISBN 1-57322-322-0
* *American Religious Poems: An Anthology By Harold Bloom* 2006. ISBN 1-931082-74-X
* *Fallen Angels*, illustrated by Mark Podwal. Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-300-12348-5
* *Till I End My Song: A Gathering of Last Poems* Harper, 2010. ISBN 0-06-192305-2
* *The Anatomy of Influence: Literature as a Way of Life-* Yale University Press, 2011. ISBN 0-300-16760-1
* *The Shadow of a Great Rock: A Literary Appreciation of The King James Bible'' Yale University Press, 2011. ISBN 0-300-16683-4

### Artikoloj 
* "On Extended Wings"; Wallace Stevens' Longer Poems. By Helen Hennessy Vendler, (Review), *The New York Times*, October 5, 1969.
* "Poets' meeting in the heyday of their youth; A Single Summer With Lord Byron", *The New York Times*, February 15, 1970.
* "An angel's spirit in a decaying (and active) body", *The New York Times*, November 22, 1970.
* "The Use of Poetry", *The New York Times*, November 12, 1975.
* "Northrop Frye exalting the designs of romance; The Secular Scripture", *The New York Times*, April 18, 1976.
* "On Solitude in America", *The New York Times*, August 4, 1977.
* "The Critic/Poet", *The New York Times*, February 5, 1978.
* "A Fusion of Traditions; Rosenberg", *The New York Times*, July 22, 1979.
* "Straight Forth Out of Self", *The New York Times*, June 22, 1980.
* "The Heavy Burden of the Past; Poets", *The New York Times*, January 4, 1981.
* "The Pictures of the Poet; The Painting and Drawings of William Blake, By Martin Butlin. Vol. I, Text. Vol. II, Plates", (Review) *The New York Times*, January 3, 1982.
* "A Novelist's Bible; The Story of the Stories, The Chosen People and Its God. By Dan Jacobson", (Review) *The New York Times*, October 17, 1982.
* "Isaac Bashevis Singer's Jeremiad; The Penitent, By Isaac Bashevis Singer", (Review) *The New York Times*, September 25, 1983.
* "Domestic Derangements; A Late Divorce, By A. B. Yehoshua Translated by Hillel Halkin", (Review) *The New York Times*, February 19, 1984.
* "War Within the Walls; In the Freud Archives, By Janet Malcolm", (Review) *The New York Times*, May 27, 1984.
* "His Long Ordeal by Laughter; Zuckerman Bound, A Trilogy and Epilogue. By Philip Roth", (Review) *The New York Times*, May 19, 1985.
* "A Comedy of Worldly Salvation; The Good Apprentice, By Iris Murdoch", (Review) *The New York Times*, January 12, 1986.
* "Freud, the Greatest Modern Writer" (Review) *The New York Times*, March 23, 1986.
* "Passionate Beholder of America in Trouble; Look Homeward, A Life of Thomas Wolfe. By David Herbert Donald", (Review) *The New York Times*, February 8, 1987.
* "The Book of the Father; The Messiah of Stockholm, By Cynthia Ozick", (Review) *The New York Times*, March 22, 1987.
* "Still Haunted by Covenant", (Review) *The New York Times*, January 31, 1988.
* "New Heyday of Gnostic Heresies", *The New York Times*, April 26, 1992.
* "A Jew Among the Cossacks; The first English translation of Isaac Babel's journal about his service with the Russian cavalry. 1920 Diary, By Isaac Babel", (Review) *The New York Times*, June 4, 1995.
* "Kaddish; By Leon Wieseltier", (Review) *The New York Times*, October 4, 1998.
* "View; On First Looking into Gates's Crichton", *The New York Times*, June 4, 2000.
* "What Ho, Malvolio!'; The election, as Shakespeare might have seen it", *The New York Times*, December 6, 2000.
* "Macbush", (play) *Vanity Fair*, Aprilo 2004.
* "The Lost Jewish Culture" *The New York Review of Books* 54/11 (June 28, 2007) : 44–47 [reviews *The Dreams of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950–1492*, translated, edited, and with an introduction by Peter Cole
* "The Glories of Yiddish" *The New York Review of Books* 55/17 (November 6, 2008) [reviews *History of the Yiddish Language*, by Max Weinreich, edited by Paul Glasser, translated from the Yiddish by Shlomo Noble with the assistance of Joshua A. Fishman]
* "Yahweh Meets R. Crumb", *The New York Review of Books*, 56/19 (December 3, 2009) [reviews *The Book of Genesis*, illustrated by R. Crumb]
* "Will This Election Be the Mormon Breakthrough?", *The New York Times*, 12an de Novembro, 2011.

## Notoj 
Kategorio:Usonaj literaturkritikistoj
Kategorio:Usonaj verkistoj
Kategorio:Kritikistoj de postmodernismo
Kategorio:Usonaj judoj