Bronzomolotro

La **Bronzomolotro** (iam konata kiel **Ruĝokula molotro**), *Molothrus aeneus*, estas specio de birdoj de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de molotroj kiu enhavas 5 speciojn de nestoparazitaj birdoj.

Ĝi troviĝas el suda Kalifornio, Arizono, Nov-Meksiko, Teksaso kaj Luiziano suden tra Centrameriko al Panamo.

Masklo de Bronzomolotro estas 20&nbsp;cm longa kaj pezas 68 g, kun bronzverda brilnigra plumaro kun bluverdeca irizeco ĉefe ĉe flugiloj kaj tre ruĝaj okuloj. La bronzkolora irizeco nomigas la specion laŭ la komuna nomo kaj ankaŭ en la latina scienca nomo kie *aeneus* signifas “metaleca”. La ino estas 18.5&nbsp;cm longa kaj pezas 56 g. Ŝi estas pli senkolora nigra supre kaj pli bruna sube. Junuloj estas kiel inoj sed havas grizajn plumobordojn.

Kiel la aliaj molotroj, ankaŭ tiu birdo estas nestoparazito: la ino demetas siajn ovojn en nestoj de aliaj birdoj. La molotridoj estas manĝigataj de la gastigantaj gepatroj malprofite al siaj propraj idoj. Gastigantoj estas ekzemple Prevosta melozono kaj Blankanuka atlapeto.

## Referencoj 
*  Malplej Zorgiga.
* Stiles kaj Skutch, *A guide to the birds of Costa Rica*  ISBN 0-8014-9600-4

## Plia legado 
* Lowther, P. E. 1995. *Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus)*. In *The Birds of North America*, No. 144 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

### Artikoloj 
* Bowers RKJ & Dunning JBJ. (1984). *Nest Parasitism by Cowbirds on Buff-Breasted Flycatchers Empidonax-Fulvifrons with Comments on Nest-Site Selection*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **96**, no 4. p.&nbsp;718-719.
* Brush T & Cantu A. (1998). *Changes in the breeding bird community of subtropical evergreen forest in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, 1970s-1990s*. Texas Journal of Science. vol **50**, no 2. p.&nbsp;123-132.
* Carter MD. (1986). *The Parasitic Behavior of the Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus-Aeneus in South Texas USA*. Condor. vol **88**, no 1. p.&nbsp;11-25.
* Chace JE. (2005). *Host use by sympatric cowbirds in southeastern Arizona*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **117**, no 4. p.&nbsp;375-381.
* Chace JF. (2004). *Habitat selection by sympatric brood parasites in southeastern Arizona: The influence of landscape, vegetation, and species richness*. Southwestern Naturalist. vol **49**, no 1. p.&nbsp;24-32.
* Clotfelter ED. (1995). *Courtship displaying and intrasexual competition in the bronzed cowbird*. Condor. vol **97**, no 3. p.&nbsp;816-818.
* Clotfelter ED & Brush T. (1995). *Unusual parasitism by the bronzed cowbird*. Condor. vol **97**, no 3. p.&nbsp;814-815.
* del Villar-Gonzalez D, Villanueva-Jimenez JA & Martinez-Becerril C. (2006). *Neem (Azadirachta indica) ethylic ether extracts on brown rice as feeding deterrent in the control of bronzed red-eyed cowbird (Molothrus aeneus)*. Agrociencia. vol **40**, no 2. p.&nbsp;197-203.
* Dugand A & Eisenmann E. (1983). *Rediscovery of and New Data on Molothrus-Armenti*. Auk. vol **100**, no 4. p.&nbsp;991-992.
* Easterla DA. (1972). *Bronzed Cowbird in West Texas and 2 Bill Abnormalities*. Southwestern Naturalist. vol **17**, no 3. p.&nbsp;293-295.
* Ellison K, Sealy SG & Gibbs HL. (2006). *Genetic elucidation of host use by individual sympatric bronzed cowbirds (Molothrus aeneus) and brown-headed cowbirds (M-ater)*. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol **84**, no 9. p.&nbsp;1269-1280.
* Flood NJ. (1990). ''Aspects of the Breeding Biology of Audubon's Oriole*. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol **61**, no 3. p.&nbsp;290-302.
* Friedmann H. (1971). *Further Information on the Host Relations of the Parasitic Cowbirds*. Auk. vol **88**, no 2. p.&nbsp;239-255.
* Friedmann H & Kiff LF. (1985). *The Parasitic Cowbirds and Their Hosts*. Proceedings of the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology. vol **2**, no 4. p.&nbsp;225-302.
* Friedmann H, Kiff LF & Rothstein SI. (1977). *A Further Contribution to Knowledge of the Host Relations of the Parasitic Cowbirds*. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. vol **235**, p.&nbsp;1-75.
* Garrett KL & Molina KC. (2005). *A field observation of the head-down display in the Bronzed Cowbird*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **117**, no 4. p.&nbsp;410-412.
* Hudon J & Muir AD. (1996). *Characterization of the reflective materials and organelles in the bright irides of North American blackbirds (Icterinae)*. Pigment Cell Research. vol **9**, no 2. p.&nbsp;96-104.
* Johnson RR & Roer B. (1968). *Changing Status of the Bronzed Cowbird in Arizona USA Tangavius-Aeneus Winter Range*. Condor. vol **70**, no 2.
* Kiff LF. (1973). *New Host Records for the Bronzed Cowbird*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **85**, no 2. p.&nbsp;240-242.
* Kostecke RM, Ellison K & Summers SG. (2004). *Continued range expansion by bronzed cowbirds in the southwestern United States*. Southwestern Naturalist. vol **49**, no 4. p.&nbsp;487-492.
* Matteson RE. (1970). *Bronzed Cowbird Taken in Florida*. Auk. vol **87**, no 3.
* McKay CR. (1994). *Brown-headed cowbird in Strathclyde: New to Britain and Ireland*. British Birds. vol **87**, no 6. p.&nbsp;284-288.
* Meanley B & Royall WCJ. (1976). *Nationwide Estimates of Blackbirds and Starlings*. Proceedings Bird Control Seminar. vol **7**, p.&nbsp;39-40.
* Mermoz ME & Ornelas JF. (2004). *Phylogenetic analysis of life-history adaptations in parasitic cowbirds*. Behavioral Ecology. p.&nbsp;2004.
* Niles DM. (1970). *A Record of Clutch Size and Breeding in New-Mexico for the Bronzed Cowbird*. Condor. vol **72**, no 4. p.&nbsp;500-501.
* Oliphant LW. (1988). *Cytology and Pigments of Non-Melanophore Chromatophores in the Avian Iris*. In *Bagnara, J T (Ed) Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 256 Advances in Pigment Cell Research; Thirteenth International Pigment Cell Conference, Tucson, Arizona, USA, October 5–9, 1986 Xxv+637p Alan R Liss, Inc: New York, New York, USA Illus 65-82, 1988*.
* Ortega CP. (1998). *Cowbirds and other parasites*. In *Ortega, C P [Author] Cowbirds and other parasites xix+371p, 1998*. University of Arizona Press {a}, 1230 N. Park Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719-4140.
* Patten MA, Erickson RA & Unitt P. (2004). *Population changes and biogeographic affinities of the birds of the Salton Sink, California/Baja California*. Studies in Avian Biology. vol **27**, p.&nbsp;24-32.
* Peer BD. (2006). *Egg destruction and egg removal by avian brood parasites: Adaptiveness and consequences*. Auk. vol **123**, no 1. p.&nbsp;16-22.
* Peer BD, Ellison KS & Sealy SG. (2002). *Intermediate frequencies of egg ejection by Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) sympatric with two Cowbird species*. Auk. vol **119**, no 3. p.&nbsp;855-858.
* Peer BD, Rothstein SI & Rivers JW. (2005). *First record of Bronzed Cowbird parasitism on the Great-tailed Grackle*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **117**, no 2. p.&nbsp;194-196.
* Peer BD & Sealy SG. (1999). *Laying time of the Bronzed Cowbird*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **111**, no 1. p.&nbsp;137-139.
* Peer BD & Sealy SG. (2000). *Responses of scissor-tailed flycatchers (Tyrannus forficatus) to experimental cowbird parasitism*. Bird Behavior. vol **13**, no 2. p.&nbsp;63-67.
* Peer BD & Sealy SG. (2004). *Fate of grackle (Quiscalus spp) defenses in the absence of brood parasitism: Implications for long-term parasite-host coevolution*. Auk. vol **121**, no 4. p.&nbsp;1172-1186.
* Robbins MB & Easterla DA. (1981). *Range Expansion of Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus-Aeneus New-Record for Missouri USA*. Condor. vol **83**, no 3. p.&nbsp;270-272.
* Rothstein SI. (1978). *Geographical Variation in the Nestling Coloration of Parasitic Cowbirds*. Auk. vol **95**, no 1. p.&nbsp;152-160.
* Sealy SG & Underwood TJ. (2004). *Accepters and rejecters of cowbird parasitism in the New World orioles (Icterus spp.)*. Ornitologia Neotropical. vol **15**, no 3. p.&nbsp;331-347.
* Shawkey MD, Hauber ME, Estep LK & Hill GE. (2006). *Evolutionary transitions and mechanisms of matte and iridescent plumage coloration in grackles and allies (Icteridae)*. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. vol **3**, no 11. p.&nbsp;777-786.
* Smith PW & Sprunt AI. (1987). *The Shiny Cowbird Reaches the USA Will the Scourge of the Caribbean Impact Florida's Avifauna Too?*. American Birds. vol **41**, no 3. p.&nbsp;370-371.
* Thurber WA & Villeda A. (1980). *Notes on Parasitism by Bronzed Cowbirds Molothrus-Aeneus in El-Salvador*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **92**, no 1. p.&nbsp;112-113.
* Villeda A. (1979). *Rufous-Collared Sparrow Zonotrichia-Capensis Victimized by Bronzed Cowbird Molothrus-Aeneus*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **91**, no 4. p.&nbsp;628-628.
* Warren PS. (2002). *Geographic variation and dialects in songs of the Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus)*. Auk. vol **119**, no 2. p.&nbsp;349-361.
* Warren PS. (2003). *Winter dialects in the bronzed cowbird and their relationship to breeding-season dialects*. Animal Behaviour. vol **65**, no 6. p.&nbsp;1169-1178.
* Wauer RH. (1973). *Bronzed Cowbird Extends Range into the Texas Big-Bend Country*. Wilson Bulletin. vol **85**, no 3. p.&nbsp;343-344.
* Wauer RH. (1977). *Significance of Rio-Grande Riparian Systems Upon the Avi Fauna''. U S Forest Service General Technical Report RM. vol **43**, p.&nbsp;165-174.

## Eksteraj ligiloj 
*Filmetoj de Bronzomolotro  ĉe Internet Bird Collection
*Fotaro de Bronzomolotro  VIREO

Kategorio:Paseroformaj
Kategorio:Ikteredoj
Kategorio:Birdoj de Ameriko