Λυμαντρία

Η **λυμαντρία** (λατινική και επιστημονική ονομασία *Lymantria*) είναι γένος λεπιδόπτερων εντόμων, που ανήκει στην oικογένεια ερεβίδες. Είναι νυκτόβιες πεταλούδες-σκώροι με πολυφάγες κάμπιες, και συναντώνται από την Ευρώπη μέχρι την Ιάβα, την Κελέβη, την Ιαπωνία και την Αυστραλία. Από τα πολλά είδη ξεχωρίζει το είδος λυμαντρία η ανόμοιος (*Lymantria dispar*), που από τότε που ελευθερώθηκε κατά λάθος στη φύση στις ΗΠΑ από τον Ετιέν Λεοπόλντ Τρουβελό εξαπλώνεται στη Βόρεια Αμερική, με τις φυλλοφάγες κάμπιες του να προκαλούν κάθε έτος ζημιές δεκάδων εκατομμυρίων δολαρίων στις φυτικές καλλιέργειες στις ΗΠΑ. Σε αυτό παραπέμπει εξάλλου και η ονομασία λυμαντρία, που στη λατινική σημαίνει «καταστροφέας» (κοινή ετυμολογία με την αρχαιοελληνική λέξη *λυμαντήρ* και το ρήμα *λυμαίνομαι*). Το γένος ορίσθηκε από τον Γερμανό εντομολόγο Γιάκομπ Χύμπνερ το 1819.

## Περιγραφή
Στις αρσενικές λυμαντρίες οι ανιχνευτικοί εμπρόσθιοι βραχίονες (*palpi*) εκτείνονται προς τα εμπρός και είναι καλυμμένες με χνούδι. Οι κεραίες είναι σχετικώς μακριές και στα θηλυκά οδοντωτές από τη μία πλευρά. Οι πτέρυγες ανάλογα με το είδος είναι είτε πλήρως ανεπτυγμένες, είτε ατροφικές, είτε και σχεδόν ανύπαρκτες.

## Είδη
Σήμερα γίνονται γενικότερα αποδεκτά τα εξής είδη λυμαντρίας:

* *Lymantria aboleta*, Staudinger, 1896
* *Lymantria akemii*, Schintlmeister, 189?
* *Lymantria albescens*, Matsumura, 1927
* *Lymantria albimacula*, Wallengren, 1863
* *Lymantria albolunulata*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria alexandrae*, Schintlmeister, 1994
* *[[Lymantria ampla]]*, Walker, 1855
* *[[Lymantria antennata]]*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria antica*, Walker, 1856
* *Lymantria aomoriensis*, Matsumura, 1921
* *Lymantria apicebrunnea*, Gaede, 1932
* *Lymantria arete*, Fawcett, 1915
* *Lymantria argyrochroa*, Collenette, 1935
* *Lymantria arrheta*, Collenette, 1959
* *[[Lymantria aryama]]*, Moore, 1859
* *Lymantria ascetria*, Hübner, 1821
* *Lymantria asiatica*, Vunkovskij, 1926
* *Lymantria atala*, C. Swinhoe, 1923
* *Lymantria atemeles*, Collenette, 1932
* *[[Lymantria atlantica]]*, Rambur, 1842
* *Lymantria atra*, Linstow., 1907
* *[[Lymantria aurora]]*, Butler, 1877
* *Lymantria bantaizana*, Matsumura, 1933
* *Lymantria barica*, Mabille, 1878
* *Lymantria barisana*, Collenette, 1933
* *Lymantria barlowi*, Schintlmeister, 1994
* *Lymantria beatrix*, Stoll, 1790
* *[[Lymantria bhascara]]*, Moore, 1859
* *Lymantria binotata*, Mabille, 1880
* *Lymantria bisextilis*, Toxopeus, 1948
* *Lymantria bivittata*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria brotea*, Stoll, 1780
* *Lymantria brunneata*, Kenrick, 1914
* *[[Lymantria brunneiplaga]]*, C. Swinhoe, 1903
* *Lymantria brunneoloma*, Pogue & Schaeffer, 2007
* *Lymantria buruensis*, Collenette, 1933
* *Lymantria caliginosa*, Collenette, 1933
* *Lymantria canariensis*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria capnodes*, Collenette, 1932
* *[[Lymantria carnecolor]]*, Moore, 1888
* *Lymantria carneola*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria castanea*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria castaneostriata*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria ceballosi*, Agenjo, 1959
* *Lymantria celebesa*, Collenette, 1947
* *Lymantria chosenibia*, Bryk, 1949
* *Lymantria chroma*, Collenette, 1947
* *[[Lymantria concolor]]*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria conspersa*, Hering, 1927
* *Lymantria costalis*, Walker, 1865
* *Lymantria cryptocloea*, Collenette, 1932
* *Lymantria curvifera*, Walker, 1866
* *Lymantria daraba*, Wiltshire, 1952
* *Lymantria demotes*, Collenette,
* *Lymantria destituta*, Staudinger, 1891
* *[[Lymantria detersa]]*, Walker, 1865
* *Lymantria dictyodigma*, Collenette, 1930
* *Lymantria didymata*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria diehli*, Schintlmeister, 198?
* *[[Lymantria dispar]]*, Linnaeus, 1758
* *Lymantria disparina*, Hering, 1926
* *Lymantria dissoluta*, C. Swinhoe, 1903
* *[[Lymantria diversa]]*, Turner, 1936
* *Lymantria doreyensis*, Collenette, 1933
* *Lymantria dubia*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria dubiosa*, Aurivillius, 1894
* *Lymantria dulcinea*, Butler, 1882
* *Lymantria ekeikei*, Bethune-Baker, 1904
* *Lymantria elassa*, Collenette, 1938
* *Lymantria epelytes*, Collenette, 1936
* *Lymantria eremita*, Ochsenheimer, 1810
* *Lymantria faircloughi*, Holloway, 1999
* *Lymantria finitorum*, Collenette, 1931
* *Lymantria flavicilia*, Hampson, 1910
* *Lymantria flavoneura*, Joicey, 1916
* *Lymantria formosana*, Matsumura, 1911
* *Lymantria fuliginea*, Butler, 1880
* *[[Lymantria fuliginosa]]*, Moore, 1883
* *Lymantria fumida*, Butler, 1877
* *Lymantria fumosa*, Saalmüller, 1884
* *[[Lymantria fusca]]*, Leech, 1888
* *Lymantria galinaria*, C. Swinhoe, 1903
* *Lymantria ganaha*, C. Swinhoe, 1903
* *Lymantria ganara*, Moore, 1859
* *Lymantria ganaroides*, Strand, 1917
* *[[Lymantria grandis]]*, Walker, 1855
* *[[Lymantria grisea]]*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria griseipennis*, Kozhanchikov, 1950
* *Lymantria griseostriata*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria grisescens*, Staudinger, 1887
* *Lymantria hadina*, Butler, 1881
* *Lymantria harimuda*, Roepke, 1937
* *Lymantria hemipyra*, Collenette, 1932
* *Lymantria hilaris*, Voll., 1863
* *Lymantria hollowayi*, Schintlmeister, 198?
* *[[Lymantria horishana]]*, Matsumura, 1931
* *Lymantria horishanella*, Matsumura, 1927
* *Lymantria hypobolimaea*, Collenette, 1959
* *Lymantria ichorina*, Butler, 1884
* *Lymantria idea*, Bryk, 1949
* *[[Lymantria incerta]]*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria infuscata*, Okano, 1959
* *Lymantria inordinata*, Walker, 1865
* *Lymantria iris*, Strand, 1910
* *Lymantria japonica*, Motschulsky, 1860
* *Lymantria joannisi*, Le Cerf, 1921
* *Lymantria kanara*, Collenette, 1951
* *[[Lymantria kebeae]]*, Bethune-Baker, 1904
* *Lymantria kettlewelli*, Collenette, 1953
* *Lymantria kinta*, Collenette, 1932
* *Lymantria kobesi*, Schintlmeister, 1994
* *Lymantria kolthoffi*, Bryk, 1949
* *Lymantria komarovi*, Christoph, 1882
* *Lymantria koreibia*, Bryk, 1949
* *[[Lymantria kosemponis]]*, Strand, 1914
* *Lymantria kruegeri*, Turati, 1912
* *Lymantria lacteipennis*, Collenette, 1933
* *Lymantria lamda*, Collenette, 1936
* *Lymantria lapidicola*, Herrich-Schäffer, 1852
* *Lymantria lateralis*, Bryk, 1949
* *Lymantria lepcha*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria leucerythra*, Collenette, 1930
* *[[Lymantria leucophaes]]*, Collenette, 1936
* *Lymantria libella*, C. Swinhoe, 1904
* *Lymantria loacana*, Semper, 1898
* *Lymantria lucescens*, Butler, 1881
* *[[Lymantria lunata]]*, Stoll, 1781
* *Lymantria lutea*, Boisduval, 1847
* *Lymantria lutescens*, Aurivillius, 1920
* *Lymantria lygaea*, Bethune-Baker, 1908
* *Lymantria maculata*, Semper, 1898
* *Lymantria maculosa*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria malgassica*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria marginalis*, Walker, 1862
* *[[Lymantria marginata]]*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria marwitzi*, Grumb., 1907
* *[[Lymantria mathura]]*, Moore, 1865
* *Lymantria matuta*, Bryk, 1949
* *Lymantria maura*, Oberthür, 1916
* *Lymantria melanopogon*, Strand, 1914
* *Lymantria metarhoda*, Walker, 1862
* *Lymantria metella*, Fawcett, 1915
* *[[Lymantria micans]]*, Felder, 1874
* *Lymantria microcyma*, Collenette, 1937
* *Lymantria microstrigata*, Holloway, 1999
* *Lymantria minahassa*, Collenette, 1932
* *Lymantria miniata*, Grunb., 1907
* *Lymantria minomonis*, Matsumura, 1933
* *Lymantria minora*, van Eecke, 1828
* *[[Lymantria mjobergi]]*, Aurivillius, 1920
* *Lymantria modesta*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria moesta*, C. Swinhoe, 1903
* *[[Lymantria monacha]]*, Linnaeus, 1758
* *Lymantria monoides*, Collenette, 1932
* *Lymantria mosera*, H. Druce, 1898
* *[[Lymantria mus]]*, Oberthür, 1916
* *Lymantria narindra*, Moore, 1859
* *Lymantria nebulosa*, Wileman, 1910
* *Lymantria neirai*, Agenjo, 1959
* *[[Lymantria nephrographa]]*, Turner, 1915
* *Lymantria nesiobia*, Bryk, 1942
* *Lymantria nigra*, Freyer, 1833
* *Lymantria nigra*, Moore, 1888
* *Lymantria nigricosta*, Matsumura, 1921
* *[[Lymantria ninayi]]*, Bethune-Baker, 1910
* *Lymantria nobunaga*, Nagano, 1909
* *Lymantria novaguinensis*, Bethune-Baker, 1904
* *Lymantria nudala*, Strand, 1915
* *Lymantria oberthuri*, D. Lucas, 1906
* *Lymantria obfuscata*, Walker, 1865
* *[[Lymantria obsoleta]]*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria oinoa*, Collenette, 1956
* *Lymantria orestera*, Collenette, 1932
* *Lymantria ornata*, Oberthür, 1923
* *Lymantria ossea*, Toxopeus, 1948
* *Lymantria pagon*, Holloway, 1999
* *Lymantria panthera*, van Eecke, 1928
* *Lymantria pelospila*, Turner, 1915
* *Lymantria pendleburyi*, Collenette, 1932
* *Lymantria phaeosericea*, Mabille, 1884
* *Lymantria plumbalis*, Hampson, 1895
* *Lymantria polioptera*, Collenette, 1934
* *[[Lymantria polycyma]]*, Collenette, 1936
* *Lymantria polysticta*, Collenette, 1929
* *Lymantria postalba*, Inoue, 1956
* *Lymantria postfusca*, C. Swinhoe, 1906
* *Lymantria praetermissa*, Collenette, 1933
* *Lymantria pramesta*, Moore, 1859
* *Lymantria pruinosa*, Butler, 1879
* *Lymantria pruinosa*, Hering, 1927
* *Lymantria pulverea*, Pogue & Schaeffer, 2007
* *Lymantria pusilla*, Felder, 1874
* *Lymantria rhabdota*, Collenette, 1949
* *Lymantria rhodina*, Walker, 1865
* *Lymantria rhodopepla*, Felder, 1874
* *Lymantria rosea*, Butler, 1879
* *Lymantria roseicoxa*, Kenrick, 1914
* *[[Lymantria roseola]]*, Matsumura, 1931
* *Lymantria rosina*, Pagenstecher, 1900
* *Lymantria rubroviridis*, Hering, 1917
* *Lymantria rufofusca*, Mabille, 1899
* *Lymantria rufotincta*, Kenrick, 1914
* *Lymantria russula*, Collenette, 1933
* *Lymantria rusticana*, Hering, 1927
* *Lymantria sakaguchii*, Matsumura, 1927
* *Lymantria semicincta*, Walker, 1855
* *[[Lymantria serva]]*, Fabricius, 1793
* *[[Lymantria servula]]*, Collenette, 1935
* *Lymantria sinica*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria subfusca*, Schulz., 1910
* *Lymantria subpallida*, Okano, 1959
* *[[Lymantria subrosea]]*, Walker, 1855
* *[[Lymantria sugii]]*, Kishida, 1986
* *[[Lymantria superans]]*, Walker, 1855
* *Lymantria takasagonis*, Matsumura, 1933
* *[[Lymantria todara]]*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria tsushimensis*, Inoue, 1956
* *[[Lymantria umbrifera]]*, Wileman, 1910
* *[[Lymantria umbrina]]*, Moore, 1879
* *Lymantria umbrosa*, Butler, 1881
* *Lymantria uxor*, Saalmüller, 1884
* *Lymantria variegata*, Kenrick, 1914
* *[[Lymantria vinacea]]*, Moore, 1879
* *[[Lymantria xylina]]*, C. Swinhoe, 1903
* *Lymantria yunnanensis*, Collenette, 1933

## Παραπομπές


## Πηγές
* Ingram, R.: «Gypsy Moths (*Lymantria* spp.) Surveillance in Australia», DAFF mimeograph, 2010
* Pogue, Michael G. & Schaefer, Paul W.: *A Review of Selected Species of *Lymantria* Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) from Subtropical and Temperate Regions of Asia, Including the Descriptions of Three New Species, Some Potentially Invasive to North America*, 2007
* Schintlmeister, Alexander: *The Taxonomy of the Genus *Lymantria* Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)*, 2004

## Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι
* Η λυμαντρία στα *[[Wikispecies]]*
* 

Λυμαντρια