Ψυχανάλυση

Η **Ψυχανάλυση** είναι ένα σύστημα θεωρίας, θεραπευτικής πρακτικής και έρευνας, το οποίο εστιάζει στη μελέτη του ασυνειδήτου. Η γέννηση της Ψυχανάλυσης οφείλεται στο έργο του αυστριακού ψυχιάτρου Σίγκμουντ Φρόυντ, ο οποίος έθεσε τα θεμέλιά της μέσα από κλινικές μελέτες με ψυχοσωματικούς ασθενείς.

Ο ψυχαναλυτής σε συνάντηση με τον ασθενή προσπαθεί να διερευνήσει το ασυνείδητό του, χρησιμοποιώντας τον ελεύθερο συνειρμό• ενθαρρύνει δηλαδή τον ασθενή να εκφράζει αυτά τα οποία σκέφτεται (όσο τυχαία και αν είναι), χωρίς να τον λογοκρίνει και να του τοποθετεί φραγμούς. Ο σκοπός που επιτυγχάνεται με αυτό είναι η ανάδυση λανθανουσών σκέψεων, οι οποίες αποτελούν παράγωγα του ασυνειδήτου, όπως αυτό διαμορφώνεται μέσα από τη σχεσιακή αλληλεπίδραση με σημαντικούς εξωτερικούς παράγοντες κατά την παιδική ηλικία και καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια της ζωής.

## Βιβλιογραφία
### Εισαγωγές
* Brenner, Charles (1954). *An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis*.
* Elliott, Anthony (2002). *Psychoanalytic Theory: An Introduction* (2nd ed.). Duke University Press. --An introduction that explains psychoanalytic theory with interpretations of major theorists.
* Fine, Reuben (1990). *The History of Psychoanalysis.* (expanded ed.). Northvale: Jason Aronson.
* Samuel, Lawrence R. (2013). *Shrink: A Cultural History of Psychoanalysis in America*. University of Nebraska Press. 253 pp.
* Freud, Sigmund (2014) [1926]. "Psychoanalysis." *[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]*.

#### Αναφορές
* de Mijolla, Alain, ed. (2005). *International dictionary of psychoanalysis* [enhanced American version] 1,2,&3. Detroit: Thomson/Gale.
* Laplanche, Jean, and J. B. Pontalis (1974). "The Language of Psycho-Analysis". W. W. Norton & Company. 
* Freud, Sigmund (1940). *An Outline of Psychoanalysis*. ePenguin.;General 
* Edelson, Marshall (1984). *Hypothesis and Evidence in Psychoanalysis*. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 
* Etchegoyen, Horacio (2005). *The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique* (new ed.). Karnac Books. 
* Gellner, Ernest. *The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason*, . A critical view of Freudian theory. 
* Green, André (2005). "Psychoanalysis: A Paradigm For Clinical Thinking". Free Association Books. 
* Irigaray, Luce (2004). *Key Writings*. Continuum. 
* Jacobson, Edith (1976). *Depression; Comparative Studies of Normal, Neurotic, and Psychotic Conditions*. International Universities Press. 
* |Kernberg, Otto (1993). *Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies*. Yale University Press.  
* Kohut, Heinz (2000). *Analysis of the Self: Systematic Approach to Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders*. International Universities Press. 
* Kovacevic, Filip (2007). *Liberating Oedipus? Psychoanalysis as Critical Theory*. Lexington Books.  
* Kristeva, Julia (1986). *The Kristeva Reader*, edited by T. Moi. Columbia University Press. 
* Meltzer, Donald (1983). *Dream-Life: A Re-Examination of the Psycho-Analytical Theory and Technique*.  Karnac Books. 
* — (1998). *The Kleinian Development* (new ed.). Karnac Books; reprint:  
* Mitchell, S. A., and M. J. Black (1995). *Freud and beyond: a history of modern psychoanalytic thought.* New York: Basic Books. pp. xviii–xx.
* Pollock, Griselda (2006). "Beyond Oedipus. Feminist Thought, Psychoanalysis, and Mythical Figurations of the Feminine." In *Laughing with Medusa*, edited by V. Zajko and M. Leonard. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
* Spielrein, Sabina (1993). *Destruction as cause of becoming*. 
* Stoller, Robert (1993). *Presentations of Gender*. Yale University Press. 
* Stolorow, Robert, George Atwood, and Donna Orange (2002). *Worlds of Experience: Interweaving Philosophical and Clinical Dimensions in Psychoanalysis*. New York: Basic Books.
* Spitz, René (2006). *The First Year of Life: Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations*. International Universities Press. 
* Tähkä, Veikko (1993). *Mind and Its Treatment: A Psychoanalytic Approach.* Madison, CT: International Universities Press. 

### Αναλύσεις συζητήσεις και κριτικές
* Aziz, Robert (2007). *The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung*, Albany: State University of New York Press. 
* Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1991). *Lacan: The Absolute Master*, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 
* Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1996). *Remembering Anna O: A Century of Mystification*, London: Routledge. 
* Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel and Shamdasani, Sonu (2012). *The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis*, Cambridge University Press. .
* 
* Burnham, John, ed. (2012). *After Freud Left: A Century of Psychoanalysis in America*, University of Chicago Press.
* Cioffi, Frank. (1998). *Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience*, Open Court Publishing Company. 
* Crews, Frederick (1986).  *Skeptical Engagements*, New York: Oxford University Press.  .  Part I of this volume, entitled "The Freudian Temptation," includes five essays critical of psychoanalysis written between 1975 and 1986.
* Crews, Frederick (1995). *The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute*, New York: New York Review of Books. 
* Crews, Frederick, ed. (1998). *Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend*, New York: Viking. 
* Crews, Frederick (2017). *Freud: The Making of an Illusion*, Metropolitan Books. 
* Dufresne, Todd (2000). *Tales From the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context*, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 
* — (2007). *Against Freud: Critics Talk Back*, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 
* Erwin, Edward (1996), *A Final Accounting: Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology*. 
* Esterson, Allen (1993). *Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud.* Chicago: Open Court. 
* Fisher, Seymour, and Roger P. Greenberg (1977). *The Scientific Credibility of Freud's Theories and Therapy*. New York: Basic Books.
* — (1996). *Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy*. New York: John Wiley.
* Gellner, Ernest (1993), *The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason*. A critical view of Freudian theory. 
* 
* — (1985). *The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique*. 
* Macmillan, Malcolm (1997), *Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc*. 
* 
* Roustang, Francois (1982). *Dire Mastery: Discipleship from Freud to Lacan*. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 
* Webster, Richard. (1995). *Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science, and Psychoanalysis*, New York: Basic Books, HarperCollins. 
* Wollheim, Richard, editor. (1974). *Freud: A Collection of Critical Essays.* New York: Anchor Books. 

### Απαντήσεις σε κριτκές
* Köhler, Thomas 1996: *Anti-Freud-Literatur von ihren Anfängen bis heute. Zur wissenschaftlichen Fundierung von Psychoanalyse-Kritik.* Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. 
* Ollinheimo, Ari — Vuorinen, Risto (1999): Metapsychology and the Suggestion Argument: A Reply to Grünbaum's Critique of Psychoanalysis. *Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium*, 53. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. 
* Robinson, Paul (1993). *Freud and his Critics.* Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. 
* Gomez, Lavinia: ''The Freud Wars: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis''. Routledge, 2005. Review: *Psychodynamic Practice* 14(1):108–111. Feb., 2008. 

## Εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι

* International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) – world's primary regulatory body for psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud (archived 18 January 1998).
* Psychoanalysis – Division 39 – American Psychological Association (APA).