Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal

mtsho; 12 February 1876 – 17 December 1933) nye Dalai Lama 13 lia le Tibet,[2] woɖoe fiazikpui dzi le zitɔtɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi aɖe kple Qing Fiaɖuƒea ƒe mumu me. Woyɔe be "Wietɔ̃lia Gãtɔ", wonyae hã be egaɖe gbeƒã Tibet ƒe dukɔa ƒe ɖokuisinɔnɔ, eye ɖe eƒe ɖɔɖɔɖo kple egbegbe tɔtrɔ ƒe ɖoɖowo ta.Le ƒe 1878 me la, woda asi ɖe edzi be enye Dalai Lama ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ. Wokplɔe yi Lhasa eye Panchen Lama, Tenpai Wangchuk, tsɔ eƒe adzɔgbeɖeɖe do ŋgɔ na eƒe gɔmedzela, eye wona ŋkɔe be "Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal".[1] Le ƒe 1879 me la, woɖoe fiazikpui dzi le Potala Fiasã me, gake mexɔ dunyahehe ƒe ŋusẽ o vaseɖe ƒe 1895 me,[3] esi wòɖo eƒe tsitsimeThubten Gyatso nye nunyala ɖɔɖɔɖowɔla kple dunyahela bibi aɖe. Eƒe dɔe nye be wòatsi tre ɖe Britaintɔwo ƒe mɔzɔzɔ yi Tibet ŋu, agbugbɔ amehehe aɖo saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo ƒe agbenɔnɔ me, eye wòadzi hamemegãwo ƒe xexlẽme ɖe edzi be woagatsɔ ŋusẽ si gbɔ eme ade saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo si me o.

Agbenɔnɔ le ɖevime
Wodzi Dalai Lama 13 lia le kɔƒe si nye Thakpo Langdun me, gbeɖeka woɖo ʋu, le dzigbeɣedzeƒe gome tso Lhasa,[4] eye ​​wòte ɖe Sam-ye Saɖagaxɔ ŋu, le Tak-po nuto me, le June 1876[5] me na dzilawo Kunga Rinchen kple Lobsang Dolma, agbledela atsu kple asi.[1] Laird gblɔ eƒe dzigbezã be enye 27 May 1876,[4] eye ​​Mullin gblɔ be ŋdi kanya le Dzo Mouse ƒe ƒe (1876) ƒe ɣleti 5 lia dzi.[6]Kadodo kple Agvan Dorzhiev

Dalai Lama 13 lia ƒe saɖeagaxɔ, Nechung, Tibet
Wodzi Agvan Dorzhiev (ƒe 1854–1938), Khori-Buryat Mongoltɔ, kple Russiatɔ tevi, le kɔƒe si nye Khara-Shibir, si medidi tso Ulan Ude gbɔ o, le Baikal Ta la ƒe ɣedzeƒe gome.[7] Edzo le aƒeme le ƒe 1873 me esime wòxɔ ƒe 19 be yeasrɔ̃ nu le Gelugpa saɖagaxɔ, Drepung, si te ɖe Lhasa ŋu, si nye saɖagaxɔ gãtɔ kekeake le Tibet. Esi wòwu mawusubɔsubɔ ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃ si wowɔna tso blema ke nu dzidzedzetɔe la, edze Buddhatɔwo ƒe sukudede ƒe ɖaseɖigbalẽ si nye Geshey Lharampa (si nye ‘Buddhatɔwo ƒe Xexemenunya ƒe Ðɔkta’ ƒe ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ) gɔme.[8] Eyi eƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ dzi va zu Tsanid-Hambo, alo "Buddhatɔwo ƒe Xexemenunya ƒe Aƒetɔ".[9] Eva zu hehenala kple "nyaʋiʋlihati" na ƒewuivi Dalai Lama, amesi va zu xɔlɔ̃ kplii ŋutɔ eye emegbe wòzãe abe amedɔdɔ ene le Russia kple dukɔ bubuwo me.[10]Esi Dalai Lama si la, Qing fiaƒomea ɖe gbeƒãe enumake be woɖee le zi dzi eye wogagblɔ be yewokpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Tibet dzi ake, eye woxɔ Nepal kple Bhutan hã.[12] Wode asi Lhasa ƒe Nubabla te le Potala le Great Britain kple Tibet dome le Amban kple Nepal kple Bhutan teƒenɔlawo ŋkume le September 7, 1904 dzi.[13] Woɖo kpe ƒe 1904 ƒe nubabla ƒe ɖoɖowo dzi le ƒe 1906 ƒe nubabla[14] si wode asi le Great Britain kple China dome me. Britaintɔwo, le ga si woxe tso Qing ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea gbɔ ta, hã lɔ̃ be yewomaxɔ Tibet ƒe anyigba alo yewomade nu Tibet ƒe dziɖuɖu me o, esime China lɔ̃ be yemaɖe mɔ na dutadukɔ bubu aɖeke be wòade nu Tibet ƒe anyigba alo ememe dziɖuɖu me o.[14 ][15] .

Ðewohĩ numekuku gbãtɔwo le akpa sia me. Taflatse nawɔe wòanyo ɖe edzi to nya siwo wogblɔ la me toto kple nyayɔyɔ siwo le fli me tsɔtsɔ kpee me. Ele be woaɖe nya siwo me numekuku gbãtɔwo ɖeɖeko le ɖa. (February 2021) (Srɔ̃ alesi nàɖe template gbedasi sia ɖa kple ɣeyiɣi si nàɖe ɖa)
Wosusu be Dalai Lama kpɔ gome le Tibettɔwo ƒe Aglãdzedze si tsi tre ɖe dutatɔwo ŋu le ƒe 1905 me la me. Britaintɔwo ƒe Lhasa dzi dzedze le ƒe 1904 me gblẽ nu le Tibet Buddhatɔwo ƒe xexeame ŋu,[16][tsoƒe si ŋu kakaɖedzi mele o?] si na Tibet Buddhatɔwo ƒe seselelãme si gbɔ eme tsi tre ɖe ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo kple Kristotɔwo ŋu. Britaintɔwo ƒe amedzidzedzea hã he Qingtɔwo ƒe nudede Tibettɔwo ƒe nutoawo me vevie eye wòdzɔ kpata, be woawɔ nutoawo ɖe ŋgɔ, axɔ wo ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu, eye woana woahe Qingtɔwo ƒe titinadziɖuɖu sesẽ te.[17] Tibettɔwo ƒe Lama siwo nɔ Batang yi aglãdzedze dzi le ƒe 1905 me, eye wowu Chinatɔwo ƒe dziɖuɖumegãwo, Franse mawunyadɔgbedelawo, kple Kristotɔ Katolikotɔ siwo trɔ dzime. Tibettɔwo ƒe saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo tsi tre ɖe Katolikotɔwo ŋu, wogbã Katoliko mawunyadɔgbedelawo ƒe Sɔlemeha la, eye wowu Katoliko mawunyadɔgbedelawo kple Qingtɔwo ƒe amegãwo katã.[18][19][edo kpo kpeɖodzinana] Manchu Qingtɔwo ƒe amegã Fengquan la, Tibettɔwo ƒe Batang Lamas, kpakple Manchutɔwo ƒe amegã bubuwo wu Han China Qing dziɖuɖumegãwo kple Franse Katoliko nunɔlawo, amesiwo katã wowu esime aglãdzedzea dze egɔme le March 1905. Tibettɔ Gelugpa saɖagaxɔmenɔla siwo le Nyarong, Chamdo, kple Litang hã dze aglã hedze mawunyadɔgbedelawo kple sɔlemexɔwo dzi eye wowu ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo.[20] Britaintɔwo ƒe Lhasa dzi dzedze, mawunyadɔgbedelawo, kple Qingtɔwo do ƒome le Tibettɔwo ŋkume, abe amedzro futɔ siwo dzi woadze ene.[21] Zhongtian (Chungtien) nye afisi Batang saɖagaxɔ nɔ.[22] Tibettɔwo wu dzimetrɔlawo, tɔ dzo mawunyadɔgbedelawo ƒe xɔ le Batang le woƒe amedzrowo ƒe fuléle ta.[23][non-primary source needed] Aƒetɔ Francis Edward Younghusband ŋlɔ bena Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, le Tibet ƒe akpa si tsi tre ɖe eŋu la, wogakpɔtɔ sɔ gbɔ wu adãwɔwɔ vevie, wonya Roma Katolikomawunyadɔgbedelawo le woƒe aƒe siwo woɖo ɣeyiɣi didi aɖee nye sia le Batang, wowu woƒe dzimetrɔla geɖe, eye wotɔ dzo mawunyadɔgbedeƒea.[24][non-primary source needed] Seselelãme si tsi tre ɖe Kristotɔwo ŋu kple amedzrowo ƒe fuléle nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi le Tibet.[25]

No. 10. Dɔdasi tso Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpemegã Wilkinson gbɔ yi na Aƒetɔ E. Satow, si woŋlɔ le Yünnan-fu, 28th April, 1905. (Woxɔe le London 14th June, 1905.) Pere Maire, si nye Roma Katoliko Dutanyanyuigblɔlawo ƒe Provicaire le afisia, yɔ esia ŋdi be yeatsɔ telegram aɖe si wòxɔ tso eƒe Mission le Tali ƒe nunɔla aɖe si nye afimatɔ gbɔ teti koe nye ema la lam. Telegram la, si le Latingbe me la, woŋlɔ ŋkeke si nye Tali, April 24 lia, eye wògblɔ be Batang ƒe lamawo wu PP. Woxɔe se be Musset kple Soulie, kpakple dzimetrɔla 200. Wotɔ dzo sɔlemexɔ si le Atense, eye lamawo lé mɔ si yi Tachien-lu la ɖe asi. Pere Bourdonnec (Franseawo ƒe Tibet Dutanyanyuigblɔlawo ƒe Habɔbɔ me tɔ bubu) ɖe kuku be Pere Maire nawɔ afɔɖeɖe aɖe. Le esia ta Pere Maire ŋlɔ agbalẽ na M. Leduc, si nye nye dɔwɔhati Fransetɔ, amesi ɖikeke mele eme o be aɖo dze kple Dudzikpɔlagã la. Provicaire la ƒe susue nye be Dalai Lama tsãtɔ ƒe sededewoe dze mawunyadɔgbedelawo dzi, be wonye Europatɔ siwo te ɖe wo ŋu wu siwo dzi wòate ŋu abia hlɔ̃ le eƒe ŋukpe ta. Enyo ale gbegbe be wòagblɔ be yeana nyatakaka bubu ɖesiaɖe si yeate ŋu axɔ la lam. Mele amewuwua ŋuti nyatakakawo ɖom ɖe mi to telegraph dzi.

— Mekpɔ, &c., (Wode asi ete) W. H. WILKINSON. East India (Tibet): Agbalẽ Siwo Ku Ðe Tibet Ŋu [kple Agbalẽ Bubuwo ...], Tata 2–4, Great Britain. Dutanyawo Gbɔkpɔƒe, axa 10. 12., [26][27] Ƒe 1999 me.
Le October 1906 me la, John Weston Brooke nye Eŋlisitɔ gbãtɔ si xɔ nyaselawo kple Dalai Lama, eye emegbe wona mɔe be wòaxɔ ŋgɔ na mɔzɔzɔ eve ayi Tibet.[28] Azɔ hã le ƒe 1906 me la, wokpe Aƒetɔ Charles Alfred Bell, be wòava srã Thubten Chökyi Nyima, Panchen Lama 9 lia kpɔ le Tashilhunpo, afisi wowɔ numedzodzro xɔlɔ̃wɔwɔtɔe tso dunyahehe ƒe nɔnɔmea ŋu le.[29]

Emegbe Dalai Lama va nɔ Kumbum Saɖagaxɔ gã si te ɖe Xining ŋu me eye emegbe wòzɔ mɔ yi ɣedzeƒe gome yi Buddhatɔwo ƒe to ene siwo le kɔkɔe wu le China, Wutai Shan si didi tso Beijing gbɔ kilometa 300 la dzi. Tso afisia la, Dalai Lama xɔ amedɔdɔwo ƒe atsyã aɖe: William Woodville Rockhill, Amerikatɔwo ƒe Subɔsubɔhakplɔla le Peking; Gustaf Mannerheim, si nye Russia Fiaɖuƒea ƒe asrafomegã, si va zu Finland ƒe Aʋafiagã kple Finland ƒe Dukplɔla 6 lia emegbe; Germanytɔ ɖɔkta aɖe si tso Peking Dudɔnunɔlawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe; Eŋlisi anyigbayeyedila aɖe si ŋkɔe nye Christopher Irving; R.F. Johnson, si nye Britaintɔwo ƒe dutadɔnunɔla si tso Nutomedziɖuɖudɔwɔƒe; kple Henri D'Ollone, Franseawo ƒe asrafomegã kple asrafomegã.[30] Dalai Lama nɔ aʋawɔwɔ aɖe wɔm be yeado ŋusẽ yeƒe dukɔwo dome kadodowo eye yeaɖe yeƒe fiaɖuƒea tso Chinatɔwo ƒe dziɖuɖu te.

Le June 1908 me la, C.G.E. Mannerheim do go Thubten Gyatso le Wutai Shan le eƒe mɔzɔzɔ tso Turkestan yi Peking me. Mannerheim ŋlɔ eƒe ŋkekenyuigbalẽ kple nuŋlɔɖiwo ɖe Swedengbe me be yeatsɔ aɣla nyateƒe si wònye be yeƒe ameƒomevinyenye kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe habɔb…hã nye nyatakakawo nuƒoƒoƒu ƒe dɔdasi si me wowɔa nu geɖe le na Russia Fiaɖuƒea ƒe asrafowo. Dalai Lama 13 lia yra seda ɣi aɖe na Russiatɔwo ƒe Czar. Esi Mannerheim tsi dzi ɖe eƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋu ta la, ena Browning tu Tibet ƒe gbɔgbɔ me papa eye wòfia alesi wòagbugbɔ aʋawɔnua ade emee.[31][32]

"Edze ƒã be," Dalai Lama 14 lia gblɔ be, "Di vevie nɔ Dalai Lama 13 lia me be yeaɖo ƒomedodo kple Russia, eye mesusu hã be eke ɖi vie ɖe England ŋu le gɔmedzedzea me. Emegbe Dorjiev hã nɔ anyi. Le Eŋlisiawo gome la, enye a ŋkutsala, gake le nyateƒe me la, enye agbalẽnyala nyui aɖe kple Buddhatɔwo ƒe saɖagaxɔmenɔla anukwaretɔ si tsɔ eɖokui na Dalai Lama 13 lia ŋutɔ."[33]

Le September 1908 me la, wona Dalai Lama be wòakpɔ nyaselawo le Guangxu Fiagã kple Fianyɔnu Ahosi Cixi gbɔ. Fiagã la dze agbagba be yeate gbe ɖe Tibet ƒe akpa si wòwɔ le ɖokuibɔbɔ me dzi, togbɔ be Dalai Lama gbe be yemabɔbɔ ɖe anyi nɛ o hã.[34] Enɔ Beijing vaseɖe ƒe 1908 ƒe nuwuwu.[12]

Esi wòtrɔ yi Tibet le December 1908 me la, edze dziɖuɖua gbugbɔgaɖoɖo gɔme, gake Qingtɔwo dɔ eya ŋutɔ ƒe asrafoha aɖe ɖe Tibet le ƒe 1910 me eye wòva hiã be wòasi ayi India.[35][36]

Le ƒe 1911 me la, woɖe Qing fiaƒomea ɖa le Xinhai Tɔtrɔ Kpata me eye kaka ƒe 1912 nawu enu la, wokplɔ Qing-srafo mamlɛawo do goe le Tibet.[citation needed]

Dunyahehe me ŋusẽ xɔxɔ

Dalai Lama 13 lia si tso Tibet, Britain Dunyahenyawo Gbɔkpɔla Charles Bell (wo ame evea siaa bɔbɔ nɔ anyi), kple Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal si tso Sikkim le ƒe 1910 me.
Le ƒe 1895 me la, Thubten Gyatso xɔ dziɖuɖu ƒe ŋusẽ tso saɖagaxɔ siwo kpɔ ŋusẽ gã aɖe tsã to Regent dzi la gbɔ. Le eƒe aboyomenɔnɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi eve le ƒe 1904–1909 me, be yeasi le Britaintɔwo ƒe amedzidzedze le ƒe 1904 nu, eye tso ƒe 1910 va ɖo ƒe 1913 me be yeasi le Chinatɔwo ƒe amedzidzedze nu ta la, eva nya nu tso dukɔwo dome dunyahehe ƒe kuxi sesẽwo ŋu nyuie eye wònye Dalai Lama gbãtɔ si nya nu tso eŋu ƒe vevienyenye si le duta kadodowo ŋu. Dalai Lama, "si subɔsubɔhakplɔla ade kple kplɔla sue aɖe kpe ɖe eŋu" si me eƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ kplikplikpli, dutadɔnunɔla kple asrafomegã Tsarong Dzasa nɔ la, si to Jelep La[37] yi Sikkim kple Darjeeling, afisi wonɔ ƒe eve kloe. Le ɣeyiɣi sia me la, Fiagã ƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ, Lord Minto, kpee va Calcutta, si kpe asi ɖe ƒomedodo gbugbɔgaɖo kple Britaintɔwo ŋu.[38][axa hiã]

Thubten Gyatso trɔ yi Lhasa le January 1913 me kple Tsarong Dzasa tso Darjeeling, afisi wònɔ aboyo me le tsã. China dziɖuɖu yeyea ɖe kuku ɖe Qing fiaƒome si nɔ anyi va yi ƒe nuwɔnawo ta eye wògblɔ be yeagbugbɔ Dalai Lama aɖo nɔƒe si wònɔ tsã. Eɖo eŋu be yemetsɔ ɖeke le Chinatɔwo ƒe ɖoƒewo me o eye wòle gbɔgbɔme kple dunyahehe me kplɔlanyenye xɔm le Tibet.[39]

Esi Thubten Gyatso trɔ gbɔ tso aboyo me le India le ƒe 1913 me la, exɔ duta kadodowo dzi kpɔkpɔ eye wòwɔ nu kple Maharaja kple Britain Dunyaheha ƒe amegã si le Sikkim kpakple Nepal fia tẽ tsɔ wu be wòana Kashag alo sewɔtakpekpea nawɔe.[40]

Nuŋlɔɖi siwo tso Russia Dutanyawo Gbɔkpɔha ƒe nudzraɖoƒewo me nyaʋiʋli tsitotsito le Dalai Lama 13 lia ŋu be Tibet menye China ƒe akpa aɖeke kpɔ o.[41] Thubten Gyatso ɖe gbeƒã ɖokuisinɔnɔ tso China gbɔ le ƒe 1913 ƒe gɔmedzedze (February 13), esi wòtrɔ gbɔ tso India le ƒe etɔ̃ ƒe aboyomenɔnɔ megbe. Emegbe eɖo Tibettɔwo ƒe aflaga ɖe ɖoɖo nu le eƒe nɔnɔme si li fifia nu.[42] Le ƒe 1912 ƒe nuwuwu la, woɖe Tibet ƒe posu ƒe gagbalẽ gbãtɔwo kple gadzraɖoƒegbalẽvi gbãtɔwo ɖe go.[citation needed]

Thubten Gyatso tu atikewɔlawo ƒe kɔledzi yeye (Mentsikang) le ƒe 1913 me le afisi wotu kɔdzi si wotu le tɔtrɔ kpata megbe si te ɖe Jokhang ŋu le.[43]

Wode se be woatsɔ atsi nufitifitiwɔwɔ nu le dziɖuɖumegãwo dome, woɖo dukɔa ƒe adzɔxexe ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe anyi hewɔ ɖe edzi, eye woɖo kpovitɔwo ƒe ha aɖe. Wotrɔ asi le tohehe ƒe ɖoɖoa ŋu eye wowɔ ɖeka le dukɔa me godoo. "Woɖe kufiatsotso ɖa keŋkeŋ eye woɖe ŋutilãmehehe dzi kpɔtɔ. Wona agbenɔnɔ le gaxɔwo me hã nyo ɖe edzi, eye woɖo dziɖuɖumegãwo be woakpɔ egbɔ be wolé nɔnɔme kple se siawo me ɖe asi."[44][45]

Woto xexemenunyafiafia ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe vɛ tsɔ kpe ɖe mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe hehenana ƒe ɖoɖoa ŋu. Thubten Gyatso dɔ sukuvi ene siwo ŋugbe wodo ɖe England be woava srɔ̃ nu, eye wòxɔ amedzrowo, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Japantɔwo, Britaintɔwo kple Amerikatɔwo.[44]

Le eƒe mɔzɔzɔwo kple kadodo kple dutadukɔwo kple wo teƒenɔlawo (e.g., Pyotr Kozlov, Charles Alfred Bell kple Gustaf Mannerheim) ta la, Dalai Lama ɖe ɖetsɔleme fia ɖe xexeame ƒe nyawo ŋu eye wòto elektrikŋusẽ, telefon kple ʋu gbãtɔwo vɛ[citation hiã] yi Tibet. Ke hã, le eƒe agbe ƒe nuwuwu le ƒe 1933 me la, ekpɔe be Tibet le hehem ɖe megbe tso gotagome ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedziwo gbɔ.

Le eƒe agbe ƒe ewo mamlɛawo me la, Dalai Lama ŋutɔ ƒe subɔla, Thubten Kunphela, va xɔ dziɖuɖua eye wòxɔ ŋgɔ le dɔ vevi geɖewo wɔwɔ me hena egbegbe tɔtrɔ le Tibet. Le ƒe 1931 me la, woɖo dɔwɔƒe yeye aɖe si me gakuƒewo kple tuwɔƒewo le ɖe Trapchi, eye ŋusẽ si tso tsiŋusẽdɔwɔƒe gbãtɔ si le Tibet la tsɔa eƒe mɔ̃wo ʋunae. Woɖo egbegbe asrafowo ƒe hatsotso aɖe le ƒe ma ke me, esi aʋawɔwɔa dzɔ le Ɣedzeƒe Tibet vɔ megbe.[46]

Dalai Lama 13 lia le ƒe 1932 me, si nye ƒe si do ŋgɔ na eƒe ku
Le ƒe 1930 me la, Tibet-srafowo dze Xikang kple Qinghai dzi le China kple Tibet-ʋaa me. Le ƒe 1932 me la, Moslemtɔwo ƒe Qinghai kple Han-China Sichuan aʋakɔ siwo le Dukɔa ƒe Tɔtrɔ Kpata ƒe Asrafoha si China Moslemtɔwo ƒe Aʋafia Ma Bufang kple Han Aʋafia Liu Wenhui nɔ ŋgɔ na la ɖu Tibettɔwo ƒe asrafowo dzi le Qinghai–Tibet-ʋa si kplɔe ɖo me. Ma Bufang ɖu Tibet-srafowo dzi eye wògaxɔ nuto geɖe le Xikang nutoa me. Woxɔ Shiqu, Dengke, kple nuto bubuwo le Tibettɔwo si.[47][48][49] Wotutu Tibettɔwo ɖe megbe yi Jinsha tɔsisi la ƒe go kemɛ dzi.[50][51] Ma kple Liu xlɔ̃ nu Tibet dziɖuɖumegãwo be woagatsɔ dzideƒo atso Jinsha-tɔsisia ake o.[52] Ma Bufang ɖu Tibettɔwo dzi le Dan Chokorgon. Tibettɔwo ƒe aʋafia geɖewo tsɔ wo ɖokui na, eye Dalai Lama ɖe wo ɖe anyi.[53] Kaka August naɖo la, Tibettɔwo bu anyigba geɖe na Liu Wenhui kple Ma Bufang ƒe asrafowo ale gbegbe be Dalai Lama ɖo telefon dzi na Britain dziɖuɖu si le India be woakpe ɖe yewo ŋu. Britaintɔwo ƒe dunyahehe ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu na Nanjing ɖe gbeƒãe be yeadzudzɔ aʋawɔwɔ.[54] Ma kple Liu de asi aʋawɔwɔ ƒe ɖoɖo vovovowo te kple Tibettɔwo le ƒe 1933 me, si na aʋawɔwɔa wu enu.[55][56][57]

Nyagblɔɖiwo kple ku
Dalai Lama 13 lia gblɔe ɖi hafi ku be:

Eteƒe madidi kura le anyigba sia dzi (si me mawusubɔsubɔ kple dunyahehe tsaka le ɖekawɔwɔ me) be ameflunuwɔnawo ate ŋu adzɔ tso egodo kple ememe. Ɣemaɣi la, ne míetsɔ dzideƒo kpɔ míaƒe anyigbamama ta o la, woate ŋu atsrɔ̃ míaƒe gbɔgbɔme amenyenye siwo dome Fofo kple Vi Aʋadziɖula (Dalai Lama kple Panchen Lama) hã le, míaƒe Lakangtɔwo (lama siwo wogbugbɔ dzi ƒe nɔƒewo) ƒe nunɔamesiwo kple ŋusẽwo kple woate ŋu akplɔ saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo adzoe. Gawu la, míaƒe dunyahehe ƒe ɖoɖo, si Dharma Fia Gã Etɔ̃awo (Tri Songtsen Gampo, Tri Songdetsen kple Tri Ralpachen) to vɛ la nu ayi evɔ naneke masusɔ o. Woaxɔ amewo katã ƒe nunɔamesiwo, ame kɔkɔwo kple ame tsɛwo, eye woazi ameawo dzi be woazu kluviwo. Ele be nu gbagbewo katã nado dzi le fukpekpe ŋkeke siwo nuwuwu meli na o me eye vɔvɔ̃ aƒo wo. Ɣeyiɣi sia tɔgbe ava.[58]

Nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo