Russia

**Russia** (*Россия*) nye Europa dukɔwo dometɔ ɖeka. Ele Europa ƒe ɣedzeƒe lɔƒo. Eƒe dukɔmenɔlawo ƒe xexlẽme ɖo 144,463,451 lɔƒo (2017). Russia ƒe dugã enye Moscow.

## Dukɔa ƒe ŋutinya
Le ƒe alafa 7 lia va ɖo 9 lia me la, Ɣedzeƒe Slav towo va nɔ afisia, eye wo dometɔ aɖewo ʋu tso egbegbe Ukraine ƒe anyigba dzi yi egbegbe Russia ƒe ɣetoɖoƒe gome. Le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me la, dukɔ eve siawo ƒe anyigbawo nɔ dukɔ ɖeka ƒe dziɖuɖu te, eye eƒe fiadue nye Kiev. Le ƒe alafa 12 lia me la, Kiev Fiaɖuƒea te mama ɖe akpa vovovowo me. Le ƒe alafa 12 lia me la, womexɔ Yuri Dolgoruky, si nye Kievan Tsar Vladimir Monomakh ƒe viŋutsu adelia, ƒe domenyinu o eye wòdze anyigba siwo le dzieheɣedzeƒe dzi ɖuɖu gɔme. Eyata le ƒe alafa 12 lia ƒe domedome la, Slavtɔwo ƒe towo do le titina Russia. Hafi woava ɖo la, afimatɔwo koŋue nɔ Moscow. Le ƒe 1169 me la, dzre aɖe do mo ɖa le Vladimir-Suzdal Fiaɖuƒea (si nye Russia titina fifia) kple Kievan-dukɔa dome. Le Batu ƒe Europa dzi dzedze le ƒe 1240 me megbe la, Alexander Nevsky, si nye dziehenyigbawo ƒe fiavi, va zu Batu ƒe viŋutsu si wòxɔ nyi, eye nubabla aɖe si wowɔ kple Horde la na viaŋutsu Daniil si xɔ ƒe 16 la va zu Muscovitɔwo ƒe fiavi gbãtɔ, si nye egbegbe Russia ƒe gɔmedzedze. Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me du vevi bubu si le egbegbe Russia enye Veliky Novgorod, si tsi tre ɖe Moscow ŋu zi geɖe eye ƒe 1478 me koe woɖu edzi. Emegbe Ukraine kple Belarus klã tso Russia si ava va gbɔ le ƒe alafa 14 lia me eye wova zu Lithuania Fiaɖuƒe Gã la ƒe akpa aɖe (vaseɖe ƒe alafa 18 lia me la, nuto eveawo te ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu ŋutɔ, eye egbea gɔ̃ hã la, Ukraine kple Belarus ƒe nyagbɔgblɔ ɖeka ƒe 84% le wo dome). Sikaha la wu eƒe anyinɔnɔ nu le ƒe alafa 15 lia me, eye woma ɖe Crimea, Astrakhan, Kazan, kple Rus’ fiaɖuƒewo me, siwo wɔ aʋa sesẽ geɖe, siwo dome Lithuania Fiaɖuƒe Gã la hã nɔ. Zi geɖe la, aʋawɔwɔawo yia edzi ƒo xlã Smolensk-dugã la. Russiatɔwo dzɔ tso Ɣedzeƒe Slav towo me eye wova zu dukɔ si to vovo le Muscovitɔwo te le ƒe alafa 16 lia me.

Le ƒe alafa 15 lia kple 16 lia me la, woɖo Ukraine bubumewo - Cossacktɔwo, aʋawɔla siwo ʋli dukɔa ta tso amedzidzedze siwo te ɖe wo ŋu me. Russiatɔwo va Ukraine-nyigbawo dzi le ƒe alafa 17 lia me, eye le Ukraine ƒe Ðokuisiʋa si wowɔ ɖe Polandtɔwo ƒe ameteteɖeanyi ŋu le ƒe 1648-1654 me le Bohdan Khmelnytsky ƒe kpɔkplɔ te ta la, wode asi nubabla te kple Russia le ƒe 1654 me. Womebu Ukrainetɔwo be wonye woawo ŋutɔ ƒe dukɔmeviwo ƒe akpa aɖeke o eye le esia ta wowɔa dɔ le nɔnɔme sesẽwo me zi geɖe le Russia-nyigbawo dzi, alesi wowɔ nu ɖe ​​Ukraine ŋu alea da le nubabla si wowɔ le ƒe 1654. (Ukrainetɔ 10,000 ku le nɔnɔme siwo me amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔme mele o me esime wonɔ Ladoga Tɔdzisasrãa tum.) Esia na Hetman Ivan Mazepa te ŋu wɔ tɔtrɔ kpata si wowɔ le ƒe 1708 me. Le ƒe 1775 me la, Russia tsrɔ̃ Ukrainetɔwo ƒe Cossacktɔwo kple woƒe mɔ̃ sesẽ, Sichtɔwo, tsɔ Ukrainetɔ geɖewo wɔ kluviwoe, eye wòwɔ ɖoɖo ɖe Russification ŋu - si nye Ukrainetɔwo ƒe gbegbɔgblɔ kple dekɔnuwo tsɔtsrɔ̃ le se nu to Russia dziɖuɖumegãwo dzi. Ðoɖo sia ƒe kpɔɖeŋu ɖedzesiwoe nye Ems Edict (Rus. Эмский указ) kple Russia subɔsubɔhakplɔla Pyotr Valuev (Rus. Валуевский циркуляр) ƒe sedede, si xe mɔ na Ukrainetɔwo be woagazã wo degbe  ..

Le ƒe 1914 me la, Fiagã Nicholas II xe mɔ ɖe Taras Shevchenko, si nye Ukrainetɔ agbalẽŋlɔla xɔŋkɔ aɖe dzidzi ƒe ƒe 100 xɔxɔ le Russia Fiaɖuƒea me nu. Le ƒe 1917 ƒe gɔmedzedze la, February ƒe Tɔtrɔ Kpata si Alexander Kerensky nɔ ŋgɔ na la mu fiaɖuƒea, na Russia zu dukɔmevinyenye, eye wòna mɔnukpɔkpɔ dukɔ aɖe si wote ɖe anyi tsã be woaʋli woƒe ablɔɖe ta. Esi Lenin va xɔ dziɖuɖu vɔ la, edze Dukɔmeviʋa si dzɔ le ƒe 1917–1921 me kple aʋa si dzɔ le Ukraine Republic kple Soviet Russia dome, si na woma Ukraine ɖe Poland kple Russia dome (tso ƒe 1922 me, abe Soviet Union ƒe akpa aɖe ene). Le ƒe 1932-1933 me la, Soviet dziɖuɖu si nɔ Joseph Stalin ƒe kpɔkplɔ te gbɔe Holodomor (dɔwuame si wowɔ kple asi), si dukɔ geɖe le xexeame katã da asi ɖe edzi be enye ameƒomevi aɖewo tsɔtsrɔ̃ ɖa ɖe Ukrainetɔwo ŋu eye wobu akɔnta be ame miliɔn 10 ku la tso ... 

Le ƒe 1937-1938 me la, NKVD (si wova yɔ emegbe be USSR ƒe Ememenyawo Gbɔkpɔha) da tu Ukraine kple Belarus nunyala, nutalawo, kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala geɖe, eye woɖi woƒe kukuawo ɖe Bykivnyan Ave si le Kyiv, afisi wotu ŋkuɖodzikpe na wo le le Soviet Union ƒe mumu megbe . Le ƒe 1939 me la, USSR de asi nubabla te kple Nazitɔwo le ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ƒe akpa siwo le Europa ŋu eye wowɔ ɖeka dze Poland dzi, si na Xexemeʋa II dzɔ. Le ƒe 1960–1980 ƒeawo me la, Soviet dziɖuɖua ti tsitretsiɖeŋulawo yome ŋutasesẽtɔe, wode wo gaxɔ me alo tsɔ wo de tagbɔdɔlélawo ƒe kɔdziwo. Vasyl Stus nye ame ŋkuta siwo tsi tre ɖe ŋutasẽdziɖuɖua ŋu la dometɔ ɖeka. Le ƒe 1985–1991 me la, Soviet Union mu le demokrasi ƒe ɖɔɖɔɖowo ta. Esi Vladimir Putin va xɔ dziɖuɖu zi etɔ̃lia le ƒe 2012 me la, Russia te nuƒoƒo faa te tete ɖe anyi eye wòdzi eƒe asrafowo ɖe edzi le Ukraine gbɔ, eye wòdze nyatakaka totrowo ƒe aʋawɔwɔ gã aɖe gɔme ɖe dukɔa ŋu. Be Ukraine Dukplɔla Viktor Yanukovych nakpɔ eƒe ŋusẽ ta la, ekpe Russia-srafowo le ƒe 2013 me, si na ame gbogbo aɖewo tsi tre ɖe eŋu si woyɔna be Euromaidan. Le February 20, 2014 dzi, esime Yanukovych nɔ Kyiv la, Russia dze Crimea xɔxɔ gɔme le Ukraine ƒe dzigbe gome, si kpe ɖe Yanukovych ŋu emegbe wòsi. Le April 12, 2014 dzi la, Russia dze Ukraine ƒe ɣedzeƒe dzi esi asrafoha siwo Igor Girkin, si nye Russia Dedienɔnɔ Dɔwɔƒe (FSB) ƒe amegã nɔ ŋgɔ na la xɔ Slovyansk-dugã la vɔ megbe. Le April 13, 2014 dzi la, Ukraine dze ŋɔdzinuwɔlawo ƒe aʋawɔwɔ (ATO) gɔme be woatsɔ akpɔ liƒoa ta

Kaka ƒe 2022 naɖo la, Russia dze aʋa blibo aɖe gɔme kple Ukraine to fefewɔvi "Donetsk People's Republic" dzi, si dzi Moscow kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo bliboe to Russia dunyahela Alexander Boroday dzi. Le ƒe 2022 me la, wowu ame geɖe siwo tsi tre ɖe aʋawɔwɔ ŋu le Russia. Le Ukraine la, Russia le aʋawɔwɔ nuvlowɔwɔ gãwo wɔm, abe bɔmbdada ɖe amewo ƒe nɔƒewo, dugãwo abe Mariupol ene tsɔtsrɔ̃, kple nuvlowɔwɔ ɖe dumevi dzrowo ŋu be woatsɔ ade dzesi tsitretsiɖeŋulawo ahate wo ɖe to, siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye ɖeviwo léle sesẽe kple wo ɖeɖe le dukɔa me. Nuvlowɔwɔ vɔ̃ɖitɔ kekeake si wowɔ ɖe dumevi dzrowo ŋu le Ukraine enye amewuwu si dzɔ le Bucha le March 2022 me. Le anyigbamama siwo woxɔ me la, Russiatɔwo dze Ukrainetɔwo ƒe agbalẽwo tsɔtsrɔ̃ gɔme le sukuwo, blemanudzraɖoƒewo, kple agbalẽdzraɖoƒewo, eye wowɔ nusi woyɔna be "filtration camps" afisi wodea dumevi dzrowo gaxɔ me hewɔa funyafunya wo le   .

Russiatɔ dunyaheŋutinunyala kple xexemenunyala Timofey Sergeytsev ƒe nyati si nye, “Nukae Wòle Be Russia Nawɔ Kple Ukraine?” (Russiagbe me: Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной?), ŋutinyaŋlɔla Timothy Snyder yɔe be “ameƒomevi aɖewo tsɔtsrɔ̃ ɖa ŋuti nusrɔ̃gbalẽ ”  ”.

## References