Chiapas

**Chiapas** nopo nga iso negeri id Mexico ii kilinaab wilayah do 73,211 km&#xB2; om populasi 4,255,790 tulun (2005). Ibu negeri dau nopo nga Tuxtla Gutiérrez.

## Etimologi

Ngaran pombantug pogun diti nopo nga Chiapas, ii notumbayaan do nintodonon mantad kakadayan purba Chiapan, id boros Náhuatl kirati "kinoiyonon do kinosunion linsou chia". Kalapas kinorikatan tulun Sepanyol ontok toun 1522, minomonsoi yolo do duo kakadayan ii pinomungaran sabaagi Chiapas de los Indios om Chiapas de los Españoles(1528) miampai kinoiyonon posorili ii ointutunan sabaagi Provincia de Chiapas. Gonding poimbantug ko iso montok kinoiyonon diti nopo nga nokotimpuun mantad toun 1535 gunoon do Ciudad Real (nondo ointutunan sabaagi San Cristóbal de las Casas). Mnimonsoi do gonding pogun diti nopo nga songulun omolukis mantad Chiapas ii Javier Vargas Ballinas.

## Sajara

### Era Pre-columbia
Tuminimpuun momogihum monimung tuminimpuun do mion id kubong tanga pogun diti id sorili do 7000 kalapas masihi, nga okuri no ii noilaan diolo. Id timpu Pra-klasik mantad 18000 kalapas masihi gisomm 300 Masihi, kampun-kampung pomutanaman nokoimbulai id toinsanai pogun mulong pia do tinimungan magasu monimung kakal do haro alaid kalapas do era dii. 

Ekskavasi wagu id Soconusco kinoiyonon id pogun diti popokito do tamadun di talaid ii nokoimbulai id kinoiyonon di nondo ointutunan sabaagi Chiapas moden nopo nga Mokaya, ii minanom do luong om minion id walai timpuunon do 15000 Pogulu Masihi, minoposiliu diolo sabaagi ii talaid id Mesoamerika. Haro piipiro spekulasi do iri nopo nga komolohingan do Olmec, ii minindaliu katalabi do Kubong Grijalva kumaa id rahat  Teluk Meksiko di koibutan, kumaa kabaatan, hinombo watas do Olmec. Tinungkusan Mokaya nopo nga Mixe-Zoque. Masaan do timpu Pra-Klasik, noilaan do soboogian tagayo do Chiapas nopo nga okon ko watas Olmec, nga haro nogi pionitan tosomok miampai diolo lolobi Olmec id rana Tehuantepec.

Tamadun Maya nokotimpuun ontok timpu Pra-Klasik kadau, nga amu nokorikot do timpak dau gisom do timpu Klasik (300-900 M). Kinoingkawason tinaru diti nokotimpuun maya kampung-kampung momutanom ontok timpu Pra-Klasik om minomonsoi kakadayan ontok timpu Klasik soira stratifikasi sosial nokosiliu kumaa lobi apangkal . Id Chiapas, kinoiyonon Mayan kogumuan poinsotol kumaa wolit pogun di miampai Tabasco om Guatemala, osomok do kioiyonon Maya id kinoiyonon di. Soboogian tagayo do kinoiyonon diti nopo nga poingionid Gouton Rasam Lacandon. Tamadun Mayan id kinoiyonon dii nopo nga kikouyuuyuo mantad kinoingkawason leksploitasi koonuan gouton rasam, stratifikasi sosial di oogot, kointutunan sandad ii agaras, miampai pisangadan kumaa mogigion sombol. Id timpak nopo nga tamadun diti haro kakadayan tagayo, sistem ponuatan, om koturidongon gana koilaan miagal matematik om astronomi.

Amu noilaan nunu panangkasabab do noruntum tamadun Mayan nga haro mogikaakawo teori kohimpit do populasi do nadaalan do agayo, koligogonon posorili, toruol om natagakan toud posorili mantad ekploitasi di nadalaan toi ko' kinosimbanan woyo tawan. Osomok do toinsanai kakadayan Mayan noruntum sorili do timpu di nogi, ii no tu ontok toun 900 M. Mantad timpu di gisom 1500 M, tinimungan sosial sorili diti minitongkida kumaa unit-unit di lobi okoro om struktur sosial nokosiliu do lobi otigas. Haro piipiro rahung mantad kokuasaan ii nokoingkakat id Meksiko tanga nga duo tinimungan pribumi poinlobi id sorili Chiapa de Corzo, kuta' tagaras Mixe-Zoque ii laid. Haro hinta do nokoimbulai tulun Aztec id pogun tanga masaan Chiapa de Corzo ontok ohotusan ko-15, nga amu nakalantoi do mongugad suku sandad Chiapa. Mulong pia do ingkaa, rahung diolo nopo nga agaras gisom do ngaran kinoiyonon dii om pogi dii nintodonon mantad nga Nahuatl.

## Intangai kadau
*2017 Chiapas earthquake
*Ciudad Hidalgo

## Nuut

## SUkuon

## Pambasaan potilombus
*Benjamin, Thomas. *A Rich Land, a Poor People: Politics and Society in Modern Chiapas*. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1996.
*Benjamin, Thomas. "A Time of Reconquest: History, the Maya Revival, and the Zapatista Rebellion." *The American Historical Review*, Vol. 105, no. 2 (April 2000): pp.&nbsp;417–450.
*Collier, George A, and Elizabeth Lowery Quaratiello. *Basta! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas*. Oakland: The Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1994.
*Collier, George A. "The Rebellion in Chiapas and the Legacy of Energy Development." *Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos*, Vol. 10, no. 2 (Summer 1994): pp.&nbsp;371–382
*García, María Cristina. *Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada*. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 2006 
*Hamnett, Brian R. *Concise History of Mexico*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1999. 
*Hidalgo, Margarita G. (Editor). *Contributions to the Sociology of Language: Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century*. Berlin: DEU: Walter de Gruyter & Co.&nbsp;kg Publishers, Berlin, 2009. 
*Higgins, Nicholas P. *Understanding the Chiapas Rebellion: Modernist Visions and the Invisible Indian*. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004, 
*Jiménez González, Victor Manuel (Editor). *Chiapas: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado*. Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México, SA de CV 2009. 
*Lowe, G. W., “Chiapas de Corzo”, in Evans, Susan, ed., *Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America*, Taylor & Francis, London.
*Whitmeyer, Joseph M. and Hopcroft, Rosemary L. "Community, Capitalism, and Rebellion in Chiapas." *Sociological Perspectives* Vol. 39, no. 4 (Winter 1996): pp.&nbsp;517–538.

## Link labus

*
*Chiapas State Government 
*Zapatista National Army of Liberation 
*brief history of the conflict in Chiapas (1994–2007) 
*Acosta et al., 2018. "Climate change and peopling of the Neotropics during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition". *Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana*.
*Guide to the University of Chicago Department of Anthropology Chiapas Project Records 1942-circa 1990s at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center