Ndombolo

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**Ndombolo**, ka ba mine meŋ maŋ boɔlɔ o ka **dombolo**, e la seɛre gɔɔloŋ kaŋa  naŋ yi a Democratic Republic of the Congo paaloŋ poɔ. Ba nyɛ o la yi ne soukous a 1990s yuomo poɔ, "with fast-paced hip-swaying dance rhythms", o maŋ tuuro ne " upbeat, percussion-driven music", a seɛre gɔɔloŋ ŋa da de la yuori zuo a zaa a mid-1990s ana a  yuomo mine naŋ pare, seɛre bee gbɛre bimmo ayi  central, eastern, ane western Africa poɔ. A maŋ waane la eŋnyageroŋ West African popular music, coupé-décalé, Kuduro, ane East African seɛre  yiele.

Seɛre poɔ, ndombolo yiele ne la  "lead and backing vocalists", electric guitars, gangae, synthesized ane digital sounds, a poɔ ne a  atalaku—(a master of ceremonies whose energetic chants and exhortations are central to the performance). Gbɛɛ yaga , a yiele yelbie maŋ taa la dɔlɔ kyaare nensaala labkpeɛboŋ  (human relations), kultaa, bɔtaa, trickery, bɛlbɛltaa , ane Congolese sociopolitical culture. A seɛre gɔɔloŋ maŋ kyaare la noba seere doono (hip movements, synchronized leg and arm gestures, and a sensual performance style), ka a sebene meŋ maŋ are ko  genre's high-energy centerpiece, ka ba maŋ de biŋ  a atalaku's improvisational vocalizations eŋɛ. a anaŋ  impassioned vocalizations ŋa, gbɛɛ yaga ba maŋ e o la frenetic ane semi-improvised style, ba maŋ de la di neŋ a deɛne viŋviŋ kyɛ vɛŋ ka a naŋ gɛrɛ niŋe, yelkaama emmo,ane a seɛseɛreba gbɛɛ bimmo gɔɔloŋ

## Ndombolo piiluu zie bee yizie
Ndombolo yelbiri yi la Kikongo yelbiri poɔ ka o tɛgɛ la " soore bee soɔre bee zɛle". A lexicologist Arizona M. Baongoli, o bambo naŋ be a Lingala poɔ, o naŋ wane a yelbiri "ndombolo" a yelbiri ŋa pare kyɛle yi la a Congolese seɛre poɔ, ka o tɛgɛ la ŋmaadasaala ( gorilla or chimpanzee). Seɛre ŋa mannoo wulo la lɛ a seɛre naŋ maŋ seɛ, a seɛre maŋ seɛrɛ la gɛrɛ niŋe a kyɛ wanna puori. Baongoli wuli ka a seɛre ŋa yitaa ne la lɛ ŋmaadasaala naŋ maŋ seɛrɛ bee kyɛne ka anaŋ wa boɔrɔ taa.

A Pariasian sɛgesɛgerɛ kaŋa daŋ di Milau K. Lutumba yeli ka a yelluŋ ŋa e la a Congolese deme yielluŋ ba naŋ maŋ kyɛrɛ ka o koro ba kyelloo a saŋa ka banaŋ wa be yeltuo poɔ aseŋ, a saŋa a Mobutu Sese naŋ da e a Congo kogizu soba. 1996 saŋa na, Mobutu da beɛrɛ la a ba toɔ gaa Zaire( pampana ona la DRC) a na te kpɛ a gɔbenɛte lammo kpaarroŋ na a Laurent-Désiré Kabila naŋ da de ne ba weɛŋ. A zɔɔre da piili ne ba neŋ Rwanda tɔribori a Hutu refugee camps naŋ be a eastern Zaire ane swiftly poɔ, a zɔɔre na la da zɔɔ a te kpɛ a  Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo sogyere nuri poɔ. Mobutu's eŋ da moɔrɔ la ka onaŋ na toɔ ka o faare a zɔɔre, o paaŋ da iri la Likulia Bolongo ka o e a prime minister ane entrusting General Donatien Mahele Lieko Bokungu, a ko o sogyere ka ba guuro, a regime na da la a Borebo kyuu a 1997 poɔ, Mobutu da tu la sori gaa Kabila's ane faŋa, a te lanne Kinshasa noba. A wagere ŋa poɔ, la ka yielluŋ kyeɛrebɛ ane a teŋɛ pɔllɔ ba na la ka ba boɔlo shegue, ba maŋ e la yelsɛge binne a ne paati paati yɛlɛ a yi ne atalaku. A yɛlɛ ama ananso zaa la lantaa a wane ndombolo, ane a atalaku, ka o e bone naŋ terɛ bebiri zaa nore poɔ yelyaga. a ba dannoo bee kuori tɛgɛ. A ba dannoo kpoŋ kaŋa wagere la Tala Soldat *aza kopepula la guerre* *("kaa a sogya, a dɔɔ boɔlɔ la zɔɔre") ba maŋ de la a yelluŋ ŋa a boɔle ne sogyere ka wa zɔɔ zɔɔre a Mobutu's faŋa ne a Kabila's noba. Ndombolo e la seɛ yelbiri ka maŋ de toorɔ ne a sogyere ka ba nɔlaŋ na na baare yi a ba zie.*

A ndombolo yiibu zie kaŋa, mannoo kaŋa la ka ba bigire la Kabila ka e ŋa bone kontɔmɔ gbɛɛ naŋ kare a yielluŋ yelbie poɔ lɛ ka ba yeli "Makolo pete-pete, makolo buka-buka/Na démarche ya ndombolo" (bone naŋ bale ka o gbɛɛ kare ka o maŋ kyɛnɛ aŋa kontɔndɔɔ Ndomblo) Neɛzaa naŋ naŋ baŋ o ka o di  Zaïko Langa Langa, a yielluŋ ama yelbie pɛre ne la a yelbiri ndombolo ka enfuoni e bone ba naŋ tori bee a pukyaare Kabila's, bonso ba da mɛ la bommeɛraa kaŋa ka o yineŋ lɛ o veɛloŋ naŋ ba saaŋ. A kaabo ŋa neɛ koŋ baŋ yeli ka ba ba bompera, o e la saaŋkompare yelbinnaa, a seɛseɛrebɛ, banaŋ la e dasaŋa na a Congolese deme seɛ seɛlɛ. Pépé Kallé's 1980s band, Empire Bakuba, ba naŋ la e noba na daŋ de weɛŋ a wane kontɔmɔ seɛre ama aseŋ, Emoro Penga, o seɛre da e la o yoŋ lɛ bonso deme na da gaŋ la nensaala bammo.  A seɛre ŋa maŋ vɛŋe la ka noba ba teɛ ba seɛ bee ka ba pare bammo a kyilli ne lɛ ndombolo seɛre naŋ maŋ waa. A yelbiri ndombolo wa la ka o wa are leɛre sinii , a ŋmaadasaala sinii ane lammo yelyaga. A o pare bommo lɔnne te wa African saadayel poɔ, be la ka ba banne ŋmaaŋa ka o e pagepaga yɛlɛ ane o damboli deɛne yɛlɛ.
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Ndombolo seɛre setaɛ e la faŋa seɛre ane meŋ a seɛre ŋa maŋ pagera la, kyɛ ka seɛseɛrɛ nuri ane bɔɔŋmama a be sazu, ka o endaa a viiri leɛrɛ. A dɔba ane a pɔgeba banaŋ zaa na maŋ seɛ maŋ poɔ la a bagere maaloo poɔ. ba maŋ nyɔge la taa kpeelɛ a ŋmaa viiri a erɛ ka a duoro kyɛ segere kyɛ gɛrɛ puori. A seɛre ŋa maŋ miini la ba paresɛge weioŋ weioŋ. Neɛ meŋ maŋ bebe are manna a seɛre tɛgɛ ane setaɛ ba naŋ iri. A seɛre maŋ lanne la yielluŋ ane a sagebo.

Aneŋ meŋ, a yielluŋ maŋ boŋŋmeɛrɛ maŋ pile ne la sébène, a yielluŋ ŋmɛ puuli la ta gbɛ bowola mine sɛre ka   chords ayi a ŋmɛ a meelɛ ne a  rhythm guitar. A yielluŋ ŋmɛ puluu ŋa maŋ ko a tempo faŋa, ane a banaŋ naŋ ŋmeɛrɛ a guitar ka ba toɔ ŋmɛ toolere kaŋa ka noma. A guitar ŋmɛrebɛ ne atalaku maŋ laŋ tonnoɔre yeni.

## Dakoreŋ bee Saadayel
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A 1960s ane a 1970s poɔ, Zaïko Langa Langa da leɛre la a  Congolese rumba bommaala, o da iri be ba naŋ de a eele a maale ane saseɛ bone na bare, o na da a ba saaŋkompare maaloo, o paaŋ da iri a la bare kyɛ te wane snare gaŋgaa ane electric guitar. Nelson George da nyɛ la ka a leɛroo ŋa wane bonsoŋ naŋ ŋmɛ yiele ka a soma kyɛ tere seɛre meŋ, a boma ama yuori paaŋ da yi la a laare pɔge Africa ane European tembɛrɛ, a daare onaŋ da waana ka yuo a o tontoɔre ŋa, dire poɔ yielluŋ ŋmeɛrebɛ, ane tendaa yielluŋ kyeɛrɛ naŋ di Papa Wemba. A saŋa na a Congolese deme naŋ da ba toɔ na yɔɔ a yielluŋ ŋmeɛrɛbɛ aseŋ,  Parions-Congo, Parions Mondenge, International Don-Dass, ane Molende Kwi Kwi, a Mazadis, Sophinza S.P.R.L., ane Izason recording labels naŋ wa le baare, a saŋa la ka yi a vinyl a gaa compact discs poɔ, a saŋa ka a Congolese enfuoni maalo noba da ba la taa a faŋa na maale a 1980s yuoni poɔ. Nensaama naŋ baŋ a yɛlɛ soŋ a yi African ane Caribbean la da wa leɛre a ba ne a yielluŋ sobie, ba piili ne la  Sonodisc ane Sonima (France). Aŋaa meŋ da ko  Democratic Republic of the Congo yielluŋ zanne ŋmeɛrebɛ fuo ka ba meŋ toɔ wuli ba gɔɔloŋ.

### '''A eroŋ sobie ane a yiibu zie kyakya'''
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A yiibu e la yelzu kaŋa a nɔkpeɛne kyaaŋ ŋmeɛrɛ gɛrɛ, ka mine de manna ne seɛre ane neɛ naŋ wane a seɛre ka ona la Radja Kula 1995 yuoni poɔ. Ka noba mine meŋ yeli ka Wengee Musica la wa ne o. Noba da ŋmɛ nɔkpeɛne ka Japan poɔ la Kula a wane bee a eneɛ naŋ daŋ piili ne o seɛre ane o yielluŋ yeltarre a Bandalungwa, Kinshasa poɔ yoŋ. Ona la ka ba maŋ boɔle ka 6,600 dɔɔ seɛrɛ, Kula la wane seɛre ane yielluŋ parɛɛ parɛɛ, paale ndombolo, Kitisisela ya mata, ane Mandundu. Saseɛ poɔ duori ŋmɛyaara kaŋa naŋ di  Jordache Diala a *La Prospérité,da yeli kinshasa yiele yoŋ la ka o sɔre kyɛ ba yeli ko o.*

Ndombolo gɔne yuori yi yɛre paale a ziezaa ka noba de ka Wenge Musica ane noba yaga aŋa atalaku, Tutu Caludji, o naŋ da koŋi "ndombolo" kuori, Antoine Manda Tchebwa da ŋmɛ la nɔkpeɛne ka Tutu Caludji la kuri bee a wane ndombolo yelbiri a Congo ane Africa zaa poc a 1995 ane 2000 yuomo poɔ. Tchebwa naŋ wuli ka ndombolo kuori ba e a yelwonaa yoŋ yɛlɛ, o e la yelbiri naŋ daa a ba saaŋkonnoŋ yielluŋ yuori ka o do saa. A kpɛle ŋa la wuli Congolese yielluŋ piili la a 1990s poɔ. Caludji's yelsoŋ ŋa ba taa ŋmɛpɔgebo, bonso ona la wane ndombolo seɛre a e ka yi ka neɛzaa nyɛ kyɛ baŋ o meŋ. A o yielluŋ sinii daŋ yiibu da yi la Wenge Musica a 1996 Pentagone yielluŋ daga poɔ, be la ka Dimba-Boma seɛseɛrebɛ da daŋ wuli ba seɛre dapaaloŋ. A soba naŋ de soŋ ka a yelŋa nyɛ eebo la Werrason ane JB Mpiana ba naŋ la da daŋ kyɛyuo a nuri mannoo/woni mannoo yele zu. A yi a Borebo kyuu 1995 yuoni puoriŋ Souzi Versace ane Bouro Mpela da maale la eŋ saŋa ba naŋ da nara ka ba te deɛne a La Samba Playa bar in Kinshasa poɔ.

Tchebwa naŋ wuli ka ndombolo wulo la pɔlɔ yelnyɔgeraa bee teŋyuo yele a gaŋ yielluŋ. O da bigiri la ka faŋa la ka a pɔlɔ de maale ne "Cornelian choice between self-flagellation, chauvinism, and denial".

**Heyday**
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Ndombolo Africa seɛre  ŋmɛ la o meŋa yuori a paale a Africa zaa a te yi gaa ne a tuure paaloŋ poɔ te seŋ Belgium, France, the UK, Germany, Canada, ane the United States. 1997 Yuompaala kyuu poɔ, JB Mpiana's ndombolo-infused debut album, *Feux de l'amour*, da e ndombolo yielluŋ danweɛŋ soba naŋ nyɛ salima kyɔɔtaa a paale 150,000. A yelsoŋ ŋa da e la Central Africa, East Africa, France, and Belgium, a yelŋa da e la nɔkpeɛne a ko ndombolo  francophone ane anglophone tenne poɔ. A saŋa Tchebwanaŋ naŋ wa baŋ ka a Congolese noba a ba e o yielluŋ la ka ba noŋ, ba wuli ba nommo a ko a tɔre zaa.

Koffi Olomide's ndombolo yielluŋ daga Loi, da yi Boenyɛ kyuu a 1997 yuoni poɔ, a meŋ da la nyɛ salima kyɔɔtaa a paale 25,000 tekete ba naŋ koɔre a France poɔ ane 105,000 a tendaa zaa poɔ. A yielluŋ daga poɔ boŋyeni yoŋ la taa ndombolo seɛre, kyɛ ka o da yi laare pɔge a Africa ane France bonso a yielluŋ da taa kɔkɔkpoŋ kyɛ meele ne a   old-school rumba ane keyboard. A wagere ŋa poɔ ndombolo da yuo la sosoŋ a ko East Africa a zuoazaa Kenya, be la ka seɛre da gore kyɛ ka ba yuori meŋ yi bonso  "influx of waist-wriggling dancers". A Congolese gaŋga ŋmeɛrebɛ paaŋ da iri are la ba gbɛɛ poɔ a maŋ yoɔrɔ daa dire poɔ a deɛne koro ba a Western Kenya poɔ ane ndombolo yielluŋ ane a seɛre, a Kisumu tenne poɔ ane tenne a naŋ ŋmaa viiri o. A Awendo poɔ, Congolese yielluŋ ŋmeɛrebɛ aseŋ,  Super Mazembe, Eden Musica, T.P. Bilenge, Bikassy Mandeko Bijos, ane Banalola, ba naŋ ŋmeɛrɛ yiele. A Daily Nation, da ŋmɛ la duoro yaare ka, Kisumu pɔlɔ da de la a seɛre iruŋ ŋa, ba da taa laŋgbulo aseŋ Orchestra Mass System, ba noba da laŋ la taa a yi Congolese paaloŋ aseŋ La Sape ane excelled in the ndombolo seɛre iruŋ. A Congolese gaŋga ŋmeɛreɛbɛ aseŋ Chock Generation, Amite Musica, and Chachu La Musica, led by former Super Mazembe rhythm guitarist Loboko Bua Mangala, meŋ da bebe a saŋa na.
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1998 Sakyɔrɔ kyuu biri lezare ne awai daare, Olomide da e a  Congolese  yielluŋ ŋmeɛrɛ danweɛŋ soba naŋ da deɛne o yielluŋ deɛne a Olympia Hall ka o zaa paale Paris paaloŋ poɔ. A deɛne poɔ ndombolo yielluŋ da kyɛ la a be a vɛŋe ka a yielluŋ yuori paaŋ yi yaga. A 1998 Borenyɛ kyuu poɔ, A  Extra Musica naŋ yi Republic of the Congo da ŋmɛ o yielluŋ anaare soba *Etat-Major*, yielluŋ daga poɔ, o naŋ da vɛŋe ka ndombolo kpɛ bɔrefɔ kɔkɔre poɔ ka Africa tenne a yele. A yielluŋ yelbie e la yelbi-tɛɛtɛɛ naŋ lantaa kyɛ e noɔ.

Awilo Longomba meŋ tone la toŋkpeɛŋaa a vɛŋe ka ndombolo yielluŋ yi paale a West Africa poɔ. O yielluŋ iruŋ la "techno-soukouss", wulo la Soukous naŋ meele ne techno music(yielluŋ) paala naŋ be a ndombolo yielluŋ poɔ, maŋ tasɔga puli ne a electro, seɛre yiele, bee Afro zouk. A 1998, Longomba da la ŋmɛ la o yielluŋ daga ayi soba, ka a yelzu la *Coupé Bibamba*. O neŋ Jocelyne Béroard, la da laŋ ŋmɛ a yieluŋ ŋa, ka a yielluŋ laare pɔge a Africa ane Europe paaloŋ zaa ane a Africa koribili poore. A yielluŋ yelbie da meele la ka tatenne naŋ ŋmaa viiri a de a yielluŋ aseŋ, Yoruba ane Nigeria Pidgin. A yielluŋ daga Longomba da nyɛ la dadareba yaga a Lagos National Staduim poɔ. 2003 poɔ, Longomba da e a Congolese yielluŋ ŋmeɛrɛ danweɛŋ soba naŋ deɛne o yielluŋ deɛne a Nigeria's  Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium naŋ maŋ de noba 22,000 a Enugu poɔ, a yi onaŋ puoriŋ, Jolly Nyame Stadium naŋ be Jalingo poɔ meŋ maŋ de noba 30,000, la e a  Congolese yielluŋ ŋmeɛrɛ danweɛŋ soba yuori naŋ yi a Nigeria paaloŋ poɔ.

Général Defao da e la ndombolo ŋmeɛrɛ naŋ ŋmɛ ndombolo te ta eŋ East Africa poɔ, A yelŋa eebo da e a 1998 yuoni poɔ a da deweɛŋ a  "Copinage", "Sam Samitanga", "Agence courage", "Maintenance", "Sala Noki", ane "Nakusema Nikutaka", featuring Suke Chile eŋɛ. A yuoni na poɔ onaŋ da deɛne a Mombasa poɔ, yi a gaa Nairobi ane Kisumu. A wagere na poɔ la ka Papa Wemba deɛne a  Nairobi's Carnivore restaurant ka o Viva La Musica paale o eŋɛ. 

A 1999 yuoni poɔ, Wenge Musica Maison Mère da ŋmɛ la ndombolo yielluŋ daga ka o yelzu di Solola Bien!, o meŋ da nyɛ la a salima kyɔɔtaa kyɛ meŋ nyɛ veɛloŋ a Africa ane France poɔ. O neŋ  Ferré Gola's "Vita Imana" la da laŋ ŋmɛ a yielluŋ kaŋa, ka yielluŋ yi paale  a France zaa. Wenge Musica Maison Mère's yielluŋ "Augustine" da paale la a Congo seɛre yiele anuu na poɔ a French pan-African daa gbuli zaa duori ŋmɛyaara, Jeune Afrique naŋ sore.

### Kuduro
A Angolan music genre meŋ naŋ e kuduro da taa la leɛroo neŋ influence ko ndombolo, Gbɛɛ gyamaa maŋ kyaare *andamento ndombolo*, yelkaama poɔ "walking ndombolo", a signature movement meŋ naŋ taa toma naŋ e flexible stylistic component a be kuduro choreography. A be ndombolo's defining characteristics, aseŋ a intricate, rapid footwork ane continuous shifts ko tegroŋ naŋ beebe a  steps often mimic exaggerated walking patterns, bayi zaa taa legs swinging dramatically forward ane backward naŋ be extended motions.A locomotive pattern maale pukyaare la semantic nuance ko *andamento*, naŋ leɛre eŋ "walking" a Portuguese.

## Sommo Yizie