Jim Crow Laws

**Jim crow Laws** da iya begiri ang da bi a United States paaluu a baarong saŋa 19th ane a piiluu saŋa a 20th centuries nang da wanne a racial segregation, "Jim Crow" o na da e pejorative ko nensɔgele. A baara ko a  Jim Crow laws da nang leɛre la a 1965. Formal ane  informal racial segregation policies da be la a ziiri mine nang be a United States neng a lɛ zaa, ane gba states mine nang ba paale a South da ba sage feretaalong a kpeɛbo poɔ aqne vootu yeltare. Southern mere da nang be la a white-dominated state legislatures (Redeemers) ko a disenfranchise kyɛ iri a political ane economic nyaabo ko a African Americans a meɛbo wagere poɔ. A ana nang da nang gɛrɛ nimitɔɔre a racial segregation meng da nyɛ la sommo yi Lily-white movement.

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## Nimitɔɔre kannoo

*
* Ayers, Edward L. *The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction.* New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 
* Barnes, Catherine A. *Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit.* New York: Columbia University Press, 1983. 
* Bartley, Numan V. *The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s.* Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1969.
* Bond, Horace Mann. "The Extent and Character of Separate Schools in the United States." *Journal of Negro Education* vol. 4 (July 1935), pp. 321–327.
* Brown, Nikki L.M., and Barry M. Stentiford, eds. *The Jim Crow Encyclopedia* (Greenwood, 2008)
* Chin, Gabriel, and Karthikeyan, Hrishi. *Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asians, 1910 to 1950*, 9 Asian L.J. 1 (2002)
* Campbell, Nedra. *More Justice, More Peace: The Black Person's Guide to the American Legal System*. Lawrence Hill Books, 2002. 
* Cole, Stephanie and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), *The Folly of Jim Crow: Rethinking the Segregated South*. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2012. 
* Dailey, Jane; Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth and Simon, Bryant (eds.), *Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. 
* Fairclough, Adam. "'Being in the Field of Education and Also Being a Negro ... Seems ... Tragic': Black Teachers in the Jim Crow South." *The Journal of American History* vol. 87 (June 2000), pp. 65–91.
* Feldman, Glenn. *Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949*. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1999. 
* Fireside, Harvey. *Separate and Unequal: Homer Plessy and the Supreme Court Decision That Legalized Racism*. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003. 
* Foner, Eric. *Reconstruction, America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877*. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. 
* Gaines, Kevin. *Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century*. University of North Carolina Press, 1996. 
* Gaston, Paul M. *The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.
* Gates, Henry Louis Jr. *Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow*. New York: Penguin Press, 2019. 
* Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. *Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920*. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. 
* Griffin, John Howard. *Black Like Me*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1961.
* Haws, Robert, ed. *The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890–1945* University Press of Mississippi, 1978.
* Hackney, Sheldon. *Populism to Progressivism in Alabama*. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969.
* Johnson, Charles S. *Patterns of Negro Segregation*. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943.
* Klarman, Michael J. *From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality*. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 
* Litwack, Leon F. *Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow*. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. 
* Lopez, Ian F. Haney. "A nation of minorities": race, ethnicity, and reactionary colorblindness. *Stanford Law Review*, February 1, 2007.
* Kantrowitz, Stephen. *Ben Tillman & the Reconstruction of White Supremacy* (2000)
* McMillen, Neil R. *Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow*. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
* Medley, Keith Weldon. *We As Freemen: Plessy v. Ferguson*. Pelican. March, 2003.
* Murray, Pauli. *States' Law on Race and Color*. University of Georgia Press. 2d ed. 1997 (Davison Douglas ed.). 
* Myrdal, Gunnar. *An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.* New York: Harper and Row, 1944.
* Newby, I.A. *Jim Crow's Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930.* Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1965.
*
* Percy, William Alexander. *Lanterns on the Levee: Recollections of a Planter's Son.* 1941. Reprint, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.
* Pye, David Kenneth. "Complex Relations: An African-American Attorney Navigates Jim Crow Atlanta". *Georgia Historical Quarterly*, Winter 2007, vol. 91, issue 4, 453–477.
* Rabinowitz, Howard N. *Race Relations in the Urban South, 1856–1890* (1978)
* Smith, J. Douglas. *Managing: Race, Politics, and Citizenship in Jim Crow Virginia* University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
* Smith, J. Douglas. "The Campaign for Racial Purity and the Erosion of Paternalism in Virginia, 1922–1930: "Nominally White, Biologically Mixed, and Legally Negro." *Journal of Southern History* vol. 68 (February 2002), pp. 65–106.
* Smith, J. Douglas. "Patrolling the Boundaries of Race: Motion Picture Censorship and Jim Crow in Virginia, 1922–1932." *Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television* 21 (August 2001): 273–91.
* Sterner, Richard [sv]. *The Negro's Share* (1943) detailed statistics
*
* Wood, Amy Louise and Natalie J. Ring (eds.), *Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South.* Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2019.
* Woodward, C. Vann. *The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Brief Account of Segregation*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955.
* Woodward, C. Vann. *The Origins of the New South: 1877–1913*. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1951. online

### Sports

*
* Demas, Lane. “Beyond Jackie Robinson: Racial Integration in American College Football and New Directions in Sport History.” *History Compass* 5.2 (2007): 675–90.
* Essington, Amy. *The Integration of the Pacific Coast League: Race and Baseball on the West Coast* (U of Nebraska Press, 2018).
* Hawkins, Billy. *The new plantation: Black athletes, college sports, and predominantly white NCAA institutions* (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
* Clement, Rufus E. "Racial integration in the field of sports." *Journal of Negro Education* 23.3 (1954): 222– online
* Fitzpatrick, Frank. *And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: The Basketball Game That Changed American Sports* (2000)
* Hutchison, Phillip. "The legend of Texas Western: journalism and the epic sports spectacle that wasn't." *Critical Studies in Media Communication* 33.2 (2016): 154–67.
* Lopez, Katherine. *Cougars of Any Color: The Integration of University of Houston Athletics, 1964–1968* (McFarland, 2008).
* Martin, Charles H. "Jim Crow in the gymnasium: the integration of college basketball in the American South." *International Journal of the History of Sport* 10.1 (1993): 68–86.
* Miller, Patrick B. "Slouching toward a new expediency: College football and the color line during the depression decade" *American Studies* 40.3 (1999): 5–30.
* Pennington, Richard. *Breaking the Ice: The Racial Integration of Southwest Conference Football* (McFarland, 1987).
* Romero, Francine Sanders. "'There are only white champions': The rise and demise of segregated boxing in Texas." *Southwestern Historical Quarterly* 108.1 (2004): 26–41. online
* Sacks, Marcy S. *Joe Louis: Sports and Race in Twentieth-Century America* (Routledge, 2018).
* Spivey, Donald. "The black athlete in big-time intercollegiate sports, 1941–1968." *Phylon* 44.2 (1983): 116–25. online Archived March 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
* White, Derrick E. "From desegregation to integration: Race, football, and 'Dixie' at the University of Florida" *Florida Historical Quarterly* 88.4 (2010): 469–96.

## Ziiri mine liŋkiri
Library resources about

**Jim Crow laws**
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* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

**Jim Crow laws**at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
* Jim Crow and Reconstruction
* The History of Jim Crow, Ronald L. F. Davis – A series of essays on the history of Jim Crow. Archive index at the Wayback Machine
** Creating Jim Crow – Origins of the term and system of laws.
** Racial Etiquette: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior in Jim Crow America – The basics of Jim Crow etiquette.
* "You Don't Have to Ride Jim Crow!" PBS documentary on first Freedom Ride, in 1947.
* List of laws enacted in various states
* Ferris University page about Jim Crow
* [1]*Voices on Antisemitism* Interview with David Pilgrim, founder of Jim Crow Museum] Archived May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine from the US Holocaust Memorial Museum
* Jim Crow Era, History in the Key of Jazz, Gerald Early, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (esp. see section "Jim Crow is Born")
* Examples of Jim Crow laws
* Reports of the Death of Jim Crow Prove Greatly Exaggerated. Bill Morris, *The Daily Beast*.
* Jim Crow Signs at A History of Central Florida Podcast
* Black Justice – American Civil Liberties Union, 1931

## Sommo Yizie