African-American Vernacular English

**African-American Vernacular English** (**AAVE**) nyɛla Siliminsili balibu ka bɛ tɔɣisiri li, di bahi bahindi fɔna ni, ban tɔɣisirili n-nyɛ ban tumdi mini "middle-class African Americans" ni Canada gbansabili shɛba. Di malila din maŋmaŋ bachinima pɛbu, bachi gansi, ni di nahingbana, AAVE nyɛla "middle-class Black Americans" ni mali shɛli kuri bukaata ni alizama dibu taba sunsuuni. Amaa, di yi kana ninvuɣ'kara alizama di n-ti ni, ban tɔɣisiri li taɣiri la Siliminsi din nyɛ yɛlimaŋli, amaa ka leei chɛri "vernacular" (ni bi zani dede) "accent" zaana. AAVE nyɛla din yɛligi United States, amaa di dii pala "African Americans" zaa balli, lala n lahi nyɛli ka ban tɔɣisirili zaa pa African American.

Kamani African-American English balibu, African-American Vernacular English wuligimi gili regional dialects of the Southern United States, ni di bahi bahindi "older Southern American English", ka di nyɛ  African Americans daba taarihi lala yaɣa maa.

Bala baŋdiba nyɛla waliginsim bela AAVE, West African bala ni, mini "English-based creole languages" ni, yaha shɛba lahi lihimi ka AAVE nyɛ English din bi zani di naba zuɣu bali shɛli di ni niŋ ka Southern Colonies mini bahigu Southern United States nima tɔɣisirili la. Amaa, ka bala baŋdiba shɛba gba ŋme nangbankpeeni ni di shɛli tabi la "African creole languages" di tɔɣisiri dunia yaɣa, din waligi ka che Siliminsili balli, pɔi ka naan yi wuligi gili.

## Pilli
African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) ni tooi nyɛ "dialect, ethnolect, ni sociolect". Di ni niŋ ka kahigibu din yi polo wuhi ni biɛhigu be AAVE mini "earlier Southern U.S. dialects" sunsuuni la, AAVE ni pili luɣ'shɛŋa na nyɛla nagbankpeeni.

Bala baŋdiba ni zaya sh~m zaŋ kpa AAVE nyɛla di  nyɛla English yaɣ'shɛli, ka di wuhiri ni di yimina tuuli English yaɣa ni amaa ka ni "English-based creole languages" ni,  "decreolized" labi ti kpe Siliminsili ni. 2000s piligu, Shana Poplack daa yina ni shɛhira (shɛhira din yina sabbu ni) din yina Samaná mini Nova Scotia AAVE-tɔɣisiriba ban daa looi  ka di wuhiri ni AAVE daa nyɛla din miri British bala yaɣ'shɛŋa n gari AAVE American bala yaɣ'shɛŋa.

Bala baŋda John McWhorter na kuli zami ni West African bala zaŋti AAVE nyɛla din pɔra. Bɛ ni daa bɔhi o bɔhisi National Public Radio's *Talk of the Nation*, McWhorter characterized AAVE ni.

Amaa,"creole theory", dii bi saɣiti bala baŋdiba ni yɛli shɛm, bɛ ʒimi ni AAVE yimina "creole languages" shɛŋa African daba ni mali tumdi  ni "Atlantic slave trade", ka di nyɛla daba ŋɔ daa tɔɣisirila bali bɔbigu ka bɛ daa bo so'shɛli din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi diri fiila tiri taba mini fiila di n-ti ban gbahiba daba maa na. Lahabali maa ni wuhi shɛm, daa tumi yina ni "pidgins": bali-bɔbigu zaŋ laɣim taba.  Zaŋ kana yuuni 1715, African pidgin daa nyɛla Daniel Defoe ni yina ni shɛli, dini n-nyɛ, *[[The Life of Colonel Jacque]]*.

## Fɔnoloji

Bɔlibu nahingbana pam nyɛla din wɔligi AAVE ka che American English (di bahi bahindi, General American). McWhorter yɛliya ni binshɛɣu din laɣim "AAVE bala nyɛla kukoli bɔlibu bee "kumsi", da bɔri nahingbana n-tiri  "din bi zani ti yaɣ'shɛli" bee n-neeri African-American bala. 

### Vaawulinima

## Grammar
### Tense and aspect
Di mini AAVE dii ka "simple past-tense" zaa yoli, "marker" zaŋti English (dini n-nyɛ, *-ed* zaŋti "work*ed*"), di ka suhuyurilim pubu n-ti yaɣa dibaa anahi zaŋti "past tense" mini pubu dibaayi zaŋti "future tense". Lala balli yaɣili ŋɔ malila "tense–aspect–mood" "markers" n-laɣindi "predicate phrase", n-ti tabili "*gon"* bee "*gonna"*  (future tense), "*done"* (completive aspect), "*be"* (habitual aspect, state of being), n-ti pahi "*been"* (durative aspect). Din bɔŋɔ nima nyɛla din ni tooi tum ni waligibu be zaŋ laɣim taba.

## Lihi pahi

* Africanisms
* African American English
* Glossary of jive talk
* Gullah language
* ''Is''-leveling
* Languages of the United States
* North American English regional phonology
* Northern Subject Rule
* Brittonicisms in English

## Noosi

## Kundivihira

### Bibliography

* 
*
*
* 
*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* *Dictionary of American Regional English.* 5 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985–. 
* 
* 
* 
*
*
*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
* 
*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
*
* 
* 
*
*
* 
* 
* 
*
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Further reading

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*