Berlin Conference

**Berlin Conference** din daa niŋ yuuni 1884–1885 daa nyɛla yaɣili din daa laɣim n-ti  colonial powers  ka daa naagi ni bɛ daa dihi nuhi **General Act of Berlin**, Di daa nyɛla alikawli din daa kpɛŋ n-ti Europe tiŋgbani nima ni bɛ Africa daabilim New Imperialism saha. Laɣingu maa daa nyɛla tiŋgbani nima pia ni anahi ka bƐ daa laɣim ni, ka di daa nyɛla Otto von Bismarck,ŋun daa nyɛ tuuli chancellor of Germany, ni Leopold II of Belgium.tiŋgbani soli ni. November biɛɣu pishi ayi ka dali yuuni 1884, ka bi daa pili adjournment, ka daa naagi silimiin goli February biɛɣu pishi ayɔbu dali yuuni 1885 ni bɛ daa dihi nuhi General Act zuɣu.

## References

## Sources
* Chamberlain, Muriel E. (2014). *The Scramble for Africa*. London: Longman, 1974, 4th edn. .
*Craven, M. 2015. "Between law and history: the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the logic of free trade." *London Review of International Law* 3, 31–59.
* Crowe, Sybil E. (1942). *The Berlin West African Conference, 1884–1885*. New York: Longmans, Green.  (1981, New ed. edition).
* Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds. *Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition* (Oxford University Press, 1988) online; 30 topical chapters by experts.
* Hochschild, Adam (1999). *King Leopold's Ghost*. .
*Katzenellenbogen, S. 1996. It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries. In Nugent, P. and Asiwaju, A. I. (Eds.), *African boundaries: Barriers, conduits and opportunities*. pp.&nbsp;21–34. London: Pinter.
* Petringa, Maria (2006). *Brazza, A Life for Africa*. .
* Lorin, Amaury, and de Gemeaux, Christine, eds., *L'Europe coloniale et le grand tournant de la Conférence de Berlin (1884–1885)*, Paris, Le Manuscrit, coll. "Carrefours d'empires", 2013, 380 p.

## Further reading
* Craven, Matthew. *The invention of a tradition: Westlake, the Berlin Conference and the historicisation of international law* (Klosterman, 2012).
* Leon, Daniel De (1886). "The Conference at Berlin on the West-African Question". *Political Science Quarterly* **1**(1).
* Förster, Susanne, et al. "Negotiating German colonial heritage in Berlin's Afrikanisches Viertel." *International Journal of Heritage Studies* 22.7 (2016): 515–529.
* Frankema, Ewout, Jeffrey G. Williamson, and P. J. Woltjer. "An economic rationale for the West African scramble? The commercial transition and the commodity price boom of 1835–1885." *Journal of Economic History* (2018): 231–267. online
* Harlow, Barbara, and Mia Carter, eds. *Archives of Empire: Volume 2. The Scramble for Africa* (Duke University Press, 2020).
* Mulligan, William. "The Anti-slave Trade Campaign in Europe, 1888–90." in *A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century* (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2013). 149–170 online .
* Nuzzo, Luigi (2012), Colonial Law, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History . Retrieved 25 March 2021 (pdf).
* Rodney, Walter. *How Europe Underdeveloped Africa* (1972) –
* Shepperson, George. "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884–1885." *Phylon* 46#1 (1985), pp.&nbsp;37–48. online
* Vanthemsche, Guy. *Belgium and the Congo, 1885–1980* (Cambridge University Press, 2012). 289 pp. ISBN 978-0-521-19421-1
* Waller, Bruce. *Bismarck at the crossroads: the reorientation of German foreign policy after the Congress of Berlin, 1878–1880* (1974) online
* Yao, Joanne (2022). "". *International Organization.*

## External links

* "The Berlin Conference", BBC *In Our Time*
* General Act of the Berlin Conference. South African History Online.