Shinkafa

**Shinkaafa** nyɛla mochi din nyɛ bindirigu zaŋ ti dunia tiŋgbani vaabun kamani yim zuɣu, di bahi bahindi Asia mini Africa. Shinkaafa nyɛla binbiɛlim din yina mɔri zula *[[Oryza sativa]] ni na* (Asian shinkaafa)—bee, din dii bi niŋ bayana n-nyɛ, *[[Oryza glaberrima]]* (Africa shinkaafa). Asia shinkaafa daa tuumi kpe China yuma din gbaai kamani yuun tuhi pia ni ata ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ tussanni ni kɔbishii; Africa shinkaafa daa kpela Africa kamani yuun kɔbisita din gari la. Shinkafa nyɛla din niŋ bayana dunia yaɣa; yuuni 2021,  kpalansi miliyɔŋ kɔbisiyopɔin ni pihini ni ayopɔin ka bɛ daa ko n-kpuɣi, ka di daa doni bunahi lache mini kariwana ni "wheat" nyaaŋ. Shinkafa vaabu 8% ko n-niŋdi daabiligu chani tiŋ'duya. China, India, ni Indonesia n-nyɛ ban diri shinkafa pam. Tiŋgbana din na lɛbiri ni shikaafa bahiri yoli di kpuɣibu saha ka di nyɛla bɛ niŋdi shɛm ʒirili kuni yiŋa mini bɛ ni zani li shɛm. Binnɛma mini shinkaafa dɔriti nyɛla din labisiri shinkaafa kpuɣibu nyaaŋa.  

Shinkafa balibu nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri shɛli ni di kpaŋsi shinkafa nab'bu.Tabiibi baŋdiba yimina ni shinkaafa din niŋdi pam di yi niŋ ka di nyɛ kulim viɛnyɛla. Shinkaafa lahi nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli maani tima n-tiri daadama nima. 

Bɛ nɛmdila shinkafa yihiri di pɔɣiri ka cheri di biɛlim. ka bɛ kɔɣiri shɛli, ka di che ka di duɣibu bi tɔ. Shinkaafa nyɛla alaafee bindirigu amaa di ka alaafee yɛlibɔra zaa. Shinkaafa balibu pam beni ka niriba diri li. Shinkafa yi duɣi di bi kabisiri a; ka bɛ mali li duɣiri bindiri nyaɣisa balibu, Italy tiŋgbani ni ka bɛ mali li niŋdi risotto; ka bɛ mali shinkafa biɛlim din bi waɣiwaɣi maani Japanese sushi pirim la di ni bɛ taɣiri nahingbaŋ di yi dɣi naai la zuɣu. Shinkafa piɛli yi duɣi di malila "carbohydrate" vaabu 29% ni alaafee yɛlibɔra vaabu 2%, ni "manganese" shɛli." Golden rice" nyɛla tabiibi nima ni maani shɛli ka di mali "vitamin A".

Vihigu wuhiya ni tiŋgbani nama tɛri taɣibu nyɛla din yɛn dam shinkaafa ko n-kpuɣi. Ninsalisili kaya ni taɣada ni, shinkaafa mali tuuntumsa adiininima ni kaya ni taɣada ni, kamani amiliya nima ni.

## Buɣisibu

Shinkaafa ni tooi zooi paai kamani waɣilim ; di yi be kom pam ni, di ni tooi zooi paai kamani  . Shinkaafa bili yini ni tooi niŋ bili bɔbigu. di yi zoora di niŋdila jila jila; ka va'waɣinli yiri jili kam ni. Di maŋmaŋa ni niŋdi fulaawasi shɛli ni ka di wanda, fulaawasi paɣa din yirina ni bahigu jilli ni di nyoli ni. Shinkaafa yilli ni tooi mali paai biɛli kɔbisita ni pihinu, ka di zaa mali fulaawasi paɣab ni dobba ("anthers and ovule"). Fulaawasi nyaŋ din dɔgiri yirimina caryopsis ni.

Shinkaafa nyɛla binʒi din be "Poaceae" zuliya ni. Di ni nyɛ binbirili din biriti tiŋgbani ni la, di ni too ko luɣili  din kuui mini din mahi shee din dee yi niŋ ka kom ni tooi saɣili. Di tooi nyɛla bɛ ni kɔri shɛli yuuni yuuni, amaa kom ni be luɣ'shɛli di ni tooi niŋ saha kam.


File:Koeh-232.jpg|Anatomy of rice flowers: spikelet (left), plant with tillers (centre), caryopsis (top right), panicle (right)
File:Oryza sativa of Kadavoor.jpg|Detail of rice plant showing flowers grouped in panicle. Male anthers protrude into the air where they can disperse their pollen.


## Agronomy

### Kɔbu

Kamani binbila zaa, shikaafa zoorila kom mini kom ni ka shɛli. Di doli tankpa shɛli ni di ni ko, tiŋgbani din do tiŋa bee din du zuɣusaa, saa ni miri shɛm bee kom ni yɔɣirili shɛm, tulim bee maasim, dabisili waɣilim, wuntaŋ din kperi li.

Shikaafa bihi ni to sa luɣ'shɛli polo di ni yɛn tooi baai, bee di ni tooi biri shinkaafa ʒi ka sibili chaŋ n-ti sa luɣ'shɛli polo. Biɛlim bɔri ni di paai kamani 60 zaŋ chaŋ 80 kg yiika kam zuɣu ni, amaa ka di sabu ŋun leei bɔri biɛla, kamani 40 kg yiika kam zuɣu ni, amaa ka leei bɔri saha bee tuma pam.  Shikaafa din be Asia nyɛla bɛ ni sari shɛli nuuni. Maʒina zaŋ sa shikaafa nyɛla din dii bi diri saha. Shinkaafa dii bi niŋdi nyɛvuli di yi niŋ ka labi sibigi zooi din ni. Shinkaafa ni tooi zooi tiŋgbana yaɣa pam, ka lee doli kom din be ni. Tiŋgbana din siɣi ni, bɛ kɔrila vuɣisi taɣiri kom sɔ`ndi shikaafa puri ni; di bɔri la kom pam. ka di delibu mi je kom.  Shinkaafa din bɔri kom pam ni tooi dee kom ziliŋ kamani "50 centimetres" m-paai kamani goli. Shnkaafa din bɔri kukɔɣu di je kom, kamani zoya ni bee kunkuna shee; di bɔrila kom kamani kariwana la.


File:Kerbau Jawa.jpg|Ploughing a rice terrace with water buffaloes in Java
File:Cambodian farmers planting rice.jpg|Farmers planting rice by hand in Cambodia
File:Rice-planting-machine 2,katori-city,japan.JPG|Mechanised rice planting in Japan
File:Pana Banaue Rice Terraces (Cropped).jpg|Ancient mountainside rice terraces at Banaue, Philippines


### Chebu

Asia yaɣa zaa, shinkaafa din bi nɛm bee "paddy" (Indonesian mini Malay ), n-daa nyɛ ban dii bi kori pampam shinkaafa, ka bɛ cherili nuu ni. Pu'kara nima cherimi ni kombaanima din yɛn che ka bɛ tuma baligi. Shinkfaafa saɣirila chebu di yi niŋ ka di kuui paai kamani 20–25%. Shinkafa kpuɣibu chanimi ni di chebu, laɣisi sɔŋ, bubu, ni yɛlibu. Shinkaafa biɛlim nyɛla bɛ ni deeni shɛli din yɛn che ka di kuui ka binnnema ku lahi tooi saɣim li. Bɛ tooi deeni la shinkaafa wuntaŋa, ka yarigi biɛlim maa pa binyɛra zuɣu.


File:Rice-combine-harvester, Katori-city, Japan.jpg|Rice combine harvester in Chiba Prefecture, Japan 
File:Rice farmers Mae Wang Chiang Mai Province.jpg|After the harvest, rice straw is gathered in the traditional way from small paddy fields in Mae Wang, Thailand
File:NP India burning 48 (6315309342).jpg|Burning of rice residues to prepare the land for wheat planting in Sangrur, India
File:Nellu.JPG|Drying rice in Peravoor, India

## Evolution

### Phylogeny

Shinkaafa din diri balibu bela "BOP clade" ni mɔri zuliya ni, "Poaceae". Shinkaafa maa zuliya shɛli, Oryzoideae, nyɛla "bamboos" mabia, Bambusoideae, ni bin ʒi zuliya din nyɛ Pooideae. Shinkaafa zuliya shɛli, *Oryza,* nyɛla Oryzeae balibu pia ni yini puuni shɛli; di mabia n-nyɛPhyllorachideae. Shinkaafa bali *O. sativa din diri mini* *O. glaberrima* nyɛla din bee balibu kɔbisita puuni shɛli ni.

### Taarihi

*Shinkaafa din nyɛ [[Oryza sativa]]* nyɛla China nima ni daa tuu pili shɛli yuun tusaawɔin din gari ha polo, ban daa pili li n-nyɛ Neolithic niriba ban be Upper mini Lower Yangtze, ban miri ban tɔɣisiri  Hmong-Mien mini pre-Austronesians, zaŋ doli taba. Shinkaafa balli din nyɛ *indica* mini *[[Japonica rice |japonica]]* zaŋ ti Asianyɛla din yina China shinkaafa bali yini din nyɛ *[[Oryza rufipogon]] puuni*. Lala shɛhira ŋɔ nyaaŋa, di wuhiya ni *indica* shikaafa pilila *japonica* ni daa kpe India kamani yuun tusaanahi ni kɔbisinu din gari la ka bɛ che ka di mini shinkaafa shɛli laɣim taba namshɛli, Di ni tooi nyɛ "proto-*indica"* bee "wild *[[Oryza nivara |O. nivara]]" din daa ka yiŋa*. 

Shinkaafa daa tuumi kpe Sino-Tibetan kaya ni taɣada ni northern China kamani yuun tusaayɔbu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisiyɔbu din gari, ka kpe Korean peninsula minji Japan kamani yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaata ni kɔbishii din gari. Bɛ daa lahi ʒili kpe Taiwan, Dapenkeng n-daa ʒili kpe kamani yuun tusaanu ni kɔbisinu zaŋ chaŋ yuun tusaanahi din gari la, ka daa naan yi niŋ bayana south polo ka di nyɛla  Austronesia yaakoro niŋdiba n-daa ʒili kpe Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, ni Guam, amaa ka daa bi niŋ nyɛvuli Pacific polo.Di paai la Austroasiatic mini Kra-Dai zuliyanima ban be Mainland Southeast Asia mini southern China kamani yuun tusaanu din gari la. 

Shinkaafa yɛligila dunia yaɣa ka di nyɛla bɛ ni korili shɛm ni, yaakoro ni daabiligu, ka di America paabu ni tooi nyɛ Columbia nima binyɛra taɣibu ni yuuni 1492. *[[Oryza glaberrima]]*  din dii bi lahi niŋ bayana (Gbansabila shinkaafa) daa nyɛla din be Africako yuun tusaata din gari la, ka Spanish daa ʒili kpe America polo.

## Daabiligu

### Malibu

Yuuni 2021, dunia shinkafa daa yiɣisila 787 million tonnes, China mini India n-daa be tooni ni vaabu 52% lala kalinli maa puuni. Binbila ni di daa byɛla din doni bunahi zuɣu, dakanda, kariwana, ni "wheat" nuu daa yi yi. Ban daa lahi koli pam n-daa nyɛ Bangladesh, Indonesia ni Vietnam. vaabu 90% yirila Asia na.


File:Production of rice (2019).svg|Production of rice (2021)
File:World Production Of Primary Crops, Main Commodities.svg|Tum yuuni 2000, shinkaafa kɔbu nyɛla din kpaŋsi,amaa ka di niŋbu leei siɣi tiŋa. 


### Kpuɣibu taarihi
Dunia shikaafa ko n-kpuɣu taarihi daa nyɛla "", yuuni 2022. Yuan Longping zaŋ ti China's National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center daa zalila dunia shinkaafa ho n-kpuɣi taarihi yuuni 1999 ni " "  polo shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ buɣisi puuni. din bɔŋɔ daa ʒi shinkaafa balibu zaɣ'pala na ni "System of Rice Intensification" (SRI), shinkaafa kɔbu kaŋkali shɛli.

### Bindirigu sɔŋsim
Di n yɛla bindiri kpani Asia, Latin America,  ni Africa yaɣ'shɛŋa, ka dihiri gari dunia ninsali biɛlim pubu yim. Amaa, amaa di shɛŋ tooi kpalindi mɔri ni di kpuɣibu ni, zalibu ni, ni nɛmbu shee. Di pirigili gba mi pirigili nyɛla din barigiri Nigeria di kpuɣibu nyaaŋa. Di ni saɣindi shɛm n-nyɛ binnɛma saɣimbu  din deei yi niŋ ka shinkaafa maa bi kuui viɛnyɛla. China tiŋgbani ni, ʒmaamani kpalansi ni bariginu daa nyɛla 0.2%,zaŋ ŋmahindi  vaabu 7–13% saha shɛli bɛ ni daa na kuli zaani nadaa zalibu yinsi ni.

### Processing
Bɛ nɛmdi li mi n-yihiri di pɔɣir, di pɔgiri mini di biɛlim. Di ni tooi yihi yim, buyi, bee nembu so'bɔbigu, di puɣisibu, waligibu, polipoli niŋbu, ni zahimbu. Shinkaafa din nahingbaŋ nyɛ zaɣ'tankpaɣu ka di pɔɣiri bi diri nyɛla bɛ ni puɣisiri shɛli. Ka bɛ naan yi lahi labi mali li ka di nini neei. "Parboiled rice"  nyɛla bɛ ni kɔɣiri shɛli pɔi ka naan yi nɛmdi li. Di chemi kabiɛlim maa kpaŋda, ka alaafee yɛlibɔra din be pɔɣu maa ni nyɛla din kperi biɛlim maa ni.  Shinkaafa nyɛla bindiri suŋ din mali alaafee zaŋ ti dunia nima pam,  amaa di ka laafee yɛlibɔra zaa.
File:Rice Animation.gif|Rice processing removes one or more layers to create marketable products.  A: Rice with chaffB: Brown riceC: Rice with germD: White rice with bran residueE: Polished(1): Chaff(2): Bran(3): Bran residue(4): Cereal germ(5): Endosperm 
File:Stages of rice milling.jpg|Unmilled to milled Japanese rice, from left to right, brown rice, rice with germ, white rice


### Daabiligu niŋbu

Shinkaafa din niŋdi daabiligu pɔri gari bɛ ni kɔri kpuɣiri shɛli, din kuli duri tiŋduya ti ka di nyɛ daabiligu ku paai kamani vaabu 8%. China, ban daa mali shinkaafa duri tiŋ'duya 2000s piligu ha, n-daa nyɛ ban da shinkaafa kpe bɛ ya pam yuuni 2013. Tinsi din na lɛbigiri ni ka shinkaafa mali yaa; kamani zaŋ kana yuuni 2012, India n-daa nyɛ tiŋgbani din yihi shinkaafa ti tinsi pam, ka Thailand mini Vietnam mini tiŋ'shɛŋa naan yi pahi.

## Bindirigu

### Dibu taɣimalisi

Shinkaafa nyɛla bindiri shɛli bɛ ni diri dunia yaɣa pam. Shinkaafa balibu pula zaɣi jihi, zaɣ'waɣila, ni din be su sunsuuni. *Oryza sativa indica* balibu nyɛla din biɛlim tooi waɣa; *Oryza sativa japonica* balibu tooi nyɛla zaɣ'jihi- bee din be sunsuuni. Shinkaafa din belim ji, gbaai yihi Spanish Bomba, tooi zoola shinkaafa din nyɔɣiri taba di yi duɣi. Thai Jasmine rice nyɛla shinkaafa din belim waɣa, ka bala. Indian Basmati rice nyɛla din belim waɣi pam. Italian Arborio rice, bɛ ni mali shɛli m-maani risotto, nyɛla din dii bi waɣa ka mi bi ji, zaɣ'mɔɣiliŋ, ka dabisi bela. Japanese sushi nyɛla din ji ka nyɔɣiri taba.

### Alaafee

Shinkaafa piɛli din duɣi malila kom vaabu 69% , 29% carbohydrates, 2% protein, ka mali "negligible fat (table)". Shɛhira din daa niŋ ni shinkaafa piɛlli din daa duɣi , daa malila "130 calories" din pahiri yaa, ka mali manganese (18% DV), ka alaafee yɛlibɔra din nyɛ zaɣ'bihibihi mi bi paai 10% di ni tooi ti dabisili puuni.
Yuuni 2018, World Health Organization daa paŋsimi ni bɛ pahimi shinkaafa ni "iron", ka lahi yɛli ni bɛ ni tooi lahi pahili vitamin A ni folic acid.

### Golden rice

Di nyɛla shinaafa shɛli bɛ ni maani ni tabiibi, ka di mali vitamin A, shinkaafa maa pɔɣiri din pɔbi di puuni. Di niya nyɛla niriba diri li luɣ'shɛŋa Vitamin A dɔro ni mali yaa. Golden rice nyɛla ye'duhiriba ni bi saɣiti shɛli, kamani Philippines. Yuuni 2016 "Nobel laureates" daa gari kɔbiga kpaŋsi "genetically modified organisms"zaŋ ku bukaata, kamani golden rice, ka di nyɛl;a anfaani shƐli di ni yɛn tooi ʒina zuɣu.

## Ninsalinima kaya ni taɣada ni

Shinkaafa nyɛla din mali bukaata adiini mini biɛhigu ni dihitabili ni pam. Hindu amiliya nima niŋbu ni, shinaafa, din wuhiri dɔɣim, toontibo, ni kasi, nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli labiri niŋdi tabiibi buɣim ni, taɣada din niɣim ʒaamani amiliyanima ni, ka niriba labiri shinkaafa. Malay amiliyanima niŋbu ni, shinkaafa nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli m-pahiri bindira pam. Japan mini Philippines, shinkaafa daam nyɛla din pahiri amiliyanima mini laɣin shɛŋa ni. Dewi Sri nyɛla buɣ'bili zaŋ ti Indo-Malaysian archipelago, a obi tɛhiri ni di nyɛla din leeri shinkaafa mini bindiri shɛŋa. Shinkaafa kobu Asia tiŋgbana ni mini Nepal ni Cambodia nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli ni kɔbu chuɣu puhibu.

## Lihi pahi

* Artificial rice
* Direct seeded rice
* List of rice dishes
* Rice Belt  

## Karim pahi
 
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## Kundivihira