open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Islamic views on slavery

**Islamic views on slavery** zanimi ti tɛhi bɔbigu din jendi Musulinsi Adiini, ka Musulinsi ADiini laɣinsi pam kahigiri bɛ tɛha zaŋ kpa di polo. Daba dabu daa nyɛla din zooi pre-Islamic Arabia saha  mini tiŋgbana din ba`gi li. Quran mini *[[hadith]]* (Muhammad ni yɛli shɛm) nyɛla di darigi yɛligi daba yɛltɔɣa, ka nya ka di nyɛ din be bi~higu ni ka leei mali tarisi. Islamic law rsaɣimi ti daba ban pa mMuslinima gbahibu bee bɛ ni daa shɛba ka di pa Musulinsi ni, bee ban nyɛ ban be dab'lim ni ni dɔɣi shɛba.

### Contemporary
Zaŋ chaŋ 1950s–1960s, Musulinima pam daa saɣimi ti ni bɛ kari daba dabu.

 

Yuuni 2014, ayatollah Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi daa chaŋ ya ti paai Pope Francis mini Adiini kpamba shɛba ni bɛ kari dab'tali dunia yaɣa pam yuuni 2020 mini kuli mali chana. Shi'ite mini Sunni Grand Imam of Al Azhar kpamba daa dihi di gbana. Yuuni 1993, ayatollah Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi ni Musulinsi Adiini bo so' shɛŋa din yɛn kari dab'tali, amaa di bi wuhiri ni Musulunsi Adiini zaɣisi dabilim . Iran ayatollah Mohsen Kadivar zaŋ Musulinsi Adiini so'chibi shɛli bɛ ni boli *naskh aqli* ni o wuhi ni Musulinsi adiini bi lahi saɣiti dab'tali.

## Notable enslaved people and freedmen

## Lihi pahi

## Kundivihira
### Notes

### Citations

### Sources

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## Further reading

* Habeeb Akande, *[https://books.google.com/books?id=OqAlCQAAQBAJ Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam]* (Ta Ha 2012)
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## External links

* Race and Slavery in the Middle East by Bernard Lewis
* BBC Documentary, Religion and Ethics – Islam and Slavery
* Arab Slave Trade
* Slavery: Historic Perspective & Islamic Reforms
* When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed (via the WayBack Machine)
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

Chattel slavery n daa nyɛ daba tuma duu sheei mini luɣ'shɛli din daa kpa talahi Ottoman Empire daabiligu niŋbu sheei.

Bɛ ni daa tooi gbahiri daba shɛm daa nyɛla tɔbu ni mini siyaasa zaŋ dalim Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Europe, Southeast Europe, ni Western Mediterranean mini Africa. Lahabali daa yina wuhiri ni daba daa nyɛla din daa siɣi tiŋa di ni daa ti niŋ ka linjimanima nuu kpe din ni naai.

Constantinople tiŋgbani ni, bɛ ni pa booni shɛli (Istanbul), siyaassa yaa sheei Ottoman Empire, kamani 16th- 17th-century vaabu bunu daa nyɛla daba. Daba shɛba bɛ ni daa ʒi n-kpe Ottoman Empire kalinli na dii pa din yi polo. Ottoman taarihi baŋdiba, Halil İnalcık mini Dariusz Kołodziejczyk ni daba kamani miliyɔŋ dibaa ayi n daa yina Rus, Pole, ni Ukrain Amaa, taarihi baŋdiba shɛba, kamani Alan Fisher, ʒimi ni Black Sea slave trade ni tooi duhi kaloinli shɛli bɛ ni buɣisi maa zuɣusaa.

## Di pilli

Daba dabu tuma duri din be Ottoman Empire daa mɛmi tam Musulinima daba dabu biɛhisi shee Middle East: Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661),slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) ni slavery in the Mamluk Sultanate (1258–1516), din zaa daa me n tam slavery in Islamic Law zuɣu.

## Lihi pahi
* *[[That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260-1500]]*
* History of slavery
* History of slavery in the Muslim world
* Islamic views on slavery
* Slavery and religion
* Slavery in the Regency of Algiers
* Slavery in Ottoman Tripolitania
* Slavery in Ottoman Egypt
* Slavery in Ottoman Palestine
* Slavery in Ottoman Syria
* Slavery in Ottoman Iraq

## Kundivihira

### Footnotes

### Citations

### Sources

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## Further reading

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* Çetin, Osman. "Slavery and Conversion of the Slaves to Islam in the Ottoman Society: According to the Canonical Registers of Bursa Between XVth and XVIIIth Centuries." Uludağ Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 10.1 (2001): 1–8.https://www.eskieserler.com/dosyalar/mpdf%20(910).pdf
* *[[Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters]]*

## External links
*
Slavery in Angola

**Slavery in Angola** daa nyɛla din beni n yuui pam pɔi ni 15th century bahigu ka Portugal naa yi ti niŋ ningbuna ni ninuɣ'shɛba daa be luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni pa booni Northwest lala tiŋgbani yaɣili ŋɔ, ka doli daabiligu soya pam lala teeku yaɣili ŋɔ. Lala niriba ŋɔ ni shɛba, kamani Imbangala mini Mbundu, daa nyɛla ba mali nimmohi pam slave traders zaŋti Slavery in Africa. Zaŋ chaŋ 16th century, Kingdom of Portugal daa nyɛ biɛhigu sheei Luanda, ka daa naan yi ti bo daabiligu soya Cuanza River n-ti lahi pahi Atlantic teeku south polo zaŋ hali ni Benguela. Daabiligu maa zaa yaa daa dalim la Atlantic slave trade. Daba nahimbu daa zani tariga yuuni 1836,  Portuguese kpamba n daa zali tariga.

## Taarihi

### Trade and conquest
Portuguese Empire daa ŋmemi dee Mbundu nirba ban be Angola, ka zaŋ bɛ daabiligu kpehi Atlantic slave trade ni. Yuuni 1610, Friar Luís Brandão,  Portuguese zuɣulana Luanda Jesuit college, daa sabi ti Jesuit ŋun daa bɔhiri halisi tali din be Ango tiŋ'bihi daba gbahibu ni, ka yɛra, "Di maŋmaŋa biɛla din ni yuun pihinahi ka niriba pam bɔhim Brazil yaɣili.  O daa yɛliya ni niriba bela ko n-yɛn bɛ ni sɔɣi gbahi dab'shɛba, ka Portuguese daa tooi mali ba leeri Dolodolo nima. Angola daa zaŋdi daba kamani tuhi kɔbiga yiri yuuni 1612 yuuni kam.Portuguese daa mɛla shitimanima zaashe palli Benguela yuuni 1616 ni di yɛligi Portugal soya ni Angola daba. Yuuni 1617 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1621,  Luís Mendes de Vasconcellos gɔmnanti saha, kamani 50,000 Angolans ka bɛ daa gbahiri daba ka ʒiriba chani Americas. *Vergulde Valck*, Dutch slave-traders,daa dala daba kɔbisiyɔbu ni pisopɔin ni anu daba tuhili shɛba bɛ ni daa kɔhi Angola yuuni 1660.

Kamani 18th mini 19th centuries, Angola daba n daa kuli nyɛ bɛ ni mirisiri shɛba niŋdi Atlantic slave trade ni.

## After independence from Portugal

Angola ni deei maŋsulinsi Portugal naai yuuni 1975,  Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) ni, ban daa ka nam ni,  (UNITA), ni gɔmnanti, daa ,malila bihi baa nyɛ linjimanima chani tɔbu ni. Bɛ buɣisiya ni kamani bihi tuhi pia ni yini daa chaŋ tɔbu maa ni.

## Lihi pahi
*Atlantic slave trade
*History of Angola
*Imbangala
*Mbundu
*Slavery in Mauritania
*Slavery in Sudan

## Kundivihira
Slave ship

**Slave ships** daa nyɛla " cargo ships" kara ka bɛ daa mali li 17th zaŋ chaŋ 19th century ka di nyɛla daba ka bɛ daa mali li n-vara. Bɛ daa lahi booni la lala shitimanima ŋɔ "**Guineamen**" ka di nyɛla daabiligu maa ni daa lahi chani ni nisalinima fitiina niŋbu Guinea coast din be West Africa.

## Atlantic slave trade
Zaŋ chaŋ 17th century, di daa gari yuun pia Europeans ni daa chaŋ Americas, n-ti bɔri ni bɛ mali dab n tumdi tuma. Atlantic slave trade daa nyɛla di du zuɣussaa 18th century bahigu polo, Kongo Civil War saha mini di naabu nyaaŋa.

Bɛ ni daa yɛn niŋ shɛ ka nyɔri be din ni, ban daa su shitimanima maa daa pirila tuma maa bu shɛm, ka bɛ ni tooi ʒi daba pam bɛ yaa tariga, dehydration, dysentery, ni scurvy daa kurila daba pam kamani vaabu pinaanu ni kamani bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba buta ni.

Shitimanima maa soya pam daa yila north-western mini western teeku polo Africa zaŋ chaŋ South America mini south-east teeku yaɣili din nyɛ bɛ ni  pa booni shɛli United States, ni Caribbean. Kamani Africa miliyɔŋ pishi ka bɛ daa mali shitima maa ʒira. 

## Lihi pahi
* *[[Biography and the Black Atlantic]]*
* List of slave ships
* Slave Coast, Gorée ("Slave island")
* Slave ship revolts
* Slave Trade Acts

## Kundivihira

## Further reading
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## External links

*Paper on German Transatlantic trade, including list of slave ships (in German)
*Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice
*UNESCO — The Slave Route
*Voyages — The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
*Slave Ships and the Middle Passage
*The Slave Trade
*Bristol UK Slave Ship Muster Roles
Asiento de Negros

***' daa nyɛla daabiligu shaawara din be [[Spanish Crown]] ban niŋ daabiligu ni daba gbahibu zaŋ chaŋ [[Slavery in colonial Spanish America|Spanish Americas]]. [[Spanish Empire]] daa dii bi kperi [[trans-Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]] ni polo zaŋ chaŋ kamani Africa maŋmaŋa, ka leei niŋdi ningbuna ni tiŋgbayaɣ'shɛŋa din yuli duri dunia, dibahi bahindi kamani Portuguese mini Genoese, amaa Dutch, French, mini British daa ti nyɛla o ni zaŋ shɛŋa pahi. 

====
A***', Spanish language balli ni, gbunni nyɛla samli, kamani yuuni zaŋ chaŋ yuma anahi sunsuuni, ka gbana ni ni Spanish crown laɣinsi ni daabihi sun suuni.

## taarihi

### Background in the Spanish Americas
A (gbunni Spanish bachiniŋdili ,gbunni nyɛla ʒinibu, din  daa yina Latin  ni) Spanish ni "zaɣa" bee "ʒinahigu,pilibu."

 

## Ban gbubi ''Asiento''

### Early: 1518–1595
1518–1527: Laurent de Gouvenot (bɛ ni lahi booni so Lorenzo de Gorrevod bee Garrebod), ex-Governor zaŋti Bresse mini Mayordomo mayor zaŋti Charles I of Spain. 
*  zaŋti Domingo de Forne, Agustín de Ribaldo mini Fernando Vázquez,  Genoese zaa daa pilila Seville.

*

### Portuguese: 1595–1640
Asientos dibaa ayɔbu daa nyɛ soli:
* 30 January 1595 – 13 May 1601: Pedro Gomes Reynel 
* 13 May 1601 – 16 October 1604: João Rodrigues Coutinho.
* 16 October 1604 – 27 September 1615: Gonçalo Vaz Coutinho
* 27 September 1615 – 1 April 1623: António Fernandes de Elvas. 
** 
* 1 April 1623 – 25 September 1631: Manuel Rodrigues Lamego;  
* 25 September 1631 – 1 December 1640: Melchor Gómez Angel mini Cristóvão Mendes de Sousa.

## Lihi pahi
* Chartered companies
* Spanish Empire

## Noosi

## Kundivihira
### Citations

### Bibliography

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* David Marley (ed.), *Reales asientos y licencias para la introduccion de esclavos negros a la America Espagnola (1676-1789)*,  (Windsor, Canada. 1985).
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Smita Agarwal

**Smita Agarwal** (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1958) nyɛla India yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisi lana ni English litiricha purofeesa  shikuru yuli booni University of Allahabad, India.

## Piligu
Smita Agarwal's yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisi nyɛla din yina lahabaya gbana zuɣu. Yuuni 1999, o daa nyɛla sabi sabiri be University of Stirling , Scotland tiŋgban’ ni, ni University of Kent, England tiŋgban’ ni. Agarwal's dɔɣitɛ shikuru dɔɣitɛ tali zahimbu sabbu daa nyɛla America yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisi, novela ni lahabali ŋmahi sabira, Sylvia Plath. Agarwal nyɛla ŋun maandi niŋdi ni lɛbgiri ti Plath Profiles, Sylvia Plath pɔhim zuɣu sabbu gbaŋ, Indiana University.

Agarwal lahi nyɛla kukoli zaŋ n-ti "All India Radio".

## Tuma
**Wish-granting Words.* New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publisher, 2002
**Mofussil Notebook. Poems of Small Town India.* E-book: Cooperjal Limited, UK, 2011
**Mofussil Notebook. Poems, * Print. With an Introduction and New Poems, Calcutta: Sampark, 2016.

### Maliniŋ
**Marginalized: Indian Poetry in English,* ed. Smita Agarwal, Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2014.

#### Yɛltɔɣataɣmalisi

Agarwal yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisi nim’ nyɛla be sabbu gbaŋ bima zuɣu ka mani:
**Literature Alive, New Writing from India and Britain, Vol. 2,* Summer 1996.
**Nine Indian Women Poets.* Oxford University Press, 1997
**Verse: Special Feature on Indian poetry, UK & USA, Vol. 17 & 18,* 2001.
**Reasons for Belonging.* Penguin, 2002.
* *Midnight’s Grandchildren.* Macedonia: Post Independence Poetry From India, Struga Poetry Press, 2003.
**Confronting Love.* Penguin, 2005.
**Fulcrum: Special Issue on Indian Poetry in English, No. 4.* US: 2005.
**Sparks, DAV Center for Creative Education.* Mumbai: New Panvel, 2008.
**Indian English Women Poets.* New Delhi: Creative Books, 2009.
**We Speak in Changing Languages: Indian Women Poets, 1990-2007.* New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2009.
**The HarperCollins Book of English Poetry,* 2012.
**These My Words: The Penguin Book of Indian Poetry,* 2012.
* *A New Book of Indian Poems in English* (2000) ed. by Gopi Kottoor and published by Poetry Chain and Writers Workshop, Calcutta
**[[The Dance of the Peacock]]: An Anthology of English Poetry from India*, featuring 151 Indian English poets, edited by Vivekanand Jha and published by Hidden Brook Press, Canada.

## Lahi nyama
*Indian English Poetry
*

## Kundivihira
Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom

**Abolition of slavery** bɛ ni saha yinsi tiŋgbana sunsuuni. Di tooi zooya ka di niŋdi m-doli taba gari yim zuɣu – kamani shɛhira, kamani daba daabiligu karibu tiŋgbani shɛli ni, ni dab'tali karibu tiŋgbana zaa ni. Di zaa daa malila di ni niŋ shɛm mini zalisi din gbubi li.

## Daadaa saha
## Medieval times

:*N.B.: Many of the listed reforms were reversed over succeeding centuries.*

## 1500–1700

## 1701–1799

## 1800–1829

## 1830–1849

## 1850–1899

## 1900–1949

## 1950–1999

## 2000–zaŋ kana zuŋɔ

## See also

*Abolitionism
*History of slavery
*List of abolitionist forerunners (by Thomas Clarkson)
*Reparations for slavery
*Slave Trade Acts
*Sexual slavery
*Slavery at common law
*Slavery in modern Africa
*Slavery in the 21st century
*Timeline of the civil rights movement

## Noosi

## References

## Further reading

* Campbell, Gwyn. *The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia* (Frank Cass, 2004)
* Davis, David Brion. *Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World* (2008) excerpt
* Drescher, Seymour. *Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery* (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
* Drescher, Seymour. *Pathways from slavery: British and colonial mobilizations in global perspective* (Routledge, 2018).
* Drescher, Seymour. "Civil Society and Paths to Abolition." *Journal of Global Slavery* 1.1 (2016): 44–71.
* Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. *Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery* (2 vol 1998)
* Finkelman, Paul, and Seymour Drescher. "The eternal problem of slavery in international law: Killing the vampire of human culture." *[[Michigan State Law Review]]* (2017): 755+ online .
* Gordon, M. *Slavery in the Arab World* (1989)
* Grindal, Peter. *Opposing the Slavers; The Royal Navy's Campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade* (L.B. Tauris 2016) 
*  Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. *Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition* (2 vol. 2007) 795pp; 
* Lovejoy, Paul. *Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa* (Cambridge UP, 1983)
* Mathews, Nathaniel. "The 'Fused Horizon' of Abolitionism and Islam: Historicism, the Quran and the Global History of Abolition." *Journal of global slavery* 4.2 (2019): 226–265.
* Morgan, Kenneth. *Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America* (2008)
* Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. *The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery* (1997)
* Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. *Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World* (2007)
* Sinha, Manisha. "The Problem of Abolition in the Age of Capitalism The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770–1823, by David Brion Davis." *American Historical Review* 124.1 (2019): 144–163.

## External links
* Timeline – What happened before 1807? The Royal Naval Museum
* Timeline – What happened after 1807? The Royal Naval Museum
* Slavery and Abolition The National Archives
* American Abolitionists and Antislavery Activists, comprehensive list of abolitionist and anti-slavery activists and organizations in the United States, including US and international anti-slavery timelines.
List of abolitionist forerunners

Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846), ŋun daa pili English dab'tali karibu, daa malila "maapu" zaŋti soya "streams" din nyɛ "ban daa gari tooni" lala tuhi kari ŋɔ niya ni, ka daa yihili pahi o tuma ni ka di yi polo, *History of the Rise taarihi, Tooni chandi, ni Abolition of the African Slave-Trade ni nya nasara shɛm  British Parliament* lahabali din daa yina yuuni 1808. 

Elizabeth I nyaaŋa paɣa yuli lahi ka din ni, maa niriba pam daa be din ni kamaniHannah More, Joanna Baillie, n-ti pahi Anna Laetitia Barbauld. James Oglethorpe ka yuya maa ni, di mini o mini Georgia daa tuhiri kaariti dab'tali Georgia tiŋgbani yaɣili maa zaa yoli.

## Clarkson yuya

### Various forerunners to 1787
*Cardinal Ximenes
*Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
*Elizabeth I
*Pope Leo X
*Louis XIII
*Hill (Hill's Naval History)
*Richard Baxter
*Morgan Godwyn
*Southern (poet)
*Thomas Tryon
*Richard Steele
*Dr. Primatt
*Montesquieu
*Alexander Pope
*James Thomson
*Francis Hutcheson
*John Atkins
*Jean-Jacques Rousseau
*Richard Savage
*Foster
*Griffith Hughes
*Wallis
*Bishop Hayter
*William Shenstone
*John Dyer
*Edmund Burke
*Adam Smith
*Malachi Postlethwaite (not known if this is Malachy Postlethwayt, a defender of African trade)
*Laurence Sterne
*Thomas Jeffery
*William Warburton
*Granville Sharp
*James Beattie
*John Bicknell (Bickness?)
*Thomas
*John Wesley
*David Hartley
*Sir George Saville
*Abbe Liévin-Bonaventure Proyart
*Millan
*Robertson
*Guillaume Thomas François Raynal
*Dr. William Paley
*Thomas Day
*Bishop Porteus
*G. Wakefield
*William Cowper
*Dr. Gregory
*James Ramsay
*Jacques Necker
*John Chubb and George  White (Bridgewater Petition, 1785)
*James Currie
*Captain J. S. Smith
*William Roscoe
*Edward Rushton

### Early Quakers in England
*George Fox
*William Edmundson

### Quakers and/or abolitionists in America from 1688
*David Cooper
*John Blunston
*William Burling
*Ralph Sandiford
*Benjamin Lay
*John Woolman
*Quakers of New England, New York, Maryland (mid-1700s)
*Anthony Benezet
*William Dillwyn
*Quakers of Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia:
*Warner Mifflin
*James Pemberton
*George Whitefield
*Judge Sewel (Sewall)
*Benjamin Rush
*Winchester

### Various Quakers and/or abolitionists in England and America

*Benjamin Franklin
*Thomas Jefferson
*John Jay
* William Dillwyn
*Joseph Woods (Sr.)
*Samuel Hoare Jr
*George Harrison
*Dr. Thomas Knowles
*John Lloyd
*David Barclay
*James Phillips
*Joseph Gurney Bevan
* Joseph Hancock

### Others, up to 1787
*Dr. Peckard
*Thomas Clarkson
*Bennet Langton
*Lord Scarsdale
*Dr. Baker
*Richard Phillips
*Sheldon
*Sir Charles Middleton
*Sir Herbert Mackworth
*William Wilberforce
*John Villiers
*Powys (Lord Lilford) (possibly 1st baron)
*Sir Richard Hill (possibly 2nd Baronet)
*Lord Balgonie (Leven)
*L. Hawkins Browne

## Abolition forerunners bɛ kali pahi Clarkson maapu maa ni

*Magnus IV of Sweden
*Joanna Baillie
*Anna Laetitia Barbauld
*Samuel Johnson
*Margaret Middleton (née Gambier)
*Hannah More
*James Oglethorpe
*Olaudah Equiano

## Kundivihira

## External links
* Thomas Clarkson “map” http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/emancipation/TCAbolMap/clarkson.html
Sexual slavery

**Sexual slavery** mini **sexual exploitation** nyɛla ka nira mirisi so n-kpehi o kɔrisi ka goli o bee kaa mirisi o zaŋ yaa goli o. Di shɛŋa n-nyɛ m-mirisi daadama zaŋba tum tuma ka goli ba, m-mirisi so zaŋ o ti doo bee m-bo paɣa ti o.

Sexual slaverynyɛla din mali balibu pam taarihi puuni, hali ti tabili buɣa zaŋ jam kamani Ghana, Togo, ni Benin.

Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action nyɛla ban ŋmeri kuŋa tiri dunia nim din yɛn che ka bɛ baŋ "sexual slavery" yɛla ka lahi baŋsi ba ka bɛ baŋ ni di nyɛ ninsali fukumsi zuɣu ʒinibu.

## Saha ŋɔ
Buɣisibu di ka daɣiri wuhiya ni "sexual slavery" nyɛla din be konkɔba dunia yaɣa. Yuuni 2001 International Organization for Migration daa buɣisila 400,000, Federal Bureau of Investigation daabuɣisila 700,000 ka UNICEF buɣisi 1.75 million.

## Lihi pahi
* 1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children
* Kidnapping of Colleen Stan
* Kippumjo - Alleged sex slaves of North Korea's ruler
* Sexual slavery recorded in the Bible

## Kundivihira

## Sources

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## Further reading

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* Markon, Jerry, Washington Post. "Human Trafficking Evokes Outrage, Little Evidence" 23 September 2007
* Davies, Nick Guardian newspaper "Inquiry fails to find single trafficker who forced anybody into prostitution" 20 October 2009
* Davies, Nick Guardian newspaper "Prostitution and trafficking – the anatomy of a moral panic" 20 October 2009
* Ozimek, John The register "UK gov prostitution proposals caught with pants down" 22 October 2009:
* Dasgupta, Rajashri, and Murthy, Laxmi The hoot media: "Human trafficking exaggerated numbers?" January 2009
* Weitzer, Ronald - George Washington University report
* Waterfield, Bruno Spiked online "Exposed: the myth of the World Cup sex slaves" February 2007
* 
* New York Times: "The Face of Slavery" By Kassie Bracken 4 January 2009

## External links

* Diary of a Sex Slave – SFGate.com
Slave Trade Act

**Slave Trade Act** nyɛla zalisi din be United Kingdom mini United States din yaa dalim daba daabiligu niŋbu slave trade.

"Lihi pahi" yaɣili nyɛla din kali Slave Acts, zalisi, ni tiŋ'dya tɛha ni danba dabu,ni dab'tali karibu, ni saha shɛŋa tiŋgbana ni daa kariti daba dabu.

## Yuya
### United Kingdom
* Slave Trade Act 1788 (a.k.a. Dolben's Act)
* 47 Geo. 3 Sess. 1. c. 36, sometimes called the Slave Trade Act 1807
* Slave Trade Felony Act 1811 (51 Geo. 3. c. 23)
* Slave Trade Act 1824 
* Slave Trade Act 1843
* 8 & 9 Vict. c. 122 saha shɛŋa bɛ booni li la Aberdeen Act (yuuni 1845)
* Slave Trade Act 1873
* Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention (yuuni 1877, 1884)
* Treaty of Jeddah (1927)
* Modern Slavery Act 2015

### United States
* Slave Trade Act of 1794
* Slave Trade Act of 1800
* [Act to prevent the importation of certain persons [slaves] into certain states . . .](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:United_States_Statutes_at_Large%2FVolume_2%2F7th_Congress%2F2nd_Session%2FChapter_10), 1803
* Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, 1807
* Slave Trade Act of 1818
* 1819 U.S. law, amended in 1820, which impacted the slave trade
* Act for the Government and Protection of Indians, yuuni 1850, California
* Act in Relation to Service, yuuni 1852, Utah Territory
* Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners, yuuni 1852, Utah Territory
* Peonage Act of 1867

## Lihi pahi
* Abolition of slavery timeline
* Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
* Abolitionism in the United States
* Slavery in international law
* Slavery in the British Isles
* Slavery in the United States
* Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
* Lyons–Seward Treaty of 1862
* Brussels Conference Act of 1890
* 1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children (League of Nations)
* 1926 Slavery Convention (League of Nations)
* 1930 Forced Labour Convention of the International Labour Organization
* 1948 Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations)
* 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery (United Nations)
* List of short titles

**United Kingdom**
* Slavery at common law
* Barbados Slave Code of 1661
* Amelioration Act 1798
* Slavery Abolition Act 1833
* Article 4 of the European Convention on Human Rights
* Human Rights Act 1998

**United States**
*Partus sequitur ventrem
* Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution
* Three-Fifths Compromise of the U.S. Constitution
* Slave and free states
* Slave codes pertaining to individual states
* Northwest Ordinance of 1787
* Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
* Missouri Compromise (1820)
* Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842
* Compromise of 1850
* Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
* Act in Relation to Service (1851)
* Confiscation Act of 1861
* Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves (1862)
* Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
* Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
* Freedmen's Bureau bills
* Shipping Commissioners Act of 1872

**Other**
* 1871 Law of Free Birth in Brazil
* 1888 Lei Áurea (Golden Law) in Brazil
* 1793 Upper Canada Act Against Slavery
* Russian Emancipation reform of 1861
* Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention

## Kundivihira
Lei Áurea

The **** , zaligu dalinili din nyɛ ("Law No. 3,353") zaŋ kana Anashaara goli 13 May yuuni 1888, nyɛla zaligu din kari slavery in Brazil. Ban daa dihi nuu gbana ni n-nyɛ Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (1846&ndash;1921), ban daa tuhiri dab' tali, ŋun daa nyɛ Emperor Pedro II, ka daa nyɛ ŋun be Europe.

*Lei Áurea* nyaaŋa Rio Branco Law n daa kana Anashaara goli 28 September yuuni 1871 ("the Law of Free Birth"), ka bɛ di daa faai daba ni dɔɣi bi'shɛba zaa bahi, ka Saraiva-Cotegipe Law (bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli "the Law of Sexagenarians"), doli na Anashaara goli 28 September yuuni 1885, zaligu din gba daa che ka bɛ bahiri daba ban paai yuun pihi yɔbu. Brazil n daa nyɛ tiŋgbani din kpalim nyaaŋa Western world n kari daba dabau.

## Di pilli
Ban daa kuli niŋ nimmohi kariti li nuu yi yi, dalirinima daa lahi beni din che ka bɛ dihi gbana ni n-saɣiti zaligu ŋɔ: dab'tali daa lahi ka nyɔri.

## Lihi pahi
*Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
*Emancipation Proclamation
*Post-abolition in Brazil

## Kundivihira

## External links

* Slavery in Brazil, UNESCO Memory of the World programme
List of museums focused on African Americans

Binkura biɛhis sheei din be United States ka di yaa zaa dalim African Americankaya ni taɣada taarihi. Bɛ tooi zooi ya ka bɛ booni lala luɣa ŋɔ **African American museums**. Baŋdi yuli booni Raymond Doswell ni yɛli shɛm, African American museum nyɛla "tuma du'zuɣu ni guri  Africa kaya ni taɣa zaana."

Di nyɛla noli ni taarihi mini taarihi din sabi doya ka jendi kaya ni taɣada ni be shɛli. African American museums laɣindi mi n-tumdi taarihi yaɣa mini baŋsim yaɣ'bɔbigu. 

## Binkura biɛhisi sheei

*This is a sortable table. Click on the column you wish it sorted by.*

## Lihi pahi

* African American Museum (disambiguation)
* African-American Heritage Sites
* Museums of the African diaspora

## Kundivihira
;Notes

;Citations

## Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

## External links
* Association of African American Museums
Slavery in Zanzibar

**Dab'tali**  nyɛla din daa be Sultanate of Zanzibar zaŋ hali ni yuunil 1909. Dab'tali mini daba dabu nyɛla din daa be Zanzibar Archipelago kamani yuun tuhili laasabu.

## Taarihi
Dab'tali ni pili Zanzibar saha shɛli bɛ yi polo, amaa din tooi niŋ ka di daa pun beni pɔi ka Laribaawa nima da ti naan yi kpe ni 8th-century.
Yuma din daa be sunsuuni saha, Zanzibar Archipelago daa nyɛla din pahi Swahili kaya ni taɣada ni ka be Kilwa Sultanate,  din daa nyɛ laɣimbu shee n-ti Indian Ocean daba daabiligu niŋbu shee East Africa mini Arabian Peninsula sunsuuni yuun shɛŋa din daa be sunsuuni.

Yuma din gbaai 1690s, di daa naai noli ni Oman Omani Empire (1696-1856).

## Zanzibar daba daabiligu niŋbu

Daba daabiligu niŋbu su la Sultanate arizaki vaabu buta n-ti pahi wab'nyina.
Bɛ daa tooi zooya ka bɛ haayiri daba tiri ka bɛ niŋdi daabiligu.

### Northern slave route

Zanzibar  daa naai la noli ni Oman Omani Empire (1696–1856), ka di daba taarihi daa nyɛ din chaŋ di tabi Oman daba taarihi. Daba ban daa yina Swahili teeku polo nyɛla bɛ ni daa ʒiri shɛba chani Zanzibar ni Oman, ka ʒiriba yiri Oman chani Persia n-ti tabili yaɣa din pahi Arabian Peninsula mini Middle East. Zanzibar mini Oman n daa kuli nyɛ do zuɣusaa Indian Ocean daba daabiligu polo 18th- 19th-century. 

Di ni daa niŋ ka Zanzibar mini Oman naai noli naai, daba n daa nyɛ aʒianima din galisi pam Zanzibar ka wab'nyina naan yi paya.

Arabian slaveships, dhow, nyɛla bɛ ni daa lahi mali shɛli haayiri ni daabiligu niŋbu, ka Arab mini Swaihili salo, ban daa be dab'lim sahakam bee ban daa bee ban daa na min' be dabilim ni,ka bɛ daa pirigi nyɔri bɛ mini ŋun su dabili maa sunsuuni.

Daba shɛba bɛ ni daa nahindi kalinli bɛ yi polo, amaa buɣisibu wuhiya ni kamani daba tuhi pishi ni kɔbishii ni pihinun daa nyɛ ban be nahingu ni Zanzibar mini Arabian Peninsula bini din gbaai yuuni 1700 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1815.

Yuuni 1867 nyaaŋa, British kampeei za`n chaŋ Indian Ocean daba daabiligu tuhibu nyɛla "Omani slave dhows" ni bi lihi nya shɛli.

## Anfooninima

File:Slave Holding Cell with Manacles - Under St. Monica's Hostel - Stone Town - Zanzibar - Tanzania (8841346935).jpg|Slave Holding Cell with Manacles. 
File:A site of the former slave market in Mkunazini area ,march 2021.jpg|A site of the former slave market in Mkunazini area. 
File:Contemporary Engraving of Zanzibar Slave Market - World's Last Open Slave Market - Outside Anglican Cathedral - Stone Town - Zanzibar - Tanzania (8842023408).jpg|Contemporary Engraving of Zanzibar Slave Market.
File:Slave boat1869.jpg|Slave boat, 1869


## Lihi pahi

* Belgian Anti-Slavery Society
* Baqt
* Red Sea slave trade
* Indian Ocean slave trade
* Comoros slave trade
* History of slavery in the Muslim world
* History of concubinage in the Muslim world
* Human trafficking in the Middle East

## Kundivihira
Act Against Slavery

***Act Against Slavery*** daa nyɛla dab' tali zaɣisibu zaligu din daa zali Anashaara goli July 9, 1793, "second legislative session" zaŋti Upper Canada ni, di ni daa niŋ ka British North America piri taba ka leei Ontario. Di daa mɔŋ daba ʒi n-kpe tiŋgbani maa ni ka daa yɛli ni dab' paɣaba ni dɔɣi b'shɛba ka bɛ paai yuun pinaanu nyɛla bɛ ni yƐn che shɛba bilichini nima.

## Synopsis

John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor zaŋti lala tiŋgbani maa, daa nyɛla ŋun tuhi bɔri daba chabu pɔi ni Upper Canada; O ni daa nyɛ British jintɔriba puuni yino la zuɣu, o daa buɣisila dab'tali ka di nyɛ binshɛɣu din bi saɣiti Dolodolo Adiini ni. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1792 daba ban daa be Upper Canada kalinli daa bi zooi. Amaa, di mini bɛ ni daa zaŋli maɣisi bɛ ni che shɛba bilichini nima, kalinli maa daa kuli bi du. York tiŋgbani ni (luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni pa booni Toronto)  African-Canadian niriba pinaanu n daa beni, ka kalinli tuhili laasabu daa be Quebec.

Di ni daa niŋ ka Executive Council of Upper Canada yɛn ʒini bɛ laɣingu tuuli Anashaara goli March yuuni 1793, Simcoe daa deei Chloe Cooley lahabali, dab'paɣa so bɛ ni daa mirisi yihi Canada ni bɛ ti kɔhi United States. Simcoe nimmohi zaŋ chaŋ da'tali chabu Upper Canada nyɛla  Legislative Assembly ni daa bɛ saɣiti shɛli di bahi bahindi ban daa mali daba.

Zaligu din taachi daa nyɛ "*An Act to Prevent the further Introduction of Slaves and to limit the Term of Contracts for Servitude within this Province*," ni di ni niŋ ka ban pun nyɛ daba kuli yɛn be din ni hali ti kpi maa, soli lahi kani ni bab'palli kpena Upper Canada, ka dab'paɣaba ni dɔɣi shɛba ka bɛ paai yuuni pishi ni anu nyɛ bɛ ni yɛn che shɛba ka bɛ niŋ bilichininima.

Lala zaligu ŋɔ daa niŋ tuuli Upper Canada "ka lahi nyɛ British Empire zaligu tuuli din chari daba bilichini nima". Zaligu maa daa kuli nyɛla din tumdi tuma zaŋ hali ni British Parliament's Slavery Abolition Act 1833 din daa nyɛ din saɣiritiri daba chabu British Empire yaɣa pam.

## Din nyaaŋa
Yuuni 1798, Christopher Robinsondaa zali zaligu Legislative Assembly din lahi tiri soli ni bɛ ʒiri dab'pala lahi kperina. Assembly daa saɣiti lala zaligu maa, amaa di daa kpalim Legislative Council ka daa kpi pɔi ka ʒia maa naan yi yiɣisi.

Black Canadians tuhi zuɣa daa paɣi neei bɛ suhuri ni bɛ tuhi War of 1812.

## Lihi pahi

*Slavery in Canada
*Black Canadians
*North American Black Historical Museum
*Slave Acts

## Citations

## Kundivihira
*  See Archives of Ontario
*  See Archives of Ontario 
* 
* 
*  See The Historica Dominion Institute, a series with Rosemary Sadlier, President, Ontario Black History Society as writer-consultant.
* 
* 
* 
*
Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90

**The Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference of 1889–1890** daa niŋla bini din gbaai Anashaara goli 18 November yuuni 1889 zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli 2 July yuuni 1890, Brussels kaa daa ti naai ni Brussels Conference Act of 1890 zaŋ tum tuma zaŋ chaŋ daba daabiligu karibu polo mini slavery in Africa. Di daa niŋmi tam tiŋgbani maa ni bɔri shɛm zuɣu.

## Di pilli
### King Leopold mini Congo Free State

Leopold II, yaa bɔbu King of the Belgians, daa yoli la tɛm ni bɛ ni daa zaŋ ya' shɛli n-ti o, ni o ni daa za zaashe shɛli, "constitutional monarch." Leopold daa tooi deei lala yaɣili maa zaa ka di nyɛla o daa zula European tiŋgbana haŋkaya Berlin Conference ni Africa ka di nyɛla o daa yɛlimi ni o nyɛla ŋun be sɔŋsim tuma ni ka ku zaŋ farigu pa daabiligu zuɣu. 

## Ban be din ni

## Lihi pahi
* 1926 Slavery Convention
* Belgian Anti-Slavery Society
* Congo–Arab War
* Atrocities in the Congo Free State
* Temporary Slavery Commission, yuuni 1924
* Committee of Experts on Slavery, yuuni 1932
* Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery, yuuni 1933
* Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery, yuuni 1950

## External links

* Conférence internationale de Bruxelles: 18 novembre 1889-2 juillet 1890, protocoles et acte final/Ministère des affaires étrangères France. Ministère des affaires étrangères (1588-2007). Auteur du texte
* General Act of Brussels (United States government version) on wikisource
*Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a General act, signed at Brussels, 2 July 1890.

## Kundivihira
Barbara Adair

**Barbara Adair** daa bela  South African sabsabra . O 2004 novel, in be  *Tangier We Killed the Blue Parrot*, daa shortlisted for the Sunday Times Literary Award, ka  novel *END* was shortlisted din be   Commonwealth Book Prize. Based in Johannesburg, o daa lan huri lectures on human rights law.

## Tuma
**Fiction**
* *In Tangier We Killed the Blue Parrot*, Jacana, 2005, a fictional account of the lives of Paul Bowles and Jane Bowles in Tangier. (Short listed for the Sunday Times Fiction award, 2005. The subject of a conference paper: Urban Generations in Morocco, 2007, Cheryl Stobie: Somatics, Space, Surprise: Creative Dissonance over Time, University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.)
**END*, Jacana, 2009, a pastiche based on the movie Casablanca set in Johannesburg and Maputo. (Short listed for the African Regional Commonwealth Prize, 2010. The subject of a PhD dissertation: Beppi Chiuppani, Beyond Political engagement? Redefining the Literary in post dictatorship Brazil and post-apartheid South Africa, University of Chicago, 2013.)

**Non-fiction**
**In the Shadow of the Springs I Saw*, Modjaji Books, 2023 yuuni , n pahi  photographs di mini   stories of Art Deco buildings in Springs and their inhabitants.

Din lan pahi,  newspaper mini  magazine articles din be : *Sunday Independent* (South Africa), *Sunday Times* (South Africa), *Weekender* (South Africa), *Horizon* (British Airways), *Selamta* (Ethiopian Airways). Short Stories in: *New Contrast Literary Journal* (South Africa), *From the Great Wall to the Grand Canyon* (US publication), *Queer Africa – New and Collected Fiction: A collection of Southern African short stories* (winner of the LAMDA (USA) prize for collected stories.) 

## Bibliography
*
*

## External links
*Official website

## Kundivihira
Adélaïde Fassinou

**Adélaïde H. Edith Bignon Fassinou** (bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli September bɛɣu pinaanu dali,  yuuni  1955, tiŋa yuli booni Porto-Novo puuni ) ka o nyɛ ŋun nyɛ tingbani yuli booni Benin sasabira  n ti pahi ni Benin's General Secretary n-ti  UNESCO. O nyɛla ŋun sabi salinwaɣila dibaanahi din nyɛ balli yuli booni French kukoli.

## Publications
* *Modukpè, le rêve brisé*. Paris: L'Harmattan (Collection Encres Noires no 194), 2000. (130 pp.). . Novel.
* *Yémi ou le miracle de l'amour*. Cotonou (Bénin): Editions du Flamboyant, 2000 (142 pp.). . 
* *L'Oiseau messager*. Cotonou: Editions Ruisseaux d'Afrique, 2002 (24 pp.). .
* *Toute une vie ne suffirait pas pour en parler*. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2002 (194 pp.). . Nouvelles. 
* *Enfant d'autrui, fille de personne*. Cotonou: Editions du Flamboyant, 2003 (172 pp.). . Roman.
* *Jeté en pâture*. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005 (228 pp.). . Roman. 
* *La petite fille des eaux*. Bertoua/Cameroun: Editions Ndzé: 2006 (96 pp.). . Roman (co-written with 10 other writers).

## Kundivihira
Béatrice Lalinon Gbado

**Béatrice Lalinon Gbado** nyɛla ŋun ŋun nyɛ bi' bihi buku sasabira ŋun yina tingbani yuli booni Benin tingbanni .

O nyɛli ŋun sabi bibihi buku nim pihita ni yini din daa nyɛ laɣingu yuli booni  EDICEF ni zaŋ shɛli n kpe daa , ka di lee nyɛ din nyɛ French kukoli  Hachette ni daa zaŋ shɛli n kpe daa .

## Publication
* *Les fruits*
* *Les animaux domestiques*
* *Les légumes et condiments*
* *Les formes et les couleurs*
* *Nos instruments de musique*
* *Fleurs et papillons*
* *Les maisons de chez nous*
* *La cuisine de grand-mère*
* *La mère et l'enfant*
* *Ganvié*
* *Danse mon petit, danse*
* *Bovi, le petit cabri*
* *Bovi et le miroir*
* *Bovi sait compter*
* *Toutou et le sachet*
* *Kouaba, le village en sursis*
* *Le rêve de Siba*
* *Kaïvi, l’enfant placée*
* *La petite carpe dorée*
* *Le planteur et la bague*
* *Course à pirogue*
* *Kouaba, le village en sursis*
* *Le rêve de Siba*
* *Kaïvi, l’enfant placée*
* *La petite carpe dorée*
* *Le planteur et la bague*
* *Course à pirogue*
* *Le rat et le serpent*
* *Chevaux fabuleux*
* *La gifle*
* *Le nénuphar de Bola*
* *Mémé*
* *Hêdomey*
* *En marche vers la liberté  Tomes1 et 2*
* *La belle Dêbo*
* *Les aventures de Biki*

### Siliminsili lɛbigibu
* *Beautiful Debo: a story from Benin* Translator Ponce E. Kokou Zannou, Africa Christian Press, 2001, 

## Kundivihira
Ishrat Afreen

**Ishrat Afreen** (din ni tooi lahi sabi shɛm: **Ishrat Aafreen**; bɛ dɔɣi o la silimin December 25, 1956) nyɛla Urdu yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisi lana. O yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisinim' nyɛla bɛ ni lɛbigi ti bala pam kamani Silimiinsili, Japansili, Sanskrit ni Hindi. Ghazal yili yindiba Jagjit Singh mini  Chitra Singh gba daa diɛm yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisi bɛ diɛma ni, *Beyond Time* (1987). Zia Mohyeddin gba daa lahi karim o yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisinim’ ŋɔ o diɛn gɔɣu din pahiri pia ni ayopɔin mini pishi ni din daa na kuli chana.

## Piligu biɛhigu mini tuma

O zaŋ wuhi salo piligu daa nyɛla silimin goli April 31, 1971,  *Daily Jang* zuɣu, o yuun’ pia ni anahi.
Ka o daa na kuli sabira hali ka bɛ ti zaŋ o pa India mini Pakistan magazin nim zuɣu. Di zuɣu daa che ka o sabbu malniŋ paa n-ti lee goli goli magazin yuli booni *Awaaz*, ka nyɛ Fahmida Riaz ni sabiri shɛli. N-pahi sabbu tuma ŋɔ zuɣu, o daa lahi nyɛla be Radio tuma ni ka daa tum “Radio Pakistan”, teesa shɛli din dɔ boba ni yaɣa anduniya zaa yuuni 1970 hali ni 1984. O daa ti lahi tumdi ni Mirza Jamil din pa nyɛ “Noori Nastaliq Urdu script” zaŋ n-ti “InPage”.

Yuuni 1985, Syed Perwaiz Jafri, India alikaale nira, daa niŋ o amiliya ka o ʒini India. Amaa bɛ daa yiɣisi chaŋ ti ʒini United States yuuni1990 ka be Houston, Texas. Bɛ dɔɣi la bihi ata.

Saha ŋɔ Ishrat Afreen n-nyɛ Urdu karimba zuɣu ti "University of Texas at Austin" Hindu Urdu karim yaɣali.

## Shikuru
Afreen deei la o degree Allama Iqbal Govt College Karachi ka niŋ o master's degree mi Urdu litiricha ni “University of Karachi”, Pakistan. She also taught at the Aga Khan School and boardinghouse.

## Zaŋ wuhi salo
Afreen nyɛla ŋun yɛltɔɣataɣ'malisi pubu buyi wuhi salo. Di yuya n-nyɛ *Kunj Peeleh Poolon Ka* (yuuni 1985) ni *Dhoop Apne Hisse Ki* (yuuni 2005). N-ti pahi shɛŋa, o nyɛla ŋun lahi pahi sabiri goni din yuli nyɛ *We Sinful Women* and inspired the well-known anthology *Beyond Belief: Contemporary Feminist Urdu Poetry*.

## Kundivihira

## External links
*Official site
*Urdu Study at University of Wisconsin
*BBC: 2005's Most Important Urdu Publications
*DAWN Book Review of "Dhoop Apney Hissay Ki"
*Article in Urdu
*DAWN Interview Article
*Initial DAWN Article 1 
*Article on Launching of "Dhoop Apne Hissay Ki"
*Image of Newspaper Spread in Urdu
Janet Afary

**Janet Afary** nyɛla sabi sabira, ŋun zabiri paɣ'tali zuɣu, taarihi vivihira, zaŋ jɛndi adiini bɔhimbu mini paɣaba bɔhimbu. O nyɛla purofeesa ka lahi nyɛ Mellichamp daanbolo zaŋ n-ti Global Religion and Modernity din be University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).

## Tuma
O deei la shɛhirili gbaŋ din nya M.A. degree la  University of Tehran. Yuuni 1991, o daa deei shɛhigbaŋ din nyɛ PhD ka jɛndi taarihi ni Near East la  University of Michigan, din be Ann Arbor. Afary nyɛla Kevin B. Anderson, o UCSB purofeesa kpee ni niŋ o amiliya.

O vihigu yaɣa shɛŋa n-nyɛ Iran ʒɛmana siyaasa ni paɣatali mini dotali, Middle East, zalikpana, salo zaɣa ni Middle East, Middle East sinii mini kaya ni taɣada, anduniya paɣaba yee, paɣaba yɛltɔɣa, ʒɛmana ŋɔ Transcaucasia & Central Asia: aati mini salima. Salo mi o la sabbu mini vihigu zaŋ jɛndi Iran zalikpana malizali. O sabbu nyɛla din be *The Nation*, *the Guardian*, n-ti pahi sabiri bima karachi kara ni sabi bahi.

Afary nyɛla adiini bɔhimbu purofeesa University of California Santa Barbara. O daa pun wuhi taarihi yaɣali mini paɣaba bɔhimbu Purdue University. 1980 saha, ŋuni n-daa nyɛ kpɛm' n-ti laɣingu yuli booni “Iranian Jewish Association of California”. O nyɛla ŋun min lee zuɣulana n-ti “International Society for Iranian Studies (ISIS-MESA),  Association for Middle East Women's Studies (AMEWS-MESA), ni "Coordinating Council for Women in History" zaŋ n-ti American Historical Association (CCWH-AHA).

## Bibliography

### Sabbu
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Bukunima
* 
* 
* 
* *Pregnancy and Miscarriage in Qatar: Women, Reproduction and the State (Sex, Family and Culture in the Middle East)*, 2020 (Contributor)
*  
* 
* 
*  (Winner of the British Society for Middle East Studies Annual Book Prize)
* 
*  (Winner of the Latifeh Yarshater Book Award for Iranian Women's Studies, 2006)
* 
* 
* 

## lahi nya ma
* Politics of Iran

## Pina
* Ŋuni n-daa deei *Horace H. Rackham Distinguished Dissertation Award*, University of Michigan. 
* Afary daa nyɛla ŋun deei *Keddie/Balzan Fellowship* pini, International Balzan Prize Foundation ni daa ti o shɛli zaŋ yi o kpaŋmaŋa yuuni tiUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) yuuni 2008 - 2009. 
* Dehkhoda Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Iranian Studies (Germany).

## Kundivihira

## Linki dabam
* Contributors: Janet Afary, Britannica
* 
* Afary, Janet's profile at Edinburgh University
* Janet Afary at Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
* Contributor Profile: Janet Afary, Global Journal
* Janet Afary's publications, The University of Chicago Press
* Birds and Cages Amy Littlefield's review of Janet Afary, Sexual Politics in Modern Iran 
* 
* Janet Afary (Guest editor): Iranian Studies, Special issue: On gender a
Christine Adjahi Gnimagnon

**Christine Adjahi Gnimagnon** (bɛ dɔɣibo la yuuni  1945 ni ) ka o nyɛ ŋun nyɛ sasabiri ŋun yina  Benin tingbani ni 

Christine Adjahi nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so yujnib1945 ni, tiŋa yuli booni Zounzonmey, n nyɛ tiŋkpaŋ yuli booni  Abomey, n be Bénin tingbanni .

## Publications
**Do Massé: Contes fons du Bénin*. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2002. (124p.). .
**Le Forgeron magicien*. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2008. (62p.). .

## Kundivihira
Florent Couao-Zotti

**Florent Couao-Zotti** (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni  1964) o nyɛla sasabira ŋun nyɛ ŋun sabiri kpɛrisi, n ti pahi salin ŋmahi, ŋun be yaɣili yuli din nyɛ "Cotonou," din be  Benin tingbani ni.

## Publications

* *Ce soleil où j’ai toujours soif* (play). Yuuni 1996. 
* *Notre pain de chaque jour* (play). Yuuni 1998: Le Serpent à plumes, Paris. 
* *L'homme dit fou et la mauvaise foi des hommes* (short stories). Yuuni 2000: Le Serpent à plumes, Paris. 
* *Notre pain de chaque nuit* (novel). Yuuni 2000: J'ai lu, Paris. 
* *Charly en guerre* (youth novel). Yuuni 2001: Éditions Dapper, 2001. 
* *La diseuse de mal-espérance* (play). 2001. 
* *Small hell in Street corners*, (short story in Fools, Thieves and other Dreamers). 2001: Weaver Press, Harare.
* *La Sirène qui embrassait les étoiles*. 2003: L'œil, Paris. 
* *Le collectionneur de vierges* (play). 2004: Editions Ndzé. 
* *Le Cantique des cannibales*. 2004: Le Serpent à plumes, Paris. 
* *Retour de tombe*. 2004: Editions Joca Seria. 
* *Les Fantômes du Brésil*. 2006: UBU éditions. 
* *2070 en Sexe Exquis*
* *Si la cour du mouton est sale, ce n'est pas au porc de le dire.* (roman noir) 2010: Editions du Rocher. 
* *Western Tchoukoutou.* 2018: Editions Gallimard. 
* *Comment tuer dix fois un criminel…*, Lomé (Togo), Continents, 2024, 122 p.

## Kundivihira
Catherine Adamson

**Catherine Mary Ann Adamson** (née **Friend**,silimin gɔli October biɛɣu pia ni ata dali, yuuni 1868 –silimin gɔli August dabaa awɔi yuuni1925)o daa nyɛla tiŋ din yuli booni New Zealand yiŋ tuun tumda, pukpara n ti pahi ŋun sabiri lahabaya n sɔŋda(diarist). O lahabali shɛŋa din doya ŋɔ,n nyɛ o ni sabi shɛli zaŋ gbaagi yuuni 1895 hali ni yuuni 1906,zaa nyɛla taarihi shɛŋa din wumsira ka recordi doya n nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni  pioneer la biɛhigu  yɛltɔɣa n be tiŋ yuli booni  Westland District din be New Zealand yaɣ'li la.

## Biɛhigu piligu
Adamson nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi sɔ tiŋsi din yuli booni Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia puuni,silimin goli October biɛɣu pia ni ata dali, yuuni 1868 puuni.O laamba n daa nyɛ Samuel Friend, ŋun nyɛ lebira, n ti pahi Ann Elizabeth Langham.O ni daa na nyɛ bia,bɛ daŋ maa daa kpuɣila napɔŋ n gɔ n chaŋ tiŋ yuli booni  New Zealand ni ka ʒini tiŋ yuli booni  Ōkārito,ni maa ni n daa  daabiligim sunsuuni.

Silimin gɔli September biɛɣu pishi ni ata yuuni 1888,O daa nyɛla ninvuɣusɔ  Robert Adamson ni niŋ amiliya,ŋun nyɛ pukpara,nakɔha n ti pahi maneeka lana.O daŋ nyɛla ninvuɣushɛba ban su tingbani ka di be  Whataroa yaɣ'shɛli.

## Biɛhigu Westland puuni
Adamson mini o yidana daa nyɛla ban kɔ luɣ'shɛŋa bɛ ni boli ni Volis Station, n ti pahi large forested block la, din daa nyɛ din mali tuma pam ni di tum pɔi ka naayi leegi tingbani shɛli din ni too kɔ. O kundi shɛli din daa nyɛ lahabaya din sabi dɔya ŋɔ daa nyɛla din zaŋ gbaagi tuun shɛŋa bɛ daŋ maa zaa ni tum kamani bɛ ni boli shɛli ni churning butter la n kohiri tiri ninvuɣushɛba ban maandi bela bela, ka gbahiri zahim bibihi, mori chebu mini niɣi taɣabu. Di ŋmahinli kpebu n nyɛ "Self and children weeding all day long". O buɣ'sila lahabal jia din nyɛ o maŋmaŋa ni wum nyaɣ'sim shɛm n ti pahi o ni nyali sham biɛhigu puuni; dabisili din daa lu o bi'dibiga dɔɣim dali daa lula yuuni 1899 puuni o daa sabi tuun shɛli din daa tum ka di wuhiri ni nachimba n tumli sɔŋ. Yuuni 1901puuni o bi'dibiga maa daa gbaa la dɔro ka daa lɛhi kpi her.O daa sabi niŋ o kundi ŋɔ ni: "my Darling's funeral took place ... Family all came home leaving our Darling in God's world". O bia sɔ gba daa kpiya yuuni 1906 puuni. O kundi maa puuni o sabi o ni yan kaari o bihi maa gbala shɛm n ti pahi o ni yan sari tihi mini flaawa nim sham.

Adamson biɛhigu daa niŋ kirikiri ni basaa pam, O daa nyɛ sɔŋsim ka di yina o yikperlaansɔ ŋun daa yina  Westland yaɣa shɛli. Bɛ daŋ ŋɔ daa tɔɔ kaari tiŋyuli booni  Ōkārito,nimaa ni ka o niriba su yili shɛli bɛ ni boli ni Royal Hotel, mini occasionally travelled din chani Hokitika. Yuuni 1901 puuni o mini o yidaan ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban gɔ n gili tiŋ  North Island.

Adamson kpila silimiin gɔli  August dabaa awɔi yuuni 1925 ka chaŋ Westland Hospital, Hokitika, ka bɛ daa sɔɣi o Whataroa gbala ni. O yidana daa kpila yuuni 1941 puuni ka bɛ daa sɔɣi o mini o. O lahabaya shɛŋa ŋan daa sabi dɔya ŋɔ daa zaŋ wuhila salɔ yuuni 1998 puuni.
## Kundivihira
Umayya Abu-Hanna

**Umayya Abu-Hanna** (Larigu zinli zuɣuأمية أبو حنا; bɛ dɔɣi o la silimin goli *[[March]]* bɛɣ pia ni apoin dali, yuuni 1961 puuni) nyɛla *[[Palestine]]* bilchini ŋun nyɛ sasabra n zaŋti *[[Finnish sauna|Finnish]]*, lahibalitira, ka lahi nyɛ *Helsinki city council* ninvuɣ'kuro, bɛ dɔɣi o la *[[Halifax|Haifa]]* tingbanni, *[[Israel]]* ni *Palestine* daŋ puuni. O daa labila *[[Finland]]* yuuni 1981 puuni. Yuuni 2011 puuni, o daa lahi yiya n labi *[[Amsterdam]]*, nimani  ka o mini o bi'so ŋun nyɛ *[[South Africa]]* bilchin la daa ʒini.

## O tuma
1980 yuma la saha, o daa bɛla *Helsinki city council* nirib la puuni, o daa lahi nyɛla *Real Estate Board* ban bɛ *Helsinki* la nirib la puuni yini.

1990 yuma la saha, o daa nyɛla lahibaltira, gbaŋ ŋmara, ka lahi nyɛ ŋun pahiri nuu zaŋchaŋ lahibaya wuligibu polo. ŊUni n daa nyɛ gbansabla piligu ŋun tiri lahabali zaŋjandi *Finland* bieɣukam yɛlayɛla *Finnish Broadcasting Company* puuni.

2000 yuma la saha, O daa nyɛla Nuuni baŋsim Councili(*Arts Council*) din be *Finland* la yuuni (2004-2006). Abu-Hanna daa lahi mali la saɣisigu n tiri bala dabamdabam ni bɛ kaya ni taada *Finnish National Gallery*  puuni 
## O kpaŋmaŋ pina

* Larin Paraske Award, The Kalevala Women's Association (yuuni 2008)
* "Finn of the Year", The Finnish Civic Society (yuuni 2004)
* Finland Award (yuuni 2003), Ministry of Education
* Bonnier Group Award (yuuni 2002) for journalistic innovation

## Kundivihira