Maroons

**Maroons** nyɛla ninvuɣ'shɛba ban yina Africanima ban be  Americanima mini Island nima ban be India nima "Ocean" ka daa daa zo n-tiligi ka che dab'tali, ka di nyɛla bɛ tuhi mi bee "manumission" ka bɛ niŋ, ka me bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu sheei. Bɛ mini "Indigenous peoples" tooi gabirila taba, ka bɛ kaya ni taɣa leei waligirakamani Garifuna mini Mascogos.

## Pilli

*Maroon*, bɛ ni tooi che shɛli labi ka di nyɛla di ka la aʒianima pam, daa kpela Silimi'tiŋa kamani yuma din gbaai 1590s, French bachibuɣisirili puuni "", din nyɛ 'feral' bee 'fugitive'. Din mini di bachinima ŋmebu nyɛ yim maa yoli, 'reddish brown' zaŋti *maroon* gbunni bi yi polo zaŋ na hali ni yuma din gbaai 1700s, amaa dini tooi nyɛ di daa yila "maroon" niriba sani na.

American Spanish bachi "" gba tooi nyɛla din zani ti Siliminsili bachi "*maroon" ni yina shɛli*, ka di buɣisiri daba ban daa zo Florida biɛhisi sheei, "Great Dismal Swamp" din daa be Virginia mini North Carolina tarisi, Caribbean daba gbahibu tingbana,ni New World yaɣ'shɛŋa. Linguist Lyle Campbell yɛliya ni  Spanish bachi din nyɛ "**'" gbunni nyɛla 'yɔɣu, gamazuɣu' bee 'dabili ŋun zo'. Yuma 1570s piligu, Sir Francis Drake's daa goya gili Spanish din be Panama ka "''Symerons''," daa sɔŋ o, din ni tooi nyɛ "**'" ka bɛ sabi chirim. Bala baŋda Leo Spitzer, yɛliya balli lahabali sabbu puuni,, "ningbuna niŋbu yi beni ni Eng. *maroon*, Fr. **', ni Sp. **', Spain (bee Spanish America) di nyɛla din ni tooi zani dede n-ti England (bee English America)."

Lala n lahi nyɛli, Cuban "philologist José Juan Arrom" nyɛla ŋun bo "*maroon" ni yi shɛli na* n-ti tooni gari Spanish *cimarrón*, din daa zaŋ tum tuma tuuli Hispaniola ni di zani ti "feral" niɣi, n naan yi zaŋ paai India daba ban zo n kuli zoya ni, ka zaŋ chaŋ yuma 1530s piligu din chaŋ ti kpe Africa daba ban gba niŋ lala kpee. O buɣisi ni American Spanish bachi yimina Arawakan bachi din nyɛ "" puuni, ka bɛ leei li 'fugitive', Arawakan balli ni, Taíno ni tɔɣisiri shɛli.
## Taarihi

### Colonial era

New World ni, kamani di yi daa kuli daŋ, yuuni 1512, Africa daba daa zo Spanish n chaŋ ti pahi shɛba zuɣu bee ka bɛ daa bo bɛ maŋmaŋa biɛhigu shee. Tuuli daba tuhibu daa niŋla Dominican Republic lache buu din daa nyɛ Admiral Diego Columbus ni su shɛli, Anashaara goli 26 December yuuni 1522, ka Admiral daa dahim li ka di bi viɛla. Tuuli maroon tinsi din nyɛ Americanima dini daa kpala lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyaaŋa, dini daa niŋ ka lala daba ŋɔ shɛba daa tooi zo n-tili. Di daa lahi nyɛla daliri din yɛn ti Dominican yaa maroons ban daa chaŋ ti su maroon tuma Americanima sani. Sebastián Lemba, bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Africa, daa tooi tuhi Spaniards di nasra yuuni 1532, ka daa naai noli ni Africanima shɛba o yuun poinaanu zaŋ tuhi Spanish dab gbahiriba ŋɔ. Din tooi niŋ ka Lemba daa nya maroons shɛba pahi o ma`n zuɣu kamani Juan Vaquero, Diego del Guzmán, Fernando Montoro, Juan Criollo ni Diego del Ocampo o dabili tuhibu saha. Dini daa niŋ ka maroons tuhi Spanish daabili, Spanish kpamba daa pilila maroon zobu ni bɛ ti fa island maa. Zaŋ kana 1540s, maroons daa tooi deei island maa puuni zaa, amaa yaɣ'shɛŋa din daa be east, north, ni western yaɣa din daa be island gba daa na nyɛla din yɛn kpe maroon sulinsi ni. Maroon  Dominican maroons nyɛla ban yɛn be island maa ni hali ni 17th century.

Sir Francis Drake daa kali *cimarrones* pam o go n gili Spanish ni. Kamani yuuni 1655, Africanima daa kpala tinsi inland Jamaica, ka zaŋ chaŋ 18th century, Nanny Town mini Jamaican maroon tinkpan shɛŋa daa pili maŋsulinsi zuɣu zabbu.

Di ni daa niŋ ka Amerindians mini daba ban daa zo n tiligi daa laɣim taba bɛ daa booni ba la "maroons". Caribbean islands ni, bɛ daa kpala laɣisni islands, armed camps. Maroon daa niŋ wahala pam, bindirigu nya n-di, ni bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛ dɔɣi ka yɛligi.

Tuuli maroon tinsi daa kuli bela yerayera. Zaŋ kana yuuni 1700, maroon daa zoya ka che islands. Biɛhigu daa niŋla tom pam zaŋti ba, di daa kuli ʒimi ni bɛ tiuhima ka lahi bɔri bindirigu.Maroons so ŋun daa tooi mali yiko n daa nyɛ François Mackandal, ŋun daa nyɛ "houngan" bee "voodoo."

Cuba tingbani ni, maroon tinsi daa be di zolona ni, luɣ'shɛli Africa daba ni daa zo n-tiligi chaŋ ti pahi Taínos ni. Pɔi ka pala daa naan yi ti mali chaŋ Puerto Rico. 

Maroon tinsi pam daa kpaya Caribbean (St&nbsp;Vincent mini Dominica), amaa di shɛli da pa arisigu zaŋ ti British kamani Jamaican Maroons. 17th century piligu, Jamaican Maroons daa kuli tuhirila British daba-gbahiriba sahakam, ka di daa ti tahi "First Maroon War" na (1728–1740). Yuuni 1739 mini yuuni 1740,British gɔmnanti zaŋti Colony of Jamaica, Edward Trelawny, daa dihi gbana ni ka lo ba alikaule ni  luɣa buyi ni, Cudjoe's Town (Trelawny Town) din be western Jamaica mini Crawford's Town din be eastern Jamaica, din yɛn che ka bɛ che taba tuhibu. 

### Modern era
Maroon tinkura din daa be Spanish Caribbean daa na kuli beni zaŋ kana yuuni 2006, kamani Viñales, Cuba, ni Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.

Zaŋ kana zuŋɔ, Jamaican Maroon nyɛla ban za bɛ gama zuɣu ka waligi ka che Jamaica tinsi.

Ndyuka na kuli nyɛla din niŋ talahi ti Ndyuka mini saha ŋɔ Surinamese gɔmnanti, ka di daliri nyɛla dii buɣisila Maroons fukumsi din be "gold-rich inlands" zaŋit Suriname.

## Lihi pahi

* Slave catcher
* Slave rebellion
* Afro-Latin American: Latin Americans of significant or mainly African ancestry.
* Black Seminoles: Indians associated with the Seminole people in Florida and Oklahoma.
* Bushinengues: in French Guiana, meaning people of the forest, descendants of slaves who escaped enslavement and established independent communities in the forest.
* Gaspar Yanga: an African known for being the leader of a maroon colony of slaves in New Spain.
* Saramaka: one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana.
* Jamaican Maroons: one of the few countries where Maroon communities still exist.
* *[[Quilombo (film)|Quilombo]]* a 1985 film about Quilombo dos Palmares, a fugitive community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil.
* Jean Dugain

## Kundivihira

## Sources

### Literature

*History of the Maroons
* Russell Banks (1980), *The Book of Jamaica*.
* Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), *The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration & betrayal*, Granby, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey. 
* Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), *Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression* (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 
* Dallas, R. C. *The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone*. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803.
* De Granada, Germán (1970), *Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas "Criollas" en Hispanoamérica* Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, OCLC 37821053 (in Spanish)
* Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), *Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons*, New York: NYU Press, 
* Honychurch, Lennox (1995), *The Dominica Story*, London: Macmillan.  (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica)
* Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), *The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname*, Academic Publishers. 
* Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), *Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas* Garland Publishing, New York, 
* Price, Richard (ed.) (1973), *Maroon Societies: rebel slave communities in the Americas*, Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books. 
*Schwaller, Robert, ed. *African Maroons in Sixteenth-Century Panama: A History in Documents.* University of Oklahoma Press, 2021.
* Thompson, Alvin O. (2006), *Flight to Freedom: African runaways and maroons in the Americas* University of West Indies Press, Kingston, Jamaica, 
*
* van Velzen, H.U.E. Thoden and van Wetering, Wilhelmina (2004), *In the Shadow of the Oracle: Religion as Politics in a Suriname Maroon Society*, Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. 

## External links

*  (The Maroons, Hindustanis and others of Surinam.)
*  A good short history of the "Bush Negroes" of Suriname.
* 
*  (A history of Jamaican Maroons.)
* 
* 
*''Black Prisoners of War at Porchester Castle''
*''Lands of Freedom: the oral histories and cultural heritage of the Matawai Maroons in Suriname''