Epic of King Gesar

**Epic of King Gesar** (), bɛ sabiri li la **Geser** (balli lee Mongolian sabu ni) bee **Kesar** (), nyɛla tuma zaŋ n-ti epic literature ban be Tibet mini Central Asia. "The epic" ŋɔ nyɛla din piligi kamani 200 BCE bee 300 BCE saha ka nyɛ din paai kamani 600 CE. Lala zuɣu, "folk balladeers" nyɛla ban mali tuma ŋɔ taarihi n-tiri bɛ bihi shɛba ban na yiɣisirina bɛ noli ni. Lala tuma ŋɔ nyɛla niriba pam ni baŋ shɛli 12th Century. 

"The Epic" ŋɔ nyɛla din jɛndi tun'kara zaŋ n-ti culture hero Gesar, "legendary kingdom of Ling" Naa so ŋun daa bi zori dabiɛm (). Di nyɛla bɛ ni niŋ shɛli yɛltɔɣitaɣimalisi mini salinwaɣinli din nyɛ nolini baŋsim kotomsi,  ka di nyɛ niriba ni mali shɛli yiinda yila Central Asia mini  South Asia. Di nyɛla jilima taarihi din be central Tibet.

100 bards shɛba zaŋ n-ti epic ŋɔ (, "tale") nyɛla din na mali yaa zuŋɔ be Gesar belt, China. Tibetan, Mongolian, Buryat, Balti, Ladakhi n-ti pahi Monguor yili yiindiba nyɛla ban na kuli gbubi di nolini baŋsim kotomsi ŋɔ. Yugur mini Salar, gba "epic" nyɛla din be Balti din be Baltistan,  Burusho people ban be Hunza n-ti pahi Gilgit  ni Kalmyk mini Ladakhi niriba ban be Nepal n-ti pahi Altaics, Turkic,  Tungus tribes. Di tuuli baŋsim sabirili nyɛla bɛn daa sabi shɛli Mongolian balli ni ka daa zaŋ li wuhi salo Beijing yuuni 1716.

Di nyɛla din bara ka nyɛ din mali jilima pam dunia ŋɔ. Di ka sabiri yini, Chinese ni sabi shɛli Tibetan versions nyɛla din mali "120 volumes," , di pirigi la "chapters" pihita yinika. Western laasabu maaniba yɛliya ni buku nim din kalinli gari pihinu ka bɛ sabi saha ŋɔ China, India n-ti pahi Tibet.

## Etymology zaŋ n-ti di gbuni
Lahabali nyɛla din wuhi ni *Gesar* yuli nyɛla din be Roman title *[[Caesar (title)|Caesar]]*, tum *kaiser* (emperor) ni kpɛ Turkic ka di nyɛla bɛ daa doli la Byzantine Empire di saha Caesar (*Καῖσαρ*) daa nyɛ "imperial title". Shɛba tɛhi la soli shɛli din doli kpɛna nyɛla Mongolian *Kesar*. Mongols daa nyɛla allied with the Byzantines, ban tiŋgbani na mali lala yuli maa.

"Numismatic evidence" ni ninvuɣ shɛba nyɛla ban yɛli yɛltɔɣa zaŋ kpa Bactrian ruler *Phrom-kesar*,  Kabul Shahi zaŋ n-ti Gandhara, Turkic king *[[Fromo Kesaro]]* ("Caesar of Rome") ni daa gbubi shɛli, ŋun daa deemba zaŋ n-ti Kingdom of Khotan bin din gbaai 8th century CE sunsuun. Lahabali din yina Bon wuhiya ni  *Kesar* nyɛla yuli zaŋ n-ti Naa bee ŋun gbubi tiŋgbani.  Tibetan lahabali zaŋ kpa "epic" ŋɔ wuhiya ni Naa so bɛn boli *Phrom* Ge-sar bee *Khrom* Ge-sar nyɛla Naa zaŋ n-ti yaɣa anahi, yuli ŋɔ nyɛla din daa piligi 10th century ka *Phrom*/*Khrom mi daa kpalim* Iranian (**frōm-hrōm*) zaŋ n-ti *Rūm*/*Rome*.  Lala eastern Iranian bachi ŋɔ nyɛla din dɔ Middle Chinese bachi (Eastern) Rome (, *Fólín*) nyaaŋa kamani Byzantium (*phrōm-from<*phywət-lyəm>*).

A. H. Francke daa tɛhi la Tibetan yuli  Gesar nyɛla din yina Sanskrit. S.K. Chatterji, din daa niŋ ka o piligi o tuma ka o daa baŋ ni "Ladakh variant of Kesar", *Kyesar din be* Classical Tibetan *Skye-gsar* gbunni nyɛ 'labi dɔɣi bee yoli dɔɣi', ka *Gesar/Kesar* din be Tibetan kamani din be Sanskrit wuhiri '"anther bee pistil of a flower" , Sanskrit *kēsara gbunni* kēsa' (hair) nyɛ Indo-European.

## Gesar mini Kingdom of Ling
Tibet, din wuhiri Gesar taarihi nyɛla din mali bɔhisi.   baŋdi shɛba ban be ni nyɛla ban ŋmɛ nangban kpeeni ni bɛ daa dɔɣi o la yuuni 1027, lahabali din yina 19th-century chronicle, the *Mdo smad chos 'byung* by Brag dgon pa dkon mchog bstan pa rab.   Ka "episode" shɛŋa nyɛ din wuhiri Tibetan taarihi: din daa niŋ ka bɛ tee king Songtsän Gampo's Chinese nabi'puɣiŋga Wencheng kpuɣibu yuuni 641. Baŋdiba nyɛla ban mali o pahiri Golok, tiŋ din be Dotō mini  Domé sunsuun,bee Markham, Tanak, Öyuk bee tiŋ'kpaŋ zaŋ n-ti Panam din be Nyang River. Amaa "epic" nyɛla bɛn daa yiinda shɛli Tibetan-speaking regions, ni Kham mini  Amdo, Tibetan balli puuni, *gling* gbunni nyɛla "island".
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 | first = Joseph
 | year = 1988
 | author-link = Joseph Needham
 | orig-year = First published 1954
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | volume = 1
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F3ngtgAACAAJ
 | isbn = 0-521-05799-X
 }}
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## External links

* King Gessar
* King Gessar preserved
* King Gessar and Samzhug
* 
* Turkish Mythology Dictionary - Multilingual (English)
* An 1835 German translation of the Mongolian version at the Internet Archive
* The Mongolian version in Mongolian (Khalkha Cyrillic)
* The Buryat version in Russian translation