Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

**Thirteenth Amendment** (**Amendment XIII**) zaŋti United States Constitution karila daba dabu mini tum ti di pa suhuyurilim, gbaa yihi din nyɛ tibili darigibu. Senate n daa zali zaligu maa Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864, House of Representatives daa zali li Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865.

## Text

## United States dab' tali

Da' tali daa nyɛla din be United States of America ka nyɛ bɛ ni saɣiti shɛli tum di ni pili yuuni 1776. Di nyɛla European colonization ni pili shɛli "thirteen American colonies" din be British America yaɣili zaa. Fugitive Slave Clause ni, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, "No person held to Service or Labour in one State" would be freed by escaping to another. Article I, Section 9, Clause 1 ti la Congress maa soli ni di zali zaligu ni "Importation of Persons", ka bi yɛ zaŋ tum tuma zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1808. Amaa, "Fifth Amendment" daliri zuɣu—din yɛli ni "Ninvuɣ' so n ka...ka bɛ yɛn mɔŋ o ni benibu, gamazuɣu zanibu, bee n su o ni mali shɛli, ka di pala zaligu pala di zuɣu"—daba daa nyɛla aʒianima.Amaa daba dabu karibu daa zaŋla "Fifth Amendment" n-ŋme nangbankpeeni ni dabilim, di daa pahi *[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]* (1857) zalisi din kari daba nahimbu ni bɛ aʒia'tali.

Di ni daa niŋ ka tiŋgbani maa yɛligira ,tiŋgbani pala daba daabiligu niŋbu n daa pa lahi nyɛ yɛltɔɣa. Yuuni 1820 Missouri Compromise daa deei la Missouri ka di  niŋ daba tiŋgbani ka Maine mi leei vuhim tiŋgban Compromise of 1850 daa na zaŋla California "free state" saha biɛla zuɣu ni, ka zaani Fugitive Slave Act din mali yaa, ka kariti Washington, D.C., ka che ka New Mexico mini Utah gba yina ni bɛ tɛha zaŋ chaŋ daba dabu polo.

## Proposal and ratification

### Crafting the amendment

Tiŋgbani zuɣulana tali yaa zaŋ tum tuma puuni zaŋ chaŋ tɔbu polo, Lincoln daa yina ni "Emancipation Proclamation" Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1862, ka di daa piini Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1863. Bɛ lahi tɛha zaŋ chaŋ zalisi maa taɣibu siɣim buta zuɣu. Ka tuuli dini nyɛ tiŋgbani maa yɛn bɔrimi ni bɛ kari daba dabu Anashaara goli January 1, yuuni 1900.Zaŋ chaŋ Anashaara goli December yuuni 1863, Lincoln daa lahi zaŋ o tɔbu yaa n yina ni "Proclamation for Amnesty and Reconstruction", din ti Southern states soli ni bɛ labi kpe nangbanyini laɣingu ni. Southern states daa bɛ niŋ shili ni bɛ saɣiti li, ka daba dabu na ka di ni za shɛli.

Tiŋ'bihi tɔbu ŋmebu yuma ni, ban zaani zalisi laɣinsi ni daa tɛhiya ni bɛ labi mali bɛ zalisi zali. Di shɛli n daa nyɛ bɛ boli soli kari daba dabu luɣ'li kam ka di ku lahi labina dahinshɛli kam. Anashaara goli December 14, yuuni 1863, James Mitchell Ashley ŋun yina Ohio daa yina ni lala zalisi maa.  James F. Wilson ŋun yina Iowa gba daa ti yina ni di kpee. 

Radical Republicans din nyɛ Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner mini Pennsylvania nira Thaddeus Stevens gba daa yina ni pahisi di yɛliri zalisi maa labi teei.Anashaara goli February 8, yuuni 1864, Sumner daa zaŋ tiŋgbani zalisi labi-teei n-ti ka di yɛra:
Zaligu maa nyɛla din ni tooi di sokam, din yɛn che ka so ku tooi gbaai be n gbubi so dabili.

Sumner daa moya ni o zaŋ o tɛha pahi o maŋmaŋa komitii maa ni, ka di pa ni Judiciary Committee, din daa be Trumbull nuu ni, amaa ka Senate maa daa zaɣisi. Anashaara goli February 10, Senate Judiciary Committee daa zani Senate zaani ni zalisi maa labi teei din nyɛ Ashley ni daa tɛhi shɛŋa, Wilson n-ti pahi Henderson.

Komitii maa yaɣili daa malila sabbu din yina Northwest Ordinance yuuni 1787 tumdi tuma, din wuhira ni, "Daba dabu bee talahi tumti nyɛla din bi yɛn be tiŋgbani ŋɔ yaɣ'shɛli, gbaa yihi ban tum taali ka di yɛn darigi bɛ tibili

### Passage by Congress

Senate daa zali zaligu maa mali niŋ Anashaara goli April 8, yuuni 1864.. Amaa, Anashaara goli June 15, chira ayi nyaaŋa, bɛ daa bɛ tooi niŋli. Yuuni 1864 gɔmanti tali kpaɣiri bo ni,  Free Soil Party nira John C. Frémont daa varisi Lincoln, ka saɣiri tiri dab'tali karibu. Frémont daa yi kpaɣiribu maa ni Anashaara goli September 22, yuuni 1864, ka daa saɣiti Lincoln.

Southern states shɛli nuu daa ka din ni, Congress maa shɛba daa yina ni biɛhigu ni adiini yɛltɔɣa din zaɣisi dab'tali.  Ŋun daa be din ni Chilton A. White, ni ban pahi pahi, daa kpahi bɛ zuɣuni ni lala taɣibu ŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn che kansabila lee bilichini nima. Shɛba mi daa ʒimi ni lala zalisi ŋɔ nyɛla din mali barina n-ti gbanpiɛla.

Gbanpiɛla, Northern Republicans mini Democrats daaniŋ suhupiɛlli ni lala zzalisi ŋɔ taɣibu, ka ʒini laɣinsi ka bɔri maligu soya. Gbansabila ban daa be South, daa zaŋla bɛ zaɣa niŋ tiŋgbani mini shikuru baŋsim bɔbu ni. Di ni daa niŋ ka siyaasa ka nuu timbu daba dabu ni, Northern Democrats shɛba daa yina ti moli ni bɛ ni tim nuu lala zalisi ŋɔ labi-teei ni, n-ti pahi James Brooks, Senator Reverdy Johnson, ni New York political machine so bɛ ni booni Tammany Hall gba daa bela din ni.

Tiŋgbani zuɣulana Lincoln daa malila tɛha ni "Emancipation Proclamation" zaŋti yuuni 1863 ni tooi lahi labi niŋ bee ka bɛ nya ka di bi niŋ dee tɔbu maa nyaaŋa. O nyɛla ŋun ka zaashee lala zalisi labi-teei ŋɔ ni ka o daliri nyɛla din nyɛla din nyɛ pɔhili zaŋti siyaasa. O ni daa lahi labi di piibu-piibu maa naai yuuni 1864, Lincoln daa zaŋ "Thirteenth Amendment" zaŋ tum tuma ka di niŋ talahi ti o.

Lincoln daa yɛli gbaŋ ŋmari zaŋti ti tiŋgbani maa William H. Seward, ŋun daa zani ti John B. Alley ni bɛ kpaŋ bɛ maŋ nya vootinima ni soli kam bɛ ni yɛn doli. 

Yuuni 1864 Democratic ni daa piigi so ni o zani tiŋgbani zuɣulana paa, George H. Pendleton,daa varila ban ka nam ni haŋkaya kpari lala polo.

Anashaara goli January ni daa ti pirigi yuuni 1865, ŋun diri aliza tiri jinaduu Schuyler Colfax daa buɣisiya ka niriba anu vootibu kani ka di zuɣu che ka taɣibu maa ku tooi niŋ. Ashley daa tirisi vootibu maa.Lala saha ŋɔ, Lincoln daa kpaŋsi o niya ni di taɣibu polo, ka daa gindi balindi bɛ shɛba. Anashaara goli January 31, yuuni 1865, jinaduu daa labi boli niriba ni bɛ ti niŋ taɣibu vootibu ŋɔ.  Din  nyaaŋa bɛ shɛba daa diri dari, ka bɛ shɛba mi yi zahara kuhiri nintam.

Zaligu daa bi ti tiŋgbani zuɣulana tuun shɛli zaligu ŋɔ mali niŋ ni, bɛ ni daa gbaai shɛm nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli ti Lincoln ka o dihi gbana ni. Anashaara goli February 7, Congress daa yina ti yɛli ni tiŋgbani zuɣulana gbana ni dihibu maa bi kpa talahi.

    Alabama mini Louisiana ni di saɣiti maa pala din gbubi dab' kura. Anashaara goli December tuuli dabisa ni, North Carolina mini Georgia daa niŋ di vootibu din tu ni di niŋ ka bɛ zaŋli pahi zalisi ni.

Tuuli tiŋgbana pishi ni ayopɔin ban daa saɣiti " Amendment" n daa nyɛ:

# Illinois: February 1, 1865
# Rhode Island: February 2, 1865
# Michigan: February 3, 1865
# Maryland: February 3, 1865
# New York: February 3, 1865
# Pennsylvania: February 3, 1865
# West Virginia: February 3, 1865
# Missouri: February 6, 1865
# Maine: February 7, 1865
# Kansas: February 7, 1865
# Massachusetts: February 7, 1865
# Virginia: February 9, 1865
# Ohio: February 10, 1865
# Indiana: February 13, 1865
# Nevada: February 16, 1865
# Louisiana: February 17, 1865
# Minnesota: February 23, 1865
# Wisconsin: February 24, 1865
# Vermont: March 9, 1865
# Tennessee: April 7, 1865
# Arkansas: April 14, 1865
# Connecticut: May 4, 1865
# New Hampshire: July 1, 1865
# South Carolina: November 13, 1865
# Alabama: December 2, 1865
# North Carolina: December 4, 1865
# Georgia: December 6, 1865

"Thirteenth Amendment" daa ti nyɛla tiŋgbani shɛŋa din daa pahi ni saɣiti shɛli, din nim n doli ŋɔ na:

*

## Lihi pahi
* Crittenden Compromise
* End of slavery in the United States
* History of unfree labor in the United States
* History of slavery in the United States by state
* List of amendments to the United States Constitution
* Marriage of enslaved people (United States)
* National Freedom Day
* Slave Trade Acts
* Slavery Abolition Act 1833 in the United Kingdom
* United States labor law
* ''13th'', a 2016 documentary on the Thirteenth Amendment

## Kundivihira
### Citations

## Notes

### Bibliography
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*  Pdf.
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* Heriot, Gail & Somin, Alison, Sleeping Giant?: Section Two of the Thirteenth Amendment, Hate Crimes Legislation, and Academia's Favorite New Vehicle for the Expansion of Federal Power, 13 Engage 31 (October 2012).
*  Preview.
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*  Pdf.
:* *Response to McAward:*  Pdf.
::* *Response to Tsesis:*  Pdf.
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*  Excerpt. Emphasis on the role of Congressman James Ashley.
* Samito, Christian G., *Lincoln and the Thirteenth Amendment* (Southern Illinois University Press, 2015) xii, 171 pp.
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*  Preview.
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* , Book
***[[University of Maryland School of Law#Publications|Maryland Law Review]]'', special issue: Symposium—the Maryland Constitutional Law Schmooze'''
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3530&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3531&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3532&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3533&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3534&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3535&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3536&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3537&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3538&context=mlr Pdf.]
*  [http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3539&context=mlr Pdf.]
<br />***Columbia Law Review*, special issue: Symposium: The Thirteenth Amendment: Meaning, Enforcement, and Contemporary Implications*'
* *Introduction*
:*  Pdf.
* *Panel I: Thirteenth Admendment in Context*
:*  Pdf.
:*  Pdf.
:*  Pdf.
* *Panel II: Reconstruction Revisited*
:*  Pdf.
:*  Pdf.
:*  Pdf.
:*  Pdf.
* *Panel III: The Limits of Authority*
:*  Pdf.
:*  (link: Pdf)
:*  (link: Pdf)
* *Panel IV: Contemporary Implications*
:*  Pdf.
:*  Pdf.
:*  (link: Pdf)

## Further reading
* Ripley, C. Peter et al., eds. (1993). ''Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation''; .

## External links

* Thirteenth Amendment and related resources at the Library of Congress
* CRS Annotated Constitution: Thirteenth Amendment
* Original Document Proposing Abolition of Slavery
* Model State Anti-trafficking Criminal Statute—U.S. Dept of Justice
* "Abolishing Slavery: The Thirteenth Amendment Signed by Abraham Lincoln "; website of Seth Kaller, a dealer who has sold six Lincoln-signed copies of the Thirteenth Amendment.
* Seward certificate announcing the Amendment's passage and affirming the existence of 36 States
* When Was The Thirteenth Amendment Ratified?