Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili

Yɛltɔɣa baŋsim puuni, **nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili** nyɛla biɛlimpahirili shɛli ŋa n tabiliri bachi nyabili bahigu. Shɛhira shɛŋa ŋavni tooi n yirina n-nyɛ ''case'' ''endings'', ŋa n wuhiri bɛ ni boli shɛli ni ''grammatical'' ''case'' la bachinamda mini bachibuɣisira n ti pahi bachiniŋdili bahigu ŋa laɣimdi taba n namdi bachiniŋda. Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ni tooi n mali girama lahabali ŋa puuni (ŋa nyɛ bɛ ni yɛli ni shɛli  ''inflectional'' *endings*) bee ŋa nyɛ *lexical information* (''derivational''/*lexical* nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira) la*.* Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *inflection* la n-nyɛ ŋa taɣiri bachi girama biɛhigu nahingbana bɛ ni boli shɛli ni di ''syntactic'' ''category'' la ni. *Derivational* nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira malila kpatuɣa ayi, ŋanima n-nyɛ bɛ ni boli shɛŋa ni: *class-changing derivation* mini *class-maintaining derivation* la.

Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni Semitic yɛltɔɣa la bɔhimbu puuni, nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni ***affirmatives*** dominchi ŋanima ni tooi n taɣi bachinima biɛhigu. Indo-European nima wuhibu ni bɔhimbu puuni, waligimsim bela nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili mini bachi bahigu ni (nyami Proto-Indo-European root).

Bachi bahigu yaɣ'shɛli ŋa be mɔfim sumaŋa mini mɔfim tuɣirili sunsuuni yuli n booni ***suffixoid*** bee ***semi-suffix*** (Shɛhira, English *-like* bee German *-freundlich* "zosimili bee zosumtali").

### Shɛhiranima

#### Dagbani puuni

#### Siliminsili ni
:*Girl*'s***—di puuni ''-s'' n-nyɛ ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ka ŋa wuhiri zaɣ'bɔbigu.
:''He make'''s***—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ *-s* ka ŋa yɛri n-tiri bɛ yɛli shɛli ni *[[Grammatical person|third person]] [[Grammatical number|singular]] [[present tense]].*
:*It clos*'ed***—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ ''-ed''  ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari.
:''It's bright'''er***—ka ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili nyɛ *-er* ka ŋa wuhiri *[[Comparative]]*.

#### Faringa
:*De beau*'x** jours''—ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ ''-x'' ka ŋa wuhiri galisim.
:''Elle est passablement joli**e** ''—di nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili n-nyɛ ''-e'' ka ŋa buɣisiri paɣa biɛhiga bachibuɣirili puuni.

=== German ===
:''mein Computer''—ŋa ni be shɛm maa che mi ka ŋa ka nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni ''nominative'' la ka nyɛ "''unmarked''"
:''mein**es** Computer**s***—genitive case
:''mein'''em''' Computer''—dative case
:''mein'''en''' Computer''—accusative case
=== Russian ===
:''мой компьютер—''ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira kalinsi bachinima ŋɔ ni wuhiri la di ''nominative'' ka ŋa nyɛ "''unmarked''"
:''мо'''его''' компьютер'''а***—genitive case
:*мо*'ему** компьютер**у***—dative case
:''мой компьютер''—accusative case
:''за-туш-'''и-ть''' свеч'''у***—ŋa tuuli bachi maa malila -и- ka di nyɛ ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ka -ть mii bahindili (*infinitive form*); bachi din pahiri ayi ka bahindiri ni -у (*accusative case, singular, feminine*).
:**'—добр- bachi tuŋa bee jilkpeeni, -о- interfix, -жел- jilkpeeni, verbal -a- interfix, nominal  nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, bachibuɣisirili -н- nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili, bachibuɣisirili -ый di bahigu (nominative case, singular, masculine).
:

===[[Barngarla language|Barngarla]]===
:''wárraidya'' "[[emu]]" — ŋa nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira kalinsi maa yi la ŋa girama kalinli ni na, zaɣ'gaŋsi, ka nyɛ "''unmarked''"
:''wárraidya**lbili*** "two emus" — dual
:''wárraidya'''rri*** "emus" — zaɣ'bɔbigu 
:*wárraidya*'ilyarranha*** "ŋa malila emus zaɣ'bɔbigu", "heaps of emus" — superplural

== Inflectional suffixes ==
Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni ''[[Inflection]]'' la n-nyɛ ŋa taɣiri bachi girama biɛhigu bɛ ni boli shɛli ni di [[syntactic category|''syntactic'' ''category'']] la ni. Inflectional nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ni bɛ ni lahi n booni shɛli ni '''desinence''' la ni ka bala pam tooi n baŋdi dinbɔŋɔ. Kamani Shɛhira ŋɔ ni:
:''I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has fad'''ed''' quite a bit'' (N di malila ni chinchini bi paligi tɔ  amaa di pun paligi zaa).
Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili ŋɔ ''-d'' zaŋla girama zalisi n taɣi bachi tuŋa ŋɔ ''fade'' ka ŋa wuhiri niŋsim din pun niŋ n gari.

''Inflectional'' nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira bi taɣiri bachi maa bachi pubu ''inflection'' nyaaŋa . ''Inflectional'' nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira ŋa be punpɔŋɔ na Siliminsili ni n-nyɛ:
=== Bachiniŋda ===

*'''-s''' ''third person singular simple present indicative active''
*'''[[-ed]]''' ŋa wuhiri la niŋsim din pun n niŋ gari ka lahi n-nyɛ ''past participle''
*'''-t''' niŋsim din pun n niŋ gari (weak irregular)
*'''[[-ing]]''' present participle and gerund
*'''[[-en]]''' [[past participle]] (irregular)

=== Bachinamda ===

*'''-s''' ŋa wuhiri zaɣ'bɔbigu kalinli 
*'''-en''' zaɣ'bɔbigu (''irregular'')

=== Bachibuɣisira mini bachiniŋdipahira ===

*'''-er''' [[Comparative syntax in English|comparative]] ''degree''
*'''-est''' [[superlative]] ''degree''
== Derivation ==
Bɛ bi boli shɛli ni [[Derivation (linguistics)|''derivational'']] nyaaŋa biɛlimpahira malila yaɣa ayi: ''class-changing derivation'' mini ''class-maintaining derivation''. Ŋa Siliminsili ni nima n-nyɛ:
* ***'/***' (ŋa tooi n taɣiri bachiniŋda ka di lɛbiri bachi bachibuɣisira)
* ***' /***' (ŋa zooya ka di che ka bachinamda lɛbiri bachibuɣisira)
* ***' (ŋa taɣiri la bachiniŋda ka di lɛbiri bachinamda ka ŋa tooi n zooi ka di yɛri n-tiri ninsala)
* ***' (di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni ''class-maintaining'', ka ŋa bachi pubu kpalimdi bachinamdili puuni)
* ***' (ŋa zooi ka di yihiri bachinamda n labisiri bachibuɣisira ni)
* ***' (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋ bachiniŋda puuni)
* ***' (di tooi n zooi ka di nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *class-maintaining*, ka ŋa bachi pubu kpalimdi ni bachinamdili)
* ***'/***' (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachiniŋda ni)
* ***' (ŋa yihiri la bachinamda n chani bachibuɣisira ni bee ka di bi taɣi di bachi pubu ka che ka bachi kpalim bachibuɣisirili ni)
* ***' (di bi taɣiri bachi pubu, bachi maa kpalimdi la bachinamdili ni)
* ***' (ŋa bi taɣiri bachi pubu ka che ka bachi kpalimdi bachinamdili ni)
* ***' (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n labiri bachinamda ni)
* ***' (ŋa yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
* ***' (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
* ***'/***' (di bi taɣiri bachi pubu, bachi maa kpalimdi la bachinamdili ni)
* ***' (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n niŋdi bachiniŋdipahira ni saha shɛŋa mii ni ka di yihiri bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
* ***' (di yihiri la bachiniŋda n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
* ***' (di yihiri la bachibuɣisira n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
* ***' (di yihiri la bachinamda n niŋdi bachibuɣisira ni)
* ***'/***'/***' (di yihiri la bachiniŋda n niŋdi bachinamda ni)
* ***' (di ni tooi n be bachi shɛŋa ni n-nyɛ) *museum; stadium; auditorium; aquarium; planetarium; medium*
* **** ŋa yila wīse ni na ("*manner, way, condition, direction*")
## ''Altered pronunciation in English''

Nyaaŋa biɛlimpahirili tooi zooi ka ŋa taɣiri yee bee bachi kumsi din be bachi shɛli ŋa mali bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *multi-syllable* la ni n taɣiri bachi tuŋa maa kumsi hali hali gba di yi niŋ ka lala bachi tuŋa mɔfoloji nyɛ din bi taɣi. Waligimsim din be bɛ ni noli shɛli ni "*photograph*" mini "*photography*" la nyɛla shɛhirili yini. Di puuni, bachikɔbili ŋɔ "-y" din bahindiri li maa wuhiya ni di tu ni ŋa darigi dinzuɣu di che mi ka piligu bachi ŋan n darigiri maa yi tuuli   *syllable* ("*pho*-") n chaŋ bɛ ni boli shɛli ni *antepenultimate* ("-*to*-") la ni. Kumsi shɛŋa ŋa bi dairgiri la malila ŋa maŋmaŋa vaawul ka ŋa taɣiri n  chani *schwa* ni. Ŋɔ ni tooi n-nyɛ yɛl'muɣisirili n-ti ba mali *dyslexics* dɔro la ka  zaŋ n tabili bachi kumsi waligibu gba n pahi, ka di lahi nyɛ yɛl'muɣisirili n-ti ban bɔhimdi lala bala maa.

## Kundivihira