open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
N'tomo mask

**N'tomo masks** nyela Bambara nima ban be West Africa ni pindi nin pobiri sheli . Di tuya ni bidibisi doli soya ayobu poi ka naayi leegi dabba. N'tomo n nye tuuli bini yen doli so  sheli poi ka bi naayi guniba. Lala nin pobirigu  ŋo nyela din zanti bi Bambara yaanima , ka nye binsheli din guri ka taɣiriba ka cheri yelli bieri.

thumb|Bambara ninpobirigu anfooni n boŋo, ka di nye bini kuli zaŋ sheli wuhi salo Australian Musuem. Dari ka bi zaŋ kpe lala ninpobirigu ŋo ka di lahi mali kuriti biela di ni. Bambara niriba ŋo n daa zaŋ ninpobirigu ŋo nti Australian Museum yuuni 1979
Lala nin pobirigu ŋo nyela bini zaŋ dari kpe, ka bi ni tooi zaŋ taha, bindira n pahi di zuɣu. Di nini maa ni nyela zaɣi kpilli, ka bi lahi niŋ  bin chohi chohi  n pa di zuɣu Lala bin chohi maa kalinli n wuhiri di yi nyela paɣaba bee dabba dini dibaa ata, ayobu bee awoi zami nti doo,kalini dibaa anahi ni anii zami nti paɣa. Lala ninpobirisi ŋo nyela bini lahi pindi binsheŋa bindira churi ni , ka lahi pindi li ni di gu ba ka che doriti.

## '''Taarihi'''
Vihigu wuhya ni Bambara ninpobirigu maa nyela binsheli din daa pili 18th century. Di daa nyela bini pindi sheli buchi ni. Buchinima kamani amiliya, suuna, bia gunubu ni kuyiya daa nyela bini pindi ninpobirigu ŋo n chani sheŋa ni. Lala ninpobirisi ŋo lahi nyela bini pindi sheŋa pukparilim tumanima ni. Bambaranima nyela ban mali zaɣa zaŋti pukparilim, ni tingbani alaafee ni. Bi nyela ban dihi tabili ni lala nin poribigu nyela din yen che ka bi ko n kpuɣi viɛnyela.

Bambara niriba  maa nyela ban  daa mali dabba laɣinsi ayobu, ka laɣingu kam mali bi nin pobirigu gahindili. Laɣinisi maa yini bini boli 'jo' nyela din doli so sheli n kpehiri bidibisi dotali ni. Lala bini ŋo nyela binsheli bini che yuma sheŋa din gari ŋo ni. Lala saha ŋo di simdiya ni bidibigi maa pili ninpobirigu maa. ka di yini zaya ni bidibisi maa chaŋ moɣini nti beni bakoi. Di yi naagi, ka o labi tiŋ maani n ti pili nin pobirigu ŋo diem ka wa yili sheŋa o ni ni daa bohim moɣi maa ni , ka ban yuuni maa tooi tiriba pini bi bihi. Di yi naagi, bi yen subala mori. Ninpobirigu maa sheli gba nyela din zanti kali, ni balli maa biɛhigu. Ninpobirigu ŋo yi kani , bi tiehiya ni fitina nyela din yen paaba, dama bi bindira pala din yen zoogi, ka di daliri moŋ ba amiliyanima ni diema diembu.

Zuŋo, lala nin pobirigu ŋo nyela bini na mali kuri lala bukaata ŋo ni din pahi pahi. Yaha bi lahi malli n leri baŋsim , ka malli dihiri nachinsi. Niriba nyela ban ni tooi da ninpobirisi ŋo pohim zuɣu. Bi kohirili kamani $200 ni $1,000 sunsuni. Niriba zaŋdilimi n dihiri bi yinsi nachinsi bee n wuhi bi yurilim zaŋ kpa gbaŋsabila taɣaada polo. Di lahi tooi zooya ka di be museums ni, luɣi sheli niriba ni lahi tooi bohim di taarihi , dama di zami ti Bambara kali ni di taɣaada.

Lala ninpobirisi ŋo nyela din mali dariza pam di yi kana Bambara kali ni bi taɣaada ni. 

## Kundivihira
Zoe Adjonyoh

**Zoe Adjonyoh** (doɣim 1977) nyela British sasabira ni kuku, ka nye ŋun su "Zoe's Ghana Kitchen", din nye di ka nyu sheei Ghana tingbani ni,  ka lahi nye yu sheli o ni zaŋ nti o duɣili buku sheli o ni sabi la.

## Taarihi
O nyela bini doɣi so tiŋ yuli booni Essex, din be England tingbani ni yuuni 1977 ka o ba daa nye Ghana nira ka o maa mii nye irish,  Adjonyoh daa nyela ŋun wuhi o maŋ o ba ya bindira duɣubu, ka daa pili daabilim din jendi bindira kohibu ka di yuli booni Zoe's Ghana Kitchen o yiŋ din be East London la, ka daliri nyemi o daa tuumi n pili simmoli kpam niŋbu saha sheli diema ni daa be o ya yuuni 2010 ka di daa kuli deei ʒii zaa di zuɣu ka o daa pa dii pili bindira daabilim maa. Di bahi bahnadi o daa pilla Ghana bindira kohibu ni o tooi nye laɣiri n tuɣi baŋsim bobu yaɣili din jendi sabbu " Creative Writing MA" Goldsmiths, University of London la, o karimaba daa yeloo ni o yi niŋ zaɣa n niŋ o kohimma maa ni, di nyela binsheli din ni tooi soŋsi o sabbu tuun sheli din jendi o maŋ la.  O nyela ŋun kuli pili bindira dibu sheei ŋo London ya`ya yaɣa ni tiŋ sheŋa gba kamani Berlin, ni New York. o yeliya: ' Ghana kitchen niya nyemi ni di zaŋ niriba n doli bindira so sheli din yen tooi che ka bi lam bindiri sheŋa bini na ʒin di. n niya nyami ni n soŋ niriba lala ŋo polo."

Ŋuni n sabi kundu sheli dini boli *Zoe's Ghana Kitchen* yuuni 2017, ka Ruby Tandoh daa yeli yeltoɣa zaŋkpa lala buku ŋo polo " ayi nyela a ni diri binsheli, din ŋuna adjonyoh buku zaŋ kpa duɣili yeltoɣa , *Zoe's Ghana Kitchen* , nyela binsheli di simdi ni a niŋ suhupielli ni sheli, a yi lihi o ni nye ninvuɣu so ni luɣu sheli o ni yina."  

## Zaŋkpa o polo

* *Zoe's Ghana Kitchen*, Mitchell Beazley, 2017, 

## Jaashehi ni Kpaŋmaŋ pina
Adjonyoh n daa di yuuni 2018 Culinary Iconoclast award. Yuuni 2018 yaha bi daa piigo ni o leegi alikaali zaŋti Great Taste Awards, "the oscars of the food and drink world".

## Kundivihira

## External links

* Zoe's Ghana Kitchen website.
* Zoe Adjonyoh, "Zoe's Ghana Kitchen Recipes: From Jollof Fried Chicken to Spinach Agushi Curry", *[[The Independent]]*, 2 June 2017.
* "This Young London Chef Wants You to Try   Food", Oprah.com, July 2017.
* Daisy Meager, "My life in food: Zoe Adjonyoh" (interview), *Love Food*, 9 April 2018.
* Bobbie Edsor, "Zoe Adjonyoh on why we’re all loving African cuisine", *ASDA Good Living*, 16 July 2018.
Maximiliane Ackers

**Maximiliane Ackers**  (silimin goli Sept biɛɣu 24, yuuni 1896 Saarbrücken tingbanni – April 17, 1982 Glonn tingbanni) daa nyɛla paɣiba taba bɔbu nira German sasabira ni kpɛrikprita writing.

## Biɛhigu
Ackers daa nyɛla kpɛrikpɛrita Göttingen tingbanni, Riga, ni Berlin.piligu 1920s, Ackers daa pili tumbu cinii puuni, di sabbu tiŋ'shɛŋa din daa na sɔɣiri bɛ kpɛrigu (Brennendes Land)yuuni 1921, bɛ daa piigi o niŋ ni o kpɛri Florentine yuŋ:  (Florentinische Nächte: Die Abenteuer der Gräfin da Costa), Heinrich  Heinen daa sabili.

Ackers daa kpuɣi napɔŋ n chŋ Hannover yuuni 1927 o mini o laamba, yili yiina Irma Johanna Schäfer; bɛ daa chŋya n "ti be tiŋ'bili daa beni ka bɛ bolili Glonn yuuni 1935. Ackers daa kpila Glonn yuuni 1982.

## Tuma
Ackers n daa Sabi Girlfriends: novili (zaŋ jendi paɣiba) (Freundinnen: Ein Roman (unter Frauen)), ka daa zaŋli n wuhi sali Hannover yuuni 1923 ni 1925 ni Berlin yuuni 1927 yuu ni  1928. novili maa daa nyɛla din wuhiri paɣa ni opaɣa Kpee bɔbu sabbu ni niŋ ba nyaɣiSim shɛm  o yuli daa duya pam.

Lala o novili ŋo maa daa wuhirila paɣaba taba bɔbu maa ni niŋ ba nyaɣisim shɛm ni kpɛrigu maa  Weimar Berlintingbanni. Di daa lah shihi yɛltɔɣ'shɛŋa zaŋ kpa paɣiba ni dabba taba bɔbu ni di yi ti niŋ ka bɛ yi bɔhi "paɣa bee doo," di kpɛriti mi n wuhiri n tiri lala bɔhigu ŋo maa"n nyɛla ni nyɛ so"

*Freundinnen* daa yina kpɛrigu nima ni pam bɛni din gbaai 7,000 hali ni 10,000 polo.  National Socialists daa zaŋ bɛ nuu n pa lala kundi ŋo zuɣu yuuni 1934 ka di yina buku shɛŋa bɛ ni kuli wuhi ni didi yi salo ni yuuni 1936, Ka di yuli daa bɔli ni  Alfred Rosenberg's anti-lesbian pamphlet *Der Sumpf*.   Yuuni 1990s, feminists mini academics n daa lahi yihi lala buku ŋo maa poo yaha. *Freundinnen* daa lahi zaŋli n wuhi salo yuuni 1995 German feminist zaŋwuhi salo yiŋa ka di daa niŋ. Buku maa piibu daa yina  *Encyclopedi*

## Kundivihira
Masoumeh Abad

** Masoumeh Abad ** (Persian:معصومه آباد; be dɔɣi o mi silimiin goli September 5, 1962) nyɛla Iran kundi sabira, University tumtumda, ni siyaasa ninvuɣ'timsili. O daa nyɛla fourth Islamic City Council din be Tehran la puuni nira ni di alaafee yaɣili kpema. Ŋuni n lahi nyɛ ŋun sabi kundi shɛli di nyɛ I'm Alive. O daa nyɛla Iran Ambassador kuro ti Finland yuuni 2023 hali ni 2024.
## O gbaabu/Captivity
Iran mini Iraq tɔbu la saha, Abad daa nyɛla ŋun tabi sɔŋ ka di mɛ ka lihi ashibiti nima mini luɣ'shɛŋa barinanima di daa be n tiri Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS). Baayan biɛɣu pihita ni ata tɔbu maa nyaaŋa, saha shɛli o ni daa nya yuun'pia ni ayopɔin, Masoumeh Abad, Fatemeh Nahidi, Maryam Bahrami ni Halimeh Azmoudeh daa nyɛla Linjima nim ni gbaai Mahshahr zaŋ chaŋ Abadan's pal'daa zuɣu. Be daa nyɛla ban tumdi Red Cresent nim tuma. Tuuli, be daa gbaaila Abad, Nahidi, Bahrami ni Azmoudeh zaa daa nyɛla beni zaŋ chaŋ Tanoumeh tiŋ'tariga baariya ka naan zaŋ ba tahi Estekhbarat (Agency of Sadam) mini Al-Rashid jariyaali ni. Yaha, ka be ti lahi yihi Abad mini o taba maa tahi Mosul mini Al-Anbar yaɣa. Yuma ata ni chira ayɔbu nyaaŋa, ka di lu silimiin goli April biɛɣu pishi ni yini, yuuni 1983 ka be daa yooi o.
I'm Alive nyɛla teesim n-ti Masoumeh Abad din yihi o milinsi polo Iran ni Iraq tɔbu maa saha. Kundi maa nyɛla Abad maŋmaŋa jariyaali yɛltɔɣa. Kundi ŋɔ nyɛla din deei pini 16th Ketab-e-Sale-Defa-Moghadas yuuni yuuni pina taribu saha Iran yiŋa. Kundi ŋɔ nyɛla din zam Iran paɣaba shɛba ban daa be tɔbu maa ni tumatumsa.

## O baŋsim bɔmma
Abad nyɛla ŋun mali Bsc degree paɣ'dɔɣiso tali puuni n yi Iran University of Medical Sciences yuuni 1989, MSc Hygiene ni n yi University of Medical Sciences yuuni 1996 ni PhD Hygiene ni n yi Shahid Baheshti University yuuni 2011.

## Kundivihira
Joyce Ackroyd

Joyce Irene Ackroyd,OBE FAHA(23 November 1918- 30 August, 1991) daa nyɛla Australia ninvuɣ'so ŋun daa lɛbigiri lahabaya,Sasabira ni ŋun  maandi lahabaha niŋda.O daa lahi nyɛla Japanese baŋdi kuɣinlin ŋun mali lahabaya ni litiricha.

## O bilimni lahabali
Ackroyd suhi daa kpɛla Japan puuni o ni daa  nyɛ daa nyɛ bia ka di bi sɔɣi so,Amaa bɛ daa bi ti o soli ni o bɔhim Japanese o ni daa be University of  Sydney 1936 yuma din gari maa ka bɛ daliri daa nyɛmi ni Japanese bɔhimbu bisarinsi shikuruti la ni daa ka ban bɔri ni bɛ bɔhim li.O daa naai li mi ni shɛhira gbaŋ shɛli din nyɛ Silimiinsili ni taahiri baŋsim, ka laasabu malibu daa leei nyɛ o ni zaŋ o zaɣa niŋ (BA,1940; DipEd,1941).Ackroyd daa  bɔhimla Japanese o ni daa be University of Sydney ka lahi wuhiri laasabu malibu Sydney bidibisi shikuru ni.1944 yuma din gari maa,O daa pa pilila Japanese wuhibu  shikuru  yuli booni Royal Australian Air Force Language School din be Syney.O daa wuhila Japanese puuni University of Sydney shikuru la bin gbaai 1944 mini 1947 sunsuuni,ka daa chaŋ University of  Cambridge, nimaani bɛ daa ti o la shɛhira titali gbaŋ shɛli bɛ ni boli PhD la ka di nyɛla  Japanese bɔhimbu shɛhira gbaŋ m-bala  yuuni 1951 n daa bala.ŋun daa vihi dɔɣitali niŋbu   tiizinima sabbu  yuli n daa booni Confucianist Arai Hakuseki.

## O ni daa tumdi tuun'shɛli
Ackroyd daa pahila Australian National University din be Canberra la, di karimba kpamba puuni  yuuni 1960s sunsuuni. 
Ackroyd daa nyɛla ŋun chaŋ Barisbane 1965 yuma din garila, ka bɛ daa piigi o Japanese karimba kpɛma ŋun nyɛ balli mini yɛl'tɔɣa milinsi yaɣili. O daa nyɛla ŋun sɔŋ lɛbigi University of Queensland's shikuru din be Japanese la,yuuni 1970s mini 1980s sunsuuni.O daa nyɛla ninvuɣ'so  kpandi o  maŋa n-tiri salo shɛba ban be Australia's.

Yuuni 1969,O daa nyɛla ŋun dandi bandi yala pɔi ka di naanyi niŋda,ka di gba nyɛ baŋsim yaɣ'shɛli bɛ ni nya ka di bɔhimbu Australia University shikuru la puuni.

Ackroyd's studies of Hakuseki daa nyɛla ŋun yuli du zaŋ kpa Oritaku Shiba no ki  yɛl'tɔɣa  lɛbigibu polo, din nyɛ  o ni daa wuhi salo pɔhim zuɣu  yuuni 1980 la, ka bɛ boli li Told Round a Brushwood Fire: Arai Hakuseki mini Tokushi Yoron maŋmaŋsi lahibaya daa nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ wuhi salo pɔhim  ka di nyɛla bɔhimbu taarihi puuni:Tokushi yoron 1982 puuni.

Joyce Ackroyd daa nyɛla  bɛ ni pii so British Empire kpɛma  yuuni 1982 puuni.Yuuni din daa paya,O daa  nyɛla bɛ ni ti so Yamagata Banto pini ka di yi  prefectural government of Osaka sani na ka di nyɛla o kpaŋmaŋa zaŋ chaŋ Japanese kaya ni taada zaŋ wuhi tiŋ'duya ni.Japanese gomilanti daa nyɛla ŋun ti o pini gahindili. O daa nyɛla ŋun chɛ tuma 1983 yuuni puuni.

O ni daa kani ka che yu'shɛli bahi
Ackroyd daa nyɛ tuuli paɣi so ŋun kani ka bɛ sabi o yuli  pa University of Queensland zuɣu, 1990 yuma din garila. 
Joyce Ackroyd daa kpila 30 August, 1991.O daa kanimi ka che o yidana ŋun yuli booni Frank Warren( John ) speed.

## Kundivihira
Red Sea slave trade

**Red Sea slave trade**,  bɛ ni lahi tooi booni shɛli **Islamic slave trade,**  **[[Arab slave trade]]**, bee **Oriental slave trade**, daa nyɛla daba dabu zaŋ yi Red Sea ka nahindi Africans ban yina African yaɣa chani ti niŋdi daba daabiligu Arabian Peninsula nie Middle East tum daadaa ha zaŋ hali ni 20th century. 

Red Sea slave trade n-nyɛ daba daabiligu di yuui pam dunia nyaaŋa zuɣu, di  nyɛla din daa beni daadaa saha hali zaŋ na ni 1960s, di ni daa niŋ ka Saudi Arabia mini Yemen daa ti kpihim li. Bɛ ni daa kpari daba dabu soya din pahi, Red Sea daba dabu daabiligu daa nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛ slave trade tiŋ'duya. World War II nyaaŋa, di daa nyɛla din che 20th-century. 

Red Sea, Sahara, ni Indian Ocean n daa nyɛ so' dahi dibaata ka bɛ daa ʒiri East African daba kperi Muslim world.

## Taarihi
Dabada daabiligu Africa zaŋ chaŋ Arabia zaŋ yi Red Sea nyɛla din mali taarihi. Pre-Islamic Arabia saha, Arab tɔbu ni bɛ ni daa gbahi shɛba n daa nyɛ daba, daba dabu Ethiopia zaŋ du Red Sea gba daa nyƐla din beni. Red Sea slave trade nyɛla din pili tum 1st-century zaŋ chana, di ni daa niŋ ka bɛ gbahiri Africa daba duri Red Sea n-chani Arabia mini Yemen.

9th century, daba daa nyɛla bɛ ni ʒiri shɛba yiri Red Sea daabiligu soya n-chani Jeddah, Mecca, ni Medina, ni zaŋ yi Baghdad mini slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate. 

## Kpihimbu
Yuuni 1962, Saudi Arabia daa kari daba dabu; amaa, amaa shɛba na sƆɣiri niŋdi li.

## Yuli zalibu
Vihigu wuhiya ni ningbuna niŋbu nyɛla din be Red Sea slave trade mini "female genital mutilation" sunsuuni. 

## Depictions in media and fiction
* *[[The Red Sea Sharks]]*

## Anfooninima

File:Slavery and the slave trade in Africa (1893) (14590725929).jpg|Slave Market, 1893
File:Boarding a Slave Dhow, W L Wyllie RA.jpg|Boarding a Slave Dhow
File:Slaves released RMG E9094.tiff|Freed Slaves
File:Slaves captured from a dhow RMG E9081 (cropped).tiff|Slaves captured from a dhow
File:A Group of slave children RMG E9140.tiff|A group of freed children

## Lihi pahi

* Comoros slave trade
* Zanzibar slave trade
* Slavery in Saudi Arabia
* Afro-Saudis
* Treaty of Jeddah (1927)
* History of slavery in the Muslim world
* Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia
* History of concubinage in the Muslim world
* Slavery in Oman
* Slavery in Mauritania
* Human trafficking in the Middle East
* Kafala system
* Baqt

## Kundivihira

## External links
* THE RED SEA SLAVE TRADE. HC Deb 03 May 1804 vol 24 c210
* SLAVE TRADE (RED SEA). HC Deb 16 April 1930 vol 237 cc2877-8
Christian views on slavery

**Christian views on slavery** nyɛla binshɛɣu din bi doli taba di yi kana tiŋgbani yaɣa, taarihi mini ashili ni zaa. Dab'tali nyɛla din be Doldolo adiini yaɣ'shɛŋa, ka nyɛ din yui pam. Saint Augustine nyɛla ŋun buɣisili ka di nyɛ Naawuni ni je shɛli ka di zuɣu che ka di nyɛ taali. 18th century Dolodolo nim ban be dunia zaa daa gbaami ni bɛ kpihim dab'tali.

18th mini 19th century nangbankpeeni daa luya zaŋ chaŋ di nyahibu polo.

Ʒaamani ŋɔ, Dolodolo nim pam zaɣisi la dab'tali.

## Baabuli shɛhiranima

Baabuli malila Hebrew bachi din nyƐ  () mini Greek bachi  () m-buɣisiri daba.  bachi nyɛla din gbunni zilim pam gari English bachi din nyɛ "*slave"*, ka di tooi zooi pam ka bɛ lɛbigiri li English ni "*servant* or *hired worker*."  n-nyɛ din zani tuhi, amaa ka lahi mali li tumdi tuma: Hebrew anabinima ni (Revelation 10:7), ni Dolodolo kpamba biɛhigu ni bɛ nyaandoliba (Matthew 20:27), ni bɛ biɛhigu zaŋ chaŋ Naawuni sani(1 Peter 2:16), ni Jesus maŋmaŋa (Philippians 2:7).

## Lihi pahi

* Christian abolitionism
* History of slavery
* Slavery and religion
* Slavery in medieval Europe
* The Bible and slavery
* Catholic Church and slavery

## Kundivihira

## Karim pahi
* .
* Lossing, Benson J., LL.D.  *Matthew Brady's Illustrated History of the Civil War 1861–65 and the Causes That Led Up To the Great Conflict.*  Random House.  .
* Lewis, Bernard (1992). *Race and Slavery in the Middle East*. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* 
* Nevins, Allan.  *The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War 1859–1861.* ©1950, Charles Scribner's Sons.  SBN 684-10416-4.
* E. Wyn James, 'Welsh Ballads and American Slavery', *The Welsh Journal of Religious History*, 2 (2007), pp.&nbsp;59–86. ISSN 0967-3938.

## External links

* Does the Bible condone, condemn, or remain neutral on the issue of slavery?, WELS Topical Q&A (Confessional Lutheran perspective)
* Louis W. Cable - SLAVERY and the BIBLE
* *[[DeBow's Review]]* (September 1850): "Slavery and the Bible"
* St. John Crysostom's Homilies on the Epistle to Philemon (Circa 400 CE)
* Roberts, Christo: Christianity’s Supposed Role in Ending Slavery. *Free Inquiry* 2/2025.
Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard

**Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard** ( bɔ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli  December bɛɣu pinaanu dali, yuuni 1938 – ka o kani silimiingoli  July dabaanahi dali, yuuni  2009) ka nyɛ ŋun daa nyɛ Congo siyaasa niri mini yɛltɔɣa taɣimalisi tira. 

## Maŋmaŋa biɛhigu taarihi
Tati Loutard nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so yuuni  1938 ni tingbani yuli booni Pointe-Noire puuni, ka o chaŋ shikuru yuli booni Chaminade High School n-ti pahi  Marianist shikuru din be Brazzaville din nyɛ tiŋzuɣu n-ti tiŋduli yuli booni  Congo la.  

## Published works

### Poetry
* Yuuni 1968 – Poèmes de la Mer, (*Poems of the Sea*)
* Yuuni 1968 – Les Racines congolaises, (*The Congolese Roots*),
* Yuuni 1970 – L’Envers du Soleil, (*The Hidden face of the sun*)
* Yuuni 1974 – Les Normes du Temps, (*The Standards of time*)
* Yuuni 1977 – Les Feux de la Planète,
* Yuuni 1982 – Le Dialogue des Plateaux,
* Yuuni 1985 – La Tradition du Songe, (*The Tradition of Thinking*), Paris
* Yuuni 1992 – Le Serpent austral,
* Yuuni 1996 – L’Ordre des Phénomènes,
* Yuuni 1998 – Le Palmier-lyre,
* Yuuni 1998 – (included in) The Penguin Book of Modern African Poetry
* Yuuni 2007 – Oeuvres poétiques, Présence Africaine

### Other publications
* Yuuni 1976 – Anthologie de la littérature congolaise,
* Yuuni 1977 – Les Feux de la planète,
* Yuuni 1980 – Nouvelles chroniques Congolaises,
* Yuuni 1987 – Le Récit de la mort, (*The Story of Death*)
* Yuuni 1998 – Fantasmagories,
* Yuuni 2003 – Nouvelle Anthologie de la littérature congolaise,

## Accolades
*Yuuni 1987 – Prix pour la poésie Toute l'Afrique Okigbo, for *La Tradition du Songe *
*Yuuni 1987 – Black African Literary Grand Prix for *Le Récit de la Mort*
*Yuuni 1982 – Prix des Lettres Africaines Alioune Diop, for *Nouvelles Chroniques Congolaises* {*New Congolese Chronicles*}
*Yuuni 1982 – Prix Simba, for l'ensemble de son oeuvre

## External links
*Albert S. Gérard, European-language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa, p.&nbsp;584, 1986, 

## Kundivihira
Abdelkader Alloula

**Abdelkader Alloula** ( bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1939 yaɣili yuli booni Ghazaouet, n be  Algeria tingbani ni  – ka o kani Silimin goli March bɛɣu pinaanahi dali, yuuni1994 ni , yaɣili yuli booni Oran, n be Algeria tingbanni ) o nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ Algerian kpɛrigu sasabira. O nyɛla bibɛhi gaŋ yuli booni  GIA nim ni daa di so nyɛvuli 

## Maŋmaŋa biɛhigu taarihi
Alloula nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so tiŋyuli booni  Ghazaouet n be tingbani yuli booni  Algeria nuzaa zuɣu.  O nyɛla ŋun daa pahi kpɛrigu laɣingu yuli booni  Algerian National Theatre . Algerian Arabic, included:

* *[[El-Aâleg]]* (yuuni 1969) - "The Leech", a satire of corrupt administration
* *[[El-Khobza]]* (yuuni 1970) - "Bread"
* *[[Homq Salim]]* (yuuni 1972) - "Salim's Madness", a monologue based on Nikolai Gogol's "Diary of a Madman"
* *[[Hammam Rabbi]]* (yuuni 1975) - "The Lord's Bath", based on Gogol's *[[The Government Inspector]]*
* The Generous Trilogy:
** *[[El-Agoual]]* (yuuni 1980) - "The Sayings"
** *[[El-Adjouad]]* (yuuni 1984) - "The Generous"
** *[[El-Litham]]* (yuuni 1989) - "The Veil"

## Karimbu nim yaha
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## Kundivihira
Gaston-Paul Effa

**Gaston-Paul Effa** (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1965 ni ,tiŋyuli booni Yaoundé puuni ) ka o nyɛ sasabiri ŋun yina Lorraine ka nyɛ zuliya yuli booni  Cameroonian ni nira.

O nyɛla ŋun kana tinduli yuli booni France n ti chaŋ bikura shikuru,  shikuru yuli booni  n be  Strasbourg.

## O tuma nima
*Yuuni 1996: *Tout ce bleu*, Éditions Grasset
*Yuuni 1998: *Mâ*, Grasset
*Yuuni 2000: *Le cri que tu pousses ne réveillera personne*, Éditions Gallimard
*Yuuni 2000: *Icône, sanctuaire de la présence*
*Yuuni 2001: *Cheval-roi*, Éditions du Rocher
*Yuuni 2003: *Le Juif et l'Africain : double offrande* (in collaboration with Gabriel Attias), éditions du Rocher
*Yuuni 2003: *Le livre de l'alliance* (in collaboration with André Chouraqui), Sofédis
*Yuuni 2303: *Yaoundé instantanés*, Éditions du Laquet
*Yuuni 2004: *La salle des professeurs*, Éd. du Rocher
*Yuuni 2004: *Cette langue est bien ce feu*, Éd. du Laquet
*Yuuni 2005: *Voici le dernier jour du monde*, Éd. du Rocher
*Yuuni 2006: *À la vitesse d'un baiser sur la peau*, A. Carrière
*Yuuni 2008: *Nous, enfants de la tradition*, A. Carrière
*Yuuni 2012: *Je la voulais lointaine*, Actes Sud
*Yuuni 2015: *Rendez-vous avec l'heure qui blesse*, Gallimard
*Yuuni 2015: *Le dieu perdu dans l'herbe,* Presses du Châtelet
*Yuuni 2015: *Sous l'apaisante clarté*, poems. in collaboration with Jean-Philippe Goetz; photographs by Nelly Playa, Tertium éditions

## Distinctions
* Prix Erckmann-Chatrian (le « Goncourt lorrain »), yuuni 1998
* Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire, Yuuni 1998.
* Prix de Littérature de l'Académie rhénane, yuuni 2012 in Strasbourg

## Kundivihira

## Bibliography
* Adele King, « Bilingualism, diasporas, and Afro-Parisians », *Journal of Postcolonial Writing*, vol. 40, n° 2, 2004, p.&nbsp;126-130
* Patricia-Pia Célerier, "Gaston-Paul Effa : essentialisation d’une écriture camerounaise", Fès, 1999
* "Des influences occidentale et africaine dans les romans de Gaston-Paul Effa", in Pádraig Ó Gormaile, *La rencontre des cultures dans la littérature européenne contemporaine*, Association européenne François Mauriac, 2002, p.&nbsp;157 et suiv. 
* Odile Marie Cazenave, *Afrique sur Seine : une nouvelle génération de romanciers africains à Paris*, L'Harmattan, 2003, 311 p. 
* Bruno Essard-Budail, Jean-Ferdinand Tchoutouo and Fernando d'Almeida (dir.), "Gaston-Paul Effa", in *Anthologie de la littérature camerounaise : des origines à nos jours*, Afrédit, Yaoundé, 2007, p.&nbsp;223 

## External links

* Gaston-Paul Effa on Babelio
* Gaston-Paul Effa on Actes Sud
* Gaston-Paul Effa on France Inter
* Gaston-Paul Effa in Africultures
* Gaston-Paul Effa : ''qu'est-ce qu'être africain ?'' in Africultures (5 May 2009)
* ''Gaston-Paul Effa, Je la voulais lointaine'' on YouTube
* ''Lettre ouverte au romancier qui a pillé mon film et trahi l'histoire'' in Bibliobs (26 March 2015)
* Gaston-Paul Effa : ''La France est frappée d’amnésie'' in *[[Jeune Afrique]]* (29 January 2015)
Augustine of Hippo

**Augustine of Hippo** ( bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli  November bɛɣu pinaata dali, yuuni 354 – ka o kani silimiingoli  August bɛɣu pishi ni anahi dali, yuuni 430) o nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ theologian mini  philosopher din jendi Berber pilli,  n ti lahi pahi ni bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. O sabbu nim nyɛla din kpaŋsiri Western philosophy n ti pahi Western Christianity, ka lahi nyɛ bɛ ni lihi so ka o nyɛ Church Fathers of the Latin Church din be  Patristic Period ni la ninvuɣi gahinda la ni yino.  O tuun gahinda shɛŋa n nyɛ  *[[The City of God]]*, *[[De Doctrina Christiana|On Christian Doctrine]]*, n ti pahi  *[[Confessions (Augustine)|Confessions]]*.

Maan lihimi ŋɔ nim yaha
* *[[Cogito, ergo sum]]*
* Rule of Saint Augustine
* *[[Augustinus-Lexikon]]*

## Kundivihira
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* Miles, Margaret R. (2012). *[http://www.lutterworth.com/product_info.php/products_id/1674?osCsid=1673ba77f80a4a6cf663eb311d2556b6 Augustine and the Fundamentalist's Daughter] *, Lutterworth Press, .
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* *Règle de St. Augustin pour les religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congrégation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarné et du Saint-Sacrament* (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp.&nbsp;28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp.&nbsp;22–24. English edition, (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp.&nbsp;33–35.
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Mehdi Charef

**Mehdi Charef** (bɛ dɔɣi o la silimiingoli  October bɛɣu pishi ni yini dali, yuuni 1952) ka o nyɛ ŋun nyɛ  French sinii dareeta,  ni sasabiri ŋun nyɛ  Algerian bil'chini . O nyɛla ŋun tum sinii nim piniyini ni bin din gbaagi yuuni  1985 ni hali ni yuuni  2007. O sinii din yuli booni  *[[Tea in the Harem|Le thé au harem d'Archimède]]* la nyɛla bɛ ni daa yaagi shɛli  Un Certain Regard ni di yaɣishɛli la  1985 Cannes Film Festival. Yumaayɔpoin nyaanga,  o sinii din yuli booni  *[[In the Country of Juliets|Au pays des Juliets]]* la nyɛla din daa kpaɣiri bɔ kpaŋmaŋ pini din yuli booni  Palme d'Or la dibu yaɣili yuli booni  1992 festival la ni.

## Filmography
* *[[Tea in the Harem|Le thé au harem d'Archimède]]* (yuuni 1985)
* *[[Miss Mona]]* (yuuni 1987)
* *[[Camomille]]* (yuuni 1988)
* *[[In the Country of Juliets|Au pays des Juliets]]* (yuuni 1992)
* *[[Aime-toi toujours]]* (yuuni 1995)
* *[[Pigeon volé]]* (yuuni 1996)
* *[[La maison d'Alexina]]* (yuuni 1999)
* *[[Marie-Line]]* (yuuni 2000)
* *[[La fille de Keltoum]]* (yuuni 2001)
* *[[All the Invisible Children]]* (yuuni 2005)
* *[[Cartouches Gauloises]]* (yuuni 2007)
* *[[Graziella (2015 film)|Graziella]]* (yuuni 2015)

## Kundivihira
Slavery in ancient Rome

**Slavery in ancient Rome** nyɛla din sɔŋ tiŋgbana pam mini daabiligu. Bɛ daa malila daba tumdi tumanima kamani salimanima gbibu ka bɛ ka bɛ suhuyurilim. Daba ban na mali baŋsim kamani nuuni tuunbaŋsim nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛba n kuri bukaata nima kamani daabiligu niŋbu ka daa nyɛ bɛ ni lahi tiri shɛba tahima ni dahinshɛli kanina ka bɛ ni deei bɛ maŋsulinsi. 

## Di piligu

Rome tuuli taarihi ni wuhi shɛm, daba shɛba bɛ ni daa mali tumdi yiŋa tuma daa pahila "*familia.*"

### Manumission <span class="anchor" id="Emancipation"></span>

Bɛ daa faarila daba bahiri bɛ dab' ba nim sani ka di nyɛla zaligu din nyɛ "*manumissio"* ("manumission") ka bɛ daa mali n-tumdi tuma, ka di gbunni nyɛ zaŋ nuuni bahi *(de manu missio)*.

### Serfdom
3rd century AD, Roman Empire tumtumdiba daa bi lahi galisi.

## Demography

### Race and ethnicity
Roman dab'tali daa bi doli zuliya, di bahi bahindi ningbungbaŋ nahingbaŋ

## Lihi pahi
* Slavery in ancient Greece
* Slavery in antiquity
* History of slavery
* Slavery in the Eastern Roman Empire

## Noosi

## Kundivihira

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## Karim pahi
* Fitzgerald, William. 2000. *Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination.* Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
* Hunt, Peter. 2018. *Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery.* Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell.
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## External links
Fatou Keïta

**Fatou Keïta** (bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1965) ka o nyɛ ŋun nyɛ tingbani yuli booni Ivory ni sasabira ŋun sabiri bihi buku nim mini salinwaɣila.

## O shikuru chandi mini o bɔm'ma sɔli
Bɛ dɔɣi o la fɔŋ yuli booni  Soubré ka di nyɛ din be  Ivory Coast tingbani ni,  Fatou Keïta nyɛla ŋun chaŋ o bilimni shikuru,  shikuru yuli booni Bordeaux, ni ka o ba daa bɔhindi apuleshin niŋbu. O nyɛla ŋun daa yɔli n chaŋ bikura shikuru la  Bouaké ni, ni ka o daa deegi o shɛhira gbaŋ din yuli nyɛ baccalaureate la yuuni  1974. Yuuni 1981 ni, o daa nyɛla ŋun naagi bikura shikuru yuli booni  University of Côte d'Ivoire, ka bɛ zani ni ka tuɣi bɔhimbu chanŋ tiŋyuli booni England mini United States tingbana ni . Yuuni  1995 ni, o daa nyɛla ŋun di   Fulbright Scholarship ka daa chaŋ shikuru yuli booni  University of Virginia din daa be Charlottesville ni la ni o labi vihi n leegi ( Black African women writers) la   US n ti pahi England tingban ni.  O nyɛla ŋun daa tuɣi n ti leegi karimba nti English Department shikuru yuli booni Université de Cocody ni.

O nyɛla ŋun daa di kpaŋmaŋ pini din jendi o bibihi buku nim sabbu polo. O tuuli salinwaɣinli , *Rebelle* (1998), nyɛla din daa sabi tam paɣibi ŋunibu polo .

## O kpaŋmaŋa pina mini nintiɣibɔ nima
* Yuuni 1994, *Le petit garçon bleu*, First Prize, literary competition for Children's Books organised by the ACCT
* Yuuni 1997, *Le petit garçon bleu*, commendation, UNESCO Prize
* *Le petit garçon bleu*, Ivory Coast Prize for Excellence
* Yuuni 1995, Fulbright Scholarship
* *Le Coq qui ne voulait plus chanter* (NEI 1999), Prix Enfance, Association of Ivory Coast Writers
* Yuuni 2008, *Le Loup du Petit Chaperon Rouge en Afrique* (NEI/CEDA 2007), Mention Honorable, NOMA Prize 

## Bibliography
* Yuuni 1996: *Le petit garçon en bleu*, *La voleuse de sourires*, *Sibani la petite dernière*
* Yuuni 1998: *Rebelle*
* Yuuni 1999: *Le coq qui ne voulait plus chanter*
* Yuuni 2002: *Le billet de 10 000 F*
* Yuuni 2004: *Un arbre pour Lollie*
* Yuuni 2006: *Et l'aube se leva…*
* Yuuni 2009: *Le chien qui aimait les chats!*
* Yuuni 2011: *La petite pièce de monnaie*

## Kundivihira
Charles Nokan

**Charles Zégoua Gbessi Nokan** ( bɛ dɔɣi o la Silimin goli  December biɛɣu pishi ni anii dali, yuuni 1936 – ka o kani Silimin goli November dahinyini dali, yuuni  2022) o nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ   Ivory karachi mini sasabira. O nyɛla ŋun daa pahi bɛ ni mi shabi ni *Académie des sciences, des arts, des cultures d'Afrique et des diasporas africaines* la zuɣu. Ŋuni n nyɛ ŋun daa deegi kpaŋmaŋ pini yuli daa booni Bernard Dadié national grand prize for literature  la yuuni 2014.

## maŋmaŋa biɛhigu taarihi
Nokan nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so tiŋa yuli booni Yamoussoukro ni  Silimin goli  December bɛɣu pishi ni anii dali,  yuuni 1936 ni,  ka o ba nyɛ  Kalou Konan. O ni daa chaŋ o bibihi Shikoku naagi shikuru yuli booni Yamoussoukro mini  Toumodi ni n naagi,  o nyɛla ŋun daa tuɣi o bikura shikuru la France tingban'ni . O nyɛla ŋun chaŋ bikura shikuru yuli booni University of Poitiers n-ti pahi University of Paris, n daa deegi shɛhira gbaŋ din jendi bɔhimbu yaŋili yuli booni sociology mini doctorate din jendi philosophy. O nyɛla ŋun daa leegi purufɛsa n be shikuru yuli booni  Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny  be tiŋyuli booni Abidjan ni.

## Publications
### Theatre
**Le soleil noir point* (yuuni 1962)
**Les Malheurs de Tchakö* (yuuni 1968)
**Abraha Pokou, ou une grande Africaine; Suivi de : La Voix grave d'Ophimoï* (yuuni 1970)
**La traversée de la nuit dense ou les Travailleurs africains en France; suivi de Cris rouges* (yuuni 1972)
**Abraha Pokou et trois autres pièces* (yuuni 1984)
**Johoré* (yuuni 2014)
**Fako et sa conscience* (yuuni 2015)

### Yɛltɔɣataɣamalisi
**Les Petites rivières* (yuuni 1983)
**Cri* (yuuni 1989)
**Yah et Môni (quatrains) : suivi de: les odeurs de l'existence; le lavage de la vie; le testament* (yuuni 2014)

### Novels
**Violent était le vent* (yuuni 1966)
**Abraha Pokou, ou une grande Africaine; Suivi de : La Voix grave d'Ophimoï* (yuuni 1970)
**Mon chemin débouche sur la grand-route* (yuuni 1985)
**Yassoi refusa l'orange mûre de Nianga* (yuuni 2010)
**Tout grand changement est un ouragan* (yuuni 2012)

### Essays
**L'être, le désêtre et le non-être* (yuuni 2000)

### Autobiography
**Tel que je suis*

## O kpaŋmaŋa pina nima
*Bernard Dadié national grand prize for literature (yuuni 2014)
*Grand Prix Kaïlcedra des lycées et collèges (yuuni 2015)

## Kundivihira
Karen Lydia Aabye

**Karen Lydia Aabye** nyɛla bɛ ni dɔɣi so silimiin goli September biɛɣu pishi yini ka,yuuni 1904 tiŋ yuli booni Copenhagen.O daa nyɛla Danish sasabira yuuni 1939-1982.O daa lahi nyɛla lahabali chuɣu sabira1929-1939 yuuni zaŋ ti Paris mini London pɔi ka naan yi lee ŋun niŋ bayana zaŋ chaŋ taarihi polo buku shɛŋa o ni daa sabi ka paɣaba ban kpaŋdi bɛ maŋ zaŋ chaŋ fali dibu zaligu nyɛ di yɛltɔɣa kpani.O tuma maa shɛŋa n daa lahi nyɛ gɔrim bukunima mini gbana sabbu laɣimbu.

## '''O Biɛhigu'''
O ba n daa nyɛ Rudolph Christian Aabye,ŋun daa nyɛla k daabi'so ŋun kɔhiri kɔhibu din nyɛ pam dabu ka yina Norrebro,Aabye daa zoomina Copenhagen, ka chaŋ Karen Kjaer shikuru.O shikuru zahimbu nyaaŋa,o daa tumla tuma duu n nyɛ Karachi din nyaaŋa ka o lɛbi gɔrim lahabali chuɣu sabira.1992 yuuni, o daa chaŋla Paris,ka daa niŋ yuma ata nimaa ni n tumdi tiri tuma du'shɛli din yuli booni 'the weekly Skandinaver i Paris'. O ni daa labina Denmark, o daa tumla edita tiɛha gbanŋmara  n zaŋ ti tuma du'shɛli din yuli booni Politikens Lytherblad.Binshɛɣu din gbaai yuuni 1936-1937,o daa nyɛla tunduya lahabali chuɣu sabira zaŋ ti politiken, tuuli Landon ka naan zaŋ Paris pahi.Yuuni 1937,o daa kpuɣi napɔŋ labi 'the daily Berlingske Tindende' luŋ'shɛli o ni daa gbubi mabilgu hali zaŋ chaŋ o tuma chɛbu saha.O lahabaya,yɛli zaŋ kpa din niŋda ni yɛltɔɣ'ŋmahi sabbu zaa nyɛla shɛhira chaŋ o yurilim zaŋ kpa labisim polo pɔi ni tɔbu saha.

O diɛndiɛmda diɛma piligu lahabali buku nyaaŋa,'Der er langt til Paris'( There is a lond way to Paris) 1939 yuuni la,o ni daa chɛ tuma ka vuhi ka lahi lahabali buku sabira daa kamina saha shɛli andunia tɔbu din pahiri ayi la tuhibu ni.

## Kundivihira
David Gian Maillu

**David Gian Maillu** (bɛ dɔɣi o la Silimin goli  October bɛɣu pinaawei dali, yuuni 1939) ka o nyɛ ŋun nyɛ  Kenya sasabira . O nyɛla bɛ ni mi so ka o nyɛ East Africa sasabiri biinga,  di ni niŋ ka o daa zaŋ buku nim gari buku bihiyɔbu n kpe daa binshɛɣu din gbaagi yuuni  1972 hali ni yuuni  2021.

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*Wanjala, Chris. "David Maillu against Ideology in Tanzania," Umma, no. 4 (1976): 23–25, 28, 30–31.
*Wanjala, Chris. "Why Maillu is More Popular than Ngugi," Anvil, 18 October 1976, p.&nbsp;3.
Osu Castle

**Osu Castle** (nyɛla bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli **Fort Christiansborg** bee **Castle**) di nyɛla kasitili din be Osu, Ghana, zaŋ chaŋ Gulf of Guinea teeku din be Africa polo.

Bɛ daa mɛ dabaa biɛhisi shee Denmark-Norway yuma din gbaai 1660s; din nyaaŋa, bɛ daa taɣi di sulinsi Denmark-Norway, Portugal, ni Akwamu, Britain sunsuuni, ni Ghana ni daa ti deei maŋsulinsi naai. Di ni daa na be Denmark–Norway sulinsi ni dini n daa nyɛ Danish Gold Coast tiŋ'zuɣu, ka bɛ mali daba niŋdi din ni ka lahi zaŋdi shɛba duri tiŋ'duya.

Yuuni 1902, Osu Castle daa niŋ Ghana tiŋgbani zuɣulana ʒishee amaa saha ŋɔ o pa bela Golden Jubilee House.

Pirimla di ni mali yuli ni European sulinsi West Africa mini Atlantic slave trade ni maa, bɛ daa zaŋ kasitili maa pahi UNESCO World Heritage List ni yuuni 1979 n-ti pahi Ghana kasitili shɛŋa dabam.

## Taarihi

## Anfooninima


File:Osu Castle 3.jpg|alt=|Osu Castle, also known as Fort Christiansborg, is a castle located in Accra.
File:Osu Castle 1.jpg|alt=|Osu Castle, also known as Fort Christiansborg, is a castle located in Accra.
File:Osu Castle 2.jpg|alt=|Osu Castle, also known as Fort Christiansborg, is a castle located in Accra.
File:The Osu Castle.jpg|alt=|Christianborg Castle, Ghana
File:Christianborg castle 5.jpg|Christianborg Castle, Ghana
File:Christianborg castle 9.jpg|Christianborg Castle, Ghana
File:Osu Castle in Ghana 2.jpg|Osu Castle in Ghana
File:Fort Christiansborg Castle 6.jpg|alt=


## Kundivihira

## Sources
*Albert van Dantzig; Barbara Priddy, *A Short History of the Forts and Castles of Ghana* (Accra: Liberty Press, 1971).

## External links

* Ghana Museums and Monuments Board
Bertilda Samper Acoasta

thumbSister María Ignacia, OSC, n daa dɔɣi Bertilda Samper Acosta (31 July 1856 – 31 July 1910) o daa nyɛla Colombia poor clare nun nira, n nyɛ sasabira ni yɛltɔɣ'taɣimalisi lana. O daa nyɛla José María 6 Agudelo ni Soledad Acosta Kemble bia, bɛ zaa daa nyɛla sasabiriba ni janalist bɛ saha maa Colombia tingbanni.

Halgba o yɛltɔɣ'taɣimalisi nima pam shɛŋa gba daa bɛ tooi zaŋwuhi niriba, niriba daa mi o ka di nyɛla obɔhimbu zuɣu ni o ni daa n pahiri novena aguinaldos maa, lala daa nyɛla din yuli daa du pam ka sokam mi di yɛla di yi ti niŋ burinya saha Colombia, di yuli daa lahi du pam Ecuador ni Venezuel

## Kundivihira
League of Nations mandate

**League of Nations mandate** represented nyɛla din be tiŋ'duya zalisi ni n-zaŋti tiŋgbana yaɣ'shɛŋa din kana World War I nyaaŋa, ni yaa ʒi n-yi tiŋgbani shɛli n-yi n-kpe shɛli ni. Di nyɛla din mali dihitabili gbana din zani ti League of Nations. ka nyɛ din chani ni suhudoo mini zalisi.

Di zalisi pɛbu daa nam mi yihina Article 22 din nyɛ Covenant of the League of Nations dini, ka daa nyɛ din pili tuma Anashaara goli 28 June yuuni 1919.

Zalikpana dibaayi n-gbubi di "Mandate System."

## Pilli
Di zalisi pɛbu daa yimina Article 22 din nyɛ "Covenant of the League of Nations" puuni dini, ban daa di tɔbu maa nasara n daa sabi li.

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson mini South African General Jan Smuts daa kpaŋ bɛ maŋ pam zalisi maa pɛbu ni.

## Zalisi pɛbu

## Lihi pahi
* United Nations trust territories

## Kundivihira
* Anghie, Antony "Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy, and the Mandate System of the League of Nations" 34 (3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 513 (2002)
* 
* Nele Matz, Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations as Origin of Trusteeship, in: A. von Bogdandy and R. Wolfrum, (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 47–95.
* Pugh, Jeffrey, "Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories", *International Studies Perspectives* 13, no. 4 (November 2012): 321–343.
* Tamburini, Francesco "I mandati della Società delle Nazioni", in *Africana, Rivista di Studi Extraeuropei*, n.XV – 2009, pp. 99–122.
* 

## Karim pahi
* Bruce, Scot David, *Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919* (University of Nebraska Press, 2013).
* Callahan, Michael D. *Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931* (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999)
* Haas, Ernst B. "The reconciliation of conflicting colonial policy aims: acceptance of the League of Nations mandate system," *International Organization* (1952) 6#4 pp:&nbsp;521–536.
* Margalith, Aaron M. *The International Mandates* (1930) online 
* Mazower, Mark. 2013. *No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations*. Princeton University Press.
* Pedersen, Susan. *The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire,* (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
* Sluglett, Peter. "An improvement on colonialism? The 'A' mandates and their legacy in the Middle East," *International Affairs* (2014) 90#2 pp. 413–427. On the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire

## Kundivihira
Nina Bouraoui

**Yasmina "Nina" Bouraoui** (yuli larigu sabbu ni n nyɛ **نينا بو راوي**, bɛ dɔɣi o la yuuni 1967) o nyɛla ŋun nyɛ  French salinwaɣila sasabiri mini yili sabiri so bɛ ni dɔɣi  Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine ŋun ba nyɛ  Algerian doi ŋun daa yina Jijel ka o ma mi nyɛ French paɣa . O nyɛla ŋun niŋ o tuuli yuun pinaanahi la Algiers, ni  Zürich n ti pahi  Abu Dhabi. O pa nyɛla ŋun be  Paris tingban'ni sahaŋɔ .

## Tuma

*** (yuuni 1991, Prix du Livre Inter yuuni 1991), ka bɛ lɛbigili *Forbidden Vision* (1999)
**Poing mort* (yuuni 1992)
**Le Bal des murènes* (yuuni 1996)
**L'Âge blessé* (yuuni 1998)
**Le Jour du séisme* (yuuni 1999)
**Garçon manqué* (yuuni 2000), translated as *Tomboy* (yuuni 2007)
**La Vie heureuse* (yuuni 2002)
**Poupée Bella* (yuuni 2004)
**Mes mauvaises pensées* (yuuni 2005, Prix Renaudot)
**Avant les hommes* (yuuni 2007)
**Appelez-moi par mon prénom* (yuuni 2008)
**Nos baisers sont des adieux* (yuuni 2010)
**Sauvage* (yuuni 2011)
**Standard* (yuuni 2014)
**Beaux rivages* (yuuni 2016)
**Tous les hommes désirent naturellement savoir* (yuuni 2018)
**Otages* (yuuni 2020) Prix Anaïs Nin yuuni 2020
**Satisfaction* (yuuni 2022)
**Grand Seigneur* (yuuni 2024)

## Kundivihira
Fort Prinzenstein

**Fort Prinzenstein**  nyɛla linjimanima biɛhigu shee din be Keta, Ghana, ka bɛ daa mali li n-kuri bukaata slave trade. Di pam daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɛ shɛli Africa, amaa Prinzenstein nyɛla di bela din be Volta River yaɣili polo dini yini. Keta daa nyɛla "port" din daa yooi ti sokam zaŋ hali ka Tema Harbour daa ti pili tuma yuuni 1962. Doi pa nyɛla din pahi World Heritage Site (n-ti pahi Ghana kasitili nima shɛŋa) ka di daliri nyɛla di ni mali taarihi shɛli zaŋ kpa Atlantic slave trade polo.

Danish n daa mɛ li yuuni 1784 ni di nyɛ gubu sheei zaŋti Sagbadre War tuhibu ni Anlo Ewe ka gu ka taɣi lala yaɣili maa. Bɛ ni daa zaŋ kuɣ'shɛŋa pam mɛli daa yila Accra na. Di pahila binyɛri kara dibaanahi shɛli Danish ni daa mɛ ni. Di nyɛla di tum tuma pam dab daabiligu ni, din daa niŋdi European ban daa be West Africa ni.Dab daabiligu nmyaaŋa, Di daa lahi nyɛla salimanima mini laɣ'kpahira ni aʒianima pam sɔɣibu shee etc.

## Taarihi
Dutch West India Company daa mɛla "**Fort Singelenburgh"** n zali luɣ'shɛli lala dini ŋɔ ni pa zaya ŋɔ yuuni 1734, amaa Dutch  daa che li zaŋ tum tuma yuuni 1737.  Danish daa ʒini Keta, daabiligu niŋbu tiŋ'zuɣu zaŋti Anlo niriba. 

## Saha ŋɔ "fort"
"Fort" maa yaɣ'shɛŋa din kpali(September, 2012)


File:Fort Prinzenstein 07.JPG|
File:Fort Prinzenstein 04.JPG|
File:Fort Prinzenstein 01.JPG|
File:  Fort Prinzenstein 02.JPG|
File:Outside view of the Fort Prinzenstein in Keta, Ghana. 16.jpg|
File:Outside view of the Fort Prinzenstein in Keta, Ghana. 2.jpg|
File:Outside view of the Fort Prinzenstein in Keta, Ghana. 10.jpg|
File:Inside view of the Fort Prinzenstein in Keta, Ghana. 9.jpg|


## Kundivihira

## External links
Fortaleza de São Miguel

**Fortaleza de São Miguel** bee **Saint Michael Fortress** daa nyɛla Portuguese linjimanima ni daa mɛ shɛli yuuni 157 , Ingombota District zaŋti Luanda, Angola yaɣili. Dutch rule in Angola saha din gbaai yuuni 1641 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1648, bɛ daa booni li la **Fort Aardenburgh**.

## Taarihi
São Miguel daa mɛla yuuni 1576, Paulo Dias de Novais n-nyɛ ŋun daa mɛ li. Di daa ti niŋla kpamba biɛhigu sheei yuuni 1627.Di daa nyɛla slave traffic yaa shee zaŋ chaŋ Brazil. Di daa nyɛla bɛ ni mɛ dinkpini kara gili shɛli. 

Taalinim be din ni ka nyɛ kalonima din yina  Angola tuuli. Di dundɔŋ nyɛla din bara, Portugal na'tuuli nyɛla bɛ ni mɛ so zali din ni,  European nira Ŋun nyɛ tuuli kana Angola, Diogo Cão mini Vasco da Gama ban nyɛ ban niŋdi vihigu, ni ninvuɣ'shɛba ban mali yuya.

Zaŋ hali ni yuuni 1975, di daa nyɛla tuma du'zuɣu n-ti Portuguese Armed Forces, Angola.

## Anfooninima

## Lihi pahi

* Colonial history of Angola

## External links
*Museum of the Armed Forces, short English description  

## Kundivihira
Ofelia Uribe De Acoasta

**Ofelia Uribe de Acosta** (1900 – 1988) daa nyɛla Colombia suffragist nira.

Bɛ daa dɔɣila Acosta December 22, 1900, Oiba tingbanni, Santander.

yuuni 1930, Ofelia daa zanila Fourth International Conference n ti paɣiba ni bi zabi paɣiba ban bɛ dabba ya zuɣu. bɛ daa bɛ saɣira ka paɣiba vootira bee n nyari tuma nima. paɣiba ban be dabba ya daa nyɛla bɛ ni guri ka taɣiri shɛba (guardianship) ka chɛri bɛ yidaan nima ni bɛ mali binshɛɣu  daa paai bɛ yidaan nima.

yuuni 1944 hali ni 1955, O daa bo soya n malisabi siyasa bɛ bɔri shɛli ni bɛ ni bɛ bɔri shɛli zaa,piligu bɔligu n daa nyɛ Agitacion Femenina (Feminist Movement, ban nuu daa pa di zuɣu n nyɛ Union Femenina de Colombia) ka bɔligu din daa pahi ayi mi yina Verdad (Truth)polo.

yuuni 1963 o daa zaŋ kundi yuli daa booni ɛ Una voz insurgente (An Insurgent Voice).

Acosta daa kpila yuuni August 4, 1988, Bogota tingbanni.

## KUNDIVIHIRA
Gabriela Adameșteanu

**Gabriela Adameșteanu** nyɛla bini doɣi so silimiin gɔli April dabsa ayi, yuuni 1942, ka o yina  *Roman,* ka nyɛ *novelist* ,salin jihi sasabira, lahabaltira,ni ŋun lɛbigira bala.ŋun  nyɛ ŋun su  sokam ni mi *novel shɛŋa yɛla ŋo,din Nima n nyɛ* *[[The Equal Way of Every Day]]*  (1975) mini *[[Wasted Morning]]* (1983), bi lahi mi o ka o nyɛ paɣ so ŋun mali sɔŋsim zaŋ ti civil society mini niriba banbɛ Social Dialogue Langinsini ,n tipahi ŋban vihira zaŋ ti  *[[22 (magazine)|Revista 22]]*.

### O biɛhigu
Bi dɔɣila Gabriela Adameșteanu Târgu Ocna silimiin gɔli April dabaa ayi,yuuni 1942. O nyɛla Mircea Adameșteanu bipu'ŋga, *secondary*  shikuru karimba zaŋ ti lahibaya din gari yagili,n ti pahi Elena, home economics karimma ŋun daa kɔŋ o tuma,communist authority ni daa yihi o wuhibu yagli yɛlzugu curriculum maa puuni,ka o daa labi bibihi shikur'la. Mircea Adameșteanu Tuzo doo daa lɛbigi political prisoner  Communist saha. 

Gabriela Adameșteanu daa biɛla Pitești o bipol'tali saha yuuni 1960 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1965, Gabriela tuma daa nyɛ la ŋun chaŋ kariŋ zɔŋ karili din mi shiɛli University of Bucharest *Literature*, ka daa naagi ni dahambu sabbu n jiɛndi Marcel Proust, ka daa naagi ni sabbu din nyɛ prose jia yuuni 1971. 

Editura Politică tuma yagli daa kpuɣi  Gabriela bi tumani yuuni 1966, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică publishing house puuni,ka o daa piligi sab'tɔhi yag Kara polo literary magazines (*[[Viața Românească]]  mini*  *[[România Literară]]*). Yuuni 1983 nyaanga,o daa liɛ  *editor* zaŋti Cartea Românească, ni Ka o daa niŋ kpaŋmaŋ zali ka gu yuya censorship, Nicolae Ceaușescu saha.

O daa kuli Gheorghe-Mihai Ionescu n daa dɔɣi bidibga ŋun yuli booni  Mircea Vlad Ionescu, yuuni 1968

## Kundivihira
Fort Apollonia

**Fort Apollonia** nyɛla "fort" din be Beyin, Ghana. Di yuli din nyɛ Apollonia nyɛla Portuguese vihiro-vihiro ŋun daa ʒini ni maa ni ni daa boli li yu' shɛli, 9 February. Pirimla di ni daa niŋ talahi  European sulinsi saha ni Atlantic slave trade maa zuɣu, Fort Apollonia nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli pahi UNESCO World Heritage List ni n-ti naan yi pahi Ghana kasitilinima ni pam yuuni 1979. 

## Taarihi
Swedes daa kpala daabiligu sheei Apollona ka di pahi Swedish Gold Coast ni bini din gbaai yuuni 1655 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1657. Yuuni 1691, British daabiligu sheei nyɛla bɛ ni daa mɛ shɛli ni, ka bɛ daa yɛligiuli yuuni 1768 zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1770 ka zaŋli leei "fort".

BƐ ni daa kari daba daabiligu niŋbu naai, "fort" maa daa nyɛla bɛ ni che shɛli labi yuuni 1819, amaa bɛ daa lahi kpe din ni yuuni 1836 zaŋ chana.

## Di saha ŋɔ biɛhigu

Fort Apollonia nyɛla "Museum of Nzema" zaŋti kaya ni taɣada mini taarihi biɛhigu sheei, din daa yooi yuuni 2010.

## Anfooninima

File:Fort Apollonia in Ghana 16.jpg|Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia in Ghana 18.jpg|Fort Apollonia in Ghana
File:Fort Apollonia 8.jpg|Landscape view of Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia in Ghana 14.jpg|Water storage at Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia in Ghana 6.jpg|Cannon ball at Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia 5.jpg|Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia 7.jpg|Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia 1.jpg|Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia in Ghana 20.jpg|Fort Apollonia
File:Fort Apollonia in Ghana 15.jpg|Fort Apollonia in Ghana


## Notes
Fort Witsen

**Fort Witsen**, bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli **Fort Tacaray**, daa nyɛla "fort" din be Dutch Gold Coast, ka bɛ daa mɛli yuuni 1665 ka di miri Takoradi. Lala "fort" daa nyɛla din saɣim yuma bela nyaaŋa, ka yuuni 1684 ka bɛ daa zo ka che li. Maapu din yina yuuni 1791 wuhiya, amaa, ni Dutch daa labi neei bɛ biɛhigu ni maa ni yaha. Lala "fort" maa daa nyɛ;la bɛ ni galisi shɛli ti Britain, n-ti tabili Dutch Gold Coast zaa, Anashaara goli 6 April yuuni 1872, ka di samli ni Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870-1871.

## Kundivihira