Transitional justice

**Transitional justice** nyɛla so' shɛli din mali "judicial redress" n-tumdi tuma zaŋ chaŋ ninsalinima fukumsi zuɣu zabbu, siyaasa taɣibunima mini kaya ni taɣada labi neei ka di nyɛla din bɔri gubu mini taɣibu tiri ninsalinima fukumsi gbarigibu tiŋgbani yaɣa mini ti tinsi ni. "Transitional justice" nyɛla din mali zalisi din sabi diya mini zalisi din bi sabi doya n tumdi tuma "human rights" fukumsi ni ka lahi nyɛ din bɔri maligu.  Lala soya ŋɔ n-nyɛ "criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations" laɣinsi, n-ti pahi "institutional reforms" balibu ni sandana timbu mini din kuli pahi pahi. 

## Taarihi
'Transitional justice' pilila "World War&nbsp;II" nyaaŋa, Europe ka di daa pili ni "International Military Tribunalv" Nuremberg mini "de-Nazification" laɣinsi pam ni Germany ni Japanese linjimanima ni daa mo mori shɛli Tokyo Tribunal. Di yi polo ka bɛ booni li "Nuremberg Trials", maŋa zuɣu zabbu laɣinsi ni daa naai noya Japanese mini German linjimanima sunsuuni ni bɛ kpamba tɔbiri tuhibu ni ka di daa pili.

Di nyɛla din ka sɔɣisinli ni ka wuhiri "transitional justice" nyɛla din bo taɣibu ni nahingu din daa be dunia tɔbu din daa pahi buyi tuhibu nyaaŋa ni.

Canada, Australia, ni New Zealandnyɛla din zaŋ "transitional justice" m-bɔri maligu tiri fitiinana din be bɛ tinsi ni.

International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) mini "international Task Force on Justice" ni wuhi shɛ ni, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) din pahi tumdi tuma nyɛla "justice gap" Laɣingu din tumdi ni "Transitional Justice mini SDG16+"  yɛliya ni  "di ni niŋ ka SDGs zani ti sokam la", "ninsali nim fukumsi gbarigibu ti yaɣi nyɛla din gbarigiri suhudoo mini lɛbiginsim."

## So' dolisi
Transitional Justice nyɛlka so'bɔbigu din din tahiri suhudoo mɛbu na ka di nyɛla din labirimi neeri binshɛŋa ka b`ori maligu niŋdi bi'biɛlim ni. Pɔi ka di tum viɛnyɛla, transitional justice soya tu ni di yooi pam. Dama bi'biɛlim zaloi shɛŋa nyɛla din tahiri kubu na.

## Mechanisms

Vihigu mini mini bi'biɛhi kubu tiŋ'duya, kamani "genocide, crimes against humanity", ni tɔbiri taya nyɛla din kpaŋsiri zalisi ka bɔri tibi-darigibo n-tiri ban birigi lala zalisi ŋɔ. Di wuhirimi ni bi'biɛlim nyɛla bɛ ni bɛ yɛn saɣiti shɛli, ka ban mali fukumsi pari sal'nima zuɣu ni tooi deei tibi-darigibo. Din taarihi din yina Nuremberg Trials ni,saha ŋɔ na shɛhiranima kali la International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ni International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, kootunima kamani Special Court for Sierra Leone, Special Panels of the Dili District Court, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, ni International Criminal Court (ICC) kpabu, ka di wuhiri ni di gili dunia zaa. ICC mini Hybrid Courts/Tribunals n-nyɛ zalisi dibu soya:  

## keesi kara
* *Loayza–Tamayo v. Peru*, 1998 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 42 (November 27, 1998)
* *Garrido and Baigorria v. Argentina*, 1998 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 39, 72 (August 27, 1998)
* *Moiwana Community v. Suriname*, 2005 Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. C) No. 124, 100 (June 15, 2005)

## Lihi pahi
* Conciliation Resources
* Universal justice
* *[[Vergangenheitsbewältigung]]*
* Pact of Forgetting
* Restorative justice

## Maŋmaŋa yɛltɛoɣa
* 
* Daniele Archibugi and Alice Pease, *Crime and Global Justice: The Dynamics of International Punishment*, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2018. 
* Brechtken, Magnus; Bułhak, Władysław; Zarusky, Jürgen, eds. (2019): *Political and transitional justice in Germany, Poland and the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s*. Göttingen: Wallstein Göttingen, 2019
*  The final chapter of this book is available online at 
* David, Roman. *Lustration and Transitional Justice*, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press, 2011.
* Gissel, Line Engbo (2022). "The Standardisation of Transitional Justice." *European Journal of International Relations* 28(4), pp.&nbsp;859–884.
* Kritz, Neil, ed. (1995). *Transitional Justice: How Emerging Democracies Reckon with Former Regimes, Vols. I–III*. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
* McAdams, A. James (2001). "Judging the Past in Unified Germany." New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
* Martin, Arnaud, ed. (2009). *La mémoire et le pardon. Les commissions de la vérité et de la réconciliation en Amérique latine*. Paris: L'Harmattan.
* Mendez, Juan E. (1997). "Accountability for Past Abuses." *Human Rights Quarterly* 19:255.
* Mouralis, Guillaume (2014). "The Invention of "Transitional Justice" in the 1990s". In *[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-90-6704-930-6 Dealing with Wars and Dictatorships]*, ed. Liora Israël and Guillaume Mouralis, The Hague: Springer / Asser Press, pp 83–100.
* Murithi, Tim (2016). *The Politics of Transitional Justice in the Great Lakes Region*. Johannesburg: Jacana Media.
* Furtado, Henrique T. (2022). *Politics of Impunity: Torture, the Armed Forces and the Failure of Justice in Brazil*. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press  
* Nino, Carlos S. (1996). *Radical Evil on Trial.* New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press
* Omondi, Elias & Tim Murithi (2022). Elections, Violence and Transitional Justice in Africa. London: Routledge.
* Osiel, Mark J. (1997). *Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory, and the Law.* New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
* Lavinia Stan, ed., *Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the Communist Past*, London: Routledge, 2009.
* Simić, Oliveira (2016). *An Introduction to Transitional Justice*, Routledge.
* Teitel, Ruti (2000). *Transitional Justice*, Oxford University Press.
* Zalaquett, Jose (1993). "Introduction to the English Edition." In *Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation: Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation*, trans. Phillip E. Berryman. South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.

## Kundivihira

Bickford, Louis N. (2005), "Transitional Justice," in The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity Vol. 3 (Macmillan Library Reference),
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/fd/droi20060828_definition_/droi20060828_definition_en.pdf ISBN 0028658485; ISBN 978-0028658483

## External links
* United Nations Rule of Law: Transitional Justice, on the relationship between transitional justice, the rule of law and the United Nations.
* Further resources on transitional justice can be found at the International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ) web page.
* Institute for Justice and Reconciliation