Atlantic slave trade

**Atlantic slave trade** bee **transatlantic slave trade** nyɛla dabba daabiligu zaŋ gbaŋsabila labisi Americas ka bɛ nyɛ dabba. Gbaŋpiɛlla nyɛla ban daa piligi dabba daabilim 15th century ka bɛ zaŋ kpɛhi Americas nyɛla din daa piligi 16th century, ka daa chɛ 19th century. Ninsalinima shɛba bɛ ni daa mali niŋdi dabba tali daabilim ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa yina Central Africa mini West Africa ka nyɛ West African dabba ɔdaabihi ni daa kɔhi shɛba n-ti European dabba daabihi. European dabba daabihi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa laɣindi gbaŋsabila ban nyɛ dabba ŋɔ mali ba n tahiri  Americas. Portuguese mini European shɛba nyɛla ban daa be dabba tali daabilim ŋɔ ni. Kamani National Museums Liverpool ni yɛlli shɛm: "European dabba daabihi ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa yi dari dabba ŋɔ African bee African-European daabhi sani." 

South Atlantic mini Caribbean daabihi nyɛla ban daa mali gbaŋsabila dabba ŋɔ n tumdi pukparilim tuma. Gbaŋpiɛlla ŋɔ daa nya ka di mali ba anfaani pam.

Din bɔŋɔ daa nyɛla din niŋ talahi n-ti Western European tingbana ka bɛ daa mali niya ni bɛ lahi nam "overseas empires" shɛŋa pahi. Portuguese maa, 16th century saha, n daa nyɛ tuuli ban zaŋ daba duhi Atlantic. Yuuni 1526, bɛ daa naai tuuli daba "voyage" zaŋ chaŋ Brazil, ka European shɛba gba daa doli na din nyaaŋa. Ban daa mali shitimanima daa nyɛla daba ka bɛ nyɛ nɛma ka bɛ ʒiriba tahiri Americas nini pɔbbu ni nɛma ni alaha, ni bɛ kɔhiba ka bɛ tumdi "coffee", taba, cocoa, sichiri ni boraadenima tuma,salma ni "silver" gbibu, shinkaafa puri, ni pala malibu tuma du'zuɣuri, taabonima ŋmabu, ni yinsi tuma tumbu. Bɛ ni daa zaŋ ba ni aʒianima maa zuɣu, bɛ daa nyami ka bɛ nyɛ tumtumdiba, ka bɛ daa kɔhiri bɛ mini neen shɛŋa dabam dahi ni.

Atlantic daba dab tiŋgbana din daa mali yaa, zaŋ chaŋ daabiligu yaa polo, n daa nyɛ Portugal, Britain, Spain, France,  Netherlands, ni United States, n-ti pahi Denmark. Shɛba daa bo la ʒi'shɛhi African teeku noya ni, n dari Africa kpamba ban daa kɔhiri daba sani.  Saha ŋɔ buɣisibu wuhiya ni kamani "12 million" zaŋ chaŋ "12.8&nbsp;million" African nim ka bɛ daa mali niŋdi shitimanima ni n duhiri  Atlantic kamani yuun kɔbisinahi polo. Daabihi ŋɔ ni daa dari shɛba daa galisiya pam, amaa soli maa daa kuri niriba pam, ka niriba kamani 1.2 ni 2.4&nbsp;million kpiri din ni. Tɔbu daa lahi nyɛla din kuri niriba pam, ni daba zaŋ chaŋ Europe n-ti niŋ daabiligu. 19th century ni daa miri, gɔmnanti nim' pam daa mɔŋla lala daabiligu ŋɔ, amaa sɔɣi niŋ daa na nyɛla din beni. Amaa di daa naaya yuuni 1867, amaa shɛhira nim' wuhiya ni di daa kuli zaŋ ya hali ni yuuni 1873.  21st century piligu, daa tim sandaani ni daba daabiligu niŋbu.

## Pilli

### Atlantic travel

Atlantic slave trade daa pilila sha shɛli di ni daa niŋ ka daba daabiligu pili "Old World" (Afro-Eurasia) ni "New World" (the Americas). Yuun gbaliŋ, ko'gbana yaa nyɛla din che ka kom ni chandi niŋ tɔm ka daa nyɛ pɔhili n-ti shitimnanima ban daa beni lala saha. 15th century, European daa ʒi kom ni chandi tabiibi zaŋ tum tuma na, kamani caravel malibu, din daa sɔŋdi shitimanima ka bɛ tooi chani ko'gbana ni,ka bɛ ni tooi chani Atlantic Ocean ni.Lala ŋɔ niŋbu ni, bɛ daa niŋ ningbuna ni west African teeku noli daba dabu zaŋ chaŋ Americas. 

Taarihi baŋda John Thornton wuhiya, "ni tiŋgbani mini tabiibi-baŋsim zaŋ tum tumadalirinima n daa che ka Europe nim daa nyɛ ban tooi go n-gili  Atlantic ka yɛligi di daabiligu". European daa niŋdila daabiligu bɔri salima, bɛ ni daa yɛn tooi nya shɛli western Africa, ka bo kom ni soli din yɛn tooi kuli "the Indies" (India), bɛ ni yɛn tooi daa nɛma din mali liɣiri luɣ'shɛli.
[thumb|Portuguese mariners used [caravel ships and traveled south along the West African coast and colonized Cape Verde in 1462.]]

European kom ni yɛligibu daa che ka yaɣ'kura mini zaɣ'pala din maani "Columbian exchange", yuli daa boli Italy baŋda yuli, Christopher Columbus. Di daa pilia "global silver trade from the 16th to 18th centuries" ka daa che ka European mali nuu timbu ni "Chinese porcelain trade".

### European slavery in Portugal and Spain
[thumb|The Spanish corsair [Amaro Pargo, a well-known privateer of the Golden Age of Piracy, participated in the African slave trade in Hispanic America.]]
Zaŋ chaŋ 15th century, daa be Iberian Peninsula (Portugal mini Spain) zaŋ chaŋ Western Europe.Roman Empire daa malila di ni niŋdi di daba daabiligu shɛm. Tum  Western Roman Empire ni lu n naai, dailim balibu daa piliya Musulinsi  ni Asori tiŋgbana din be peninsula zaŋ chaŋ ʒaamani Atlantic slave trade. 1441–1444, Portuguese daabihi daa tuui gbahila  Africa nim ban be Atlantic coast of Africa, zuŋɔ bɛ ni booni shɛli Mauritania, daa malila bɛ daba tahir Europe, ka bo bɛ biɛhigu shee Bay of Arguin.
[right|thumb|A map of the [Spanish Empire (red) and Portuguese Empires (blue) in the period of their personal union (1581–1640)]]

15th century saha, di ni daa niŋ ka Balkan daba dabu daa du zuɣusaa ka che Ottoman Empiremini Black Sea slave trade.

Jews mini Mussulinima shɛba daa leei la Dolodolonima ka mali tahima ni di nyɛla din yɛn ti ba faako "Spanish laws" ni. Di ni daa ti niŋ ka bɛ nya tiŋgbani pala zaŋ chaŋ Atlantic, Spain daa bi bɔri ni Jews Musulinima kperi Amerikas ka di daliri nyɛla Spanish Crown Musulinima mini ban pa Dolodolonima nyɛla ban ni tooi zaŋ bɛ adiini wuhi Americans bilichininima.

New Spain tiŋgbani ni, Spaniards malila "" kuri bukaata Africans mini Americans bilichinima zuɣu.

Europe daa niŋla Musulinima fukumsi din yɛn che ka bɛ deei Dolodolo adiini. Dum Diversas mini Romanus Pontifex daa naan tooi mali nuu timbu. Inter Caetera gba daa lahi nyɛla ŋun bo maligu Portugal mini Spain sunsuuni zaŋ chaŋ tingban polo.
[right|thumb|[Noah curses Ham by Gustave Doré – the curse of Ham was used as a justification to enslave Africans.]]

Din bɔŋɔ mini sabiri shɛŋa nyaaŋa, European sasabiriba wuhi kari ni be shƐba zuɣu, Africa mini daba, din tahi daba daabiligu na. Yuuni 1710, ʒingama nira daa niŋ shaawara ni Alonso García Ximénez,ŋun zilisi o ni o daa nyɛla ŋun bo faako ti African dabili yuli booni Sebastián, bɛ ni daa zaŋ so kulisi Venezuela ka o doli Amaro shitimanima ni yini. 

Yaha! Alhali ka 'Yahuudawa' ban daa leei 'Katolika' ni 'Musulinima daa nyela bi ni malindi sheba ansarisi, be sheba daa nyela ban mali nuu timbu ni Africa daba dabu maa puuni. Lisbon puuni zaŋ chaŋ 16th mini 17 centuries, Musilinim sheba daa nyala Jewish conversos ni bɔ ariʒichi zaŋ ti ka bi kohi Africa daba zaŋ  kpa  Sahara Desert polo ŋɔ yaha bi daa lahi gbahi Africa nim daba pɔi ni Atlantic slave trade ni di ʒemani Europe mini Africa puuni. New Spain puuni, Spaniards daa zaŋ ´limpieza de sangre´ daa niŋdi Africa ni Native Americans ka bɛ zaŋ li daa labisi bilfu ('race') yɛla niŋbu ni, ka bɛ daa mali dihitabli ni bi ka kasi domini bi daa pa dolo dolo nima.

Europeans daa nyala ban gbahi Musilinim daba ni ban kam daa doli adiini shela ka di pa Dolo dolo adiini ni di zugu chɛ ka bi gba leegi dolo dolo nima. Yuuni 1452, Pope Nicholas V daa nyala ŋun ti shahara gbaŋ yuli booni papal bull *Dum Diversas, lala shahara gbaŋ ŋɔ nyala dini daa ti Portugal Naa maa soli ni o gbaagi ŋun kam zaa pa dolo dolo nira dabli. Shahara gbaŋ maa daa nyala din ti Naa maa soli ni o gbahi Musilinim ban be West Africa polo ŋɔ ka lahi yoogi daba kohibu ni dabu soli ka di nyala Catholic Church maa nuu n pa di zugu.*

### African awareness of the conditions of slavery in the Americas

Di nyɛla din niŋ tom pam zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila shɛba ban be gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ŋɔ ni ni bɛ tooi baŋ Atlantic slave trade ni nyɛ shɛli. 

Fenda Lawrence nyɛla ŋun daa nyɛ dabili ŋun yina Gambia ka daa be Georgia mini South Carolina.

### Slave market regions and participation

Europeanima nyɛla ban daa dari dabba gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana ni kpɛhiri Western Hemisphere dahi din be West Africa. Dabba kalinli shɛli bɛ ni kɔhi zaŋ n-ti New World nyɛla din wali. Bin din gbaai yuuni 1650 mini yuuni 1900 sunsuun, 10.2&nbsp;million gbaŋsabila dabba nyɛ ban daa kpɛ America ka nyɛ ban daa yina tiŋgbani koŋkoba ni:
* Senegambia (Senegal mini the Gambia): 4.8%
* Upper Guinea (Guinea-Bissau, Guinea mini Sierra Leone): 4.1%
* Windward Coast (Liberia mini Ivory Coast): 1.8%
* Gold Coast (Ghana mini Ivory Coast): 10.4%
* Bight of Benin (Togo, Benin mini Nigeria west of the Niger Delta): 20.2%
* Bight of Biafra (Nigeria, Niger Delta, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea ni Gabon): 14.6%
* West Central Africa (Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo n-ti pahi Angola): 39.4%
* Southeastern Africa (Mozambique mini Madagascar): 4.7%

#### Ethnic groups
Balli koŋkoba zaŋ n-ti gbaŋsabila nyɛ ninvuɣ shɛba bɛ ni gbahiri dabba mali kpɛri America. Balli koŋkoba din gari pihinahi ni anu nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛba kpɛhi Amerca, lala balla ŋɔ shɛŋa nyɛ din doli na ŋɔ.
# BaKongo zaŋ n-ti Democratic Republic of Congo,  Republic of the Congo ni Angola
# Mandé zaŋ n-ti Upper Guinea
# Gbe bilichininima zaŋ n-ti Togo, Ghana, mini Benin (Fon, Ewe, Adja, Mina)
# Akan zaŋ n-ti Ghana mini Ivory Coast
# Wolof zaŋ n-ti Senegal mini the Gambia
# Igbo zaŋ n-ti Nigeria
# Ambundu zaŋ n-ti Angola
# Yoruba zaŋ n-ti Nigeria mini Benin
# Tikar mini Bamileke zaŋ n-ti Cameroon
# Makua zaŋ n-ti Mozambique

## Human toll
thumb|Slave trade out of Africa, 1500–1900
Daba dabu nyɛla din che ka Africa nim kɔŊ bɛ nyɛvuya pam Africa mini zaŋ yi Americas zaa. Buɣisibu wuhiya kamani 2 million zaŋ chaŋ 60 million.

Lala daabiligu ŋƆ nyɛla din saɣim daadama nim mini kaya ni taɣada.

### Destinations and flags of carriers
Atlantic slave trade daa tooi zooi la tiŋgbana dibaa ayopɔin ni.

Gbaŋsabila tiŋgbana yaɣa shɛŋa lala bɛ daa tooi dari dabba ŋɔ nyɛ din be teebuli shɛli din doli na ŋɔ.

### Russia
Bin din gbaai yuuni 1802, Russian bilichininima nyɛla ban daa nya ka "Boston" (U.S.-based) daa mali gbaŋsabila dabba niŋdi daabilim ni Tlingit people din be Southeast Alaska.

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File:Punishing negroes at Cathabouco, Rio de Janeiro.png|Punishing slaves at Calabouço, in Rio de Janeiro, 
File:Slaves resting by Rugendas 01.jpg|Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them 
File:Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 3581-33h Ingekleurde litho voorstellende de oo.jpg|A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname


## Effects

## Lihimi m-pahi

* Atlantic history
* Atlantic slave trade to Brazil
* Balkan slave trade
* Barbary slave trade
* Blackbirding
* Black Sea slave trade
* Bristol slave trade (UK)
* Edward Colston
* European enslavement of Indigenous Americans
* Indian indenture system
* Indian Ocean slave trade
* Liverpool slave trade
* Piracy
* Red Sea slave trade
* The Slave Route Project
* Slave Trade Acts
* Slavery in Britain
* Slavery in Canada
* Slavery in contemporary Africa
* Slavery in South Africa
* Slavery in the colonial United States
* Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
* Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies
* Slavery in the United States
* *[[Tobacco and Slaves]]* (1986 book)
* Trans-Saharan slave trade
* United States labor law
* Zephaniah Kingsley

## Kundivihira

### Citations

### General bibliography

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## External links

* Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database 
* Quick guide: The slave trade&nbsp;– BBC News
* Slave Trade and Abolition of slavery&nbsp;– Teaching resources at Black History 4 Schools
* British documents on slave holding and the slave trade, 1788–1793