Transhumance

**Transhumance** nyɛla "pastoralism" bee "nomadism" balishɛli, binkɔbiri taɣibu waligu saha mini kikaa sunsuuni. Montane yaɣa (*vertical transhumance*), di gbaai la wari saha mɔ'zimsa ni mini  waligu saha kom ni zɔri luri shɛli zolona ni. Binkɔb'guliba kuli malila bɛ ni be luɣ'shɛli sahakam, di tooi zooi la zolɔna ni. Binkɔb'guliba maa ko n tooi gɔra, ka niriba bela ŋɔ n tooi pahiri bɛ zuɣu, ka salo maa zaa kpalindi gbunni. Zaŋ ŋmahindi puuni, "*horizontal transhumance"* nyɛla tiŋgbani nama tɛri, bomma ni nyamma, bee siyaasa ni yɛn tooi saɣimi shɛli.

Kali bee transhumance din za luɣ'yini nyɛla din yɛligi gili dunia yaɣa niriba ni be shɛli, dibahi bahindi Europe mini western Asia. Di mali bukaata ni binkɔb'guliba be tinsi ni, dama di ni tooi niŋ ka binyɛra din yirina transhumance binguliba ni kamani (bihim, kpam, yogurt ni waagashe) ni tooi be salo maa bindira ni la. Bala pam tooi mali saha n ti kikaa saha mɔri, ka niriba tooi mali lala yuya ŋɔ m-booni tinsi: e.g. Wales booni hafod ka Scotland booni shieling, bee Switzerland nima ban tɔɣisiri German booni alp.

## Bachi maa ni pili shɛli mini di kahigibu
Bachi din nyɛ *transhumance* yimina  French ni ka yihina Latin bachinima ni  "baa gari" ni  "tiŋgbani". Transhumance 

Transhumance nyɛla "pastoralism" bee "nomadism". Khazanov pula "nomadic" "pastoralism" balibu bunu: "pure pastoral nomadism", "semi-nomadic pastoralism", "semi-sedentary pastoralism", "distant-pastures husbandry" ni "seasonal transhumance". Eickelman bi yihi waliginsim "transhumant pastoralism" mini "seminomadism" sunsuuni, amaa ka ti waliginsim din ka daɣiri "nomadic pastoralism" mini seminomadism sunsuuni.

## In prehistory

Transhumance daa nyɛla bɛ ni niŋdi shɛli Europe tuuli taarihi saha. Isotope bɔhimbu din jɛndi binkɔbiri kɔba wuhiya ni bɛ daa taɣiri la binkɔbiri yuuni yuuni.
Amaa din nyɛla din niŋdi dunia zaa. 

Di ni tooi niŋ ka di nyɛla niriba ban be zoya ni bɔhim la baŋsim din yii zoya lona ni.

## Europe

### Alps

### Balkans

Tiŋsi ni kamani Balkans, Albanians, Greek Sarakatsani, Eastern Romance (Romanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians ni Istro-Romanians) mini Turkish Yörük tooi be la zoya ni waligu saha ka ui polo ni maasim saha. Bɛ tiŋgbani ni daa na be Austro-Hungary mini Ottoman Empires, din di tarisi ni Greece, Albania, Bulgaria ni tiŋ'shɛli din daa na nyɛ Yugoslavia daa nyɛla din ka soli. Tulim saha, shɛba rooi chani hali ni Balkan Mountains, n ti niŋdi bɛ sahaAegean Sea.

Morlach bee Karavlachs daa nyɛla Eastern Romance pɛkpariba ("kpiimba" zaŋ ti Istro-Romanians) ban daa be Dinaric Alps (western Balkans din beni ʒaamani ŋɔ), nyɛla ban gɔrigindi sahakam ni bɛ nya mɔ'viɛla n-ti bɛ bunkɔbiri. 

#### England
Shɛhira beni n wuhiri ni transhumance daa be England tum nadaa saha, zaŋ yi Cornwall din be south-west, zaŋ yi England north. Lake District, "hill sheep breeds", kamanj Herdwick mini Swaledale tooi chanila "moor" mini "valley" sunsuunj waligu saha mini wari saha.

## Lihi pahi
* Altitudinal migration
* Kuchis
* Rarámuri
* Sarakatsani
* Seasonal human migration
* Yaylak

## Di ni yina luɣ'shɛŋa
* Jones, Schuyler. "Transhumance Reconsidered". *Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute*, London, 2005.
* Costello, Eugene & Svensson, Eva (eds.). Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe Routledge, London, 2018.
* Jones, Schuyler. *Men of Influence: Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan*. Seminar Press, London & New York, 1974.

## Kundivihira

## External links

* U.S. Department of Agriculture Discussion on Asia
* U.S. Department of Agriculture Discussion on Africa 
* Transhumance and 'The Waiting Zone' in North Africa
* Limited traditional transhumance in Australia
* Pastoralism 
* Short mention of transhumance in North America
* Swiss land registry of alpine pastures (German)
* La transhumancia in Madrid Spain 
* The transhumance from Schnals Valley (Italy) to Ötz Valley (Austria)
* Interview with Lionel Martorell, one of the last transhumant pastors in Eastern Spain