Mahnaz Afkham

**Mahnaz Afkhami** (Persian: مهناز افخمی; bɛ dɔɣi o la silimin goli January 14, 1941) nyɛla  Iran nira ŋun duhiri o yee zaŋ kpa paɣaba polo ŋun daa be Iran Kabinɛti ni yuuni 1976 hali ni 1978. Ŋuni n-nyɛ zuɣulana ni ŋun kpa laɣingu din nyɛ "paɣaba bɔhimbu laɣingu", kpɛm’ n-ti “Foundation for Iranian Studies” ni Iran gɔmnanti kuro paɣaba yɛltɔɣa minisita.  O nyɛla ŋun be United States tum yuuni 1979.

Afkhami nyɛla ŋun zabiri paɣaba yɛltɔɣa zuɣu tum 1970 zaa. O nyɛla ninvuɣu so ŋun kpa ʒɛngama laɣinsi pam din kpaŋsiri paɣaba toontibu Iran ni anduniya zaa. O nyɛla wuhi ka sabi lahabaya pam jɛndi anduniya zaa paɣaba yɛltɔɣa, paɣaba toosim bee yiko, paɣaba toontali, paɣaba mini anashaara tabibi, paɣaba biɛhigu musuliminim’ ni bi galisi tiŋ shɛŋa. O bukunima nyɛla lɛbigi shɛŋa bali bɔbigu ka zaŋ li gili anduniya boba ni yaɣa.

## Tuuntumsa

### Toontali mini siyaasa biɛhigu
O yuun’ pia ni ayopɔin ni, Afkhami daa pahi daabihi laɣingu zuɣu ka daa nya nasara o tumalan’ zuɣu di ni daa niŋ o kari o ka lahi labisi o na din yɛn che ka o bi yo tibtarigibu samli. 
Yuuni 1976, bɛ daa piigi Afkhami niŋ Iran gɔmnanti kabinɛti ni ka o daa lee paɣaba yɛltɔɣa minisita. Lala zaasheei ŋɔ daa pala din na min pub be Iran ka ŋun gba daa gbubi lala zaashee kpee n-daa nyɛ Françoise Giroud, France yiŋa.

Yuuni 2001, Afkhami daa buku ŋɔ, *Leading to Choices: A Leadership Training Handbook for Women' n-wuhi salo' din yɛn kpaŋsi paɣaba be deeri toontali zaashee bɛ yiŋsi, tiŋsi ni, ni bɛ ʒinɛli ni. Lala buku nyɛla bɛ ni lɛbigi bala pishi ni. Yuuni 2010, o daa lahi zaŋ buku ŋɔ, *Leading to Action: A Political Participation Handbook for Women* wuhi salo. Lala bukunim’ ŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋdi shɛŋa wuhiri niriba anduniya zaa, ka di paai ninvuɣu gbaliŋ.
Afkhami mimi mabia Farah Abrahimi daa nyɛla ban be [[PBS]] yuli din nyɛ *Destination America* yuuni 2005. Saha shɛli Afkhami ni daa lee paɣaba yɛltɔɣa minisita ŋɔ, o mabia ŋɔ daa nyɛla toondana n-ti shikuru bihi ban daa bori ni bɛ ŋmɛnpaaai Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

===Paɣatali ni dotali aadalichi===
Yuuni 1969, yuma ayi nyaaŋa di ni daa niŋ ka o lab’ Iran ka nyɛla litiricha purofeesa mini daanbolo ti National University of Iran Siliminsili yaɣali, Afkhami zaɣa daa labi Iran paɣaba yɛltɔɣa polo hali ka o daa kpa univɛsiti paɣaba laɣingu yuuli booni  “Association of University Women”. Yuuni 1970, o daa gbaŋ ŋmari n-ti Iran paɣaba nangban yini laɣingu din yuli nyɛ “Women's Organization of Iran” (WOI). O daa bela dini yuun pia zaa, lala saha maa ka daa kuli zabiri Iran paɣaba yɛltɔɣa zuɣu.

Saha Afkhami ni daa nyɛ paɣaba yɛltɔɣa minisita ŋɔ, Iran zalikpana daa ti paɣaba yiko yim zaŋ chaŋ paɣa ni doo chebu polo; ka daa tirisi di ni tu ni paɣa paai shɛm ka niŋ amiliya; n-tab’ sɔŋ paɣaba tuma ka bɛ vuuri tuma ni bɛ yi ri dɔɣi ka tiri ba sɔŋsim din yɛn yuli bɛ bihi; ka daa mɛ li tam daŋ zalikpana din daa kpa yuuni 1967.

Afkhami daa nyɛla ŋun tum Iran High Council zaŋ n-ti daŋ maliŋ mini biɛhi viɛlli din be “Kerman University” mini “Farah University for Women”. O sabi ya wuhi ni paɣaba zoosim nyɛla biɛla biɛla, ni kpaŋmaŋa zaŋ chaŋ bɛ ye’ duhibo, n-lɛri ba baŋsim ka taɣi zalikpana din muɣiliri paɣaba shikuru chandi, bɛ tuma tumbu, ni bɛ zaŋ pahi jina tobu ni, ni sɔŋsim din yɛn che ka vuhi ariʒichi polo.

===O karibu mini biɛhigu ni paɣaba yɛltɔɣa ===
Din daa niŋ ka musulinsi lab’ malizali piligi yuuni 1979, Afkhami daa bela United Nations, [[New York]] n-gbaari shaawara zaŋ chaŋ tiŋduya vihigu mini bɔhimbu zaŋ kpa paɣaba zoosim polo kpabu polo. O daa bɛ ni darigi so tibli zaŋ chaŋ *in absentia* with "Corruption on Earth and warring with God." O daa bi lahi labi Iran, ka gbalim dini, amaa o yɛliya ni o naan yu ni o labi ti sɔŋ Iran zoosim di yi niŋ ka siyaasa biɛhigu taɣi.

Ŋuni n-daa sabi sabbu ŋɔ "A future in the past, the prerevolutionary women's movement" n-niŋ yuuni1984 sabbu kundi ŋɔ ni *Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology*, ka Robin Morgan lihi ka mal’ li ni.
 
Yuuni 1994, o daa zaŋ [https://books.google.com/books/about/Women_in_exile.html?id=t7VFxrziOSQC *Women in Exile*], din nyɛ paɣ’ shɛba ban be siyaasa ni ka bi kari ba yihi tiŋsi ni anfooninima.

Afkhami daa yi m-pahi tiŋduya paɣaba ban zabiri paɣaba yiko zuɣu, ka yɛli: "biɛhi shɛli paɣaba ni mali bɛ sunsuuni gari din waligiri ba." O daa lee ŋun tiri  tuma duzuɣu yuli boini "Human Rights Watch" nim saɣisiɣu ni zuɣulana paa n-ti duma duzuɣu yuli booni "Sisterhood is Global". Din ni hali zuŋɔ, o sabi ya daliŋ [http://www.mahnazafkhami.net/1996/towards-global-feminism-a-muslim-perspective/ *Towards Global Feminism*] .

Afkhami nyɛla ŋun lee kpamba ti laɣinsi pam kamani o daa be laɣingu yuli booni “World Movement for Democracy” komitii ni (yuuni 1999 hali ni 2010), ni “International League for Human Rights” (yuuni 2000 hali ni2006), ni “Global Fund for Women” (yuuni 1998 hali ni 2007), ni “Gender At Work” ( yuuni 2003 hali ni2008),  ni “Women Leaders Intercultural Forum” (yuuni 2010)  and Global Women's Action Network for Children (2006–2009)., "Global Fund for Women" (1998–2007), "International Museum of Women" (2000–2014), Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative (2002–2010), ni "Women's Human Rights Net" (2000–2004).

Saha ŋɔ o bela Women's Rights Division saɣisiɣu komitii zaŋ n-ti “Human Rights Watch”, ni "Foundation for Iranian Studies", ka lahi be komitii zaŋ n-ti Smithsonian's Freer Gallery of Art mini Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

===Kaya, Musulinsi ni yiko luɣ'li kam===
Afkhami dihitabili ni adiini mini paɣaba yee duhibo pala din bi doli taba ([http://www.mahnazafkhami.net/2004/rights-of-passage/ "Women ought not to be forced to choose between freedom and God"] ). Amaa, kaya mini adiini ni tooi bi saɣ'ti yɛli shɛŋa di yi kana paɣaba yiko polo: "Di tu ni ti bɔhi bɔhigu ŋɔ: bozuɣu n-lee che ka mɔɣimbu yi ti yɛn beni ti paɣaba yiko ka di daliri nyɛla kali dini? Lala kali ŋɔ nyɛla yɛlmaŋli bee di nyɛla dihitabili din bori biɛhisuŋ bee di guli diɛm ti hankali?"

Ŋun pa zaɣisi kali waligimsim mini musulinsi zaa, ka zaya salinim’ yiko nyɛla luɣili kam ka tu ni di gari yɛlli kam zaa: "At the center of [the] conflict is the dilemma of Muslim women's human rights&nbsp;– whether Muslim women have rights because they are human beings, or whether they have rights because they are Muslim women."

===Iran Paɣaba  Yɛltɔɣa===
A yi yuli naaŋa lihi yɛl’ shɛŋa din pun niŋ pɔi ni saha ŋɔ, Afkhami yɛliya: "Di ŋmani la birigibu pa la ti daa bi niŋla din tu ni ti niŋ shɛm. Di birigibu daa nyɛla ti daa kpa la yɛl’ shɛŋa ka kabbu ti be ninneesim, toontibo, yiko, ni sali yiko, dibahi bahindi paɣaba yikonima, ti zooi ka di che ka yɛltɔɣa zaŋ kpa ti tuma ŋɔ polo yaɣ’." O nyɛla ŋun yi polo sɔŋsi Iran kampɛin din tuhiri ni di ku zalikpana din nyɛ paɣaba gaŋbu ka nyɛ buku shɛli Iran [[Noushin Ahmadi Khorasani]] ni sabi. O dihitabili ni lala niŋsim ŋɔ nyɛla niŋsim shɛli din yɛn yuui ʒɛmana ŋɔ.

Afkhami biɛhigu mini o tuma zaŋ kpa paɣaba polo Iran tiŋgbani, n-waligi ka che kali, ni sarika biɛhigu nyɛ yuuni lahabali churi ti yuuni 2012 [http://www.mahnazafkhami.net/2012/voa-extended-profile-in-persian/ *Voice of America Persian biopic*] .

===Fiilanim' dibu===
O daa di fiila "Chicago Council on Global Affairs", *Election 2016 and the Global Women's Movement *, Chicago, IL (November 1, 2016) (ka ban daa gbubi ʒia maa ka di chani nya Fay Hartog-Levin, ni Catherine Bertini mini Ellen Chesler

O daa lahi so fiila "Roosevelt Institute", *Women and Girls Rising Conference *, New York, NY (silimin goli September 11, 2014) (ka ŋun daa gbubi ʒia maa ka di chani nya LaShawn R. Jefferson ni Farida Shaheed mini Jocelyn Olcott

O daa di fiila "Creative Alternatives of New York, "[http://www.cany.org/resources/resources.html CANY Seminar Series: Leading to Change: Eliminating Violence Against Women] ", New York, NY (silimin goli November 1, 2013)

O daa di fiila "Women Deliver Conference 2013" ni, *Presidential Session: Ending Violence Against Women *, Kualalumpur, Malaysia (silimin goli May 29, 2013) (ka ŋun daa gbubi ʒia maa ka di chani nya Shereen El Feki, ni Gary Barker, ni Lakshmi Puri, n-ti pahi Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau

[[Fortune (magazine)]] "[http://fortuneconferences.com/mpws2011/speakers.html Most Powerful Women Conference]" 2011, Laguna Niguel, CA (October 3–5, 2011)

== piligu ==
Bɛ daa dɔɣi la Mahnaz Afkhami Kerman, [[Imperial State of Iran|Iran]] yuuni 1941, ka ŋuni n-nyɛ kpɛma bɛ bihi ata ni. O bilim ni zaa, o daa bela Kerman, Iran tiŋgbani, dundɔŋ shɛli din daa galisi ni ni Sheikhi "Shi'ite Muslims" daŋ. O yuun' pia ni yini ni, o ba mini o ma daa che taba ka bɛ daa yi n-kuli [[United States]]. O daa chaŋ University of San Francisco mini University of Colorado, Boulder.

Yuunib1967, Mahnaz daa labi na Iran ka nyɛla National University of Iran litiricha purofeesa. O daa tum la dini hali ni yuuni 1978. Dini hali ni zuŋɔ, United States ka o kuli kpalim be, [[Maryland]] ni o yidana, Gholam Reza Afkhami. Bɛ dɔɣi bidibga, ka mali yaansi ayi.

===Chronological overview===
* Yuuni 2000 hali ni saha ŋɔ; o nyɛla ŋun kpa ni zuɣulana n-ti Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace
* Yuuni 1996–99&nbsp; o daa nyɛla [[Sisterhood Is Global Institute]] zuɣulana 
* Yuuni 1992–96&nbsp; o daa nyɛla Executive Director zaŋ n-ti Sisterhood Is Global Institute
* Yuuni 1989–96&nbsp; o daa nyɛla zuɣulan' paa n-ti Sisterhood Is Global Institute
* Yuuni 1981–&nbsp; o daa nyɛla ŋun kpa ni zuɣulana ti Foundation for Iranian Studies
* Yuuni 1979–81&nbsp; Consultant on Women and Development, Palo Alto, California
* Yuuni 1976–78&nbsp; o daa nyɛla Iran gɔmnanti paɣaba yɛltɔɣa minisita
* Yuuni 1970–79&nbsp; O daa nyɛla gbaŋ ŋmari kpɛm' n-ti Women's Organization of Iran
* Yuuni 1968–70&nbsp; o daa nyɛla daanbolo, n-ti English Department, National University of Iran
* Yuuni 1967–68&nbsp; o daa nyɛla purofeesa paa n-ti Department of English, National University of Iran
* Yuuni 1966–67&nbsp; o daa nyɛla karimba be University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado
* Yuuni 1965–66&nbsp; assistant editor, Abstracts of English Studies, Boulder, Colorado

===Tuun' shɛŋa o ni kpa bee n-pahi kpa===
Tuma yuya din dɔ gbunni ŋɔ nyɛla o ni kpa shɛŋa bee o ni pahi kpa shɛŋa:
* 2006&nbsp; Global Women's Action Network for Children (o mini Marian Wright Edelman, Melanne Verveer, ni Madeleine Albright n-daa laɣim kpa li)
* 2006&nbsp; Women Leaders Intercultural Forum (o mini Mary Robinson, Lisa Anderson, ni Thoraya Obaid n-daa kpa li)
* 2001&nbsp; Gender at Work (o mini Kumi Naidoo, Aruna Rao, ni Joanna Kerr n-daa kpa li)
* 2000&nbsp; Women's Learning Partnership for Rights, Development, and Peace
* 1989&nbsp; Sisterhood Is Global Institute
* 1981&nbsp; Foundation for Iranian Studies
* Unknown&nbsp; South Tehran Development Program
* Unknown&nbsp; Association for Exceptional Children, Iran
* Unknown&nbsp; Association for English Professors in Iranian Universities
* Unknown&nbsp; University Women's Association of Iran

===Pina===
* Lifetime Achievement Award, Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans, New York, NY (October 15, 2015)
* Walk of Courage Award, [[Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Services]], Baltimore, MD (October 28, 2015)
* TrustWomen Hero Award 2015 (shortlist nominee)

== Bibliography ==
Afkhami has published articles and books, with a particular focus on women's human rights, Muslim women, as well as the Iranian women's movement.

===Bukunima===
* 2022&nbsp; *The Other Side of Silence: A Memoir of Exile, Iran, and the Global Women's Movement*. The University of North Carolina Press.
* 2015&nbsp; *Beyond Equality: A Manual for Human Rights Defenders* (co-authored), Women's Learning Partnership, Bethesda, Maryland
* 2012&nbsp; *Victories Over Violence: Ensuring Safety for Women and Girls* (co-authored), Women's Learning Partnership, Bethesda, Maryland
* 2010&nbsp; *Leading to Action: A Political Participation Handbook for Women* (co-authored), Women's Learning Partnership, Bethesda, Maryland
* 2002&nbsp; *Toward a Compassionate Society* (editor), Women's Learning Partnership, Bethesda, Maryland
* 2001&nbsp; *Leading to Choices: A Leadership Training Handbook for Women* (co-authored), Women's Learning Partnership, Bethesda, Maryland
* 1998&nbsp; *Safe and Secure: Eliminating Violence Against Women in Muslim Societies* (co-authored), Sisterhood Is Global Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
* 1997&nbsp; *Muslim Women and The Politics of Participation* (co-edited with Erika Friedl), Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York
* 1996&nbsp; *Claiming Our Rights: A Manual for Women's Human Rights Education in Muslim Societies* (co-authored with Haleh Vaziri), Sisterhood Is Global Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
* 1995&nbsp; *Faith and Freedom: Women's Human Rights in the Muslim World*, Syracuse University Press and I.B. Tauris
* 1994&nbsp; *Women and the Law in Iran (1967–1978)* (compilation with introduction), Women's Center of the Foundation for Iranian Studies
* 1994&nbsp; *Women in Exile*, University Press of Virginia
* 1994&nbsp; *In the Eye of the Storm: Women in Postrevolutionary Iran* (edited with Erika Friedl), Syracuse University Press and I.B. Tauris
* 1992&nbsp; *Iran: A PreCollegiate Handbook* (with Charlotte Albright), Foundation for Iranian Studies
* 1978&nbsp; "Notes on the Curriculum and Materials for a Women's Studies Program for Iranian University Women"<br />"Iran's National Plan of Action for Integration of Women in Development: Theory, Structure and Implementation"<br />(manuscripts prepared for the Women's Organization of Iran Center for Research on Women, Tehran)

===Chapters (selected)===
* "Women's Human Rights in Iran: From Global Declarations to Local Implementation", in *Women and Girls Rising: Progress and Resistance Around the World*, edited by Ellen Chesler and Terry McGovern. Routledge Global Institutions, New York and UK, 2016.
* "Foreword: Sunlight, Open Windows, and Fresh Air: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Iran", in *Shirin Nehsat: Facing History* by Melissa Ho, Smithsonian Books, 2015.
* "Rights of Passage: Women Shaping the 21st Century," in *The Future of Women's Rights: Global Visions & Strategies*, edited by Joanna Kerr, Ellen Sprenger, and Alison Symington. Zed Books, New York: 2004.
* "Women, Information Technology, and Human Development," in *Middle Eastern Women on the Move*, [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]], Middle East Project, 2003.
* "Epilogue: Our Shared Human Values" in *To Mend the World* edited Marjorie Agosín and Betty Jean Craige.  White Pine Press, New York, 2002
* "The Women's Organization of Iran: Evolutionary Politics and Revolutionary Change," in *Women in Iran From the Rise of Islam to the Islamic Republic*, edited by Lois Beck & Guity Nashat. University of Illinois Press: 2002.
* "Gender Apartheid, Cultural Relativism, and Women's Human Rights in Muslim Societies," in *Women, Gender, and Human Rights: A Global Perspective*, edited by [[Marjorie Agosín]], Rutgers University Press, 2001.
* "Cultural Relativism and Women's Human Rights," in *Women and International Human Rights Law*, edited by Kelly D. Askin and Dorean M. Koenig.  Transnational Publishers, Inc., New York: 2000.
* "Gender Apartheid and the Discourse of Relativity of Rights in Muslim Societies," in *Religious Fundamentalisms and the Human Rights of Women*, edited by Courtney Howland.  St. Martin's Press, New York: 1999.
* "A Vision of Gender in Culture" in *Culture in Sustainable Development: Investing in Culture and Natural Endowments* edited by [[Ismail Serageldin]], Joan Martin-Brown.  From a conference sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Bank, 1999.  
* "A Woman in Exile," in *A Map of Hope*, edited by [[Marjorie Agosin]]. Rutgers University Press: May 1999.
* "Towards Global Feminism: A Muslim Perspective," in *Radically Speaking: Feminism Reclaimed*, edited by [[Diane Bell (anthropologist)|Diane Bell]] and [[Renate Klein]].  Spinifex Press: 1996.
* "Identity and Culture: Women as Subjects and Agents of Cultural Change," in *From Basic Needs to Basic Rights, The Institute for Women, Law, and Development*: 1996.
*"Middle Eastern Women and Human Rights," in *Women, Culture and Society: A Reader*.  Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company: 1994.

===Articles (selected)===
* "Women, Rights, and Security in Iran," (in German and English) in *Der Tagesspiegel*, American Academy in Berlin, September 2008.
* "Rights of Passage: Women Shaping the 21st Century," *Occasional Paper No.7*, [[Association for Women's Rights in Development]], October 2002.
* "Human Security: A Conversation," in *Social Research*.  The New School, New York: Vol. 69, No. 3, Fall 2002. 
* "Our Shared Humane Values," *In Touch*, Women of Washington, Los Angeles & Orange County, April 2001, Vol.8. No.4.
* "At the Crossroads of Tradition & Modernity: Personal Reflection," *SAIS Review*, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Summer-Fall 2000, Vol. XX, No. 2.
* "Beijing and Muslim Women," in *Muslim Politics Report*, Council on Foreign Relations: November/December 1995.
* In Persian: "Evolutionary Politics and Revolutionary Change," *Iran Nameh*, (Summer 1997). "What is Modern in the Contemporary Poetry of Iran," *Jahan Now*, Tehran, 1972. "Influence of the Haiku on Modern American Poetry," *Jahan Now*, Tehran, 1971.

== Kundivihira ==


== External links ==

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*'Che ka sabbu maa di shim'''