Cinema of Ghana

**Cinema of Ghana** nyɛla bɛ ni lahi mi shɛli **Ghana Film Industry** ka di yupaa nyɛ **Ghallywood**, daa piligimi din daa niŋ ka bɛ yaai tuuli sinii British colony of Gold Coast (saha ŋɔ Ghana) yuuni 1923. Lala saha ŋɔ waɣara koŋko nyɛ ban tooi nyari sinii nima ŋɔ bal'leei colonial masta zaŋ n-ti Gold Coast. Yuuni 1950s, sinii yaabu Ghana nyɛla din daa pahi. Cinemas n-daa nyɛ tuuli luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni daa lihiri sinii hali ka home video ti naayi kana. Sinii tuma yaɣili nyɛla din ka yu shɛli din be kundi ni tum bɛ ni daa ʒini ni kpamba ka daa sabi gbaŋ n-ti  Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture ka di daa che ka bɛ na kpihim yuli din nyɛ **Black Star Films** zaŋ tum tuma

## Cinema in the colonial period
Yuuni 1920s piligu, ʒingama niriba nyɛla ban daa zaŋ sinii kpɛna Ghana (lala saha ŋɔ Gold Coast) ka daa yoogi cinema nima fɔna ni. Bin daa gbaai yuuni 1923, cinema nyɛla din daa leei diɛma biɛhi palli ka ninvuɣ kara koŋko n-daa nyɛ ban ni tooi lihi sinii shɛŋa bɛ ni daa niŋdi cinema ŋɔ. Cinema nima daa nyɛla liɣirilana nima, colonial kpamba n-ti pahi kpamba ban daa be tuma duu kara ni. Di nyaaŋa bɛ daa ti piligi cinema yunsibu tiŋ'kpaŋsi.

Yuuni 1948, din daa niŋ ka colonial masta daa baŋ ni gbaai yihi diɛma sinii nyɛla din ni tooi pahi niri haŋkali ka tahi tiŋ tooni, o daa piligi Gold Coast Film Unit ka o ni daa piligi luɣ'shɛli Information Services Department zaŋ n-ti colonial gomnanti. Sinii ka daa leei binshɛli niriba ni daa mali dihitabili ni di ni tooi taɣi tiŋ biɛhigu. Gold Coast Film Unit ŋɔ daa yunsiri la baŋkom-dɔzim Bedford buses m-mali wuhiri documentary films, newsreels n-ti pahi gomnanti lahabali sinii nima n-tiri salo. Di lihibu daa nyɛla yoli. (Sakyi 1996: 9). Lala sinii nima maa shɛŋa nyɛ propaganda sinii nima zaŋ jandi World War II, ban daa yaai li nyɛ Colonial Film Unit (CFU) din be London. (cf. Diawara 1992: 3).

Tɔbu maa nyaaŋa, bɛ daa yaai shikuru baŋsim sinii nima zaŋ n-ti African colonies. Lala sinii nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni niŋ shɛli ni bɛ zaŋ  Western "civilised" biɛhigu maɣisi African "backward" biɛhigu. Bɛ daa yɛliya ni bɛ yihimi "superstitious" kali. (Diawara 1992: 3; Ukadike 1994: 44ff).

Gold Coast Film Unit ŋɔ, gba daa lahi yaari niriba suhiyurilim shɛhi ni bɛ kpaŋsi alaafee, bindira, daabiligu n-ti pahi ninsali nima biɛhisi ni taba. (Middleton–Mends 1995: 1; Diawara 1992: 5). Yuuni 1948, tGold Coast Film Unit ŋɔ nyɛla ban daa piligi gbaŋsabila sinii yaabu wuhibu. Sinii nima nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli taɣi  British colonies din pahi  ka be Africa. (Middleton-Mends ibid.).

## Ghana Film Industry: Contemporary Ghana cinema
Sinii tuma yaɣili din be Ghana, bɛ ni lahi booni shɛli **Ghana Film Industry** ka sokam daa na mi li **Ghallywood**  nyɛla din daa piligi yuuni 1980s piligu. Pɔi ni Ghana Film Industry, gomnanti zaŋ n-ti Ghana, ŋun daa sinii tuma yaɣili fali gbaŋpiɛlla gomnanti sani koŋko n-daa na nyɛ sinii yaara tiŋgbani ŋɔ ni. Tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulan zaŋ n-ti   Ghana, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, o daa piligi Ghana Film Industry Corporation (GFIC) Kanda dinn be Accra  yuuni 1964 ka di daa leei tiŋgbani maa liɣiri yuuni 1877. GFIC nyɛla din pa be TV3 saha ŋɔ, ʒingama Malaysian TV station. Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, tuuli tiŋgbani zuɣulan zaŋ n-ti tuuli Republic of Ghana daa tahi niriba pam tiŋduya ni bɛ ti bɔhim sinii yaabu din yɛn che ka bɛ tooi tum GFIC. Ghana nyɛla din daa mali sinii yaara baŋdiba shɛba gomnanti ni daa kpaɣi ka bɛ yaari sinii nima zaŋ n-ti tiŋgbani maa tooni tibu. Baŋdiba kamani Rev. Chris Essie, Mr. Ernest Abbeyquaye, Mr. Kwaw Ansah ni ban kam pahi zaa nyɛla bɛ ni daa baŋsi shɛba tiŋgbani zuɣulan Nkrumah saha. GFIC nyɛla bɛ ni daa piligi shɛli ni bɛ yaari Ghana nima biɛhisi sinii nima din yɛn che ka bɛ yihi gbaŋpiɛlla gomnanti ni daa lɛba haŋkali biɛri shɛŋa. Ghana Film Industry Corporation nyɛla ban daa yaari sinii shɛŋa din jandi maŋsulinsi din be African salo ni.  GFIC nyɛla din daa yaai sinii nima din kalinli gari kɔbigi ni pihinu zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1960s naabu ni. Din daa niŋ ka bɛ ŋmɛ yihi Nkrumah yuuni 1966 nyaaŋa, sinii tuma yaɣili din be Ghana nyɛla din daa na dɔni tiŋa.

Yuuni 1981, tuuli maŋsulinsi sinii, *[[Love Brewed in the African Pot]] nyɛla* Kwaw Ansah ni daa yaai shɛli, sinii yaari baŋdiba zaɣ'yini zaŋ n-ti Ghana. Di nyaaŋa, King Ampaw, ŋun nyɛ Ghana sinii yaara nyɛla ŋun daa bɔhim sinii yaabu German gba daa bahi sinii yuli booni  *Kukurantumi - The Road to Accra* yuuni 1982. Yuuni 1980s sunsuun, ʒiɛmani palli din be Ghana ka William Akuffo  nyɛ ŋun daa be di tooni daa yɛliya ni o yɛn bola sinii yaabu so palla ka bɛ daa zaŋ li wuhi dunia nima yuuni 1978 zaŋ n-ti sinii yaabu. Video Home System (VHS) ŋɔ ŋmɛhirisi nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋdi shɛli ŋmɛhiri sinii waɣala bin din gbaai yuuni 1986. Niya shɛli din daa be di nyaaŋa n-daa nyɛ bɛ borimi ni bɛ wuhi Ghana nima mini gbaŋsabila taarihi zaŋ jandi gbaŋsabila zaa. Ghana n-daa nyɛ tuuli tiŋgbani shɛli din daa yunsiri VHS cameras ŋmɛhiri sinii waɣala. Bin din gbaai yuuni 1980s naabu ni, Ghana nyɛla din daa mali sinii shɛŋa bɛ ni daa yaai ni VHS.

Tum yuuni 1980s naabu ni,  direct-to-video niŋbu ŋɔ nyɛla din daa pahi sinii nima Ghana. Liɣiri zaŋ n-ti cinematography nyɛla din yala daa niŋ tom n-ti  Ghana Film Industry Corporation (GFIC) mini independent film makers. Lala ŋɔ zuɣu daa nyɛla Ghana nima daa piligi bɛ maŋmaŋsi sinii nima ka daa yunsiri  VHS video cameras. Ʒingama sinii yaariba daa nam bɛ maŋmaŋ Ghana nima lahabaya mini sabbu zaŋ n-ti sinii nima ka daa laɣim kpɛrikpɛritiba, baŋdiba mini ban daa na bɔhindi zaa ka daa yaai sinii nima Accra. Laɣa shɛŋa bɛ ni daa nya VHS video sinii nima ŋɔ ni nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli sɔŋdi sinii tuma yaɣili ŋɔ. Yuuni 1980s, din daa niŋ ka sinii yaariba saa piligi video-films yaabu, GFIC nyɛla ban daa yina n-ti tɔhiri zaɣisiri li. Kpamba zaŋ n-ti GFIC daa bɛ nya video technology mali anfaani zaŋ n-ti sinii yaabu ka daa niŋ li ka di yala niŋ tom zaŋ n-ti ʒingama sinii yaariba. GFIC daa mɔŋ di sinii yaariba ni bɛ di sɔŋ ʒingama sinii yaariba ka bɛ niŋ video-films. Lala zaligu shɛli GFIC ni daa zali ŋɔ daa che ka Ghana koŋ sinii yaari baŋdiba.

Yuma ashɛm nyaaŋa, GFIC nyɛla din daa piligi  VHS sinii yaariba sɔŋbu din nyɛ che ka bɛ nya soli tooi ŋmaai sinii nima Accra. Bɛ sinii nima ŋɔ nyɛla niriba pam ni daa baŋ shɛli yala pirinla di daa che Ghana nima baŋ bɛ ni nyɛ shɛba sinii nima ŋɔ puuni. Bin din gbaai yuuni 1990s piligu, kamani sinii nima pihinu daa nyɛla VHS video movies zaŋ n-ti yuuni pilini.

Yuuni 1996,  gomnanti zaŋ n-ti Ghana nyɛla ŋun daa kɔhi GFIC kɔbigi puuni vaabu pisopɔin zaŋ n-ti Malaysian television production company, Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad zaŋ n-ti Kuala Lumpur.  GFIC nyɛla bɛ ni daa labi boli shɛli "Gama Media System Ltd". Din bɔŋɔ gba daa nyɛla din daa dam tiŋgbani maa sinii tuma tooni chani. Din daa niŋ ka bɛ kɔhi GFIC kɔbigi puuni vaabu pisopɔin ŋɔ daa ku sinii tuma yaɣili. Kompani ŋɔ nyɛla din daa ka zaɣa pam ni sinii yaabu ka di zuɣu daa che ka Ghana sinii yaabu daa tuɣi ni ʒingama sinii yaabu. Ŋmahinli, Ghana nima sinii nima nyɛla din daa tooi mali zimsim ka daa nyɛ din jandi dolodolo tali God and the Devil (lihimi Meyer 1999a).

Twi dialect sinii nima nyɛla bɛ ni booni shɛli "Kumawood" sinii nima. Silimiinsili-yɛlibu Ghana nima sinii nima nyɛla bɛ ni tooi booni shɛli "Ghallywood" productions. Ka sinii shɛŋa bɛ ni niŋ Ghana nyɛ bɛ ni booni shɛli Ghana Films tum di ka yu yini zuɣu. Sinii nima din jandi African witchcraft tooi nyɛla din niŋdi Ghana. Ghana nyɛla din yaai low-budget sinii shɛŋa din bi nee viɛnyɛla. Di shɛŋa nyɛ *[[2016 (2010 film)|2016]]* (2010) n-ti pahi *Obonsam Besu* (*The Devil Will Cry*).

Yuuni 1997, Ghana nima mini Nigeria nima nyɛla ban daa piligi sinii nima laɣim yaai ka daa piligi ni Nigeria dirata nima kamani Ifeanyi Onyeabor (a.k.a. Big Slim), Rev. Tony Meribe-White mini yuuni 2006,  Nigeria nima sinii yaara Frank Rajah Arase ka ŋun daa zaŋ o na nyɛ Ifeanyi Onyeabor ka o daa nyɛ o sinii yaari sɔŋda. O gba daa zooya leei sinii dirata ka daa yihi Ghana kpɛrikpɛrita shɛba niriba ni mi ka bɛ daa sɔŋ sinii kpɛribu tuma Nigeria (Nollywood). Lala kpɛrikpɛritiba maa shɛba nyɛ Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari n-ti pahi Yvonne Okoro. Nigeria sinii yaariba shɛba nyɛla ban mali sinii nima Ghana ka di daa nyɛ din daa dɔ tiŋa.

Yuuni 2017,  Ndiva Women's Film Festival,  African sinii chuɣu zaŋ n-ti paɣaba ban nyɛ sinii yaariba nyɛla din daa piligi Accra.

## Noosi

## Kundivihira

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## Lihimi m-pahi

* Ghana National Film Authority