Paul Celan

Bardd a chyfieithydd oedd **Paul Celan** (23 Tachwedd 1920 – c.20 Ebrill 1970).  Fe'i anwyd dan yr enw **Paul Antschel** i deulu Iddewig ond newidiodd ei enw i  "Paul Celan", sef fersiwn llai Almaeneg.

## Bywyd
Fe'i ganwyd yn Cernăuţi, Bukovina, Teyrnas Rwmania, heddiw yn  Chernivtsi, Wcrain.  O dan ddylanwad ei dad, Leo Antschel, cafodd addysg gyfrwng Hebraeg yng ngholeg *Safah Ivriah*, ond oherwydd ei fam, Fritzi, cafwyd Almaeneg yn famiaith, a Rwmaneg yn iaith y gymuned. Wedi ei Bar Mitzvah yn 1933, trodd i ffwrdd o grefydd ac at sosialaeth.  Astudiodd wedyn yn "Lyceum Mihai " (ysgol Chernivtsi rhif 5 bellach) o 1934-1938.

Dechreuodd astudio i fod yn feddyg yn 1938 ym Prifysgol Tours (Ffrainc). Ond dychwelodd i Rwmania ddechrau'r rhyfel i astudio ym mhrifsygol Chernivtsi er gwaethaf cwota yn cyfyngu ar Iddewon. Astudiodd ieithoedd Romans.  Yn 1938 aeth i Berlin (ar adeg y Kristallnacht) lle roedd ei ewythr yn byw, sef Bruno Schrager a fu farw ychydig wedyn yn Auschwitz.

Ym Mehefin 1940 cipiwyd ardal Bukovina gan y Sofietiaid. Concrodd yr Almaenwyr yr ardal y flwyddyn ganlynol, yng Ngorffennaf 1941. Llosgwyd prif synagog Chernivtsi gan y SS Einsatzkommando ac anfonwyd Iddewon Chernivtsi i ' ghetto',  man lle cyfieithodd Celan sonedau William Shakespeare.  Yno y ddaeth yn gyfarwydd a chaneuon a diwylliant Iddew-Almaeneg ei bobl.  Aethpwyd a'r rhan fwyaf o Iddewon Chernivtsi i wersyll yn y Wcrain lle bu farw ei rieni yn 1942, ond cadwyd Celan i weithio i'r Almaenwyr tan ei ryddhau yn Chwefror 1944 gan y Rwsiaid. Dyma'r cyfnod yr ysgrifennodd ei gerdd enwocaf *Todesfuge*, a gyfieithwyd i lawer o ieithoedd wedyn; gan gynnwys y Gymraeg (gan Mererid Hopwood yn y cylchgrawn Taliesin.

Gadawodd Rwmania ym 1948 am Fiena cyn symud eto i Baris. Yno, yn 1948, cyhoeddodd ei gasgliad cyntaf o farddoniaeth, *Der Sand aus den Urnen* ("tywod o'r wrnau"). Datblygodd ei enwogrwydd yn raddol ac ym 1952 cyfarfu â Martin Heidegger a chanodd  ei *Todesfuge* ("Ffiwg Angau") iddo.

O Tachwedd 1951, cafodd affêr efo Gisèle de Lestrange ym Mharis, Ffrainc, cyn ei phriodi ar Rhagfyr 21, 1952.  Enillodd ei fywoliaeth ym Mharis drwy gyfieithu. Rhoddwyd iddo "Ddinasyddiaeth Ffrainc" ym 1955 , enillodd y Wobr Lenyddol Bremen ym 1958 a'r pwysicaf o'r holl wobrau Almaeneg sef Gwobr Georg Büchner ym 1960. Degawd wedyn lladdodd ei hun ar Ebrill 20, 1970.

Mae cryn ddiddordeb yn ei waith o hyd, yn arbennig yn America.  Bu farw ym Mharis.

### Llyfryddiaeth
**Der Sand aus den Urnen* (''y Tywod o'r Urnau*, 1948)
**Mohn und Gedächtnis* (*Pabi a Chof*, 1952)
* *Von Schwelle zu Schwelle'' ('"O drothwy i drothwy*, 1955)
* *Sprachgitter* (*Gril-Siarad*, 1959)
* *Die Niemandsrose* (*Rhosyn Neb*, 1963)
* *Atemwende* (*Tro'r Anadl*, 1967)
* *Fadensonnen* (*Edafyn yr Haul*, 1968)
* *Lichtzwang* (*Nerth Golau*, 1970)
* *Schneepart* (*Darn Eira", 1971)
* *Zeitgehöft* (''Tŷ Amser", 1976)

### Cyfieithiadau o'i waith
* *Todesfuge/Ffiwg Angau*, cyfieithwyd gan Mereirid Hopwood (2012) Talesin Gwanwyn 2012, cyfrol 145.

I'r Saesneg yn bennaf:

* *The Meridian: Final Version - Drafts - Materials*, golygwyd gan Bernhard Böschenstein a Heino Schmull, cyfieithwyd gan Pierre Joris (2011)
* *The Correspondence of Paul Celan and Ilana Shmueli*, cyfieithwyd gan Susan H. Gillespie (2011)
* *Paul Celan, Ingeborg Bachmann: Correspondence*, cyfieithwyd gan Wieland Hoban (2010)
* *From Threshold to Threshold*, cyfieithwyd gan David Young (2010)
* *Snow Part*, cyfieithwyd gan Ian Fairley (2007)
* *Paul Celan: Selections*, cyfieithwyd gan Pierre Joris (2005)
* *Fathomsuns/Fadensonnen and Benighted/Eingedunkelt*, cyfieithwyd gan Ian Fairley (2001)
* *Poems of Paul Celan: A Bilingual German/English Edition*, cyfieithwyd gan Michael Hamburger (2001)
* *Selected Poems and Prose of Paul Celan*, cyfieithwyd gan John Felstiner (2000)
* *Glottal Stop: 101 Poems*, cyfieithwyd gan Nikolai Popov a Heather McHugh (2000)
* *Atemwende/Breathturn*, cyfieithwyd gan Pierre Joris (1995)
* *Collected Prose*, cyfieithwyd gan Rosmarie Waldrop (1986)
* "Last Poems", cyfieithwyd gan Katharine Washburn a Margret Guillemin (1986)
* *Paul Celan, 65 Poems*, cyfieithwyd gan Brian Lynch and Peter Jankowsky (1985)
* "Speech-Grille and Selected Poems",cyfieithwyd gan Joachim Neugroschel (1971)
* *Paul Celan şi "meridianul" său. Repere vechi şi noi pe un atlas central-European*, Andrei Corbea Hoisie
* *Paul Celan. Biographie et interpretation/Biographie und Interpretation*, golygydd Andrei Corbea Hoisie

### Gwaith a gyfieithwyd gan Celan
* Guillaume Apollinaire
* Tudor Arghezi
* Antonin Artaud
* Charles Baudelaire
* Alexander Blok
* André Breton
* Jean Cayrol
* Aimé Césaire
* René Char
* Emil Cioran
* Jean Daive
* Robert Desnos
* Emily Dickinson
* John Donne
* André du Bouchet
* Jacques Dupin
* Paul Éluard
* Robert Frost
* Clement Greenberg
* Alfred Edward Housman
* Velimir Khlebnikov
* Maurice Maeterlinck
* Stéphane Mallarmé
* Osip Mandelstam
* Andrew Marvell
* Henri Michaux
* Marianne Moore
* Gellu Naum
* Gérard de Nerval
* Henri Pastoureau
* Benjamin Péret
* Fernando Pessoa
* Pablo Picasso
* Arthur Rimbaud
* David Rokeah
* William Shakespeare
* Georges Simenon
* Konstantin Slutschevsky
* Jules Supervielle
* Virgil Teodorescu
* Giuseppe Ungaretti
* Paul Valéry
* Sergei Yesenin
* Yevgeny Yevtushenko
* Franz Kafka

### Bywgraffiadau
* Israel Chalfen, *Paul Celan: A Biography of His Youth*, cyf. Maximilian Bleyleben (Efrog Newydd, 1991)
* John Felstiner, *Paul Celan: Poet, Survivor, Jew* (Yale University Press, 1995)
*Jean Daive, *Under The Dome: Walks with Paul Celan*, cyf. Rosmarie Waldrop (Providence, RI, 2009)

### Recordiadau
*  Recordiaid gan paul Celan ar Youtube.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVwLqEHDCQE
* *Ich hörte sagen*, readings of his original compositions
* *Gedichte*, readings of his translations of Osip Mandelstam and Sergei Yesenin
* *Six Celan Songs*, texts of his poems "Chanson einer Dame im Schatten", "Es war Erde in ihnen", "Psalm", "Corona", "Nächtlich geschürzt", "Blume", sung by Ute Lemper, set to music by Michael Nyman
* *Tenebrae* (*Nah sind wir, Herr*) from *Drei Gedichte von Paul Celan* (1998) of Marcus Ludwig, sung by the ensemble amarcord
* *Einmal* (from *Atemwende*), *Zähle die Mandeln* (from *Mohn und Gedächtnis*), *Psalm* (from *Die Niemandsrose*), set to music by Giya Kancheli as parts II - IV of *Exil*, sung by Maacha Deubner, ECM (1995)

### Ffynonellau
* Mererid Hopwood. *Ffiwg Angau*, cyfieithiad o *Todesfuge* gan Paul Celan.  Taliesin 145. Gwanwyn 2012
* Englund, Axel. *Still Songs: Music In and Around the Poetry of Paul Celan*. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
* Hillard, Derek. *Poetry as Individuality: The Discourse of Observation in Paul Celan*. Bucknell University Press, 2010.
* *Celan Studies* Peter Szondi, translated by Susan Bernofsky and Harvey Mendelsohn (2003)
* *Word Traces* Aris Fioretos (ed.), includes contributions by Jacques Derrida, Werner Hamacher, and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe (1994)
* *Poetry as Experience* Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, translated by Andrea Tarnowski (1999)
* *Gadamer on Celan: ‘Who Am I and Who Are You?’ and Other Essays*, Hans-Georg Gadamer, trans. and ed. by Richard Heinemann and Bruce Krajewski (1997)
* *Sovereignties in Question: the Poetics of Paul Celan* Jacques Derrida, trans. and ed. by Thomas Dutoit, Outi Pasanen, a chollection of mostly late works, including "Rams," which is also a memorial essay on Gadamer and his "Who Am I and Who Are You?", and a new translation of *Schibboleth* (2005)
* *Poésie contre poésie. Celan et la littérature* Jean Bollack. PUF (2001)
* ''L'écrit : une poétique dans l'oeuvre de Celan* Jean Bollack. PUF (2003)
* *Paul Celan and Martin Heidegger: An Unresolved Conversation, 1951-1970* James K. Lyon (2006)
* *Paul Celan et Martin Heidegger: le sens d'un dialogue* Hadrien France-Lenord (2004)
* *Words from Abroad: Trauma and Displacement in Postwar German Jewish Writers*, Katja Garloff (2005)
* Carson, Anne.  *Economy of the Unlost: Reading Simonides of Keos with Paul Celan*, Princeton: Princeton University Press (1999)
* Kligerman, Eric. *Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts*. Berlin and New York, 2007 (Interdisciplinary German Cultural Studies, 3).
* Andréa Lauterwein: *Anselm Kiefer /Paul Celan. Myth, Mourning and Memory*. With 157 illustrations, 140 in colour. Thames & Hudson, London 2007. ISBN 978-0-500-23836-3
* Arnau Pons, "Vor Morgen. Bachmann und Celan. Die Minne im Angesicht der Morde". *Kultur & Genspenster''. Heft Nr. 10, 2010.
* Werner Wögerbauer, "Das Gesicht des Gerechten. Paul Celan besucht Friedrich Dürrenmatt", 'Kultur & Genspenster*. Heft Nr. 10, 2010. ISBN 978-3-938801-73-4
* Exclusive Biography «Memory in stone» 
* *Pegasos'' overview 
* Biography of Celan at the George Mason University site
* Overview at Littlebluelight.com 
* Limited-edition of Paul Celan's reading before the German literary club, Group 47, from The Shackman Press 
* Spike Magazine's analysis on the writing of Celan
* Against Time: Essays on Paul Celan on Point and Circumference 
*Recent Celan essays by John Felstiner: 1) “Paul Celan Meets Samuel Beckett,” American Poetry Review, July-Aug. 2004 & poetrydaily.org, 6 July 2004 (http://www.cstone.net/~poems/essafels.htm ); 2) “Writing Zion: An Exchange between Celan and Amichai,” New Republic, 12 June 2006 (http://www.tnr.com/article/writing-zion) & “Paul Celan and Yehuda Amichai: An Exchange on Nation and Exile,” wordswithoutborders.org, (http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/an-exchange-on-nation-and-exile); 3) “The One and Only Circle: Paul Celan’s Letters to Gisèle,” Fiction 54, 2008 (http://www.fictioninc.com/issues/number54/the-one-and-only-circle-paul-c ) and (expanded) Mantis, 2009 (https://www.stanford.edu/group/mantis/cgi-bin/node/112 )
* "Die Zweite Bibliographie," Jerry Glenn (copious bibliography, through 1995, in German)(http://www.artsci.uc.edu/german/celan/celanbibliography.htm )
* Celan on Mandelstam: extracts from the variorum edition of the *Meridian speech* featured on Pierre Joris's blog, this is a phage of notes, fragments, sketches for sentences,etc., Celan took when preparing a radio-essay on Osip Mandelstam. However, as Joris points out: "some of the thinking reappears, transformed, in the Meridian".
* Four New Translations of Paul Celan, by Ian Fairley in Guernica Magazine 
* *Fugue of Death* (English translation of *Todesfuge*)
* *Death Fugue* (Another English translation of *Todesfuge*)
* InstaPLANET Cultural Universe: three poems from *Die Gedichte aus dem Nachlass* in the original German with a thranslation into English by Ana Elsner
* *Dissertation on the French Reception of Celan* 
* *Ring-Narrowing Day Under* , one of seven poems translated from the German by Heather McHugh and Nikolai Popov, originally published in *Jubilat*
* Extract from *Lightduress* (Cycle 6) , translated by Pierre Joris; originally published by *Samizdat*
* *Dan Kaufman & Barbez music recorded an album based upon the life and poems of Paul Celan*, published on the Tzadik label in the series of Radical Jewish Culture.
* translations from ATEMWENDE/ Breathturn  Cal Kinnear translates Paul Celan
; Selected multimedia presentations
* Recordings of Celan reading a selection of his poems, including *Todesfuge*, with translations by John Felstiner 
* Griffin Poetry Prize reading by Nikolai Popov and Heather McHugh from Glottal Stop: 101 Poems by Paul Celan - including video clip

Categori:Genedigaethau 1920
Categori:Marwolaethau 1970
Categori:Beirdd Iddewig
Categori:Beirdd yr 20fed ganrif o Rwmania
Categori:Beirdd Almaeneg o Rwmania
Categori:Enillwyr Gwobr Georg Büchner
Categori:Goroeswyr yr Holocaust
Categori:Pobl fu farw ym Mharis