Prifysgol Copenhagen

**Prifysgol Copenhagen** (Daneg: *Københavns Universitet*) yw'r brifysgol a sefydliad ymchwil hynaf a mwyaf yn Copenhagen, prifddinas Denmarc. Mae ganddo tua 37,000 o fyfyrwyr, y mwyafrif ohonynt yn fenywod, a mwy na 9,000 o weithwyr. Mae gan y Brifysgol nifer o gampysau wedi'u lleoli ledled Copenhagen, gyda'r hynaf sydd wedi'i lleoli yng nghanol y ddinas. Sefydlwyd y Brifysgol yn 1479. Dysgir y mwyafrif o'r cyrsiau yn y Daneg, ond cynigir mwy a mwy o gyrsiau yn Saesneg a rhai yn Almaeneg. Mae'r Brifysgol yn aelod o Gynghrair Ryngwladol Prifysgolion Ymchwil (IARU). Mae yn y 10 uchaf o'r "Prifysgolion Gorau yn y Byd" (Safleoedd Webometrics). Mae'n aelod o'r League of European Research Universities.

bawd|240px|dim|Prif Adeilad y Brifysgol ar Frue Plads
bawd|dim|Prifysgol Copenhagen, Prif Adeilad ar Frue Plads

## Hanes
Sefydlwyd Prifysgol Copenhagen ym 1479 gan archddyfarniad brenhinol o'r enw *Universitas Hafniensis* (o Hafnia, hen enw Lladiniedig ar  Copenhagen). Dechreuwyd gan ddysgu diwinyddiaeth, cyfraith, meddygaeth ac athroniaeth Gatholig Rufeinig. Yn 1537, gyda dyfodiad y Diwygiad Protestanaidd i'r brifysgol, a trowyd fewn i seminar Protestannaidd. Bellach ystyrir y dyddiad hwn yn ddyddiad ymgorffori arall ac fe'i nodir hefyd ar sêl swyddogol y Brifysgol. Gan ddechrau gyda'r Gyfadran Diwinyddiaeth ym 1675, pasiodd yr holl gyfadrannau arholiadau arholiad tan 1788, a oedd ar hyn o bryd yn ofynnol am gael gradd.

Dinistrwyd bron yr holl o adeiladau'r Briysgol yn gwarchae'r Admiral Nelson yn 1807 fel rhan o'r Rhyfeloedd Napoleonaidd pan bomiwyd Copenhagen. Erbyn 1836, cafodd nifer o adeiladau newydd - gan gynnwys y prif adeilad presennol - eu sefydlu, a sawl newydd - yn enwedig cyrsiau technegol a gyflwynwyd. Erbyn 1850, roedd y cyfadrannau hefyd yn cael diwygiadau radical, er enghraifft, roedd mathemateg a gwyddoniaeth wedi'u rhannu oddi ar Gyfadran y Celfyddydau.

[bawd|dim|The *Rundetårn* (tŵr crwn) a ddefnyddwyd yn y 17g fel gwylfa gan [Ole Rømer]]

## Cyfredol
Rhwng 1960 a 1980, brasgamodd nifer y myfyrwyr o 6,000 i fwy na 25,000. O ganlyniad, agorwyd campws newydd ar ynys Amager. Yn ogystal, cyflwynwyd camau pwysig tuag at ddemocratiaeth a chyfranogiad myfyrwyr o 1970 i 1973, ac o 1990 i 1993 cyflwynwyd gradd Baglor ar gyfer bron pob rhaglen radd.

Mae'r corff llywodraethol yn rheoli cyllideb flynyddol o tua BDKK 8.3. ($1.5 biliwn yn 2013) 

Trefnir y Brifysgol yn chwe chyfadran a thua 100 o adrannau a chanolfannau ymchwil. Mae'r Brifysgol yn cyflogi tua 5,600 o staff academaidd a 4,400 o staff technegol a gweinyddol.

Mae cyfanswm y myfyrwyr cofrestredig tua 40,000, gan gynnwys tua 23,000 o fyfyrwyr israddedig a 17,000 o fyfyrwyr graddedigion. Mae UCPH wedi sefydlu rhaglen dalent i raddedigion rhyngwladol sy'n darparu grantiau ar gyfer Ph.D rhyngwladol, myfyrwyr a system gludydd trac daliadaeth. Mae UCPH yn gweithredu tua hanner cant o raglenni meistr a addysgir yn Saesneg, ac mae wedi trefnu tua 150 o gytundebau cyfnewid gyda sefydliadau eraill a 800 o gytundebau Erasmus. Bob blwyddyn mae oddeutu 1,700 o fyfyrwyr cyfnewid sy'n dod i mewn, 2,000  o fyfyrwyr cyfnewid allan a 4,000 o fyfyrwyr sy'n ceisio graddio rhyngwladol. Mae tua 3,000 o fyfyrwyr PhD yn astudio yno bob blwyddyn. Daw hanner y myfyrwyr tramor o wledydd Sgandinafaidd eraill.

## Academaidd
Ar hyn o bryd mae gan Brifysgol Copenhagen wyth cyfadran, er bod cyfansoddiad a nifer y cyfadrannau wedi newid dros amser.
:Cyfadran y Gwyddorau Iechyd
:Cyfadran y Dyniaethau
:Cyfadran y Gyfraith
:Cyfadran y Gwyddorau Bywyd
:Cyfadran y Gwyddorau Fferyllol
:Cyfadran y Gwyddorau
:Cyfadran y Gwyddorau Cymdeithasol
:Cyfadran Diwinyddiaeth

## Alumni Adnabyddus (cronolegol)
[bawd|[Tycho Brahe ]]
bawd|Ole Rømer
[bawd|[Søren Kierkegaard ]]
[dde|bawd|[Niels Bohr ]]
[bawd|[Piet Hein (scientist)|Piet Hein ]]
* Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Astronomegydd Daneg, y cyntaf i gofnodi'n wyddonol y supernova. Mentor Johannes Kepler.
* Thomas Fincke (1561–1656), Mathemategyd a Ffisegydd Daneg.
* Caspar Bartholin (1585–1629), Athro meddygyniaeth a diwinyddiaeth. Awdur gwerslyfr ar anatomi a darganfyddydd gweithredoedd y nerf olfactory.
* Olaus Wormius (1588–1655), Ffisegwr ac Hynafiaethwr Daneg.
* Thomas Bartholin (1616–1680), darganfyddydd y system lymffatig.
* Rasmus Bartholin (1625–1698), Athro mewn geometreg a meddygyniaeth. Darganfyddydd birefringence, ond methodd â rhoi esboniad wyddonol.
* Thomas Hansen Kingo (1634–1703), Esgob a bardd Daneg.
* Nicholas Steno (1638–1696), Arloeswr mewn anatomi a daeareg.
* Ole Rømer (1644–1710), Danish astronomer, made the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.
* Peder Horrebow (1679–1764), Danish astronomer and member of Académie des Sciences.
* Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754), Danish-Norwegian writer and playwright.
* Morten Thrane Brunnich (1737–1827), Danish zoologist.
* Caspar Wessel (1745–1818), mathematician.
* Martin Vahl (1749–1804), Danish-Norwegian botanist and zoologist.
* Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Danish physicist and chemist, discovered electromagnetism.
* Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778–1860), cyfreithiwr a phrif weinidog Denmarc 1853–4
* Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger (1779–1850), poet, author of lyrics of the Danish national anthem *Der er et yndigt land.*
* N.F.S. Grundtvig (1783–1872), Danish writer, poet, philosopher and priest.
* Christopher Hansteen (1784–1873), Norwegian astronomer and physicist.
* Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1791–1860), Danish poet and critic.
* Magnús Eiríksson (1806–1881), Icelandic theologian.
* Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), Danish theologian and philosopher, the father of existentialism.
* Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1816–1872), professor of botany 1851–1862.
* Hinrich Johannes Rink (1819–1893), Danish geologist, and founder of the first Greenlandic language newspaper.
* Peter Ludvig Panum (1820–1885), Danish physiologist and pathologist, the Panum Building in Copenhagen is named in his honor.
* Hans Schjellerup (1827–1887), Danish astronomer.
* Carl Lange (1834–1900), Danish physician.
* Thorvald N. Thiele (1838–1910), Danish astronomer, actuary and mathematician.
* Julius Petersen (1839–1910), Danish mathematician.
* Eugenius Warming (1841–1924), Danish botanist and founding figure of ecology.
* Georg Brandes (1842–1927), Danish writer and critic.
* Vilhelm Thomsen (1842–1927), Danish linguist.
* Harald Høffding (1843–1931), Danish philosopher theologian psychologist.
* Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), Danish bacteriologist, inventor of Gram staining.
* Christian Bohr (1855–1911), Danish physician who described Bohr effect.
* Wilhelm Johannsen (1857–1927), Danish botanist, first coined the word *gene* in its modern usage.
* Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860–1904), Nobel laureate in medicine (1903).
* Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), Danish linguist, co-founder of the International Phonetic Association.
* Kirstine Meyer (1861–1941), Danish physicist.
* Hannes Hafstein (1861–1922), Icelandic politician and poet.
* Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (1867–1928), Nobel laureate in medicine (1926).
* Holger Pedersen (1867–1953), Danish linguist.
* S. P. L. Sørensen (1868–1939), Danish chemist who introduced the concept of pH.
* Martin Knudsen (1871–1949), Danish physicist.
* August Krogh (1874–1949), Nobel laureate in medicine (1920).
* Holger Scheuermann (1877–1960), Danish surgeon after whom Scheuermann's disease is named.
* Kirstine Smith (1878–1939), Danish statistician credited with creation of optimal design of experiments.
* Benjamin Christensen (1879–1959), Danish film director, screenwriter and actor.
* Niels Bohr (1885–1962), contributed to development of the atomic model and quantum mechanics. Director at the university's Institute of Theoretical Physics. Nobel laureate in physics (1922).
* Øjvind Winge (1886–1964), Danish biologist.
* Harald Bohr (1887–1951), Danish Olympic silver medalist football player and mathematician; brother of Niels Bohr.
* Inge Lehmann (1888–1993), Danish seismologist discovering the Earth's inner core.
* Jakob Nielsen (1890–1959), Danish mathematician.
* Julie Vinter Hansen (1890–1960), Danish astronomer.
* Oskar Klein (1894–1977), Swedish theoretical physicist.
* Henrik Dam (1895–1976), Nobel laureate in medicine (1943).
* Sir Ove Arup (1896–1988), Anglo-Danish structural engineer.
* Alf Ross (1899–1979), Danish legal philosopher.
* Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965), Danish linguist, founder of Copenhagen School.
* Georg Rasch (1901–1980), Danish mathematician, statistician, and psychometrician.
* Knud Ejler Løgstrup (1905–1981), Danish philosopher and theologian. Pastor at Sandager-Holevad 1936–1943. Professor at University of Aarhus 1943–1975.
* Piet Hein (1905–1996), Danish mathematician, inventor and poet.
* Bengt Strömgren (1908–1987), Danish astronomer and astrophysicist.
* Hilde Levi (1909–2003), German-Danish physicist.
* Niels Kaj Jerne (1911–1994), Nobel laureate in medicine (1984).
* Preben von Magnus (1912-1973), Danish virologist who gave name to the Von Magnus phenomenon.
* Jens Otto Krag (1914–1978), Prif Weinidog Denmarc 1962–8, 1971–2
* Poul Hartling (1914–2000), Prif Weinidog Denmarc 1973–5; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1978-1985), Nobel Peace Prize laureate on behalf of UNHCR(1981).
* Bjørn Aage Ibsen (1915-2007),  Anesthetist and founder of intensive-care medicine
* Poul Bjørndahl Astrup (1915-2000), Danish clinical chemist, inventor of blood gas analyzer.
* Jens Christian Skou (born 1918), Nobel laureate in chemistry (1997) for his discovery of Na+,K+-ATPase.
* Hans H. Ørberg (1920–2010), linguist and scholar.
* Aage Bohr (1922–2009), professor in nuclear physics and director of the Niels Bohr Institute at the university. Nobel laureate in physics (1975).
* Halfdan T. Mahler (born 1923), Director-General of World Health Organization(1973–1988).
* Ben Roy Mottelson (born 1926), American-born Danish nuclear physicist, Nobel laureate in physics (1975).
* Peter Naur (1928-2016), computer scientist, Turing Award in 2005.
* Poul Schlüter (g. 1929), Prif Weinidog Denmarc 1982–1993
* Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (born 1930), the 4th President of Iceland (1980–1996).
* Jørgen Rischel (1934–2007), Danish linguist who analyzed Greenlandic and Mon-Khmer languages.
* Per Kirkeby (born 1938), Danish painter and sculptor.
* Per Pinstrup-Andersen (born 1939), Danish economist, 2001 World Food Prize laureate.
* Søren Johansen (born 1939), Danish econometrician.
* Lasse Hessel (born 1940), inventor of female condom.
* Anders Boserup (1940 – 1990), co-founder of the Danish Institute for Peace and Conflict Research and the Nordic Peace Foundation. 
* Aage B. Sørensen (1941–2001), Danish sociologist.
* Holger Bech Nielsen (born 1941), Danish physicist, one of three creators of string theory.
* Jørgen Haugan (born 1941), Doctorate in Philosophy (1977); Norwegian author and lecturer.
* Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (g. 1943), Prif Weinidog Denmarc 1993–2001
* Niels Peter Lemche (born 1945), biblical scholar, founder of Copenhagen School.
* Mogens Lykketoft (born 1946), Danish politician, the 70th President of the United Nations General Assembly(2015-2016).
* Halldór Ásgrímsson (g. 1947), Prif Weinidog Gwlad yr Iâ 2004–6
* Uffe Haagerup (born 1949), Danish mathematician.
* Peter Høeg (born 1957), Danish fiction writer, won international acclaim with ''Smilla's Sense of Snow.''
* Morten Frost (born 1958), Danish world-class badminton player and coach.
* Mads Tofte (born 1959), computer scientist, vice chancellor of IT University of Copenhagen.
* Ole Wæver (born 1960), scholar of International Relations, one of exponents of Copenhagen School.
* Steve Scully (born 1960), American host, senior producer, and political editor of the C-SPAN network's *Washington Journal* studied at the University of Copenhagen as part of his master's program at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.
* Corinna Cortes (born 1961), computer scientist.
* Lars Løkke Rasmussen (g. 1964),  Prif Weinidog Denmarc 2009–2011, 2015–presennol
* Lars Mikkelsen (born 1964), Danish actor.
* Bjørn Lomborg (born 1965), Danish economist, author of *The Skeptical Environmentalist*.
* Helle Thorning-Schmidt (g. 1966), Prif Weinidog Denmarc 2011–15
* Eskild Ebbesen (born 1972), Danish world-class lightweight rower.
*Høgni Reistrup (born 1984), MA in Media Studies 2010 from the University of Copenhagen

## Cyfeiriadau
## Dolen allanol
* Gwefan Prifysgol Copenhagen

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