Alpe d'Huez

Cyrchfan sgio yw '''Alpe d'Huez''' yng nghymuned Huez, yn département Isère. Fe'i lleolir ar borfa mynyddig yn yr Alpau ar lefel o 1860 metr (3330 troedfedd) uwchben y môr.

## Yr haf ar Alpe d'Huez
### Tour de France
Mae Alpe d'Huez yn un o'r mynyddoedd pwysicaf yn y Tour de France. Mae cymal wedi gorffen yno bron pob blwyddyn ers 1976. Cynhaliwyd y cyntaf yno yn 1952 ac enillodd Fausto Coppi.

Daethpwyd a'r ras i'r mynydd gan Élie Wermelinger, y prif *commissaire* (dyfarnwr). Georges Rajon, a oedd yn rhedeg Hotel Christina, oedd arweinydd y consortiwm. Agorodd yr orsaf sgio yno ym 1936, felly roedd y ffordd wedi cael ei ledaenu er ei fod yn llawn tyllau. Adroddodd Wermelinger yn ôl at y trefnydd, Jacques Goddet, ac arwyddodd y Tour gytundeb gyda'r dynion busnes i gynnwys Alpe d'Huez yn llwybr y Tour. Trodd yr Alpe  yn lledrith yn syth oherwydd mai hwn oedd y tro cyntaf i feiciau modur, gyda criwiau ffilmio ar gyfer y teledu, ddilyn y Tour.  

Wedi buddugoliaeth Coppi, ni gynhwyswyd yr Alpe hyd 1964, ac bu absenodeb arall unwaith eto hyd 1976, ymddangosodd y ddwy dro hwn oherwydd cynnig Rajon. The author Tim Moore wrote:

:As a variant on a sporting theme, Alpe d'Huez annoys the purists but enthrals the broader public, like 20/20 cricket or nude volleyball. Last year, a full-blown tent-stamping riot had required heavy police intervention. During this year's clean-up operation, down in a ravine with the bottle shards and dented emulsion tins, a body turned up. He'd fallen off the mountain and no one had noticed. When the Tour goes up Alpe d'Huez, it's a squalid, manic and sometimes lethal shambles, and that's just the way they like it. It's the Glastonbury festival for cycling fans.

Alpe d'Huez is the "Dutch Mountain", a Dutchman having won eight of the first 14 finishes. The writer Geoffrey Nicholson said:

:The attraction of opposites draws them [Dutch spectators] them from the Low Countries to the Alps each summer in any case. But all winter in the Netherlands coach companies offer two or three nights at Alpe d'Huez as a special feature of their alpine tours. And those Dutch families who don't come by coach, park their campers and pitch their tents along the narrow ledges beside the road like sea-birds nesting at St Kilda. The Dutch haven't adopted the Alpe d'Huez simply because it is sunny and agreeable, or even because the modern, funnel-shaped church, Notre Dame des Neiges, has a Dutch priest, Father Reuten (until a few years ago, it was used as a press room and was probably the only church in France where, for one day at least, there were ashtrays in the nave and a bar in the vestry, or where an organist was once asked to leave because he was disturbing the writers' concentration). No, what draws the Dutch to Alpe d'Huez is the remarkable run of success their riders have had there."

The Dutch have won none of the last 12 stages, however; six have been won by Italians, three by Americans, one by Spanish rider Iban Mayo, one by Fränk Schleck of Luxembourg, and the most recent by a Spaniard, Carlos Sastre.

#### Significant stages
**1952**: Jean Robic attacked at the start of the climb and only Fausto Coppi could stay with him. The two climbed together until Coppi attacked at bend five, four kilometres from the top. He won the stage, the yellow jersey and the Tour.

**1977**: Lucien van Impe, a Belgian rider leading the climbers' competition, broke clear on the col du Glandon. He gained enough time to threaten the leader, Bernard Thévenet. He was still clear on the Alpe when a car drove into him. The time that van Impe waited for another wheel was enough to keep Thévenet in the lead by eight seconds.

**1978**: Another Belgian leading the mountains race also came close to taking the yellow jersey. Michel Pollentier also finished alone, but he was caught soon afterwards defrauding a drugs control and was disqualified.

**1984**: The Tour invited amateurs to take part in the 1980s. The best was Luis Herrera, who lived at 2,000m in Colombia. None of the professionals could follow him. He won alone to the cacophony of broadcasters who had arrived to report his progress.

**1986**: Bernard Hinault said he would help Greg LeMond win the Tour but appeared to ride otherwise. The two crossed the line arm in arm in an apparent sign of truce.

**1997**: Marco Pantani, who won on the Alpe two years earlier, attacked three times and only Jan Ullrich could match him. He lasted until 10&nbsp;km from the summit and Pantani rode on alone to win in what is often quoted as record speed (see below).

#### Enillwyr
Gorffennodd cymal 2008 ar uchder o 1850 metr yn hytrach na 1860 fel y bu ym mhob cymal cynt.

Roedd dau gymal ar Alpe d'Huez ym 1979.

Defnyddir y cpa hefyd fel diwedd La Marmotte, reid un dydd 175&nbsp;km o hyd sy'n cynnwyd 5000m o ddringo. Defnyddir hefyd ar gyfer sgio lawr allt neu sgio Alpaidd.

#### Esgyniadau cyflymaf Alpe d'Huez
bawd|dde|400px|Proffil Alpe d'Huez
bawd|dde|400px|Panorama o'r 21 tro enwog tuag at Alpe d'Huez

Mae esgyniad yr allt i Alp d'Huez wedi cael ei amseru yn swyddogol ers 1994, felly mae cryn ddadl ynglŷn â'r amserau cyn hyn. Rhwng 1994 ac 1997, amserwyd yr esgyniad o 14.5&nbsp;km o'r diwedd. Ers 1999, mae diwedd-ffoto wedi cael ei ddefnyddio o 14&nbsp;km o'r diwedd. Mae amserau eraill wedi cael eu cofnodi o 13.8&nbsp;km o'r copa, sef dechrau swyddogol yr esgyniad. Mae eraill wedi cael eu cofnodi o 700m o gychwyn yr esgyniad.

These variations have led to a debate. Pantani's 37m 35s has been cited by *Procycling* and World Cycling Productions, publisher of Tour de France DVDs, and by *Cycle Sport*. In a biography of Pantani, Matt Rendell notes Pantani at: 1994 - 38m 0s; 1995 - 38m 4s; 1997 - 37m 35s. The Alpe tourist association describes the climb as 14.454&nbsp;km and lists Pantani's 37m 35s (23.08&nbsp;km/h) as the record.

Other sources give Pantani's times from 1994, 1995 and 1997 as the fastest, based on timings adjusted for the 13.8&nbsp;km. Such sources list Pantani's time in 1995 as the record at 36m 40s. In *Blazing Saddles*, Rendell has changed his view and listed it as 36m 50s as does CyclingNews.

It was not until Gianni Bugno and Miguel Indurain in 1991, that times faster than 40m were reported, including in the 39m range for Bjarne Riis in 1995 and Richard Virenque in 1997. For 2006, Floyd Landis was listed at 38'34" and Andreas Kloden at 38m 35s.

*Procycling* listed Fränk Schleck in 2006 as 40m 46s, the first in more than 40 minutes since 1994. The increased speed in the 1990s had been attributed to Erythropoietin or EPO. Riders with sub-40m times, such as Alex Zülle, Riis, and Virenque, have admitted using such products. Landis subsequently had a positive drugs test. There is also strong evidence that Pantani took EPO. 

#### Amserau'r esgyniad
 Ar ffurf treial amser unigol.
 Canfyddwyd yn euog o ddefnyddio cyffurio yn y rhifyn hwnnw o'r Tour de France.

13.8&nbsp;km: 

### Beicio Mynydd
Mae'r gyrchfan hefyd yn denu nifer o feicwyr mynydd yn ystod yr haf, yn arbennig adeg ras Megavalanche, ras dygner lawr allt sy'n mynd a'r reidwyr o'r orsaf lifft i'r copa uchaf, Pic Blanc, cyn iddynt reidio i lawr i Alamond ar lawr y dyffryn.

## Yr haf ar Alpe d'Huez
### Sgio ar Alpe d'Huez

Mae Alpe d'Huez yn un o brif gyrchfannau sgio Ewrop. Dyma oedd safle lifft cyntaf Pomagalski ar yr arwyneb yn ystod yr 1930au, daeth y gyrchfan yn boblogaidd pan gynhaliwyd cystadlaeuthau *bobsleigh* Gemau Olympaidd y Gaeaf 1968 yno. Cysidrwyd y gyrchfan yn gystadleuydd i Courchevel, cyrchfan mwyaf uwch-farchnad Ffrainc ar y pryd a oedd wedi ei adeiladu'n bwrpasol, ond wedi datblygiad Les Trois Vallées, Val d'Isère, Tignes, La Plagne a Les Arcs daeth Alpe D'Huez yn llai poblogaidd yn ystod yr 1970au a'r 1980au cynnar.

With 249&nbsp;km of piste and 84 ski lifts, the resort is now one of the world's largest. Extensive snowmaking facilities helped combat the ski area's largely south-facing orientation and helped Alpe d'Huez appeal to beginner skiers, with very easy slopes. The expansion of the skiing above the linked resorts of Vaujany, Oz-en-Oisans, Villard Reculas and Auris boosted the quantity and quality of intermediate grade slopes but the resort is mostly known for freeskiing, drawing many steep skiing enthusiasts to its high altitude terrain.

Aside from the Tunnel and Sarenne black runs, the latter the world's longest at 16&nbsp;km, many Off-piste opportunities exist both from the summit of the 3330 m Pic Blanc and the 2808 m Dome des Petites Rousses. These include the 50-degree Cheminees du Mascle couloirs, the open powder field of Le Grand Sablat, the Couloir Fleur and the Perrins bowl. Up to 2200 m of vertical descent are available with heli drops back to the resort's altiport. The proximity to the exclusively off-piste resort of La Grave as well as tree skiing at Serre Chevalier and the glacier and terrain parks of Les Deux Alpes have made Alpe d'Huez a popular base for skiers looking to explore the Oisans region.

### 1968 Winter Olympics
Alpe d'Huez hosted the bobsleigh events at the 1968 Winter Olympics based at Grenoble  away. The track, built in spring 1966 for FRF 5,500,000, hosted the 1967 FIBT world championship. The cooling could not keep the ice solid in bright daylight — not least because the track faced south. The four-man event was cancelled because of thawing ice, and modifications were made in spring 1967 to prepare for the Games. The refrigeration system was strengthened in turns 6, 9, 12, and 13; turn 12 was covered with stone and earthwork to prevent concrete coming up, turn 12 was cooled with liquid nitrogen, and shades were built on turns 6, 9, 12, and 13 to minimise direct sunlight.  Thawing remained a problem and Olympic bobsleigh events had to be scheduled before sunrise. The track shut in 1972 due to high operating costs but the structure remains as demolition would have been uneconomic.

No turn names were given for the track.

## Gefeilldrefi
Gefeilldrefi Alpe d'Huez yw:
* Bormio, Yr Eidal, ers 2005.

## Llyfryddiaeth
*The Tour Is Won on the Alpe: Alpe d'Huez and the Classic Battles of the Tour de France, Jean-Paul Vespini

## Cyfeiriadau 
## Dolenni allanol
* Pezcyclingnews interview of Historian Jean-Paul Vespini's book "The Tour Is Won On The Alpe" by Matt Wood
* Ski Resort Website (in French & English)
* Oz-en-Oisans info 
* Map and details of 5 Cycling Routes up Alpe d'Huez (in English)
* Alpe d'Huez  – Independent guide to Alpe d'Huez in English
* The Tour Is Won on the Alpe: Alpe d'Huez and the Classic Battles of the Tour de France
* Interactive road map with photos of each hairpin-bend and road sign 
* Google Map of Various Cycling Routes and Landmarks
* '''CYCLEFILM's''' Video Reconnaissance of Alpe d'Huez 
* Grenoble Cycling information page on Alpe d'Huez including profiles, photos and map 

Categori:Isère
Categori:Mynyddoedd Ffrainc
Categori:Gemau Olympaidd y Gaeaf 1968
Categori:Cyrchfannoedd sgio
Categori:Tour de France