Thomas Johnes

Aelod seneddol, pensaer tirwedd, ffermwr, cyhoeddwr, llenor a chymwynaswr cymdeithasol o Llwydlo, Swydd Amwythig, Lloegr, oedd **Thomas Johnes** (1 Medi 1748 – 23 Ebrill 1816). Mae'n fwyaf adnabyddus am ddatblygu ystâd Hafod Uchtryd yng Ngheredigion.

Symudodd Johnes o gartref y teulu yn Croft Castle i Hafod Uchtryd ger Cwmystwyth, Ceredigion, a dechreuodd ddatblygu yr ystâd drwy adeiladu capel anwes ar gyfer tenantiaid yr ystâd, yn ogystal ag ysgol a gerddi, llwybrau a phontydd godidog. Arbrofodd gyda bridio defaid a gwartheg, a thyfu cnydau newydd, gan sefydlu llaethdy ffynianus. Cafodd nifer sylweddol o goed eu plannu ar dir nad oedd yn addas ar gyfer cnydau; a gwobrwywyd medal aur y Royal Society of Arts i Johnes bum gwaith er mwyn cydnabod ei ymdrechion. Anogodd ei denantiaid i wella eu ymarfer ffermio, gan gyhoeddi ''A Cardiganshire Landlord's Advice to his Tenants'' ym 1800, ynghyd â chyfieithiad Cymraeg, a cynigodd wobrau am y cnydau gorau. Bu hefyd yn un o brif gefnogwyr Cymdeithas Amaeth Ceredigion a sefydlwyd ym 1784. Ymroddodd Johnes ei oes a'i ffortiwn i ddatblygu ystâd Hafod. 

## Cefndir teuluol a bywyd cynnar
bawd|dde|Portread gan Stothard
Roedd Johnes yn aelod o hen deulu o Sir Gaerfyrddin a Cheredigion, ac yn perthyn i William Wilberforce trwy modryb ei fam, Anne Knight. Mae hefyd yn perthyn trwy ochr yma ei deulu i Marchweithian, Arglwydd Is Aled ac Aed Mawr, tywysog yn nhrefedigaeth cyntaf y Brythoniaid. Dychwelodd Johnes ym 1771, a treuliodd bron i dair mlynedd yn Swydd Henffordd, gan ddilyn amryw o orchwylion gwledig. Erbyn 1774, roedd wedi blino ar fyw bywyd hamddenol, ac roedd yn benderfynol o ymroddi ei hun i achos pwysicach a mwy arobryn. Safodd i ddod yn Aelod Seneddol, fel ymgeisydd dros Geredigion, yn erbyn Syr Robert Smith. Enillodd Johnes trwy ddeiseb yn y pen draw.

Wedi cwblhau ei astudiaethau ym Mhrifysgol Caeredin, aeth Johnes i Goleg yr Iesu, Rhydychen, a derbyniodd Meistr y Celfyddydau ar 8 Gorffennaf 1783. Yn Rhydychen y cyfarfu gyda'r Arglwydd Thurlow am y tro cyntaf. Roedd Jane yn ddynes prydferth a deallus iawn, a daeth a hapusrwydd iddo yn y briodas. Roedd y berthynas yn un agos, a rhanodd y ddau ddiddordeb mewn gwella Ceredigion a chariad am yr Hafod.

Ganed eu plentyn cyntaf, Mariamné ar 30 Mehefin 1784. Roedd Johnes wedi gwirioni arni a bu'n ei magu llawer. Derbyniodd addysg ddrud, a chyflogwyd tiwtoriaid byd eang. Roedd perthynas agos rhwng y ddau a torodd ei galon pan fu farw ar y 4 Gorffennaf 1811.  

Ganed ei fab, Evan, ym 1786, ond bu farw yn ifanc iawn. ger Dawlish ar 23 Ebrill 1816 yn 68 oed. Claddwyd ef ym Mhlwyf yr Eglwys Newydd, yn Eglwys Sant Michael, Hafod Uchtryd.

## Gyrfa wleidyddol
After returning from a tour of Europe in 1774 he was elected MP for the borough of Cardigan in the following year.  He went on to be elected MP for Radnorshire in 1780, 1784, 1790, 1795 and for Cardiganshire in 1796, 1802, 1806, 1807, and 1812. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire from 1800 until his death in 1816, was Colonel of the Cardigan Militia, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1800.

In 1780, the year he lost his father, in respect for him, he vacated his seat for the borough of Cardigan, and offered himself a candidate for the county of Radnor. This step involved him in a second electioneering contest. He was opposed by Walter Williams, Esq. of Maesclough, but after an heated battle was returned as Knight of the Shire.

The parliamentary politics of Mr. Johnes were at this time decidedly ministerial. To Prime Minister North, who was then prime minister, he was attached by the ties of personal friendship, as well as by their agreement in political views. Like the celebrated Gibbon, he a gave many a silent, but sincere vote in favour of the American war. His devotion was his reward. In the year 1781, he was appointed His Majesty's Auditor for the Principality of Wales. This office, which was in fact a well paid sinecure[sic], was a few years afterwards proscribed by a bill- of reform: but by a kind consideration, usual in such cases, and in this instance enforced by the powerful interference of Mr. Johnes's intimate friend Lord Chancellor Thurlow, its abolition was deferred till the demise of the existing incumbent. While Chancellor, secured for his friend Mr. Johnes, a life interest in the office of Auditor of the Landed Revenues of South Wales, in direct opposition to the report of a Committee of the Commons; the other, as a member of that House, is said, in return, to have contributed by his vote and influence to the reversionary Tellership granted by act of parliament to his noble friend, in express opposition to the wishes of Mr. Fox, with whom he had lately become connected in politics.

Roedd fferm yn Hafod Uchtryd ger Cwmystwyth ers yr 16g, ar ffurf maenor mynachlog Ystrad Fflur yn nyffryn Ystwyth. Wedi diddymiad y mynachlogydd, daeth y fferm yn ganolbwynt ystâd a oedd yn eiddo i'r teulu Herbert. Pasiodd yr ystâd i ddwylo'r teulu Johnes o Lanfair Clydogau a Dolaucothi drwy briodas.

[bawd|dde|150px|Mwgwd y Dyn Gwyrdd ar ffynnon [Hafod Uchtryd]]
Roedd tŷ gwydr 160 troedfedd o hyn yn cysylltu gyda'r llyfrgell, ac roedd hwn yn llawn planhigion prin. a'i ed with a'i addurno gyda cherflun Groegaidd o Dionysos; chwe paentiad gan Froissart, a dynwarediad o *basso relievo*, gan Stothard.

Ar 13 Mawrth 1807, dinistriwyd y plasty a chynwys y llyfrgell gan dân. Roedd Johnes yn y Senedd yn Llundain pan glywodd y newyddion. Fe lwyddodd ei wraig a'i ferch ddianc o'r tân.

*1800 - The Gold Medal, being the Premium offered for planting Larch – Trees was this Session adjudged to Thomas Johnes MP of Hafod.
*1801 – The Gold Medal, being the Premium offered for sowing, planting, and inclosing Timber-trees, was this Session adjudged to Thomas Johnes MP of Hafod.
*1802 - The Gold Medal, being the Premium offered for sowing, planting, and enclosing Timber-trees was this session adjudged to Thomas Johnes MP of Hafod
*1805 – The Gold Medal of the Society was this Session adjudged to Thomas Johnes MP of Hafod, in Cardiganshire, for his plantations of Oaks.
*1810 - The Gold Medal of the Society was this Session adjudged to Thomas Johnes, Esq. MP of Hafod in Cardiganshire, for his Plantations of Larch and other trees. 

Approximately three million trees were planted on the estate during the tenancy of Colonel Johnes.

Without doubt, Thomas Johnes was the pioneer of upland afforestation in Wales. However, the achievement was not his alone. Throughout his years at Hafod, Thomas Johnes employed some outstanding foresters and gardeners.

Between 1790 and 1810 two Scottish men played key roles: John Greenshields, Estate Bailiff and James Todd, Head Gardener who had previously been a gardener at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. These two men were in charge of the extensive plantations and forest-nursery activity.

Over the following years, many more Scots foresters were to play key roles in the development of silviculture on estates throughout Wales. Of course it was the men and boys who did the actual planting thereby, playing a key role in making Hafod an outstanding experiment in land management. At Hafod planting rates were in the order of 1000 per team of one man and a boy per day. 

The cruciform structure, constructed at the sole expense of Johnes, was designed in Gothic architecture, has a square tower at the west end. In the centre of the cross is a richly ornamented font of artificial stone, supported on an octagonal shaft; one side of the basin bears a shield charged with the arms of the family of Johnes, and the faces of the shaft are embellished with figures representing the cardinal virtues. A painting, by Fuseli, of Christ and the two disciples of Emmaus is installed in the northern transept. The southern window was composed of an ancient stained and painted Renaissance Flemish glass had been installed in Cardigan Priory church. Johnes removed the window from that church for his own project at Hafod. The window shattered by fire in 1932, and the fragments collected together in small groups.

Known today as Hafod Church, it lies within the Vicarage of Llanafan, Aberystwyth. Services are still held at the church every other week in English and Welsh.

## Farm and dairy
New Farm (), an experimental farm  including an extensive dairy was established at Hafod. It was thought that the lands of Hafod and surrounding Cardiganshire were of a type of soil that could not support dairy farming, howeber in 1800 approximately four tons of cheese and  of butter were produced. Johnes experimented with varieties of cattle to determine which would produce the most milk.  In order to accomplish these studies, he imported 40 cows from 
Holland which Johnes referred to has his "Dutch ladies."  He was subsequently able to produce Parmesan, Stilton, Cheshire and Gloucestershire cheese at will from his own dairy. He also built a school for the poor of the community to attend at no charge. A fund was established to assist families hit by casualties.  A physician was brought on staff and medicine was supplied. Each year he and Mrs. Johnes opened up their home at Christmas hosting a large event for everyone at Hafod including staff and tenants.
* Translation of ''De Joinville's Memoirs of Saint Louis* from French, 1807, 2 volumes, (Printed at Hafod Press)
* *Travels of Bertrandon de la Brocquiere in Palestine* 1807, 8 volumes, (Printed at Hafod Press)
* *The Chronicles of Monstrelet, Notes by the Translator'' 4 volumes, 1809

## Cymryn
Erbyn heddiw, mae ystâd Hafod yn parhau i adlewyrchu gweledigaeth a chynefin Thomas Johnes. Mae'r ystâd yn eiddo i Ymddiriedolaeth Hafod a'r Comisiwn Coedwigaeth, sy'n ceisio cadw a gwella tirwedd Thomas Johnes.

## Llyfryddiaeth
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*Grigson G (1949) Places of the Mind Routledge & Kegan Paul
*Ingrams R & Piper J (1983) Piper's Places, Chatto & Windus/Hogarth Press, ISBN 0-7011-2550-0
*Linnard, W. (1971) Forestry 44 Journal of the Royal Forestry Society tud.&nbsp;139–140
*Linnard W. (2000) Welsh Woods and Forests – A History, Gomer Press, ISBN 1-85902-864-0
*Gibson W. (1990) Thomas Johnes of Hafod Royal Society of Arts Journal (Study Group for the Society's History) ISBN 0958-0433
*Jenkins, Dafydd "Johnes, Thomas (1748–1816), landowner and man of letters
*Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (1959) Gol.
*Sir J. E. Lloyd, *Dictionary of Welsh Biography down to 1940*, B. H. Blackwood Ltd
*Society of Arts (1800) Transactions Vol 18 tud. 81 – 83
*Society of Arts (1800) Transactions Vol 18 tud. 134 – 139
*Society of Arts (1801) Transactions Vol 19 tud. 78 – 81
*Society of Arts (1802) Transactions Vol 20 tud. 182 – 191
*Society of Arts (1805) Transactions Vol 23 tud. 26 – 29
*Society of Arts (1810) Transactions Vol 28 tud. 30 –  32
*
*
*, sy'n cynnwys map gan William Blake a darluniau gan Thomas Johnes.
*, paralel ffotograffaidd cyfoes i '' 'An Attempt to Describe Hafod' ''
*

## Cyfeiriadau
## Dolenni allanol
*Thomas Johnes, Dictionary of National Biography

Categori:Aelodau Senedd Prydain Fawr
Categori:Aelodau Seneddol y Deyrnas Unedig
Categori:Cyfieithwyr o Gymru
Categori:Cyn-fyfyrwyr Coleg yr Iesu, Rhydychen
Categori:Genedigaethau 1748
Categori:Gwleidyddion y 18fed ganrif o Gymru
Categori:Gwleidyddion y 19eg ganrif o Gymru
Categori:Llenorion y 18fed ganrif o Gymru
Categori:Llenorion y 19eg ganrif o Gymru
Categori:Llenorion Saesneg o Gymru
Categori:Pobl o Swydd Amwythig
Categori:Marwolaethau 1816
Categori:Tirfeddianwyr o Gymru