Alhemija

[thumb|Prikaz [Urobora iz 15. vijeka iz alhemijskog traktata *Aurora consurgens* (Cürich, *Rheinau 172*).]]

**Alhemija**  () je drevna grana prirodne filozofije, filozofske i protonaučne tradicije koja se historijski praktikovala u Kini, Indiji, muslimanskom svijetu i Evropi. U svom zapadnom obliku, alhemija je prvi put potvrđena u brojnim pseudoepigrafskim tekstovima napisanim u grčko-rimskom Egiptu tokom prvih nekoliko vijekova nove ere. Alhemičari koji su govorili grčki često su svoj zanat nazivali "Umjetnost" () ili "Znanje" (), a često je karakterizirana kao mistična (), sveta () ili božanska ().

Alhemičari su pokušavali pročistiti, sazrijeti i usavršiti određene materijale. Uobičajeni ciljevi bili su hrizopeja, transmutacija "osnovnih metala" (npr. olova) u "plemenite metale" (posebno zlato); Smatralo se da savršenstvo ljudskog tijela i duše proizlazi iz alhemijskog magnum opusa ("Veliko djelo").

Savremene diskusije o alhemiji su uglavnom podijeljene na ispitivanje njenih egzoteričnih praktičnih primjena i njenih ezoteričnih duhovnih aspekata, uprkos kritikama naučnika poput Erica J. Holmyarda i Marie-Louise von Franz da ih treba shvatiti kao komplementarne. Prvim se bave historičari fizičkih nauka, koji ispituju temu u smislu rane hemije, medicine i šarlatanizma, te filozofskih i religijskih konteksta u kojima su se ovi događaji dogodili. Drugo zanima historičare ezoterizma, psihologe i neke filozofe i spiritualiste. Ova tema je također imala kontinuirani utjecaj na književnost i umjetnost.

## Također pogledajte 
* Alhemijski simbol

## Bilješke 
## Reference 
## Dodatna literatura 
### Uvodi i udžbenici 
*  (focus on technical aspects)
*  (focus on technical aspects)
* 
*  (general overview)
*  (Greek and Byzantine alchemy)
*  (focus on technical aspects)
* 
*  (Greek and Byzantine alchemy)
*  (the second part of volume 1 was never published; the other volumes deal with the modern period and are not relevant for alchemy)
*  (general overview, focus on esoteric aspects)
*  (general overview, written in a highly accessible style)
* 
* 

### Grčko-egipatska alhemija 
#### Tekstovi 
* Marcellin Berthelot and Charles-Émile Ruelle (eds.), *Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs* (CAAG), 3 vols., 1887–1888, Vol 1: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96492923, Vol 2: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9680734p, Vol. 3: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9634942s.
* André-Jean Festugière, ''La Révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste*, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2014 (, OCLC 897235256).
*  and  (eds.), *Les alchimistes grecs, t. 1 : Papyrus de Leyde – Papyrus de Stockholm – Recettes,* Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1981.
* Otto Lagercrantz (ed), *Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis'', Uppsala, A.B. Akademiska Bokhandeln, 1913, Papyrus graecus holmiensis (P. holm.); Recepte für Silber, Steine und Purpur, bearb. von Otto Lagercrantz. Hrsg. mit Unterstützung des Vilh. Ekman'schen Universitätsfonds.
* Michèle Mertens and  (ed.), *Les alchimistes grecs, t. 4.1 : Zosime de Panopolis. Mémoires authentiques,* Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1995.
* Andrée Collinet and  (ed.), ''Les alchimistes grecs, t. 10 : L'Anonyme de Zuretti ou l'Art sacré and divin de la chrysopée par un anonyme*, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2000.
* Andrée Collinet (ed), *Les alchimistes grecs*, *t. 11 : Recettes alchimiques (Par. Gr. 2419; Holkhamicus 109) – Cosmas le Hiéromoine – Chrysopée*, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2000.
* Matteo Martelli (ed), *The Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus*, Maney Publishing, 2014.

#### Studije 
* Dylan M. Burns, " μίξεώς τινι τέχνῃ κρείττονι : Alchemical Metaphor in the *Paraphrase of Shem* (NHC VII,1) ", *Aries* 15 (2015), p.&nbsp;79–106.
* Alberto Camplani, " Procedimenti magico-alchemici e discorso filosofico ermetico " in Giuliana Lanata (ed.), *Il Tardoantico alle soglie del Duemila*, ETS, 2000, p.&nbsp;73–98.
* Alberto Camplani and Marco Zambon, " Il sacrificio come problema in alcune correnti filosofice di età imperiale ", *Annali di storia dell'esegesi'' 19 (2002), p.&nbsp;59–99.
* Régine Charron and Louis Painchaud, " 'God is a Dyer,' The Background and Significance of a Puzzling Motif in the Coptic *Gospel According to Philip (CG II, 3)*, *Le Muséon* 114 (2001), p. 41-50.
* Régine Charron, " The Apocryphon of John (NHC II,1) and the Greco-Egyptian Alchemical Literature ", *Vigiliae Christinae* 59 (2005), p. 438-456.
* Philippe Derchain, "L'Atelier des Orfèvres à Dendara et les origines de l'alchimie," ''Chronique d'Égypte*, vol. 65, no 130, 1990, p. 219–242.
* Korshi Dosoo, " A History of the Theban Magical Library ", *Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists* 53 (2016), p.&nbsp;251–274.
* Olivier Dufault, *Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity*, California Classical Studies, 2019, Early Greek Alchemy, Patronage and Innovation in Late Antiquity.
* Sergio Knipe, " Sacrifice and self-transformation in the alchemical writings of Zosimus of Panopolis ", in Christopher Kelly, Richard Flower, Michael Stuart Williams (eds.), *Unclassical Traditions. Volume II: Perspectives from East and West in Late Antiquity,* Cambridge University Press, 2011, p.&nbsp;59–69.
* André-Jean Festugière, *La Révélation d'Hermès Trismégiste*, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2014 , .
* Kyle A. Fraser, " Zosimos of Panopolis and the Book of Enoch: Alchemy as Forbidden Knowledge ", *Aries* 4.2 (2004), p.&nbsp;125–147.
* Kyle A. Fraser, " Baptized in Gnosis: The Spiritual Alchemy of Zosimos of Panopolis ", *Dionysius'' 25 (2007), p.&nbsp;33–54.
* Kyle A. Fraser, " Distilling Nature's Secrets: The Sacred Art of Alchemy ", in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), *Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World,* Oxford University Press, 2018, p.&nbsp;721–742. 2018. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734146.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199734146-e-76.
* Shannon Grimes, *Becoming Gold: Zosimos of Panopolis and the Alchemical Arts in Roman Egypt*, Auckland, Rubedo Press, 2018, 
* Paul T. Keyser, " Greco-Roman Alchemy and Coins of Imitation Silver ", *American Journal of Numismatics* 7–8 (1995–1996), p.&nbsp;209–234.
* Paul Keyser, " The Longue Durée of Alchemy ", in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), *Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World,* Oxford University Press, 2018, p.&nbsp;409–430.
* Jean Letrouit, "Chronologie des alchimistes grecs," in Didier Kahn and Sylvain Matton, *Alchimie: art, histoire et mythes*, SEHA-Archè, 1995, p. 11–93.
* Lindsay, Jack. *The Origins of Alchemy in Greco-Roman Egypt*. Barnes & Noble, 1970.
* Paul Magdalino and Maria Mavroudi (eds.), *The Occult Sciences in Byzantium*, La Pomme d'or, 2006.
* 
* Matteo Martelli, " Alchemy, Medicine and Religion: Zosimus of Panopolis and the Egyptian Priests ", *Religion in the Roman Empire* 3.2 (2017), p.&nbsp;202–220.
* 
* 
* Daniel Stolzenberg, " Unpropitious Tinctures: Alchemy, Astrology & Gnosis According to Zosimos of Panopolis ", ''Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences* 49 (1999), p.&nbsp;3–31.
* Cristina Viano, " Byzantine Alchemy, or the Era of Systematization ", in John Scarborough and Paul Keyser (eds.), *Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World,* Oxford University Press, 2018, p.&nbsp;943–964.
* 

### Rani moderni 
* Principe, Lawrence and William Newman. *Alchemy Tried in the Fire: Starkey, Boyle, and the Fate of Helmontian Chymistry''. University of Chicago Press, 2002.

## Vanjski linkovi 
* 
* SHAC: Društvo za historiju alhemije i hemije
* ESSWE: Evropsko društvo za proučavanje zapadnog ezoterizma
* Udruženje za proučavanje ezoterizma

Kategorija:Historija nauke
Kategorija:Historija hemije
Kategorija:Alhemija
Kategorija:Istočni ezoterizam
Kategorija:Zapadni ezoterizam
Kategorija:Filozofija prirode