Malcolm X

**Malcolm X** (1925 – 1965) a oa ul lider politikel afroamerikan ha degemennour Nation of Islam. Anvet e oa ivez **El-Hajj [[Malik]] El-Shabazz**.

Ganet e oa dindan an anv **Malcolm Little** d'an 19 a viz Mae 1925 en Omaha e Nebraska. E touez breudeur e dad, Earl Little, e oa bet lazhet gant tud wenn hag unan eus e eontred a oa bet linchet. Sklaerik e oa kroc'hen ar Malcolm yaouank. Tennañ a rae an arouezenn-mañ d'e vamm Louise Helen, sklaer he liv peogwir e oa gwenn he zad.

Ur wech deuet en oad e teuas da vezañ felladenner, ha bac'het e voe en toull. D'ar mare-se en doe kaz ouzh ar bibl, Doue hag ar relijion dre-vras. Padal e glevas komz eus an Islam ha goude an toull-bac'h e voe gounezet d'ar feiz vuzulman. Emezelañ a reas ouzh Nation of Islam ha cheñch a reas e anv en "X", o nac'hañ e anv sklav. Graet e veze "diaouled" eus ar re wenn gantañ hag ar re zu a oa sañset o vont da ren ar bed en-dro hervezañ.

Dimeziñ a reas e 1958 gant Betty X (ganet Sanders). C'hwec'h merc'h o doe.

E miz Gwengolo 1960 e kejas gant Fidel Castro hag a oa e New-York o weladenniñ ar Broadoù Unanet.

Goude bezañ kuitaet Nation of Islam e 1964 e reas e Hajj, da lâret eo ar perc'herinded d'ar vMekka. Dont a reas da vezañ ur muzulman sunni. Gwellout a reas muzulmaned eus meur a ouenn ha dont a reas da soñjal e c'hallfe an Islam mont dreist ar c'hudennoù gouennel. Beajiñ a reas div wech en Afrika, e 1959 hag e 1964. Diwezhatoc'h, e 1964, ez eas da Vro-C'hall hag d'ar Rouantelezh-Unanet.

Drouklazhet e voe d'an 21 a viz C'hwevrer 1965 e Manhattan e New-York gant izili eus Nation of Islam moarvat.

## Liammoù diabarzh
* Stourm Afroamerikaned
* Martin Luther King, Jr.

## Liammoù diavaez
* Lec'hienn ofisiel Malcolm X

## Pennadoù ha rentaoù-kont
* Frazier, Martin. ''Harlem celebrates Malcolm X birthday''. **People's Weekly World**. May 26, 2005. 
* Democracy Now!. ''Malcolm X: Make it Plain'' transcript. Excerpts of the documentary, "Malcolm X: Make it Plain". Segment available via streaming Real Audio, 128k streaming Real Video, or via MP3 download from Archive.org. 37:23 minutes. Hosted by Amy Goodman. Broadcast May 19, 2005. 
* Mills, David, Portion of 1990 article for *[[The Washington Post]]* — Interview of Betty Shabazz
* Mills, David, Portion of 1990 article for *[[The Washington Post]]* — Interview of A. Peter Bailey
* Mills, David, Portion of 1990 article for *[[The Washington Post]]* — Interview of A. Peter Bailey
* Waldron, Clarence. ''Minister Louis Farrakhan Sets The Record Straight About His Relationship With Malcolm X''. '''Jet Magazine'''. Interview, June 5, 2000. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
* M, Yahyá. ''The name Shabazz: Where did it come from?''. Revised from *'Islamic Studies* vol. 32 no.1, Spring 1993. p. 73-76. Retrieved May 19, 2005.
* Garnes, Lamar J., "I'm a Hustler" (or Used to Be): Creating Alternative Black Masculinities in Post-Civil Rights Era African American Hustler Narratives. English, Department of 2005-11-14. (thesis)

## Levrlennadur
### gant Malcolm X

* *The Autobiography of Malcolm X*. With the assistance of Alex Haley. New York: Grove Press, 1965.
* *By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter by Malcolm X*. George Breitman, ed. New York: Pathfinder, 1970.
* *The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches by Malcolm X*. Benjamin Karim, ed. New York: Seaver Books, 1971.
* *Malcolm X: February 1965, The Final Speeches*. Steve Clark, ed. New York: Pathfinder, 1992.
* *Malcolm X: The Last Speeches*. Bruce Perry, ed. New York: Pathfinder, 1989.
* *Malcolm X Speaks Out* (A Callaway BoundSound Book with Compact Disc). Nan Richardson, Catherine Chermayeff, and Antoinette White, eds. Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel, 1992.
* *Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements*. George Breitman, ed. New York: Merit Publishers, 1965.
* *Notes from the Frontlines: Excerpts from the Great Speeches of Malcolm X* (Compact Disc). BMG Music, 1992.
* *The Speeches of Malcolm X at Harvard*. Archie Epps, ed. New York: Morrow, 1968.
* *The Wisdom of Malcolm X* (Compact Discs). Black Label, 1991.


### Pennadoù-skrid

* Parks, Gordon. *The White Devil's Day is Almost Over*. Life, May 31, 1963.
* Speakman, Lynn. *Who Killed Malcolm X?* The Valley Advocate, November 26, 1992, pp. 3-6.
* Vincent, Theodore. *The Garveyite Parents of Malcolm X*. The Black Scholar, vol. 20, #2, April, 1989.
* Handler ,M.S.*Malcolm X cites role in U.N. Fight*. New York Times, Jan 2, 1965; pg. 6, 1.
* Montgomery, Paul L. *Malcolm X a Harlem Idol on Eve of Murder Trial*. New York Times, Dec 6, 1965; pg. 46, 1
* Bigart, Homer. *Malcolm X-ism Feared by Rustin*. New York Times, Mar 4, 1965; pg. 15, 1
* Arnold, Martin. *Harlem is Quiet as Crowds Watch Malcolm X Rites*. New York Times, Feb 28, 1965; pg. 1, 2
* Loomis, James. *Death of Malcolm X*. New York Times. Feb 27, 1965; pg. 24, 1
* n/a. *Malcolm X and Muslims*. New York Times, Feb 21, 1965; pg. E10, 1
* n/a. *Malcolm X*. New York Times, Feb 22, 1965; pg. 20, 1
* n/a. *Malcolm X Reports He Now Represents Muslim World Unit*. New York Times, Oct 11, 1964; pg. 13, 1
* Lelyveld, Joseph. *Elijah Muhammad Rallies His Followers in Harlem*. New York Times, Jun 29, 1964; pg. 1, 2
* n/a. *Malcolm X Woos 2 Rights Leaders*. New York Times, May 19, 1964; pg. 28, 1
* n/a. *1,000 In Harlem Cheer Malcolm X*. New York Times, Mar 23, 1964; pg. 18, 1
* Handler, M.S. *Malcolm X Sees Rise in Violence*. New York Times, Mar 13, 1964; pg. 20, 1
* n/a. *Malcolm X Disputes Nonviolence Policy*. New York Times, Jun 5, 1963; pg. 29, 1
* Apple, R.W. *Malcolm X Silenced for Remarks On Assassination of Kennedy*. New York Times, Dec 5, 1963; pg. 22, 1
* Ronan, Thomas P. *Malcolm X Tells Rally In Harlem Kennedy Fails to Help Negroes*. New York Times, Jun 30, 1963; pg. 45, 1
* n/a. *4 Are Indicted Here in Malcolm X Case*. New York Times, Mar 11, 1965; pg. 66, 1
* Handler, M.S. *Malcolm X Seeks U.N. Negro Debate*. Special to The New York Times; New York Times, Aug 13, 1964; pg. 22, 1


### Levrioù

* Acuna, Rodolfo. *Occupied America: A History of Chicanos*. New York: Harper & Row, 1981.
* Alkalimat, Abdul. *Malcolm X for Beginners*. New York: Writers and Readers, 1990.
* Als, Hilton. "The Women." (a chapter on Malcolm's mother)
* Asante, Molefi K. *Malcolm X as Cultural Hero: and Other Afrocentric Essays*. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1993.
* Baldwin, James. *One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based On Alex Haley's "The Autobiography Of Malcolm X"*. New York: Dell, 1992.
* Breitman, George. *The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary*. New York: Pathfinder, 1967.
* Breitman, George, and Herman Porter. *The Assassination of Malcolm X*. New York: Pathfinder, 1976.
* Brisbane, Robert. *Black Activism*. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania: Judson Press, 1974.
* Carew, Jan. *Ghosts In Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England, and the Caribbean*. Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1994.
* Carson, Claybourne. *Malcolm X: The FBI File*. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1991.
* Carson, Claybourne, et al. *The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader*. New York: Penguin, 1991.
* Clarke, John Henrik, ed. *Malcolm X; the Man and His Times*. New York: Macmillan, 1969.
* Cleage, Albert B., and George Breitman. *Myths About Malcolm X: Two Views*. New York: Merit, 1968.
* Collins, Rodney P. *The Seventh Child*. New York: Dafina; London: Turnaround, 2002.
* Cone, James H. *Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or A Nightmare*. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1991.
* Davis, Thulani. *Malcolm X: The Great Photographs*. New York: Stewart, Tabon and Chang, 1992.
* DeCaro, Louis A. * Malcolm and the Cross: The Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, and Christianity*. New York: New York University, 1998.
* DeCaro, Louis A. *On The Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X*. New York: New York University, 1996.
* Doctor, Bernard Aquina. *Malcolm X for Beginners*. New York: Writers and Readers, 1992.
* Dyson, Michael Eric. *Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
* Essien-Udom, E. U. *Black Nationalism*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
* Evanzz, Karl. *The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X*. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992.
* Franklin, Robert Michael. *Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment And Social Justice In African-American Thought*. Minneapolis, MN : Fortress Press, 1990.
* Friedly, Michael. *The Assassination of Malcolm X*. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992.
* Gallen, David, ed. *Malcolm A to Z: The Man and His Ideas*. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.
* Gallen, David, ed. *Malcolm X: As They Knew Him*. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1992.
* Garrow, David. *Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference*. New York: Vintage, 1988.
* Goldman, Peter. *The Death and Life of Malcolm X*. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
* Hampton, Henry, and Steve Fayer. *Voices of Freedom: Oral Histories from the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s*. New York: Bantam, 1990.
* Harding, Vincent, Robin D. G. Kelley, and Earl Lewis. *We Changed the World: African Americans, 1945-1970*. The Young Oxford History of African Americans, v. 9. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
* Hill, Robert A. *Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons*. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
* Jamal, Hakim A. *From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me*. New York: Random House, 1972.
* Jenkins, Robert L. *The Malcolm X Encyclopedia*. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002.
* Karim, Benjamin, with Peter Skutches and David Gallen. *Remembering Malcolm*. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1992.
* Kly, Yussuf Naim, ed. *The Black Book: The True Political Philosophy of Malcolm X (El Hajj Malik El Shabazz)*. Atlanta: Clarity Press, 1986.
* Kondo, Baba Zak A. *Conspiracys: Unravelling the Assassination of Malcolm X*.  Washington, D.C.: Nubia Press, 1993.
* Leader, Edward Roland. *Understanding Malcolm X: The Controversial Changes in His Political Philosophy*. New York: Vantage Press, 1993.
* Lee, Spike with Ralph Wiley. *By Any Means Necessary: The Trials and Tribulations of The Making Of Malcolm X*. New York, N.Y.: Hyperion, 1992.
* Lincoln, C. Eric. *The Black Muslims in America*. Boston, Beacon. 1961.
* Lomax, Louis. *To Kill a Black Man*. Los Angeles: Holloway House, 1968.
* Lomax, Louis. *When the Word is Given*. Cleveland: World Publishing, 1963.
* Maglangbayan, Shawna. *Garvey, Lumumba, and Malcolm: National-Separatists*. Chicago, Third World Press 1972.
* Marable, Manning. *On Malcolm X: His Message & Meaning*. Westfield, N.J.: Open Media, 1992.
* Martin, Tony. *Race First*. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1976.
* Myers, Walter Dean. *Malcolm X By Any Means Necessary*. New York: Scholastic, 1993.
* Natambu, Kofi. *The Life and Work of Malcolm X*. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002.
* Perry, Bruce. *Malcolm: The Life of A Man Who Changed Black America*. New York: Station Hill, 1991. 
* Randall, Dudley and Margaret G. Burroughs, ed. *For Malcolm; Poems on The Life and The Death of Malcolm X*. Preface and Eulogy By Ossie Davis. Detroit: Broadside Press, 1967.
* Rickford, Russell J. *Betty Shabazz: A Remarkable Story of Survival and Faith Before and After Malcolm X*. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2003.
* Sales, William W. *From Civil Rights To Black Liberation: Malcolm X And The Organization Of Afro-American Unity*. Boston, MA: South End Press, 1994.
* Shabazz, Ilyasah. *Growing Up X*. New York: One World, 2002.
* Strickland, William, et al. *Malcolm X: Make It Plain*. Penguin Books, 1994.
* Terrill, Robert. *Malcolm X: Inventing Radical Judgment*. Michigan State University Press, 2004.
* T'Shaka, Oba. *The Political Legacy of Malcolm X*. Richmond, Calif.: Pan Afrikan Publications, 1983.
* Tuttle, William. *Race Riot: Chicago, The Red Summer of 1919*. New York: Atheneum, 1970.
* Vincent, Theodore. *Black Power and the Garvey Movement*. San Francisco: Ramparts, 1972.
* Wolfenstein, Eugene Victor. *The Victims of Democracy: Malcolm X and the Black Revolution*. London: Free Association Books, 1989.
* Wood, Joe, ed. *Malcolm X: In Our Own Image*. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.
* Woodward, C. Vann. *Origins of the New South*. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967.


## Malcolm X er sinema
Spike Lee en deus savet ur film diwar e benn : sellit ouzh ar pennad Malcolm X (film).