বহুভাঁজ

গণিতে **বহুভাঁজ** হল এমন এক টপোলজিকাল স্থান যা স্থানীয়ভাবে প্রতিটি বিন্দুর নিকটে ইউক্লিডীয় স্থানের সমরূপ হবে। আরও সঠিকভাবে বলা যায়, একটি *n*-মাত্রিক বহুভাঁজের প্রতিটি বিন্দুর একটি সমীপবর্তিতা বিদ্যমান যা *n* মাত্রার ইউক্লিডীয় স্থানে হোমিওমর্ফিক। আরও নিখুঁত পরিভাষায়, একটি বহুভাঁজ বলতে ***n''-বহুভাঁজ'''কে বোঝানো হয়।

==তথ্যসূত্র==

* [[Michael Freedman|Freedman, Michael H.]], and Quinn, Frank (1990) ''Topology of 4-Manifolds''. Princeton University Press. .
* [[Victor Guillemin|Guillemin, Victor]] and Pollack, Alan (1974) ''Differential Topology''. Prentice-Hall. . Advanced undergraduate / first-year graduate text inspired by Milnor.
* Hempel, John (1976) ''3-Manifolds''. Princeton University Press. .
* [[Morris Hirsch|Hirsch, Morris]], (1997) ''Differential Topology''. Springer Verlag. . The most complete account, with historical insights and excellent, but difficult, problems. The standard reference for those wishing to have a deep understanding of the subject.
* [[Robion Kirby|Kirby, Robion C.]] and Siebenmann, Laurence C. (1977) ''Foundational Essays on Topological Manifolds. Smoothings, and Triangulations''. Princeton University Press. . A detailed study of the [[category theory|category]] of topological manifolds.
* Lee, John M. (2000) ''Introduction to Topological Manifolds''. Springer-Verlag. . Detailed and comprehensive first-year graduate text. 
* Lee, John M. (2003) ''[https://archive.org/details/GraduateTextsInMathematics218LeeJ.M.IntroductionToSmoothManifoldsSpringer2012 Introduction to Smooth Manifolds]''. Springer-Verlag. . Detailed and comprehensive first-year graduate text; sequel to ''Introduction to Topological Manifolds''. 
* [[William S. Massey|Massey, William S.]] (1977) ''Algebraic Topology: An Introduction''. Springer-Verlag. .
* [[John Milnor|Milnor, John]] (1997) ''Topology from the Differentiable Viewpoint''. Princeton University Press. . Classic brief introduction to differential topology.
* [[James Munkres|Munkres, James R.]] (1991) ''[https://archive.org/details/MunkresJ.R.AnalysisOnManifolds Analysis on Manifolds]''.  Addison-Wesley (reprinted by Westview Press) . Undergraduate text treating manifolds in '''R***n.*
* [[James Munkres|Munkres, James R.]] (2000) *Topology*. Prentice Hall. .
* Neuwirth, L. P., ed. (1975) *Knots, Groups, and 3-Manifolds. Papers Dedicated to the Memory of R. H. Fox*. Princeton University Press. .
* [[Bernhard Riemann|Riemann, Bernhard]], *Gesammelte mathematische Werke und wissenschaftlicher Nachlass*, Sändig Reprint. .
***Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse.* The 1851 doctoral thesis in which "manifold" (*Mannigfaltigkeit*) first appears.
***Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen.* The 1854 Göttingen inaugural lecture (*Habilitationsschrift*).
* [[Michael Spivak|Spivak, Michael]] (1965) *Calculus on Manifolds: A Modern Approach to Classical Theorems of Advanced Calculus*. W.A. Benjamin Inc. (reprinted by Addison-Wesley and Westview Press). . [[Calculus on Manifolds (book)|Famously terse]] advanced undergraduate / first-year graduate text.
* [[Michael Spivak|Spivak, Michael]] (1999) *A Comprehensive Introduction to Differential Geometry'' (3rd edition) Publish or Perish Inc.  Encyclopedic five-volume series presenting a systematic treatment of the theory of manifolds, Riemannian geometry, classical differential geometry, and numerous other topics at the first- and second-year graduate levels.
* . Concise first-year graduate text.

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