আলেকজান্ডার ফন হুমবোল্‌ড্‌ট্

[থাম্ব|ডান|300px|An 1859 portrait of Alexander von Humboldt by the artist [Julius Schrader, showing Mount Chimborazo in the background.]]

 (জন্ম সেপ্টেম্বর ১৪, ১৭৬৯ - মৃত্যু মে ৬, ১৮৫৯) একজন জার্মান অভিযাত্রী ও বিজ্ঞানী। তিনি উদ্ভিজ্জ ভূগোলের উপর প্রচুর গবেষণা করেন যার মাধ্যমে জীবভূগোলের গোড়া পত্তন ঘটে আর তার ফলশ্রুতিতে বর্তমানে আমরা মানবীয় ভূগোল নামে ভূগোলের একটি নব শাখার বর্ণনা পাই।

## জন্ম ও শিক্ষা
আলেকজান্ডার ফন হুমবোল্‌ড্‌ট্‌ ১৭৬৯ সালের ১৪ সেপ্টেম্বর জার্মানীর বার্লিন শহরে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন।

### বৈজ্ঞানিক কাজ
**Le voyage aux régions equinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, fait en 1799–1804, par Alexandre de Humboldt et Aimé Bonpland** (Paris, 1807, etc.), consisted of thirty folio and quarto volumes, and comprised a considerable number of subordinate but important works. Among these may be enumerated
* *Vue des Cordillères et monuments des peuples indigènes de l'Amérique* (2 vols. folio, 1810);
* *[https://archive.org/details/examencritiqued06humbgoog Examen critique de l'histoire de la géographie du Nouveau Continent]* (1814–1834) 4 vols;
* *Atlas géographique et physique du royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne* (1811);
* ''Essai politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle Espagne'' (1811);
* ''Essai sur la géographie des plantes :accompagné d'un tableau physique des régions équinoxiales, fondé sur des mesures exécutées, depuis le dixième degré de latitude boréale jusqu'au dixième degré de latitude australe, pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803 /par Al. de Humdboldt et A. Bonpland ; rédigée par Al. de Humboldt. '' (1805, now very rare);
* ''Relation historique du Voyage aux Régions équinoxiales du Nouveau Continent, etc.'' (1814–1825), an unfinished narrative of his travels, including the ''Essai politique sur l'île de Cuba''*
* [http://cdm15121.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p9016coll23&CISOPTR=1299&REC=4 *Monographie des melastomacées*] (1833)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/16027 *Monographia Melastomacearum : continens plantas huius ordinis, hucusque collectas, praesertim per regnum Mexici, in provinciis Caracarum et Novae Andalusiae, in Peruvianorum, Quitensium, Novae Granatae Andibus, ad Orinoci, fluvii Nigri, fluminis Amazonum rupas nascentes*](2 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/32462 *Cosmos : a sketch of a physical description of the universe / by Alexander von Humboldt ; translated from the German by E. C. Otté*] (5 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/40012 *Cosmos : essai d'une description physique du monde *] (4 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33954 *Gesammelte werke von Alexander von Humboldt* ](12 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23794 *Ansichten der Natur : mit wissenschaftlichen Erläuterungen *]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101629 *Aphorismen aus der chemischen physiologie der pflanzen. Aus dem lateinischen übersetzt von Gotthelf Fischer. Nebst einigen zusätzen von herrn dr. und prof. Hedwig und einer vorrede von herrn dr. und prof. Christ. Friedr. Ludwig.*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/45601 *Aspects of nature, in different lands and different climates with scientific elucidations*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89025#page/1/mode/1up *Atlas zu Alex. v. Humboldt's Kosmos in zweiundvierzig Tafeln mit erläuterndem texte /herausgegeben von Traugott Bromme*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/60882#page/7/mode/1up *Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt an Varnhagen von Ense, aus den jahren 1827 bis 1858 : nebst Auszügen aus Varnhagen's Tagebüchern und Briefen von Varnhagen und andern an Humboldt*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37871#page/1/mode/1up *Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pflanzen :nebst einem Naturgemälde der Tropenländer : auf Beobachtungen und Messungen gegründet, welche vom 10ten Grade nördlicher bis zum 10ten Grade südlicher Breite, in den Jahren 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 und 1803 angestellt worden sind /von Al. von Humboldt und A. Bonpland ; bearbeitet und herausgegeben von dem erstern*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14437 *An illustration of the genus Cinchona :comprising descriptions of all the officinal Peruvian barks, including several new species, Baron de Humboldt's Account of the Cinchona forests of South America, and Laubert's Memoir on the different species of quinquina : to which are added several dissertations of Don Hippolito Ruiz on various medicinal plants of South America *]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4717 *Kosmos. Entwurf einer physischen Weltbeschreibung von Alexander von Humboldt*] (5 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/9159 *Narrative of the circumnavigation of the globe by the Austrian frigate Novara*] (3 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109430 *Pflanzengeographie, nach Alexander von Humboldt's werke ueber die geographische Vertheilhung der Gewächse : mit Anmerkungen, grösseren Beilagen aus andern pflanzengeographischen Schriften und einem Excurse über die bei pflanzengeographischen Floren-Vergleichungen nöthigen Rücksichten*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/460 *Plantes équinoxiales recueillies au Mexique :dans l'île de Cuba, dans les provinces de Caracas, de Cumana et de Barcelone, aux Andes de la Nouvelle Grenade, de Quito et du Pérou, et sur les bords du rio-Negro de Orénoque et de la rivière des Amazones*](2 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/43770 *Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée : faites dans l'océan atlantique, dans l'intérieur du nouveau continent et dans la mer du sud pendant les années 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802 et 1803 / par Al. de Humboldt et A. Bonpland*](2 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/73180 *Reise in die aequinoctial-gegenden des neuen Continents in den Jahren 1799, 1800, 1801, 1803 und 1804*](vol.3)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95419 *Relation historique du voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, et 1804*](vol.3)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/125538 *Researches concerning the institutions & monuments of the ancient inhabitants of America : with descriptions & views of some of the most striking scenes in the Cordilleras!*](2 vols.)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/89305 *Tableaux de la nature; ou, Considérations sur les déserts, sur le physionomie des végétaux, sur les cataractes de l'Orénoque, sur la structure et l'action des volcans dans les différentes régions de la terre*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24009 *Views of nature, or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation : with scientific illustrations*](1850)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/72102 *Views of nature: or, Contemplations on the sublime phenomena of creation; with scientific illustrations*](1884)

== অন্যান্য কাজ ==
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79321 *Letters of Alexander von Humboldt to Varnhagen von Ense. From 1827 to 1858. With extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt. Tr. from the 2d German ed. by Friedrich Kapp* ]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/78470 *Letters of Alexander von Humboldt written between the years 1827 and 1858 to Varnhagen von Ense together with extracts from Varnhagen's diaries, and letters of Varnhagen and others to Humboldt / authorized translation from the German ; with explanatory notes and a full index of names*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23548 *Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America, during the years 1799–1804 / by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland ; translated from the French of Alexander von Humboldt and edited by Thomasina Ross*] (Vols 2 & 3)
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85282#page/12/mode/1up *Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico ; translated from the original French by John Black*]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77447 The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt by W. Macgillivray ; with a narrative of Humboldt's most recent researches]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63302 The travels and researches of Alexander von Humboldt : being a condensed narrative of his journeys in the equinoctial regions of America, and in Asiatic Russia : together with analysis of his more important investigations / by W. Macgillivray]
* [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/25297 *Viage âa las regiones equinocciales del nuevo continente : hecho en 1799 hasta 1804, por Al. de Humboldt y A. Bonpland / redactado por Alejandro de Humboldt ; continuaciâon indispensable al ensayo polâitico sobre el reino de la Nueva Espaäna por el mismo autor*] (5 vols.)

== নোট ==


== তথ্যসূত্র ==

: 
: 
: 
: Hey'l, Bettina,* Das Ganze der Natur und die Differenzierung des Wissens. Alexander von Humboldt als Schriftsteller* (Berlin, de Gruyter, 2007) (Quellen und Forschungen zur Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte 47 (281)).
: [[Nicolaas Adrianus Rupke|Rupke, Nicolaas A.]],* Alexander von Humboldt. A Metabiography. * Corrected edition. (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008).
: 


== বহিঃসংযোগ ==



*'Portal**
* [http://www.avh.de/en/index.htm The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation] 
* [http://www.avhumboldt.net The Alexander von Humboldt Digital Library]  A virtual research environment on the works of Alexander von Humboldt. A project by the University of Applied Sciences Offenburg and University of Kansas
* [http://www.avhumboldt.de avhumboldt.de - Humboldt Informationen online] avhumboldt.de contains a large collection of data, texts and visuals concerning Alexander von Humboldt in German, English, Spanish and French. A project by the Chair of Romance Literatures, University of Potsdam (Germany).
* [https://archive.today/20130112152559/http://socgeo.ruhosting.nl/content/currentprogramme.html Web site of the Humboldt Lecture series in Nijmegen, the Netherlands]
**Sources**
* [http://www.avhumboldt.net Humboldt Digital Library] 
* [http://www.hin-online.de HiN-International Review for Humboldtian Studies] Biannual open access journal on transdisciplinary studies concerning Alexander von Humboldt (ISSN: 1617-5239). With articles in English, German and Spanish, both as HTML and PDF. A project by the Chair of Romance Literatures, University of Potsdam, and the Berlin-Brandenburgian Academy of Science.
* [http://www.avhumboldt.de/?page_id=469l Humboldt Digital - Bibliography of Humboldt digital facsimile, available online.] List with over 150 direct references to full-text facsimiles of works by Alexander von Humboldt.
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A(texts)%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20-creator%3Asexton%20AND%20(subject%3A%22Humboldt%2C%20Alexander%20von%2C%201769-1859%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Humboldt%2C%20Alexander%20von%2C%201769-1859%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexander%20von%20Humboldt%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alexander%20von%20Humboldt%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Humboldt%2C%20Alexander%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Humboldt%2C%20Alexander%2C%201769-1859%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Humboldt%2C%20Alexander%2C%201769-1859%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexander%20Humboldt%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alexander%20Humboldt%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Humboldt%2C%20Alexander%22) Works by or about Alexander von Humboldt] at [[Internet Archive]] (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
* 
*  (plain text and HTML)
* 
**Misc*'
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20060928.shtml "Alexander von Humboldt"], from *In Our Time*, a 45 minutes [[BBC Radio 4]] program.
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm Alexander von Humboldt featured on the 5 East German Mark banknote from 1964] 
* A.J.P. Raat, Alexander von Humboldt and [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]], Zoologische Bijdragen, Vol. 21, 1976, p.&nbsp;19–38 [http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/317208]
* 
* 
* L. Kellner, "[http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=7&int_ptnum=95&term_ptnum=260&format=jpg Alexander Von Humboldt and the history of international scientific collaboration]", *Scientia: rivista internazionale di sintesi scientifica'', 95, 1960, pp.&nbsp;252–256

বিষয়শ্রেণী:১৭৬৯-এ জন্ম
বিষয়শ্রেণী:১৮৫৯-এ মৃত্যু
বিষয়শ্রেণী:রয়েল সোসাইটির বিদেশি সদস্য
বিষয়শ্রেণী:ফরাসি বিজ্ঞান একাডেমির সদস্য
বিষয়শ্রেণী:রয়েল সুয়েডীয় বিজ্ঞান অ্যাকাডেমির সদস্য
বিষয়শ্রেণী:মার্কিন ফিলোসফিক্যাল সোসাইটির সদস্য
বিষয়শ্রেণী:জার্মান লুথারান
বিষয়শ্রেণী:১৯শ শতাব্দীর এলজিবিটিকিউ ব্যক্তি
বিষয়শ্রেণী:১৮শ শতাব্দীর এলজিবিটিকিউ ব্যক্তি
বিষয়শ্রেণী:মানব ভূগোলবিদ
বিষয়শ্রেণী:জার্মান ভূগোলবিদ
বিষয়শ্রেণী:জার্মান অভিযাত্রী
বিষয়শ্রেণী:কপলি পদক বিজয়ী
বিষয়শ্রেণী:আমেরিকান অ্যাকাডেমি অব আর্টস অ্যান্ড সায়েন্সেসের বিশিষ্ট সভ্য