Ptolemy

Si **Claudius Ptolemy** (; , , ; ;  AD) sarong matematiko, astronomo, natural na pilosopo, geograpo asin astrologo na nagsurat nin mga siyentipikong treatise, tolo sa mga ini an nagin importante sa Byzantine, Islamic asin Western European na siyensya.

Nag-istar si Ptolemy sa siyudad nin Alexandria sa Roman probinsya nin Ehipto usa irarom kan Roman Empire, na igwang ngaran na Latin (na sinasabi kan mga mananalaysay na siya sarong Romano), nagbanggit nin mga griyegong pilosopo, naggamit asin nag-obserbar nin Babylonian lunar theory. An ika-14 na siglo na astronomo na si Theodore Meliteniotes tinawan an saiyang lugar na kinamundagan na syudad nin griyego Ptolemais Hermiou () sa Thebaid (). Mayong ebidensya sa pahayag na ini. Nagadan siya sa  Alexandria kan 168.

## Hilingon man
* Equant
* Messier 7 – Ptolemy Cluster, star cluster described by Ptolemaeus
* Pei Xiu
* Ptolemy's Canon – a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers.
* Ptolemy's table of chords
* Zhang Heng
## Talababa

## Toltolan

* 
* Berggren, J. Lennart, and Alexander Jones. 2000. *Ptolemy's *Geography*: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters*. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. .
* 
* Hübner, Wolfgang, ed. 1998. *Claudius Ptolemaeus, Opera quae exstant omnia* Vol III/Fasc 1: ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΙΚΑ (= Tetrabiblos). De Gruyter.  (Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana). (The most recent edition of the Greek text of Ptolemy's astrological work, based on earlier editions by F. Boll and E. Boer.)
* Lejeune, A. (1989) *L'Optique de Claude Ptolémée dans la version latine d'après l'arabe de l'émir Eugène de Sicile.* [Latin text with French translation]. Collection de travaux de l'Académie International d'Histoire des Sciences, No. 31. Leiden: E.J.Brill.
* 
* Nobbe, C. F. A., ed. 1843. Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia. 3 vols. Leipzig: Carolus Tauchnitus. (Until  Stückelberger (2006), this was the most recent edition of the complete Greek text.)
* Peerlings, R.H.J., Laurentius F., van den Bovenkamp J.,(2017) *The watermarks in the Rome editions of Ptolemy's Cosmography and more*, In Quaerendo 47: 307-327, 2017.
* Peerlings, R.H.J., Laurentius F., van den Bovenkamp J.,(2018) *New findings and discoveries in the 1507/8 Rome edition of Ptolemy’s Cosmography*, In Quaerendo 48: 139-162, 2018.
* Ptolemy. 1930. *Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios*, edited by Ingemar Düring. Göteborgs högskolas årsskrift 36, 1930:1. Göteborg: Elanders boktr. aktiebolag. Reprint, New York: Garland Publishing, 1980.
* Ptolemy. 2000. *Harmonics*, translated and commentary by Jon Solomon. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava, Supplementum, 0169-8958, 203. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 
* .
* 
* Smith, A.M. (1996) *Ptolemy's theory of visual perception: An English translation of the Optics with introduction and commentary.* Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 86, Part 2. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
* .
* Stevenson, Edward Luther (trans. and ed.). 1932. *Claudius Ptolemy: The Geography*. New York: New York Public Library. Reprint, New York: Dover, 1991. (This is the only complete English translation of Ptolemy's most famous work. Unfortunately, it is marred by numerous mistakes and the placenames are given in Latinised forms, rather than in the original Greek).
* Stückelberger, Alfred, and Gerd Graßhoff (eds). 2006. *Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Geographie, Griechisch-Deutsch*. 2 vols. Basel: Schwabe Verlag. . (Massive 1018 pp. scholarly edition by a team of a dozen scholars that takes account of all known manuscripts, with facing Greek and German text, footnotes on manuscript variations, color maps, and a CD with the geographical data)
* 
* *Ptolemy's Almagest*, Translated and annotated by G. J. Toomer. Princeton University Press, 1998
* Sir Thomas Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1921.

## Mga panluwas na takod

* Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos at LacusCurtius (Transcription of the Loeb Classical Library's English translation)
* Entire ''Tetrabiblos'' of J.M. Ashmand's 1822 translation.
* Ptolemy's Geography at LacusCurtius (English translation, incomplete)
* Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (China)  (English translation)
* ''Almagest'' books 1–13 The complete text of Heiberg's edition (PDF) Greek.
*   with preface  at archive.org
* ''Geography'', digitized codex made in Italy between 1460 and 1477, translated to Latin by Jacobus Angelus at Somni. Also known as *codex valentinus*, it is the oldest manuscript of the codices with maps of Ptolemy with the donis projections.
* Hieronymi Cardani ... In Cl. Ptolemaei ... IIII De astrorum judiciis From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
* Almagestū Cl. Ptolemei From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
* Franz Boll (1894), "Studien über Claudius Ptolemaeus. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Astrologie" In: *Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik*, Supplementband&nbsp;21,2. Teubner, Leipzig, pp.&nbsp;49–244.
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Java simulation of the Ptolemaic System – at Paul Stoddard's Animated Virtual Planetarium, Northern Illinois University
* 
* Epicycle and Deferent Demo – at Rosemary Kennett's website at the University of Syracuse
* Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe. (best in Internet Explorer)
* Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries. High resolution images of works by Ptolemy in .jpg and .tiff format.
* Codex Vaticanus graecus 1291 (Vat.gr.1291) in Vatican Digital Library - Complete reproduction of the 9th century manuscript of Ptolemy's *Handy Tables*.