Parallel Cinema

**Parallel Cinema** (Perfilman Samping) inggih punika gerakan perfilman India sané mawit saking pradésa Bénggala Kauh duk warsa 1950an pinaka alternatif ring film-film komérsial Hindi mainstream sané kasengguh pinaka Bollywood.

Parallel Indian Cinema mainspirasi saking Néoréalisme Italia tur mawit sadurungnyané French New Wave miwah Japanese New Wave. Indian New Wave mawit saking Parallel Cinema ring warsa 1960-an. Gerakan Parallel Cinema mawit ring Bénggala tur ngamolihang makarya pangaryan film kasub ring majebag jagaté, makadi Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Ritwik Ghatak, miwah Tapan Sinha.

Cihna-cihna PIC inggih punika daging sané sérius, réalis tur naturalis, nénten madué igel-igelan miwah gending-gending sané khas sakadi film Bollywood. Film-film Parallel Cinema lumrahné maosang indik-indik sosial tur politik sané wénten ring India.

## Awit
Réalisme ring perfilman India sampun wénten daweg warsa 1920an miwah 1930an. Silih sinunggil umpama sané pinih awal inggih punika *Savkari Pash* (1925), film sané nénten madué suara, karya Baburao Painter.

## Wiwit malih
Kruna Parallel Cinema wiwit kaanggén malih daweg 1990-an indik film-film non-komérsial sané kakaryanin ring jaban Bollywood. Umpamanyané film sané ngranjing Parallel Cinema modéren punika wénten *Utsab* (2000) miwah *Dahan*(1997), karya Rituparno Ghosh, *Yuva* (2004), karya Mani Ratham, *3 Deewarein* (2003) miwah *Dor* (2006), karya Nagesh Kukunoor, *Matrubhoomi* (2004), karya Manish Jha, *Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi* (2005), karya Sudhir Mishra, *Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara* (2005), karya Jahnu Barua, *Valley of Flowers* (2006), karya Pan Nalin, *My Brother… Nikhil* (2005) miwah *Bas Ek Pal* (2006), karya Onir, *Black Friday* (2007), karya Anurag Kashyap, *Udaan* (2009), karya Vikramaditya Motwane, *Dhobi Ghat* (2010), karya Kiran Rao, *Sonchidi* (2011), karya Amit Dutta, miwah *Ship of Theseus* (2013), karya Anand Gandhi.

Taler wénten film-film sané nganggé basa Inggris, minakadi *Mitr, My Friend* (2002), karya Revathi, *Mr. and Mrs. Iyer* (2002) and *15 Park Avenue* (2006), karya Aparna Sen, *Being Cyrus* (2006), karya Homi Adajania, *The Last Lear* (2007), karya Rituparno Ghosh, miwah *Little Zizou* (2009), karya Sooni Taraporevala.

Sutradara Parallel Cinema sané kantun aktif ngantos rahinané mangkin sakadi Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Aparna Sen, Gautam Ghose, Sandip Ray (putran Satyajit Ray), Kaushik Ganguly, Suman Mukhopadhyay miwah Kamaleshwar Mukherjee ring film mabasa Bénggala; Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Shaji N. Karun, T. V. Chandran, M.P. Sukumaran Nair, Shyamaprasad, Dr. Bijuand Sanal Kumar Sasidharan ring film-film mabasa Malayalam; Kumar Shahani, Ketan Mehta, Govind Nihalani, Shyam Benegal, Amit Dutta, Manish Jha, Ashim Ahluwalia, Anurag Kashyap, Anand Gandhi, miwah Deepa Mehta ring film-film mabasa Hindi; Mani Ratnam miwah Bala ring film-film mabasa Tamil, Rajnesh Domalpalli miwah Narasimha Nandi ring film-film mabasa Telugu, Jahnu Barua ring film-film mabasa Hindi miwah Assam, Amol Palekar miwah Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni ring film-film mabasa Marathi.

Aamir Khan makarya film-film sané nénten tatas ngranjing Bollywood utawi Parallel Cinema. Ida nulungin mangda Parallel Cinema punika dados langkung kasub tur film-filmné mapikolih dados populér taler maosang indik-indik sosial sané sérius.

## Pustaka