سایکولوژی

**سایکولوژی** یا **پسیکولوژی** یوخسا **تین‌بیلیم** (اینگیلیسجه: Psychology، فارسجا: روانشناسی) — روح، روحی عالم؛ — بیلیک، اؤیره‌نمک، علم — «داورانیش حاقین‌دا علم» دئمک‌دیر. سایکولوژی علمینین اوصولو مورکّب و چوْخ‌جهت‌لی‌دیر.
* سایکولوژی * داورانیش و ذهن علمی‌دیر،
اینسان داورانیشینین و ذهنی پروسسلرین اساس سببلرینی اؤیره‌نن و تدقیق ائدن بیر علم‌دیر. سایکولوژی دیگر علملردن داها قیسا بیر تاریخه مالیک‌دیر. بۇ قیسا مدت عرضینده سایکولوژی مۆختلیف یوْللارلا بللی ائدیلمیشدیر. ایلک تعریف اینسان بئیینین یاپیسال (ساختار) و اونون اؤیرنیلمه‌سی ایدی. روانشیناسلار اینسان عقلینی مۆشاهیده ائتمک مۆمکون اوْلمادیغی حال‌دا سایکولوژی «مۆشاهیده اوْلونان داورانیشلارین علمی آراشدیریلماسی» شکلینده تعیین ائتمیش لر. سایکولوژی، حافیظه پروسسلری و دۆشونجه کیمی ذهنی خۆصوصیت لری باشلایان داورانیشا اینسان بئیینین ائتکیینی قبول ائتمه یَن بیلیشسئل سایکولوژی اوْرتایا چیخدی
سایکولوژی علمی هم ده فعالیت و بیلیم یوردون سایکولوژی پروبلملرینی اؤیرنیر. داورانیش فعالیت و اونسیت پروسسینده موختلیف فورمالاردا تظاهر ائدیر. سایکولوژی بئیین‌ده اوبیئکتیو عالمین سوبیئکتیو صورتی کیمی عمله گلن داورانیشنین فاکتلاری، قانون اویغونلوقلاری و مکانیزم لری حاقین‌دا علم‌دیر.

## داورانیش
قدیم‌دن داورانیش حاقین‌دا ایکی تعلیم – ماتریالیست و ایدئالیست تعلیم واردیر. سایکولوژینین بیر علم کیمی اینکیشافی اساساً ماتئریالیت تعلیمین اینکیشافی ایله باغلی اوْلموش‌دور. داورانیش اوبیئکتیو عالمین سوبیئکتیو اینیکاسین‌دان عبارت‌دیر. اینیکاس ماتئرییانین ان عمومی خاصه‌سی‌دیر. اینیکاس دئدیک‌ده ایکی اوبیکتین قارشی‌لیق‌لی تأثیری پروسسی و اونون نتیجه‌سی نظرده توتولور. بۇ زامان همین اوبیکتلردن بیرین‌ده عمله گلن دییشیک‌لیکلر او بیرینی تأثیری ایله شرط‌لنیر و سونونجونون ایستروکتورونا اویغون اولور.

ایوان سچنوو ثبوت ائتدی کی، داورانیش رفلکتور کاراکتر داشیییر.

آکادمیک ایوان پاولوو رفلکتور نظریه‌نی گئنیش اکسپریمنتال تدقیقاتلار اساسین‌دا یئنی فاکتلارلا زنگینلشدیردی. اونون آلی سینیر فعالیتی حاقین‌داکی تعلیمی رئفلئکتور نظریه‌نین اینکیشافین‌دا خصوصی مرحله تشکیل ائدیر.

داورانیش حاقین‌دا علمی تسووورلرین فورمالاشماسین‌دا تبیتشوناس‌لیق موهوم رول اوینامیش‌دیر.
مۆعاصیر تصووورلره گؤره سایکولوژی فونک‌سییالار بئیین ساحه‌لرینین بیرگه ایشی سایه‌سینده حیاتا کئچیریلن فونکسیونال سیستملر (P.K.Anoxin) کیمی فعالیت گؤستریر. اونون سیستم تشکیل ائدن مرکزی عاملی ایشین نتیجه‌سی و یا مقصدی ایله اوزلاشیرلار.

## سایکولوژی حادثه‌لرین تصنیفی
سایکولوژی حادثه‌لری شرطی اولاراق اوچ بؤیوک قروپا بؤلورلر:
# سایکولوژی پروسسلر.
# سایکولوژی حاللار (و یا سایکولوژی هالتلر، وضعیتلر).
# سایکولوژی خاصه‌لر (و یا خصوصیتلر).

**سایکولوژی پروسسلر** سایکولوژی علمینین اساس بؤلمه‌لارین‌دان بیری‌دیر. ایدراک پروسسلرینه (دویغو، قاوراییش، دقت، حافیظه، تفکّور، نیطق و تخیّول)، ایرادی پروسسلره و ائموسیونال پروسسلره بیرلیک‌ده سایکولوژی پروسسلر دئییلیر.
باشقا سؤزله، سایکولوژی پروسسلر اؤزلری ده اوچ یاریمقروپا بؤلونور: ایدراک پروسسلری، حیسی پروسسلر، ایرادی پروسسلر.

سایکولوژی حادثه‌لرین ایکینجی قروپونو تشکیل ائدن **سایکولوژی حاللار** و یا وضعیتلر دا موختلیف‌دیر. دالغین‌لیق، اینام‌سیزلیق، شوبهه و … سایکولوژی حاللارا مثال اولا بیلر.

## بونلارا دا باخ
*اؤز-شما
*شووق

## گؤرونتولر

File:Hippocrates.jpg
File:Wundt-research-group.jpg
File:One of Pavlov's dogs.jpg
File:Hypothalamus.jpg
File:Skinner teaching machine 01.jpg
File:Working memory model.svg
File:Müller-Lyer illusion.svg
File:Shibuya tokyo.jpg
File:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark.jpg


## قایناق‌لار

*  Wozniak, R.H. (1999). Introduction to memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885/1913). Classics in the history of psychology
*  W. Edward Craighead & Linda Wilcoxon Craighead, "Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy" in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 8: *Clinical Psychology*.
*  'The Principles of Psychology* (1890), with introduction by George A. Miller, Harvard University Press, 1983 paperback,  (combined edition, 1328 pages)
*  The American Psychological Society: [http://www.apa.org/research/responsible/index.aspx Responsible Conduct of Research]
*  Teri L. Elliott, "Disaster Psychology: Keep Clients out of Your Office—Get into the Field!" in Morgan et al. (ed.), *Life After Graduate School in Psychology* (2005). "...it is the disaster psychologist's role to utilize crisis intervention processes with the goal of preventing natural distress due to the critical event from developing into a more harmful, long-term psychological condition."
*  Teo, *The Critique of Psychology* (2005), pp. 36–37. "Methodologism means that the method dominates the problem, problems are chosen in subordination to the respected method, and psychology has to adopt without question, the methods of the natural sciences. [...] From an epistemological and ontological-critical as well as from a human-scientific perspective the experiment in psychology has limited value (for example, only for basic psychological processes), given the nature of the psychological subject matter, and the reality of persons and their capabilities."
*  T.S. Kuhn, *The Structure of Scientific Revolutions*, 1st. ed., Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1962.
*  Shettleworth, S. J. (2010) Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2nd Ed), New York: Oxford.
*  Russell M. Bauer, Elizabeth C. Leritz, & Dawn Bowers, "Neuropsychology", in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 2: *Research Methods in Psychology*.
*  Ron Sun, (2008). The Cambridge Handbook of Computational Psychology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 2008.
*  Peter E. Nathan & James Langenbucher, "Diagnosis and Classification", in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 8: *Clinical Psychology*.
*  Myers (2004). Motivation and work. *Psychology*. New York, NY: Worth Publishers
*  Moore, B.E.; Fine, B.D. (1968), A Glossary of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts, Amer Psychoanalytic Assn, p. 78, 
*  Monica L. Baskin, "Public Health: Career Opportunities for Psychologists in Public Health", in Morgan et al. (ed.), *Life After Graduate School in Psychology* (2005). "Prevention strategies of late have largely concentrated on community-based interventions, which have been shown to be effective in changing the health of large populations. Behavioral and social scientists, such as psychologists, are helpful in this arena as we are trained to view individuals as belonging to complex and dynamic social systems, including immediate and extended family systems, acquaintance and friendship networks, neighborhood and community systems, and cultural groups (Schneiderman & Spee4, 2001)."
*  Milgram, Stanley. (1974), Obedience to Authority; An Experimental View. Harpercollins ().
*  Michela Gallagher & Randy J. Nelson, "Volume Preface", in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 3: *Biological Psychology*.
*  Melvin M. Mark, "Program Evaluation" in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 2: *Research Methods in Psychology*.
*  Marilu Price Berry, "Interdisciplinary Medical Setting: The Multiple Roles of a Health Psychologist" in Morgan et al. (ed.), *Life After Graduate School in Psychology* (2005).
*  Leahey, *History of Modern Psychology* (2001), pp. 212–215.
*  Leahey, *History of Modern Psychology* (2001), p. 61.
*  John T. Behrens and Chong-Ho Yu, "Exploratory Data Analysis" in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 2: *Research Methods in Psychology*.
*  John A. Schinka & Wayne F. Velicer, "Volume Preface" in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 2: *Research Methods in Psychology*.
*  Hank Aarts, Ap Dijksterhuis, & Giel Dik, "Goal Contagion: Inferring goals from others' actions—and what it leads to", in Shah & Gardner, *Handbook of Motivation Science* (2008). "In short, then, the studies presented above indicate that humans are keen to act on the goals of other social beings that are implied in behavioral scenarios or scripts." Also see: 
*  Guthrie, *Even the Rat was White* (1998), Chapter 7: "Production of Black Psychologists in America" (pp. 155–213).
*  Guthrie, *Even the Rat was White* (1998), Chapter 1: "'The Noble Savage' and Science" (pp. 3–33)
*  Gregory, *Psychological Testing* (2011), pp. 44–45.
*  Gregory, *Psychological Testing* (2011), pp. 41–42.
*  Gregory, *Psychological Testing* (2011), p. 61.
*  Gregory, *Psychological Testing* (2011), p. 2. "From birth to old age, we encounter tests at almost every turning point in life. […] Tests are used in almost every nation on earth for counseling, selection, and placement. Testing occurs in settings as diverse as schools, civil service, industry, medical clinics, and counseling centers. Most persons have taken dozens of tests and thought nothing of it. Yet, by the time the typical individual reaches retirement age, it is likely that psychological test results will have helped to shape his or her destiny."
*  Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967). *The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research*. Chicago: Aldine.
*  Gary Marcus, [http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-crisis-in-social-psychology-that-isnt The Crisis in Social Psychology That Isn't], *New Yorker* 1 May 2013; Michelle N. Meyer and Christopher Chabris, "Why Psychologists' Food Fight Matters", *Slate.com*, 31 July 2014; etc.
*  Franz Samuelson, "Organizing for the Kingdom of Behavior: Academic Battles and the Organizational Policies in the Twenties"; *Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences* 21, January 1985.
*  For example, see [https://archive.today/20150406055541/https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/lawsstatutes/2013ors675.html Oregon State Law, Chapter 675 (2013 edition)] at [http://www.oregon.gov/obpe/Pages/laws_rules.aspx Statutes & Rules Relating to the Practice of Psychology].
*  Evelyn S. Behar & Thomas D. Borkovec, "Psychotherapy Outcome Research", in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 2: *Research Methods in Psychology*.
*  Edwin R. Wallace, IV, "Two 'Mind'–'Body' Models for a Holistic Psychiatry" and "Freud on 'Mind–Body' I: The Psychoneurobiological and 'Instinctualist' Stance; with Implications for Chapter 24, and Two Postscripts", in Wallace & Gach (eds.), *History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology* (2008).
*  Dorwin Cartwright, "Social Psychology in the United States During the Second World War", *Human Relations* 1.3, June 1948, p. 340; quoted in Cina, "Social Science For Whom?" (1981), p. 269.
*  Cohen, J. (1994). [http://www.ics.uci.edu/~sternh/courses/210/cohen94_pval.pdf The Earth is round, p < .05], *American Psychologist*, 49, 997–1003.
*  Cocks, *Psychotherapy in the Third Reich* (1997), pp. 75–77.
*  Chin & Chin, *Psychological Research in Communist China* (1969), pp. 5–9.
*  Charles Sanders Peirce & Joseph Jastrow, "[http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm On Small Differences in Sensation]", *Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences* 3, 17 October 1884; cited in William P. Banks & Ilya Farber, "Consciousness", in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 4: *Experimental Psychology*; and in 
*  Cecilia Taiana, "Transatlantic Migration of the Disciplines of Mind: Examination of the Reception of Wundt's and Freud's Theories in Argentina", in Brock (ed.), *Internationalizing the History of Psychology* (2006).
*  Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (2004). Perspectives on Personality (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
*  Boyle, G.J. (1995). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some psychometric limitations. *Australian Psychologist, 30*, 71-74.
*  Blum 1994, p. 95, Blum 2002, pp. 218–219. Blum 1994, p. 95: "... the most controversial experiment to come out of the Wisconsin laboratory, a device that Harlow insisted on calling the 'pit of despair.
*  Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
*  A. J. Sutich,  *American association for humanistic psychology, Articles of association*. Palo Alto, CA (mimeographed): August 28, 1963; in Severin (ed.), *Humanistic Viewpoints in Psychology* (1965), pp. xv–xvi.
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  
*  [http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2010-14802-001 The WEIRDest people in the world?] Henrich, J., Heine, S., & Norenzayan, A. (2011). [[Behavioral and Brain Sciences]], 33, 61–135.
*  [[Roger E. Kirk]], "Experimental Design" in Weiner (ed.), *Handbook of Psychology* (2003), Volume 2: *Research Methods in Psychology*.
*  [[روبرت یرکیز]], "[http://www.pnas.org/content/4/10/295.full.pdf Measuring the Mental Strength of an Army]"; *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 4.10, 15 October 1918.
*  [[E. Tory Higgins]], *Beyond Pleasure and Pain: How Motivation Works*; Oxford University Press, 2012; 
*  [[Derek Russell Davis]] (DRD), "psychology", in Richard L. Gregory (ed.), *The Oxford Companion to the Mind*, second edition; Oxford University Press, 1987/2004;  (pp. 763–764).
*  [[Cordwainer Smith|Paul M. A. Linebarger]], *Psychological Warfare''; Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1954.
*  "Aristotle's Psychology". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

سایکولوژی
بؤلمه:علم
بؤلمه:Behavioural sciences