Frank Norris

**Bencamin Franklin Norris** (; ) — Amerikan yazıçısı, jurnalisti və romançısı.

## Həyat və fəaliyyəti
Frank Norris 5 mart 1870-ci ildə İllinoys ştatının Çikaqo şəhərində anadan olmuşdur. Onun atası Çikaqolu biznesmen Bencamin, anası Qertrude Qlorvina Doqqet isə olmuşdur. 1890-cı ildə Berkli Kaliforniya Universitetinə daxil olmuş, 1894-cü ildə oranı bitirmişdir. Yaradıcılığında fransız yazıçısı  Emil Zolyanın təsiri olmuşdur. 1892-ci ildə romantik poemaları "İnterval, Feodal Fransası nağılı" ( romantik poemasını nəşr etdirmişdir. "Vandover və heyvan" (1895; nəşri 1914), "Maktiq" (1893-1897, nəşri 1899) romanlarında Amerika həyat tərzi tənqid olunur. Yaradıcılığının zirvəsi sayılan "Qaniçən" (1901, tamamlanmış "Taxıl eposu" trilogiyasının 1-ci hissəsi) tarixi romanında amerikan xalqının imperialist inhisarlara qarşı mübarzəsi təsvir olunur. Frank Norris 25 oktyabr 1902-ci ildə Kaliforniya ştatının San-Fransisko şəhərində vəfat etmişdir.

## Ədəbiyyat

* Åhnebrink, Lars (1961). *The Beginnings of Naturalism in American Fiction: A Study of the Works of Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, and Frank Norris*. New York: Russell & Russell .
* Anderson, Grace E. (1933). *A Dictionary of Characters in the Novels of Frank Norris*. University of Kansas.
* Armes, William Dallam (1902). "Concerning the Work of the Late Frank Norris," *Sunset*, Vol. X, pp.&nbsp;165–167.
* Bechter, Leslie G. (1939). *Frank Norris: his Place in the Development of the American Novel*. State University of Iowa.
* Bixler, Paul H. (1934). "Frank Norris's Literary Reputation," *American Literature*, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;109–121.
* Borus, Daniel H. (1989). *Writing Realism: Howells, James, and Norris in the Mass Market*. University of North Carolina Press. 
* Boyd, Jennifer (1993). *Frank Norris: Spatial Form and Narrative Time*. New York: Peter Lang Pub. Incorporated.
* Brooks, Van Wyck (1952). "Frank Norris and Jack London." In: *The Confident Years: 1885–1915*. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
* Brown, Deming Bronson (1942). *The Development of the Use of Symbolism in the Novels of Frank Norris*. (M.A. Thesis), University of Washington.
* Cargill, Oscar (1941). *Intellectual America*. New York: The Macmillan Company.
* Clarke, Robert Montgomery (1932). *Contemporary American Novelists: Frank Norris*. (M. A. Thesis), Stanford University.
* Clift, Denison Hailey (1907). "The Artist in Frank Norris," *[[The Pacific Monthly]]*, Vol. XVII, pp.&nbsp;313–322.
* Cooper, Frederic Taber (1899). "Frank Norris, Realist," *The Bookman*, Vol. 10, pp.&nbsp;234–238.
* Cooper, Frederic Taber (1911). "Frank Norris." In: *Some American Story Tellers*. New York: Henry Holt & Company, pp.&nbsp;295–330.
* Cowley, Malcolm (1947). "'Not Men': A Natural History of American Naturalism," *Kenyon Review*, Vol. IX, pp.&nbsp;414–435.
* Crane, Warren Eugene (1939). *The Life and Works of Frank Norris as a Reflection of Historical and Literary Trends between 1890 and 1902*. (M.A. Thesis), University of Washington.
* Davison, Richard Allan (1981). "Frank Norris and the Arts of Social Criticism," *American Literary Realism, 1870–1910*, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;77–89.
* Dillingham, William B. (1969). *Frank Norris: Instinct and Art*. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 
* Dobie, Charles Caldwell (1928). "Frank Norris, or, up from Culture," *The American Mercury*, Vol. 13, pp.&nbsp;412–424.
* East, Jr., Harry M. (1912). "A Lesson from Frank Norris," *Overland monthly,* Vol. 60, pp.&nbsp;633–634.
* Frohock, Wilbur Merrill (1968). *Frank Norris*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* Garland, Hamlin (1903). "The Work of Frank Norris," *The Critic*, Vol. XLII, pp.&nbsp;216–218.
* Ghodes, Clarence Louis Frank (1951). "The Facts of Life ''versus'' Pleasant Reading." In: *The Literature of the American People*. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, pp.&nbsp;737–762.
* Goodrich, Arthur (1902). "Frank Norris," *Current Literature*, Vol. XXXIII, p.&nbsp;764.
* Goodrich, Arthur (1903). "Norris, the Man," *Current Literature*, Vol. XXXIV, p.&nbsp;105.
* Goldsmith, Arnold Smith (1953). *Free Will, Determinism and Social Responsibility in the Writings of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Frank Norris and Henry James*. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of Wisconsin.
* Goldsmith, Arnold Smith (1958). "The Development of Frank Norris's Philosophy." In: *Studies in Honor of John Wilcox*. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
* Graham, Don (1978). *The Fiction of Frank Norris: The Aesthetic Context*. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. 
* Grattan, C. Hartley (1929). "Frank Norris," *The Bookman*, Vol. 69, pp.&nbsp;506–510.
* Harrison, Robert (1941). *The Writings of Frank Norris as Viewed by his Contemporaries*. (M.A. Thesis), Ohio University.
* Hart, James D. (1970). *A Novelist in the Making: Frank Norris*. Harvard University Press. 
* Hill, Marion V. (1954). *A Study of Thematic Forces in the Novels of Frank Norris*. (M.A. Thesis), Bownling Green State University.
* Hill, John Stanley (1960). *Frank Norris's Heroines*. University of Wisconsin. 
* Hochman, Barbara (1988). *The Art of Frank Norris, Storyteller*. University of Missouri Press ISBN 0-8262-0663-8
* Howells, William Dean (1965). "Frank Norris (1870–1902)." In: *Criticism and Fiction*. New York University Press, pp.&nbsp;276–282.
* Hussman, Lawrence E. (1998). *Harbingers of a Century: The Novels of Frank Norris*. New York: Peter Lang Pub Inc.
* Johnson, George W. (1961). "Frank Norris and Romance," *American Literature*, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;52–63.
* Kaplan, Charles (1952). *Frank Norris and the Craft of Fiction*. (Ph.D. Dissertation), Northwestern University.
* Kusler, Gerald E. (1950). *The Evolution of Frank Norris*. (M.A. Thesis), State University of Iowa.
* Kwiat, Joseph J. (1953). "The Newspaper Experience: Crane, Norris and Dreiser," *Nineteenth Century Fiction*, Vol. VIII, pp.&nbsp;99–117.
* Letizia, Louise M. (1950). *Frank Norris: A Study in Contrasts and Contradictions*. (M.A. Thesis), University of Pittsburgh.
* Logue, Charles William (1949). *Frank Norris: A Study in Romantic Realism*. (M.A. Thesis), St. John University.
* Marchand, Ernest (1942). *Frank Norris: A Study*. Oxford University Press.
* Matthews, Margaret Moore (1937). *Frank Norris: Pioneer Realist*. (M.A. Thesis), University of South Carolina.
* McCormick, Paul S. (1931). *Frank Norris and the American Epic*. (M.A. Thesis), Columbia University.
* McElrath, Joseph R. (1978). "Frank Norris: A Biographical Essay," *American Literary Realism, 1870–1910*, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;219–234.
* McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. (1988). *Frank Norris and the Wave: A Bibliography*. New York: Garland Pub.
* McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. (1992). *Frank Norris: A Descriptive Bibliography*. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
* McElrath, Joseph R. (1993). "Frank Norris' 'The Puppets and the Puppy': LeContean Idealism or Naturalistic Skepticism?," *American Literary Realism, 1870–1910*, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;50–59.
* McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. and Crisler, Jesse S. (2006). *Frank Norris: A Life*. University of Illinois Press ISBN 0-252-03016-8 (the definitive biography of Norris)
* McElrath, Joseph R., Jr. and Crisler, Jesse S. (2013). *Frank Norris Remembered*. University of Alabama Press.
* McGinn, Richard Joseph (1954). *The Characterization of Women in the Novels of Frank Norris*. (M.A Thesis), Columbia University.
* Mitchell, Marvin O'Neill (1953). *A Study of Realistic and Romantic Elements in the Fiction of E. W. Howe, Joseph Kirkland, Hamlin Garland and Harold Frederic and Frank Norris, 1882–1902*. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of North Carolina .
* Musich, Gerald Donald (1973). *Frank Norris' Character Types*. University of Wisconsin–Madison .
* Norris, Charles G. (1914). ''Frank Norris, 1870–1902''. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
* Pallette, Drew B. (1934). *The Theories and Practice of Frank Norris as Related to his California Background*. (M.A. Thesis), University of Southern California.
* Parrington, Vernon Louis (1928). "The Development of Realism." In: *The Reinterpretation of American Literature*. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
* Patee, Fred Lewis (1937). ''The New American Literature, 1890–1930.'' New York: D. Appleton-Century Company.
* Phillips, Marion B. (1922). *Aspects of the Naturalistic Novel in America*. (M.A. Thesis), University of California.
* Piper, Henry Dan (1956). "Frank Norris and Scott Fitzgerald," *Huntington Library Quarterly*, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;393–400.
* Pizer, Donald (1958). "Romantic Individualism in Garland, Norris and Crane," *American Quarterly*, Vol. X, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;463–475.
* Pizer, Donald (1966). *The Novels of Frank Norris*. Indiana University Press . 
* Preston, Harriet Waters (1903). "The Novels of Mr. Norris," *Atlantic Monthly*, Vol. XCI, pp.&nbsp;691–692.
* Ramsay, Orrington Cozzens (1950). *Frank Norris and Environment*. (Ph.D. Dissertation), University of Wisconsin.
* Rosa, Matthew Whiting (1929). *Frank Norris*. (M.A. Thesis), Columbia University.
* Smith, Allan Lloyd (1995). "Frank Norris: The Crisis of Representation," *American Literary Realism, 1870–1910*, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;74–83.
* Spector, Michael Jay (1962). *Frank Norris and Human Nature*. University of Wisconsin–Madison.
* Stegner, Wallace (1965). *The American Novel: from James Fenimore Cooper to William Faulkner*. New York: Basic Books .
* Thorp, Willard (1960). *American Writing in the Twentieth Century*. Harvard University Press.
* Todd, Frank M. (1902). "Frank Norris, Student, Author and Man," *University of California Magazine*, Vol. VIII, pp.&nbsp;349–356.
* Toher, Martha Dimes (1982). "'The Music of the Spheres': The Diapason in Frank Norris's Works," *American Literary Realism, 1870–1910*, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;166–181.
* Underwood, John Curtis (1914). "Frank Norris." In: *Literature and Insurgency*. New York: Mitchell Kennerley, pp.&nbsp;130–178.
* Walker, Franklin (1932). *Frank Norris: A Biography*. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.

## Xarici keçidlər

* 
* Works by Frank Norris,
* Works by Frank Norris
* Guide to the Frank Norris Collection 
* Frank Norris Page at the William Dean Howells Society; includes links to works on the web, bibliography, index to ''Frank Norris Studies'' 
* Digital collection 
* Romanticist Under the Skin
* 5 short radio episodes "Bestial Welter", "Nourisher of Nations" and "The Octopus" from *The Octopus*; "Polk Street" from *McTeague* and "Two Voices" from *The Santa Cruz Venetian Carnival* by Frank Norris. California Legacy Project.
## İstinadlar