Шумер мацӀ

**Шумер мацӀ** ( "рахьдал мацӀ") — некӀсияб Шумералъул мацӀ. Бищун некӀсияб букӀиналъе нугӀлъи чӀезабураб мацӀ. Эб рикӀкӀуна изолатлъун, жинда кӀалъалел некӀсияб Месопотамиялда, гьанжесеб ГӀиракъалъул территориялда рукӀараб.

Аккадалъ кӀалъазе хӀалтӀизабулеб мацӀ гӀадин, шумер хисана н. щ. 2000 соналда сверухъ (мухӀканаб мехалда тӀасан руго бахӀсал), амма шумер мацӀ хӀалтӀизабулеб букӀана динияб, байрамазулаб, адабияталъулаб ва гӀелмияб мацӀ гӀадин аккад-мацӀаб Месопотамиялда, Ассирия ва Вавилония гӀадинал пачалихъазда, I гӀасруялде щвезегӀанги. Гьелдаса хадуб гьеб кӀочана XIX гӀасруялъ-лъагӀан, ассирологистаз гьелда хъварал щагӀил таблицабазда тӀадхъваял цӀализе байбихьизегӀан.

МацӀ хъвалаан жалго шумераз ургъараб лӀотӀохъвавудалъун. МацӀалъул генетикиял хурхенал чӀезарун гьечӀо.

фонетикаялъул реконструкция гьаби захӀмалъизабулеб буго лъотӀохъвавул графикалъ. Ккола агглютинативияб ва эргативияб мацӀлъун. Вербазул системалда руго гӀемерал префиксал, буссинаби, амма гьечӀо мехалъул категориял. РагӀабазул гӀадатаб тартиб — SOV (субъект — объект — предикат).

## МугъчӀваял

;Баянлъелал

;Цитатаби

## Библиография

*
*  
*
*
* (grammar treatment for the advanced student)
*  
*  
*Hayes, John (1990; 2nd ed. 2000), *A Manual of Sumerian: Grammar and Texts*. UNDENA, Malibu CA. . (primer for the beginning student)
*Hayes, John (1997), *Sumerian*. Languages of the World/Materials #68, LincomEuropa, Munich. . (41 pp. précis of the grammar)
*Jestin, J. (1951), *Abrégé de Grammaire Sumérienne*, Geuthner, Paris. . (118pp overview and sketch, in French)
*  
*
*Michalowski,Piotr, (2004), "Sumerian", *The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages* pp 19–59, ed. Roger Woodward. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, .
*  
*  
*Rubio, Gonzalo (2007), "Sumerian Morphology". In *Morphologies of Asia and Africa*, vol. 2, pp.&nbsp;1327–1379. Edited by Alan S. Kaye. Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake, IN, .
* (Well-organized with over 800 translated text excerpts.)
* (collection of Sumerian texts, some transcribed, none translated)

## ТӀадеги цӀалиялъе

*
*Ebeling, J., & Cunningham, G. (2007). *Analysing literary Sumerian : corpus-based approaches*. London: Equinox. 
*Halloran, J. A. (2007). *Sumerian lexicon: a dictionary guide to the ancient Sumerian language*. Los Angeles, Calif: Logogram. 

*Shin Shifra, Jacob Klein (1996). *In Those Far Days*. Tel Aviv, Am Oved and The Israeli Center for Libraries' project for translating Exemplary Literature to Hebrew. This is an anthology of Sumerian and Akkadian poetry, translated into Hebrew.

## КъватӀисел регӀелал

**General*
**Akkadian Unicode Font (to see Cuneiform text) Archive
**Linguistic overviews*
**Gábor Zólyomi: An Introduction to the Grammar of Sumerian Open Access textbook, Budapest 2017
**Introduction to Sumerian grammar by Daniel A. Foxvog at CDLI (Archive)
**''A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian'' by Abraham Hendrik Jagersma (preliminary version)
**Sumerisch (An overview of Sumerian by Ernst Kausen, in German)
**Chapter VI of ''Magie chez les Chaldéens et les origines accadiennes'' (1874) by François Lenormant: the state of the art in the dawn of Sumerology, by the author of the first ever http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/b_kaneva_2006.pdf grammar of "Akkadian"
**Dictionaries*
**Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)
**Elementary Sumerian Glossary by Daniel A. Foxvog (after M. Civil 1967)
**Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0, by John A. Halloran
**Sumerian Lexicon – Electronic Search
**Corpora*
**The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL). Includes translations.
**CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative a large corpus of Sumerian texts in transliteration, largely from the Early Dynastic and Ur III periods, accessible with images.
**Research*
**Online publications arising from the ETCSL project (PDF)
**Structural Interference from Akkadian in Old Babylonian Sumerian by Gábor Zólyomi  (PDF)
**Other online publications by Gábor Zólyomi (PDF)
**The Life and Death of the Sumerian Language in Comparative Perspective by Piotr Michalowski
**Online publications by Cale Johnson (PDF)
**Eléments de linguistique sumérienne (by Pascal Attinger, 1993; in French), at the digital library RERO DOC: Parts 1–4, Part 5.
**The Origin of Ergativity in Sumerian, and the Inversion in Pronominal Agreement: A Historical Explanation Based on Neo-Aramaic parallels, by E. Coghill & G. Deutscher, 2002 at the Internet Archive