ৰাফায়েল

**ৰাফায়েল** () ইটালীৰ এগৰাকী যশস্বী শিল্পী তথা স্থপতিবিদ। তেওঁৰ কৰ্মৰাজি বিশেষকৈ বিষয়বস্তুৰ স্পষ্টতা (clarity of form) তথা সৃষ্টিৰ সৰলতা (ease of composition)ৰ বাবে প্ৰসিদ্ধ। মাইকেলেঞ্জেল' আৰু লিঅ'নাৰ্ড' দা ভিন্সিৰ লগতে এইগৰাকী শিল্পীক সেইসময়ৰ অন্যতম পথ-প্ৰদৰ্শক শিল্পী হিচাপে গণ্য কৰা হয়।

## জীৱনী
ৰাফায়েলৰ জন্ম হৈছিল ইটালীৰ মাৰ্চে (Marche) অঞ্চলৰ আৰ্বিন' (Urbino) নামৰ এখন সৰু চহৰত। এই চহৰতে তেওঁৰ পিতৃ জিঅ'ভেনি চান্তি (Giovanni Santi) য়ে ডিউকৰ সভাসদত শিল্পী ( court painter) হিচাপে কাম কৰিছিল।

১৪৯১ চনত ৰাফায়েলৰ আঠ বছৰ বয়সতে মাতৃ মাগিয়া ( Màgia) মৃত্যুমুখত পৰে। ইয়াৰ পিছতে ১৪৯৪ চনত তেওঁৰ পিতৃৰো মৃত্যু হয়। কমবয়সতে মাউৰা হৈ পৰা ৰাফায়েলে খুড়াকৰ তত্ত্বাবধানত ডাঙৰ হয়। তেওঁৰ কৈশোৰ অৱস্থাতে অঁকা এখন স্ব-প্ৰতিকৃতিৰ যোগেদি ৰাফায়েলে পোন-প্ৰথমে প্ৰতিভাৰ পৰিচয় দিয়ে। পৰৱৰ্ত্তীকালত তেওঁ আৰ্বিন'ত অন্য এগৰাকী শিল্পী পাওল' উচ্ছেল' (Paolo Uccello) ৰ সান্নিধ্যলৈ আহে আৰু অংকন সম্পৰ্কীয় কিছু প্ৰশিক্ষণ লাভ কৰে।

## কৰ্মৰাজি

File:CrocefissioneRaffaello.jpg|The Mond Crucifixion, 1502-3, very much in the style of Perugino
File:PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg|The *[[Coronation of the Virgin]]* 1502-3
File:Raffaello - Spozalizio - Web Gallery of Art.jpg|The *[[The Marriage of the Virgin (Raphael)|Wedding of the Virgin]]*, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period.
File:Lvr-george.jpg|*Saint George and the Dragon*, a small work (29 x 21&nbsp;cm) for the court of Urbino.
File:PalaAnsidei.jpg|The *[[Ansidei Madonna]]*, ca. 1505, beginning to move on from Perugino
File:Raphael - Madonna in the Meadow - Google Art Project.jpg|The *[[Madonna of the meadow (Raphael)|Madonna of the Meadow]]*, ca. 1506, using Leonardo's pyramidal composition for subjects of the Holy Family.
File:Raffael stcatherina.jpg|*Saint Catherine of Alexandria*, 1507, borrows from the pose of Leonardo's *Leda*
File:Raffaello, pala baglioni, deposizione.jpg|*[[The Deposition (Raphael)|Deposition of Christ]]*, 1507, drawing from Roman sarcophagi.
File:Raffael Stanza della Segnatura.jpg|Stanza della Segnatura
File:Massatbolsena.jpg|*[[The Mass at Bolsena]]*, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro
File:Deliveranceofstpeter.jpg|*[[Deliverance of Saint Peter]]*, 1514, Stanza di Eliodoro
File:Giulio Romano 001.jpg|*[[The Fire in the Borgo]]*, 1514, Stanza dell'incendio del Borgo, painted by the workshop to Raphael's design.
File:Raphael's Triumph of Galatea 01.jpg|Galatea,1512, his only major mythology, for Chigi's villa.
File:Raphael - The Miraculous Draft of Fishes - Google Art Project.jpg|*The Miraculous Draught of Fishes*, 1515, one of the seven remaining Raphael Cartoons for tapestries.
File:Raphael Spasimo.jpg|*[[Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary (Raphael)|Il Spasimo]]* 1517, brings a new degree of expressiveness to his art.
File:Transfiguration Raphael.jpg|*[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|Transfiguration]]*, 1520, unfinished at his death.
File:Raffaello - ElisabettaGonzaga.jpg|Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga, ca. 1504
File:Pope_Julius_II.jpg|*[[Portrait of Pope Julius II (Raphael)|Portrait of Pope Julius II]]*, ca. 1512
File:Raffaello Sanzio - Ritratto di Bindo Altoviti.jpg|Portrait of Bindo Altoviti, ca. 1514
File:Baldassare_Castiglione,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg|*[[Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione (Raphael)|Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione]]*, ca. 1515.
File:Estudosguardasressurreicao-rafael-ashmuseum1.jpg|Study for soldiers in , ca 1500.
File:Raffaello, studio per le tre grazie della farnesina.jpg|Red chalk study for the Villa Farnesina *Three Graces*
File:Raphaël - Étude Madone d'Albe 1.jpg|Sheet with study for the Alba Madonna and other sketches
File:Raffaello, studi per madonne col bambino.jpg|Developing the composition for a *Madonna and Child*
File:Raimondi3.jpg|*The Massacre of the Innocents*, engraving by (?) Raimondi from a design by Raphael. The version "without fir tree".
File:Urteil des Paris.jpg|*Judgement of Paris*, still influencing Manet, who used the seated group in his most famous work.
File:Galatea (engraving).jpg|Galatea, engraving after the fresco in the Villa Farnesina


## তথ্যসূত্ৰ

## লগতে চাওক
* Blunt, Anthony, *Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450-1660*, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0-19-881050-4
* Gould, Cecil, *The Sixteenth Century Italian Schools*, National Gallery Catalogues, London 1975, ISBN 0-947645-22-5
* Roger Jones and Nicholas Penny, *Raphael*, Yale, 1983, ISBN 0-300-03061-4
* Landau, David in:David Landau & Peter Parshall, *The Renaissance Print*, Yale, 1996, ISBN 0-300-06883-2
* Pon, Lisa, *Raphael, Dürer, and Marcantonio Raimondi, Copying and the Italian Renaissance Print*, 2004, Yale UP, ISBN 978-0-300-09680-4
* Shearman, John; *Raphael in Early Modern Sources 1483-1602*, 2003, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09918-5
* Vasari, *Life of Raphael* from the *[[Lives of the Artists]]*, edition used: *Artists of the Renaissance* selected & ed Malcolm Bull, Penguin 1965 (page nos from BCA edn, 1979)
* Wölfflin, Heinrich; *Classic Art; An Introduction to the Renaissance*, 1952 in English (1968 edition), Phaidon, New York.
* The standard source of biographical information is now: V. Golzio, *Raffaello nei documenti nelle testimonianze dei contemporanei e nella letturatura del suo secolo*, Vatican City and Westmead, 1971
* *The Cambridge Companion to Raphael*, Marcia B. Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-80809-X,
* New catalogue raisonné in several volumes, still being published, Jürg Meyer zur Capellen, Stefan B. Polter, Arcos, 2001-2008
* *Raphael*, Pier Luigi De Vecchi, Abbeville Press, 2003. ISBN 0789207702
* *Raphael*, Bette Talvacchia, Phaidon Press, 2007. ISBN 9780714847863
* *Raphael*, John Pope-Hennessy, New York University Press, 1970, ISBN 0-8147-0476-X
* *Raphael: From Urbino to Rome*; Hugo Chapman, Tom Henry, Carol Plazzotta, Arnold Nesselrath, Nicholas Penny, National Gallery Publications Limited, 2004, ISBN 1-85709-999-0 (exhibition catalogue)
* *The Raphael Trail: The Secret History of One of the World's Most Precious Works of Art*; Joanna Pitman, 2006. ISBN 0091901715
* *Raphael - A Critical Catalogue of his Pictures, Wall-Paintings and Tapestries*, catalogue raisonné by Luitpold Dussler published in the United States by Phaidon Publishers, Inc., 1971, ISBN 0-7148-1469-5 (out of print, but there is an online version here http://posl.eu/dussler)
*Wolk-Simon, Linda. (2006). *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101232 Raphael at the Metropolitan: The Colonna Altarpiece]*. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588391889.

## বাহ্যিক সংযোগ

*Raphael Research Resource from the National Gallery, London
* V&A London online feature on the Raphael Cartoons 
* Ten drawings and three paintings from the Royal Collection
* Web Gallery of Art
* Most of the Raphael/Raimondi prints from the San Francisco Museums
* Raphael Project/Raffael Projekt
* Website of Teylers Museum  on the provenance of the Raphael drawings in the museum's collection.

শ্ৰেণী:ইটালীৰ ব্যক্তি
শ্ৰেণী:মৃত ব্যক্তি
শ্ৰেণী:চিত্ৰশিল্পী
শ্ৰেণী:স্থপতিবিদ
শ্ৰেণী:নৱজাগৰণ