open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ܦܐܬܐ ܪܝܫܝܬܐ

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**ܫܘܬܦܢܐ ܝܕܝܕܐ ܚܙܝ ܢܝ  ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܫܪܐ ܫܘܬܦܬܟ**

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## ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ
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right|50px|Podes atopar a Wikipedia en moitas outras linguas. ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܕܘܝܩܝܦܕܝܐ
ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ

thumb|ܫܚܠܦܬܐ ܕ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ
[upright|thumb|ܕܦܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܡܢ [ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ ܒܡܨܪܝܢ ܡܢ ܕܪܐ ܕܬܫܥܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ]]

**ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ** (ܐܪܡܝܐ ܐܘ ארמית ܐܘ 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀 ܐܘ 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀) ܗܘ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܘ ܕܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܢ ܫܢ̈ܝܢ. ܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܡܠܟܘ̈ܬܐ ܘܕܬܘܕ̈ܝܬܐ. ܥܡ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܣܦܪ̈ܐ ܕܕܢܝܐܝܠ ܘܕܥܙܪܐ ܘܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܬܠܡܘܕ. ܐܪܡܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܢܨܪܝܐ. ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܕ ܥܡܐ  ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘ ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܘܡ̈ܢܕܝܐ ܘܒܨܝܪ ܝ̈ܗܘܕܝܐ ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀

ܐܪܡܝܐ ܗܘ ܕܫܪܒܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܦܪܝܩܝ ܐܣܝ̈ܝܐ. ܒܗܕܐ ܫܪܒܬܐ ܗܘ ܒܫܪܒܬܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܫܝܡܝ̈ܐ. ܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܫܝܡܝ̈ܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܗܘ ܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܫܝܡܝ̈ܐ ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ ܥܡ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܟܢܥܢ̈ܝܐ (ܐܝܟ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܦܘܢܝܩܝܐ). ܢܟܬܘܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܒܚܡܫ ܐܠܦܒܝ̈ܬ: ܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܦܘܢܝܩܝܐ ܘܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܡܢܕܝܐ܀

## ܓܐܘܓܪܦܝܐ
ܒܕܪܐ ܕܬܪܥܣܪ ܩܕܡ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ ܥܠܘ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܘܡܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܬܐ (ܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ). ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܦܪܣ ܥܠ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܕܩܠܬ. ܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܐ ܐܝܬܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܡܗܘܢ ܠܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܐܦܪܝܩܐ ܘܠܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܘܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܐܝܬܘ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܠܦܪܣ ܘܠܗܢܕܘ ܘܠܨܝܢ. ܡܢ ܕܪܐ ܕܬܪܥܣܪ ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܡܗܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܐܠܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܬܘܕܝܬܢܐ ܕܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܡܢܕ̈ܐܝܐ ܘܕܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ܀

### ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ
ܐܪܡܝܐ ܠܐ ܗܘ ܚܕ ܠܫܢ ܐܠܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܣܓܝܐ̈ܐ. ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܐܪܝܟܬܐ ܕܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܟܬܒܗ ܪܒܐ ܘܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܬܘܕܝܬܢܐ ܟܠ ܫܚܠܦܘ ܠܫܢܐ. ܐܪܡܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܣܓܝܐ̈ܐ: "ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ" ܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܕܐܪܡܝܐ ܕܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܕ̈ܢܚܝܐ. ܥܠ ܦܪܬ ܦܪܝܫ ܠܫܢܐ ܒܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܡܕ̈ܢܚܝܐ ܘܒܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ. ܐܦ ܐܝܬ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ ("ܐܪܡܝܐ ܚܕܬܐ") ܘܐܪܡܝܐ ܟܬܒܢܝܐ ܘܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܚܟܝ̈ܡܐ. ܦܪܝܫܝܢ ܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ ܒܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܒܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܚܕ̈ܬܐ ܘܕܡܨܥ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܥܬܝ̈ܩܐ܀

## ܟܬܒܐ
ܐܬܐ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܡܢ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܦܘܢܝܩܝܐ. ܡܢ ܒܬܪ ܦܫ "ܡܪܒܥ" ܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܪܡܝܐ. ܐܝܣܪ̈ܐܝܠܝܐ ܥܬܝ̈ܩܐ ܘܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܟܢܥܢ ܫܩܠܘ ܠܗܢܐ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܡܟܬܒ ܠܫܢܗܘܢ. ܡܛܠ ܕܗܕܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܫܡܗ ܕܗܢܐ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ. ܗܢܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܒܐܪܡܝܐ ܩܪܝܐ ܘܐܚܪܢܐ ܟܬܒܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܕܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܐ܀

ܐܚܪܢܐ ܟܬܒܐ ܥܠ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܢ ܟܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ܀

ܚܕ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܗܘ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܡܢܕܐܝܐ ܚܫܝܚ ܠܡܢܕ̈ܐܝܐ܀

ܐܦ ܥܡ ܗܠܝܢ ܐܠܦܒܝ̈ܬ ܐܝܬ ܐܠܦܒܝ̈ܬ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܚܫܝܚܝܢ ܠܥܡ̈ܡܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ: ܢܒܛܝ̈ܐ ܒܦܛܪܐ ܘܬܕܡܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܒܬܕܡܘܪ. ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܢܫ ܡܨܐ ܠܡܟܬܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܛܘܪܝܐ ܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬܐ ܙܒܢ̈ܝܢ ܒܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ: 
* ܐܪܡܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ (1100 ܩܕܡ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܠ200 ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ) ܥܡ:
** ܐܪܡܝܐ ܟܬܒܢܝܐ ܕܬܢܟ. 
** ܐܪܡܝܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ.
* ܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ (200 ܥܕܡܐ ܠ1200) ܥܡ:
** ܟܬܒܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܝܐ.
** ܐܪܡܝܐ ܕܬܠܡܘܕ ܘܕܬܪܓܘܡ ܘܕܡܕܪܫ.
* ܐܪܡܝܐ ܚܕܬܐ (1200 ܥܕܡܐ ܠܝܘܡܢܐ) ܥܡ:
** ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܐ.

ܗܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܐܘܣ ܒܝܪ*܀

## ܬܘܪܨ ܡܡܠܠܐ
ܒܬܘܪܨ ܡܡܠܠܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܐܝܬ:

* ܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܓܢ̈ܣܝܢ:
** ܕܟܪܢܝܐ
** ܢܩܒܬܢܝܐ
* ܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܢܝ̈ܢܝܢ:
** ܚܕܢܝܐ
** ܣܓܝܐܢܝܐ
* ܬܠܬܐ ܦܪ̈ܨܘܦܝܢ:
** ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ
** ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ
** ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ
* ܬܠܬܐ ܙܒܢ̈ܝܢ:
** ܙܒܢܐ ܕܥܒܪ
** ܙܒܢܐ ܕܩܐܡ
** ܙܒܢܐ ܕܥܬܝܕ

## ܣܦܪ̈ܐ
* Beyer, Klaus (1986). *The Aramaic language: its distribution and subdivisions*. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53573-2.

ܐ
ܐ
ܐ
ܐܬܘܪܝܐ

**ܐܬܘܪܝܐ** ܗܘ:

*ܡܕܡ ܡܢ ܐܬܘܪ
*ܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
*ܐܬܪܐ ܡܫܬܡܫܢܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
*ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
*ܥܠܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
**ܠܫܢ̈ܐ**:
*ܠܫܢܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
*ܠܫܢܐ ܐܟܕܝܐ
*ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ
**ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
***ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ
****ܠܫܢܐ ܟܠܕܝܐ
***ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܐ
****ܠܫܢܐ ܛܘܪܝܐ
*ܠܫܢܐ ܡܠܚܬܝܐ
ܩܘܪܘܦ

thumb|250px|ܢܝܫܐ ܕܩܘܪܘܦ

**ܩܘܪܘܦ** (ܦܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ: Kurów) ܗܝ ܡܬܐ ܒܬܝܡܢ ܡܕܢܚ ܦܘܠܢܕ܀
ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܘܠܢܕ
ܐܠܩܘܫ

thumb|250px|ܐܠܩܘܫ
**ܐܠܩܘܫ** ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ  ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܩ܁ ܐܠܩܘܫ ܢܦܠܐ ܥܠ ܐܫܬܐ ܕܛܘܪܐ ܕܐܠܩܘܫ܁ ܗܕܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܚܘܩܬܐ 45 ܟܝܠܘܡܝܬܪ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܡܘܨܠ܁ ܣܓܝ ܓ̈ܘܣܢܐ ܥܪܩܘ ܠܐܠܩܘܫ܀

ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܠܩܘܫ ܐܢܘܢ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܟ̈ܠܕܝܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܝ̈ܗܘܕܝܐ܀

ܐܝܬ ܩܒܪܗ ܕܢܚܘܡ ܘܕܝܪܐ ܕܪܒܢ ܗܘܪܡܝܙܕ ܘܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܬܝ ܡܪܝܡ ܒܗܢܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ܀

ܐܠܩܘܫ ܡܬܩܪܝܐ ܐܡܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܥܡ ܟ̈ܬܘܒܐ ܘܩ̈ܕܝܫܐ ܘܫܪܟܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܘܪܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܐܬܘܪ

thumb|300px|ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ

**ܐܬܘܪ** (ܐܟܕܐܝܬ 𒀸𒋩 Aššur) ܐܘ **ܫܘܪܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܣܝܪܝܐ** (ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ Ἀσσυρία) ܗܘܬ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܘܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܫܝܡܝ̈ܐ ܡܕ̈ܢܚܝܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ. ܫܡܗ ܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܫܘܪ. ܐܬܘܪ ܗܘܬ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܘܫܡܐ ܕܦܠܓܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ (ܦܠܓܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܒܒܠ). ܐܪܫܟܝܬܗ̇ ܗܘܬ ܢܝܢܘܐ. ܐܬܘܪ ܗܘܬ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܛܘܪܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܢܗܪܐ ܕܕܩܠܬ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܪܡܢܝܐ (ܐܘܟܝܬ "ܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܫܘܪ")܀
ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ

thumb|ܩܕܝܫܘܬܗ ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ

**ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ** (ܐܬܝܠܕ 15 ܒܐܝܠܘܠ 1935 ܘܡܝܬ 26 ܒܐܕܪ 2015) ܗܘܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܡܢ 17 ܒܬܫܪܝܢ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܒ1976 ܥܕܡܐ ܠܡܘܬܗ ܒ26 ܒܐܕܪ ܒ2015܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܐܬܝܠܕ ܒܫܡ **ܕܢܚܐ ܚܢܢܝܐ** ܒ15 ܒܐܝܠܘܠ 1935 ܒܡܬܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܕܕܪܒܢܕܘܟܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܟܪܟܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ. ܟܐ ܚܝܝ ܗܘܘܓܘܗܿ ܐܝܟ 14 ܟܠܦܬ̈ܐ ܓܘ ܚܕ ܫܒܒܘܬܐ ܒܣܝܡܬܐ ܘܚܘܒܢܬܐ. ܐܒܗ̈ܘܗܝ ܗܘܘ ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ ܘܦܢܐ، ܘܣܒܗ ܗܘܐ ܩܫܝܫܐ ܒܢܝܡܝܢ ܒܪ ܩܫܝܫܐ ܣܒܪܘ ܕܒܝܬ ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܗܘ ܕܗܘܐ ܡܠܦܢܘܗܝ ܩܕܡܝܐ܀

### ܒܝܬܘܬܗ
ܡܢ ܫܪܒܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܩܝܡܐ ܝܢܐ ܬܡܢܥܣܪ ܐܦܝܣܩܘܦ̈ܝܢ ܥܠ ܗܢܐ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ. ܗܘ ܐܦܝܣܩܘܦܐ ܐܚܪܝܐ ܗܘܐ ܒܨܘܠܕܘܨ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ، ܗܘ ܕܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1915 ܐܬܐܣܪ ܗܘܐ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܡܝܐ ܘܥܡܗ ܐܪܒܥܝܢ ܥܠܝܡ̈ܝܢ ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܝܢ. ܦܫܘ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܡܘܣܠܩܐ ܠܛܘܪܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝ̈ܐ ܕܢܦܠ ܒܬܪ ܡܬܐ ܕܟܗܪܒܚܫ ܩܘܪܒܐ ܠܥܘܡܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܩܘܪܝܩܘܣ ܐܝܟܐ ܕܩܘܫܠܗܘܢ ܟܠܝܠܐ ܕܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܟܕ ܦܝܫܠܗܘܢ ܩܛܝܠܐ، ܒܠܚܘܕ ܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܥܠܝܡ̈ܝܢ ܡܢܗܘܢ ܐܬܦܪܩܘ ܗܘܘ ܡܢ ܩܛܠܐ. ܡܢ ܕܗܕܐ ܒܝܬܘܬܐ ܦܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܡܘܢܙܪܐ ܡܢ ܟܪܣ ܐܡܗ ܚܢܢܝܐ ܗܘ ܕܐܬܝܠܕ ܒܣܝܩܘܡܐ ܡܘܕܟܪܐ ܠܥܠ܀

### ܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܘܗܝ

ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1947 ܟܕ ܚܢܢܝܐ ܒܬܪ ܬܪܬܥܣܪ̈ܐ ܫܢ̈ܝܢ ܦܝܫܐ ܝܠܗ ܠܘܒܠܐ ܒܝܕ ܣܒܗ ܩܫܝܫܐ ܒܢܝܡܝܢ ܠܡܬܐ ܕܗܪܝܪ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ ܠܘܬ ܚܣܝܐ ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ ܡܝܛܪܘܦܘܠܝܛܐ ܘܩܝܘܡܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܝܐ ܐܝܟܐ ܕܦܝܫܐ ܡܘܩܪܝܐ ܒܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܩܕ̈ܝܫܐ ܘܡܘܠܦ ܢܘܗܪ̈ܐ ܘܬܐܘܠܘܓܝܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܥܡ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܨܠܘܬܐ ܘܐܪ̈ܙܐ ܩܕ̈ܝܫܐ ܘܩܢܘܢ̈ܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܘܫܪܟܐ ܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܪܘܚܢܝܐ. ܡܢ ܒܬܪ ܕܗܘܐ ܠܗ ܓܡܝܪܐ ܒܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܥܕܬܢܝܐ ܚܢܢܝܐ ܐܬܣܝܡ ܗܘܐ ܡܫܡܫܢܐ 12 ܒܐܝܠܘܠ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1949 ܡܢ ܛܘܒܬܢܘܬܗ ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ ܡܝܛܪܘܦܘܠܝܛܐ ܘܒܝܘܡ 15 ܒܬܡܘܙ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1957 ܒܝܘܡܐ ܕܕܘܟܪܢܗ ܕܡܪܝ ܩܘܪܝܩܘܣ ܣܗܕܐ. ܡܫܡܫܢܐ ܚܢܢܝܐ ܐܬܣܝܡ ܗܘܐ ܟܗܢܐ ܠܡܪܥܝܬܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ. ܒܗܢܐ ܥܕܢܐ ܟܕ ܒܗܘܝܐ ܝܠܗܿ ܣܢܝܩܘܬܐ ܠܟܗܢܐ ܒܐܝܪܐܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܐܢ܆ ܩܫܝܫܐ ܚܢܢܝܐ ܐܫܬܕܪ ܗܘܐ ܡܢ ܛܘܒܬܢܘܬܗ ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܥܗܝܕܐ ܠܡܠܝܐ ܗܝ ܣܦܝܩܘܬܐ. ܓܘܗ ܒܥܣܩܘ̈ܬܐ ܩܫ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܡܘܕܟܪܬܐ ܗܿܝ ܕܦܝܫܬܐ ܗܘܬ ܐܝܟ ܐܪܥܐ ܒܝܪ ܠܡܬܚܐ ܐܪܝܟܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܚܦܪܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܙܪܥܝܐ، ܡܨܐ ܩܫܝܫܐ ܚܢܢܝܐ ܣܢܝܕܐ ܒܥܘܕܪܢܐ ܐܠܗܝܐ ܘܒܨܠܘܬܐ ܫܡܝܥܬܐ ܕܡܠܦܢܗ ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ ܡܨܐ ܓܘܐ ܒܟܠܗܘܢ ܗܠܝܢ ܥܣܩܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܛܪܐ ܡܪܟܒܬܐ ܕܚܘܦܛܘܗܝ ܩܫܝܐ ܟܕ ܒܦܠܚܐ ܘܒܚܦܪܐ ܘܒܙܪܥܝܐ ܘܒܥܝܕܐ ܠܚܩܠܐ ܒܝܪ ܕܡܓܝܢܗ ܙܪܥܐ ܛܒܐ ܘܕܝܗܒܗ ܦܐܪ̈ܐ ܫܦܝܪ̈ܐ܀

## ܦܘܠܚܢܗ

ܢܝܫܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܣܝܡܝܕܐ ܗܘܐ ܒܢܝܐ ܕܚܘܝܕܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܥܕ̈ܬܐ܀

### ܬܦܩܬܐ ܥܡ ܦܐܦܐ ܕܪܗܘܡܐ
ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1994 ܬܦܩܘܠܗ ܡܢ ܦܐܦܐ ܝܘܚܢܢ ܦܘܠܘܣ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܦܐܦܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܪܗܘܡܝܐ܀

### ܬܦܩܬܐ ܥܡ ܡܪܝ ܪܘܦܐܝܠ ܒܝܕܘܝܕ ܩܕܡܝܐ

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ
* ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ

## ܣܗܕܘܬܐ


ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ
ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܘ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܐ
ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ

thumb|250px|ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ

**ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ** (ܐܬܝܠܕ ܒܫܢܬ 1893 ܘܡܝܬ ܒ3 ܒܬܡܘܙ ܒ1977) ܗܘܐ ܡܝܛܪܘܦܘܠܝܛܐ ܕܬܪܥܣܪ ܕܫܡܣܕܝܢ ܘܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬ 1918 ܥܕܡܐ ܠܡܘܬܗ ܒܫܢܬ 1977. ܢܬܕܟܪ ܒܥܕܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܒܫܒ ܬܪܝܢ ܕܝܪܚ ܬܡܘܙ܀

ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥܢ
ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ
ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ
ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ
ܐܘܪܫܠܡ

thumb|300px|ܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܝܘܡܢܐ
thumb|200px|ܐܬܐ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠܝܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ
thumb|200px

**ܐܘܪܫܠܡ** ܐܘ **ܝܪܘܫܠܝܡ** (ܥܒܪܐܝܬ ירושלים܄ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ القدس) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܒܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ/ܦܠܣܛܝܢ (ܟܢܥܢ) ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܠܬܠ ܐܒܝܒ ܘܠܪܡ ܐܠܠܗ ܘܠܐܝܪܝܚܘ ܘܠܒܝܬ ܠܚܡ܂ ܐܝܬ 933,113 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܝܘܡܢܐ܂ ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܕܬܘܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ ܘܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܘܕܐܣܠܐܡ ܘܒ"ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ" ܐܝܬ ܐܪܒܥ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܢ: ܕܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܡܫܝܚ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ ܘܕܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ
ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ** ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܡܕ̈ܢܚܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܗܝ ܘܡܬܝܕܥ ܒܦܪܥܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܘܕܝܠܢܐܝܬ ܒܛܘܪ ܥܒܕ̈ܝܢ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ܆ ܘܬܘܒ ܒܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܕܝܘܡܢ ܐܝܟ ܩܡܫܠܝ ܘܐܝܟ ܩܒܪ̈ܐ ܚܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܚܣܟܗ ܘܐܝܟ ܚܒܘܪ܆ ܘܬܘܒ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܕܝܠܢܐܝܬ ܒܦܩܥܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ ܘܕܒܪܛܠܐ ܘܕܐܠܩܘܫ ܘܕܒܓܕܝܕܐ ܘܕܣܛܪ܆ ܘܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ܆ ܘܬܘܒ ܒܐܘܪܡܝܐ ܒܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܣܛܪ.

ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܐܦ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܥܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܕ̈ܢܚܝܬܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ (ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܥܕܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ) ܘܐܝܟ ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܕܗܢܕܘ ܘܕܥܕ̈ܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ. ܐܘܪ̈ܝܦܝܐ ܕܠܐ ܪܚܝܩܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܡܢ ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܘܕܝܕܥܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ܇ ܚܫܒܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܕܠܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܗܘ ܡܝܬܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܕ ܐܢܫ ܒܗ ܢܡܠܠ ܐܘ ܢܟܬܖܒ. ܐܠܐ ܟܕ ܚܙܘ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܚܬܝܪܐܝܬ ܕܡܢ ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕ̈ܝܢ ܕܒܗ ܡܡܠܠܝܢ ܘܟܬܒܝܢ ܐܬܬܘܝܘ ܐܘܪ̈ܝܦܝܐ ܥܠ ܦܘܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܘ܀

## ܫܪܫܐ ܕܫܡܐ
ܣܓܝ ܐܩܕ̈ܝܡܝܐ ܐܘܝܘ ܕܪܬܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܢܝܐ ܘܗܘ ܐܝܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܬܩܪܝܬ ܡܢ ܝܘܢܝ̈ܐ ܥܬܝܩ̈ܐ ܠܐܫܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܟܕ ܐܛܠܩܘ ܠܐܠܦ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܐܫܘܪ (Ασσυρία، ܐܣܘܪܝܐ) ܠܗܘܬ (Συρία، ܣܘܪܝܐ) ܘܗܝܪܘܕܘܛܘܣ ܐܦܠܚ ܪܬܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܘ "ܣܝܪܝܐ" ܒܟܬܒ̈ܬܗ ܟܠ ܐܝܡܢ ܕܟܬܒ ܥܠ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܐܡܒܪܛܘܪܝܘܬܐ ܐܫܘܪܝܬܐ ܒܬܪܟܝܢ ܗܢܐ ܫܡܐ ܐܬܩܪܝ ܥܠ ܟܠ ܕܘܟܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܡܢ ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ.

ܘܐܬܚܙܝܬ ܗܘܬ ܟܐܦܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ ܒܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܠܫܢ̈ܝܢ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܐܬܚܘܝܬ ܗܘܬ ܟܐܦܐ ܥܡ ܬܘܪܓܡܐ ܕܪܬܡܐ ܕܐܫܘܪ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܦܘܢܝܩܝܐ ܠܣܘܪܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܠܘܒܝܐ܀

### ܡܢܝ̈ܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝ̈ܐ
ܒܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܡܬܦܠܚ̈ܢ ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܫܝܡ̈ܝܐ ܕܝܠܢܐܝܬ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ. ܘܡܓܫܡܢ̈ܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܗܢܘܢ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܢܝܢ̈ܝܢ ܡܢ ܚܕ ܥܕ ܬܫܥܡܐܐ. ܘܗܟܢܐ ܢܡܨܐ ܡܟܬܒ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܚܕ ܥܕ ܐܪܒܥܡܐܐ ܘܬܫܥܝܢ ܘܬܫܥܐ ܒܐܬܘ݀̈ܬܐ ܚܕ ܠܟܠ ܣܕܪܐ ܘܟܠ ܐܝܡܢ ܢܘܣܦ ܛܦܐ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܚܕܐ ܐܬܘ ܡܪܒܢ ܛܝܡܐ ܕܝܠܛ ܒܥܣܪ ܓܗ̈ܝܢ܀

ܘܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܐܘܪܚܬ̈ܐ ܡܬܦܠܚ ܒܡܬܚܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܠܟܬܒܬܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܪܒܐ ܡܢ 999 ܘܐܝܕܝܥܐ ܗܢܘܢ:

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ
* ܠܫܢܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ
* ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ

ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܠܝ

**‏ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܠܝ** ‏‏ܗܘܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ‏‏ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܕܟܠܕܝܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
*ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܘ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ
ܟܠܕܝܐ

**ܟܠܕܝܐ** ܗܘ:

* ܟܠܕܝܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܐ
* ܟ̈ܠܕܝܐ ܥ̈ܬܝܩܐ
* ܟܠܕܝܐ (ܢܚܫܐ)
* ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ
* ܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ
ܬܐܘܡܐ ܫܠܝܚܐ

**ܡܪܝ ܬܐܘܡܐ ܫܠܝܚܐ** ܗܘܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܫܠܝܚܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ. ܐܡܪ ܥܠ ܩܝܡܬܗ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܡܢ ܒܝܬ ܡܝܬ̈ܐ 'ܐܠܐ ܚܙܐ ܐܢܐ ܒܐܝܕ̈ܘܗܝ ܕܘܟܝܬ̈ܐ ܕܨܨ̈ܐ ܘܪܡܐ ܐܢܐ ܒܗܝܢ ܨܒܥܬ̈ܝ ܘܡܘܫܛ ܐܢܐ ܐܝܕܝ ܒܕܦܢܗ ܠܐ ܡܗܝܡܢ ܐܢܐ'܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
* ܬܐܘܡܐ ܫܠܝܚܐ
ܝܫܘܥ

[thumb|upright|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܒܝܕ [ܐܠ ܓܪܝܩܘ]]

**ܝܫܘܥ** ܐܘ **ܝܫܘܥ ܢܨܪܝܐ** (ܐܪܡܐܝܬ ܘܥܒܪܐܝܬ ܝܫܘܥ ܐܘ ישו ܘܐܦ ܥܒܪܐܝܬ ישוע) ܗܘ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ܂ ܒܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܝܫܘܥ ܗܘ ܒܪܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܘܚܕ ܡܢ ܬܠܝܬܝܘܬܐ. ܒܐܣܠܐܡ ܗܘ ܢܒܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܘܫܡܗ ܗܘ "ܥܝܣܐ" (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عيسى)܀

## ܠܦܦܐ

Christ Pantocrator, Church of the Holy Sepulchre.png


## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܡܫܝܚܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ

thumbnail|upright=2|ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܐܝܟܐ ܢܬܡܠܠ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ** (English) ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܢܬܡܠܠ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ ܘܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܘܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܘܩܢܕܐ. ܗܘܝܘ ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܦܪ̈ܝܣܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܗܘܐ ܡܦܠܚܐ ܒܓܝܓܠܐ ܦܪܝܫܬܐ ܘܗܘܝܘ ܦܪܝܣܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܨܘܒ݀̈ܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܒܪܝܛܢܝܬܐ ܕܫܠܛܬ ܠܦܢܝܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܠܕܪܓܐ ܐܬܩܪܬ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܠܐ ܥܪܒܬ ܫܡܫܐ ܥܠܝܗ̇܀

ܐ
ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ

thumb|350px|ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܥܡ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܕܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܝܘܡܢܐ

**ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ** ܗܝ ܒܝܬܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܘܩܘܪܒܐ ܕܢܗܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܢܐ ܕܕܩܠܬ ܘܕܦܪܬ. ܫܡܗ̇ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܗܘ **ܡܝܣܘܦܘܛܐܡܝܐ** (Μεσοποταμία)܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܐܬܪܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܗܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܝܘܬܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ. ܐܝܬ ܣܓܝ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ ܥܬܝܩ̈ܬܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܐܝܟ ܐܙܟ ܘܐܝܟ ܒܒܠ ܘܐܝܟ ܢܝܢܘܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܢܝܦܘܪܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܐܘܪܗܝ܀

## ܚܙܝ ܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܘܕܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܘܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ
* ܐܙܟ
* ܐܢܚܝܠ
* ܐܪܒܐ
* ܐܪܒܝܠ
* ܐܪܟܚ
* ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝܢ
* ܒܣܒܪܝܢܐ
* ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܐܘܓܝܢ
* ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ
* ܚܝܕܠ
* ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
* ܟܦܫܢܐ
* ܡܝܕܢ
* ܡܪܕܝܢ
* ܢܘܗܕܪܐ
* ܥܝܢܘܪܕܐ
* ܫܝܪܢܐܟ
ܓܘܢܐ

thumb|250px

**ܓܘܢܐ** (ܡܢ ܦܪܣܝܐ: gauna) ܐܘ **ܨܒܥܐ** ܐܘ **ܨܘܒܥܐ** ܗܘ ܪܓܫܐ ܚܝܪܝܐ ܟܕ ܥܝܢܐ ܪܓܫ ܢܘܗܪܐ ܕܢܦܠ ܥܠ ܚܠܒܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܘܬܪܓܡ ܢܘܗܪܐ ܗܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܓܘܢ̈ܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ܀

## ܓܘ̈ܢܐ
* ܣܘܡܩܐ
* ܦܘܪܬܩܠܐ
* ܫܥܘܬܐ (ܙܪܕܐ)
* ܝܪܘܩܐ
* ܙܪܩܐ
* ܒܢܦܫܐ
* ܐܪܓܘܢܐ
* ܐܘܟܡܐ
* ܚܘܪܐ
* ܙܚܘܪܝܬܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܓܘܢܐ
ܫܥܘܬܐ (ܓܘܢܐ)

**ܫܥܘܬܐ** ܗܘ ܓܘܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܓܘܢܐ ܕܫܡܫܐ ܘܕܕܗܒܐ. ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܓܘܢ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܝܫܝܐ ܕܗܢܘܢ ܫܥܘܬܐ ܘܣܘܡܩܐ ܘܙܪܩܐ܀
ܙܪܩܐ

**ܙܪܩܐ** ܐܘ **ܡܝܠܢܐ** ܐܘ **ܡܝܠܐ** ܗܘ ܓܘܢܐ. ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܓܘܢ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܝܫܝܐ ܕܗܢܘܢ ܙܪܩܐ ܘܫܥܘܬܐ ܘܣܘܡܩܐ. ܢܘܗܪܐ ܙܪܩܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܐܘܪܟܐ ܓܠܠܝܐ ܕ440-520 ܢܐܢܘܡܝܛܪ܀܀
ܙܠܛܐ

thumb|ܙܠܛܐ ܕܒܣܪܐ ܩܪܝܪܐ

**ܙܠܛܐ** ܐܘ **ܣܠܛܐ** ܗܘ ܡܐܟܘܠܬܐ. ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܛܘܡܛܐ ܘܚܣܬܐ ܘܒܨܠܐ ܘܦܛܘܪܬܐ ܘܡܕ̈ܡ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܐܟܘܠܬܐ
ܣܘܡܩܐ

**ܣܘܡܩܐ** ܗܘ ܓܘܢܐ. ܣܘܡܩܐ ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܓܘܢ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܝܫܝܐ ܕܗܢܘܢ ܣܘܡܩܐ ܘܫܥܘܬܐ ܘܙܪܩܐ. ܢܘܗܪܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܐܘܪܟܐ ܓܠܠܝܐ ܕ630-750 ܢܐܢܘܡܝܛܪ܀
ܝܘܢ

**ܝܘܢ** ܐܘ **ܗܠܣ** (ܝܘܢܐܝܬ Ελλάδα ܐܘ Ελλάς) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܝܘܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܠܒܢܝܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܝܘܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܝܘܢܐܝܬ܀

ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܝܘܢ ܗܝ ܐܬܝܢܘܣ. ܝܘܢ ܗܕܡܐ ܗܝ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܡܢ 1981 ܘܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܩܢܘܡܝܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܡܢ 2001 ܘܒܢܐܛܘ ܒܫܢܬ 1952 ܘܥܡ ܚܘܝܕ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܝܘܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܣܓܝ ܡܪ̈ܕܘܬܐ ܘܩܪ̈ܒܐ ܥܡ ܦܪ̈ܣܝܐ. ܚܝܕ ܪܒܚܝܠܐ ܐܠܟܣܢܕܪܘܣ ܪܒܐ ܠܝܘܢ ܥܠ ܦܪ̈ܣܝܐ ܙܟܐ ܗܢܐ ܩܪܒܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܢ
ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ** (ελληνικά) ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܢܬܡܠܠ ܒܝܘܢ ܘܒܩܘܦܪܘܣ܀

ܝܘܢܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܢ
ܛܘܪܩܝܐ

**ܛܘܪܩܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܬܘܪܟܝܐ** (ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ: Türkiye) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ ܘܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܝܘܢ ܘܥܡ ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܘܪܓܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܪܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ܀

## ܡܡܘܢܐ
ܗܘ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܗܘ 15 ܪܒܐ ܕܒܪܝܬܐ ܝܐ. ܐܦ ܗܕܡܬܐ ܝܐ ܒܫܘܬܐܣܐ ܕOECD. ܒܝܬ ܫܢܝܐ ܕ1923 ܘ1983 ܗܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܗܘܐ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܕܗܘ ܦܠܐܢ ܐܟ ܗܘ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܕܣܘܒܝܛ. ܐܠܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ1983 ܥܡ ܪܝܫ ܘܙܝܪܐ ܬܘܪܓܘܛ ܐܘܙܐܠ ܥܡ ܐܢ ܫܚܠܦܐ ܕܣܡ ܠܗ, ܗܐܘܝ ܗܘ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܚܐܪܐ.
ܝܒܫܬܐ

thumb|upright=1.5|ܝܒܫ̈ܬܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ
**ܝܒܫܬܐ** ܗܝ ܓܙܪܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܕܬܬܬܚܡ ܡܢ ܡܝ̈ܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ܀

ܐܝܬ ܫܒܥ ܝܒܫ̈ܢ (ܡܢ ܪܒܬܐ ܠܙܥܘܪܬܐ): ܐܣܝܐ܆ ܐܦܪܝܩܐ܆ ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ܆ ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ܆ ܐܢܛܐܪܩܛܝܩܐ܆ ܐܘܪܘܦܐ܆ ܘܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ܀
ܐܝܪܐܢ

**ܐܝܪܐܢ** ܐܘ **ܐܝܪܢ** (ܦܪܣܐܝܬ ايران) ܘܐܦ ܝܕܝܥܐ ܒܫܡ **ܦܪܣ** (ܦܪܣܐܝܬ پارس) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ. ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܥܡ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܛܘܪܩܡܢܣܛܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܐܦܓܐܢܣܛܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܦܐܩܣܛܐܢ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܝܪܐܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܦܪܣܐܝܬ ܘܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ ܗܝ ܐܣܠܐܡ ܫܝܥܝܐ܀

## ܫܡܐ
ܩܕܡܐܝܬ ܫܡܐ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ ܗܘܐ **[[ܦܪܣ]]**. ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1935 ܫܐܗ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ ܪܙܐ ܦܗܠܒܝ ܐܡܪ ܕܟܠܗܘܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܪܒܐ ܢܫܚܠܦܘܢ ܫܡܐ ܕܦܪܣ ܠܐܝܪܐܢ. "ܐܝܪܐܢ" ܒܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܡܣܟܠܐ "ܐܪܥܐ ܕܐܝܪ̈ܐܢܝܐ"܀܀܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܐܣܠܐܡܝܬܐ
ܥܝܪܐܩ

**ܥܝܪܐܩ** ܐܘ **ܥܪܐܩ** ܐܘ **ܥܝܪܩ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ العراق܆ ܩܪܕܘܐܝܬ عێراق) ܐܘ ܫܠܝܛܐܝܬ **ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ جمهورية العراق܆ ܩܪܕܘܐܝܬ كۆماری عێراق) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܥܝܪܐܩ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܝܘܪܕܢܢ ܘܥܡ ܣܥܘܕܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܟܘܘܝܬ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ ܘܩܪܕܘܐܝܬ ܘܣܘܪܝܐܝܬ ܘܛܘܪܩܡܢܐܝܬ ܥܝܪܐܩܝܐ܀


ܠܦܦܐ:Iraqi Governorates map in Edessan Aramaic (Syriac).svg|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܕܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܒܣܪܛܐ
ܠܦܦܐ:Iraqmapinsureth.png|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܕܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܒܐܣܛܪܢܓܝܠܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܬ ܣܘܕܝܬܐ
ܠܦܦܐ:Iraq - Location Map (2013) - IRQ - UNOCHA.svg|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܥܡ ܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܬܐ ܘܥܡ ܢܗܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܐ
ܣܘܪܝܐ

**ܣܘܪܝܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ سوريا ܐܘ سورية) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܠܒܢܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܘܥܡ ܝܘܪܕܢܢ ܘܥܡ ܥܝܪܐܩ. ܠܫܢܐ ܫܠܝܛܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܗܘ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܐܦ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܣܘܪܝܐܝܬ ܘܐܪܡܐܝܬ ܘܐܪܡܢܐܝܬ ܘܟܘܪܕܐܝܬ.

ܣܘܪܝܐ ܗܘܝܬ ܐܬܪܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܢܝܣܢ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1943 ܡܢ ܦܪܢܣܐ܆ ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܢܣܒܬ ܫܪܝܘܬܗ̇ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܫܢܬ 1946ܡ܆ ܟܢ ܗܘܐ ܓܒܐ ܕܒܥܬ ܒܫܢܬ 1947ܡ ܘܗܘ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܓܒܐ ܐܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܠܗ ܚܝܠܐ ܐܘܟܝܬ ܢܫܠܘܛ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ1963 ܒܬܪ ܩܘܝܡܐ ܕ8 ܒܐܕܪ 1963܀

ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܗܘ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܐܠܦܐ ܘܬܫܥܡܐܐ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܥܡ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܠܡ̈ܢܐ. ܥܡ 10% ܡܫܝܚ̈ܝܝܢ ܡܢ ܥܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܬܐ܀

## ܫܪܫܐ ܕܫܡܐ
ܐܝܬ ܠܫܡܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܫܪܫܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ. ܐܦ ܐܝܬ ܪܢܝܐ ܕܫܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܡܐ ܕܐܫܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܐܘ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܐܘ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ܀

## ܥܡܡ̈ܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ
ܐܝܬ ܥܡܡ̈ܐ ܡܫܚ̈ܠܦܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܝܟ:

* ܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ: ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ 85%.
* ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ: ܐܝܬ ܡܐܬܐ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܢ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ (ܥܡ ܓܠܘܝܐ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܡܢ ܐܬܪܐ ܫܒܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ).
* ܟܘܪ̈ܕܝܐ: ܐܝܬ ܡܐܬܐ ܘܬܡܢܝܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܟܘܪ̈ܕܝܝܢ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ. ܗܝ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܒܩܠܝܡܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ ܒܡܕܢܚ ܓܪܒܝ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܘܒ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܕܪܡܣܘܩ.
* ܛܘܪ̈ܩܝܐ: ܡܐܬܐ ܘܫܒܥܝܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ.
* ܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܐ: ܠܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܫܒܥܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܓܠܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܥܡ ܥܣܪ̈ܝܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ܀܀܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܩܡܫܠܝ
* ܒܫܐܪ ܐܠܐܣܕ
* ܓܒܐ ܕܒܥܬ
* ܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ
* ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܡܪܕܘܬܢܝܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ
* ܕܝܪܝܟ
* ܚܣܟܗ
* ܩܒܪ̈ܐ ܚܘܪ̈ܐ


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܪܘܣܝܐ

**ܪܘܣܝܐ** (ܪܘܣܐܝܬ Россия) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ ܘܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܪܘܣܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܘܥܡ ܦܝܢܠܢܕ ܘܥܡ ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܠܐܛܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܠܬܘܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܦܘܠܢܕ ܘܥܡ ܒܠܐܪܘܣ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܘܪܓܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܩܙܩܣܛܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ ܘܥܡ ܡܘܢܓܘܠܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܩܘܪܝܐܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܪܘܣܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܪܘܣܐܝܬ ܘܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܝܬܝܪ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ܀
ܕܩܠܬ

thumb|250px|ܕܩܠܬ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ

**ܕܩܠܬ** ܐܘ **ܢܗܪܐ ܕܫܠܡܐ** ܗܘ ܢܗܪܐ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܒܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܒܣܘܪܝܐ܂ ܥܡ ܦܪܬ ܘܙܒܐ ܗܘ ܢܗܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ܀

## ܫܡܐ
ܫ̈ܡܗܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܕܩܠܬ:

ܣܕܪܐ:ܢܗܪܘܬܐ
ܦܪܬ

thumb|250px|ܩܪܩܘܪܐ ܒܦܪܬ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ

**ܦܪܬ** ܐܘ **ܢܗܪܐ ܪܒܐ** ܗܘ ܢܗܪܐ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܒܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܥܡ ܕܩܠܬ ܘܙܒܐ ܗܘ ܢܗܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ܀

## ܫܡܐ
ܫ̈ܡܗܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܕܦܪܬ:

ܣܕܪܐ:ܢܗܪܘܬܐ
ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܫܡܗ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܒܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܬܠܬܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ** (ܦܪܣܐܝܬ: **فارسی** ܐܘ **پارسی**) ܘܒܐܦܓܐܢܣܛܐܢ (ܕܪܝ **داري**) ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܗܢܕܘ-ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܕܢܬܡܠܠ ܒܗ ܩܘܪܒ 86 ܡܠܝܘܢ ܐܢܫܝ̈ܢ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܝ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܕܐܦܓܐܢܣܛܐܢ ܘܕܛܐܓܝܩܣܛܐܢ. ܘܐܬܟܬܒ ܒܐܒܓܕ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܩܝܪܝܠܝܐ ܒܛܓܝܟܣܛܐܢ.

## ܦܪܣܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ

ܐܬܡܠܠ ܚܕܪܝ  ܫܢܝ̈ܐ ܕ 550 ܩ. ܠܥܕ 330 ܩ. ܘܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܪܫܝܡܝܐ ܕܡܠܟܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܦܪ̈ܣܝܐ ܩܕܡ̈ܐ.
ܘܐܬܟܬܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܒܟܬܒܬܐ ܕܨܨܐ.

## ܦܪܣܝܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ
ܐܬܡܠܠ ܚܕܪܝ ܫܢܝ̈ܐ ܕ 300 ܩ. ܠܥܕ 800 ܡ. ܘܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܪܫܝܡܝܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܦܪܬܘܝܬܐ ܘܕܣܣܢܝܬܐ.
ܘܒܬܪ ܥܒܪܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܝܐ ܠܦܪܣ. ܘܐܬܟܬܒ ܒܐܠܦܒ̈ܝܬ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܕܐܬܘ ܡܢ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ܀

## ܦܪܣܝܐ ܚܕܬܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ
ܫܪܝ ܡܢ ܫܢܬ ܬܡܢܐ ܡܐܐ ܒܬܪ ܕܥܒܪܘ ܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܠܦܪܣ. ܘܢܣܒ ܣܓܝ ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ. ܐܝܟ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܘܩܪܝܒܐܝܬ  %30 ܡܢ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܫܪ̈ܫܐ ܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ.
### ܠܥܙ̈ܐ
ܝܘܡܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܬܠܬܐ ܠܥܙ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܝܫܝܐ:
* ܦܪܣܝܐ ܐܝܪܐܢܝܐ (فارسی) ܕܐܬܡܠܠ ܒܐܝܪܐܢ.
* ܦܪܣܝܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ (دارى ) ܕܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܝܐ ܠܠܫܢܐ ܒܐܦܓܐܢܣܛܐܢ.
* ܛܐܓܝܟܝܐ (тоҷикӣ) ܕܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܪܫܝܡܝܐ ܠܠܫܢܐ ܒܛܐܓܝܩܣܛܐܢ ܘܐܬܟܬܒ ܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܩܝܪܝܠܝܐ.

ܦܪܣܝܐ
ܥܠܡܐ (ܐܪܥܐ)

thumb|300px|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܡܢ ܫܡܝܐ

**ܥܠܡܐ** ܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܡܢ ܥܝܢܝ̈ܗܘܢ ܕܒܢܝ̈ܢܫܐ. ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܫܒܥܡܐܐ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܐܢ̈ܫܝܢ ܒܥܠܡܐ. ܥܠܡܐ ܦܪܝܫ ܠܫܒܥ ܝܒܫ̈ܢ ܘܠܚܡܫܐ ܐܘܩܝܢ̈ܘ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܐܪܥܐ
* ܬܐܒܝܠ
ܝܡܐ

[thumb|300px|ܝܡܐ ܒ[ܛܘܪܩܝܐ]]

**ܝܡܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܝܡ̈ܡܐ**) ܗܘ ܕܘܟܐ ܕܢܟܢܘܫ ܡܝ̈ܐ ܒܐܪܥܐ܂ ܝܡܐ ܒܨܝܪ ܙܥܘܪ ܡܢ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܐܠܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܪܒ ܡܢ ܝܡܬܐ܀
ܩܘܦܪܘܣ

**ܩܘܦܪܘܣ** (ܝܘܢܐܝܬ Κύπρος܄ ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ Kıbrıs) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܙܪܬܢܝܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܝܡܐ ܚܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܕܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܩܘܦܪܘܣ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܝܘܢܐܝܬ ܘܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ܀
ܝܘܪܕܢܢ

**ܝܘܪܕܢܢ** ܐܘ **ܝܪܕܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: الأردنّ) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ܂ ܝܘܪܕܢܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܘܥܡ ܦܠܣܛܝܢ ܘܥܡ ܣܥܘܕܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܝܘܪܕܢܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܂ ܫܡܗ ܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܪܕܢܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܣܥܘܕܝܐ

**ܣܥܘܕܝܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ السعودية) ܐܘ **ܥܪܒ ܣܥܘܕܝܬܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ العربية السعودية‎) ܐܘ ܫܠܝܛܐܝܬ **ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܣܥܘܕܝܬܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ المملكة العربية السعودية) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܣܥܘܕܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܝܘܪܕܢܢ ܘܥܡ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܥܡ ܟܘܘܝܬ ܘܥܡ ܩܛܪ ܘܥܡ ܐܡܝܪܘܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ ܘܥܡ ܥܘܡܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܝܡܢ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܣܥܘܕܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀
ܠܒܢܢ

**ܠܒܢܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ لبنان) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܠܠܒܢܢ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܠܒܢܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀

## ܝܠܕܐ ܕܫܡܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ
ܐܝܬ ܪܥܝܢܐ ܡܛܟܣܐ ܥܠ ܫܡܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ. ܫܡܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ܗܘܐ ܫܡܝܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܘܥܢܐ ܕܚܘܪܐ ܘܚܠܘܐ. ܛܘܪ ܠܒܢܢ ܗܘܝܠܐ ܡܘܥܢܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܗܢܐ ܡܕܡ܀
ܘܒܡܙܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܕܘܝܕ ܡܠܟܐ ܐܡܪ:((ܙܕܝܩܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܩܠܐ ܢܦܪܥ ܘܐܝܟ ܐܪܙܐ ܕ(**ܠܒܢܢ**) ܢܫܘܚ))

## ܥܡܐ ܘܬܘܕܝܬܐ
200px|ܝܡܝܢܐ|thumb|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܦܘܪܫܐ ܕܬܘܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܒܠܒܢܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ
ܒܠܒܢܢ ܐܝܬ ܣܓܝ ܩܠܝܠܐܬܐ ܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܘܐܗ ܩܪܒܐ ܕܗܘܢ ܒܠܒܢܢ ܡܐܕܪܐ ܣܓܝ ܒܟܢܫܐ ܠܒܢܝܐ. ܐܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܤܝܐ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ2006 ܥܠ ܐܘ ܥܠܡܐ ܟܐ ܡܚܘܐ ܕܒܠܒܢܢ ܐܝܬ: ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ 59.7% (ܫܝܥܐ ܘܣܘܢܝ ܘܕܪܘܙ ܘܥܠܐܘܝ ܐܘ ܢܘܣܝܪܝ)܄ ܡܫܝܚ̈ܝܐ 39% (ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܘܝܘܢ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܠܟ̈ܝܐ ܘܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܐ ܘܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܐ ܘܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩ̈ܝܐ ܘܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܐܘܪ̈ܬܘܕܘܟܣܝܐ ܘܟܠܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܐܝܓܘܘܦ̈ܛܝܐ ܘܦܪ̈ܘܛܝܐ)܀
ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ

thumbnail|upright=1.25|ܕܘܟܬܐ ܐܝܟܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ
[thumb|ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕ[ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܕܡܬܚܫܚܢ ܠܡܟܬܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ]]

**ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ** (اللغة العربية ܐܘ اللسان العربي) ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܢܬܡܠܠ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ. ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܗܘ ܩܪܝܒܐ ܠܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܠܥܒܪܝܐ. ܡܢ ܕܪܐ ܕܫܒܥܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܐܣܠܐܡ. ܝܗܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܡ̈ܠܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܬܐ ܠܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܡܫܠܡܢܐ܀

ܥܪܒܝܐ
ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ

upright|thumb|ܟܬܒܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ** (עברית) ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܕܢܬܡܠܠ ܒܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܘܕܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ. ܢܕܡܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܠܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܠܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܠܠܫ̈ܢܐ ܫܝܡ̈ܝܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܗܘ ܝܬܝܪ. ܒܥܒܪܝܐ ܡܬܟܬܒܐ ܗܘܬ ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ܀

## ܐܣܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
*ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ 
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2020 ''Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond'', Oxford University Press ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, 2003 ''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew'', Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 9781403938695

ܥܒܪܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ
ܐܘܪܘܦܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ)

[thumb|400px|ܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܒ[ܥܠܡܐ (ܐܪܥܐ)|ܥܠܡܐ]]
**ܐܘܪܘܦܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܪܝܦܝ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܪܦܝ** (ܡܢ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: Εὐρώπη) ܗܝ ܝܒܫܬܐ܂ ܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܗܝ ܚܕܐ ܡܢ ܫܒܥ ܝܒܫ̈ܬܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕ746000000
ܐܢܫ̈ܐ܂ ܗܘ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܕܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܗܘ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܒܫܬܐ
ܒܪܝܐܢܝ

[thumb|300px|ܒܪܝܐܢܝ ܡܢ [ܒܘܪܡܐ]]

**ܒܪܝܐܢܝ** (ܡܢ ܦܪܣܝܐ بریان "ܩܠܝܐ" ܐܘ "ܛܘܝܐ") ܗܝ ܡܐܟܘܠܬܐ ܕܪܘܙܐ ܕܬܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܒܫܬܘܢܝܬܐ ܗܕܢܘܝܬܐ. ܐܝܬ ܒܗ̇ ܐܨܪ̈ܐ ܗܕ̈ܢܘܝܐ ܘܒܣܪܐ ܘܝܪ̈ܩܘܢܐ ܘܡܣܬܐ ܘܒܝ̈ܥܐ ܘܡܕ̈ܡ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܐܟܘܠܬܐ
ܐܣܝܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ)

[upright=1.25|thumb|ܐܣܝܐ ܓܘ [ܥܠܡܐ (ܐܪܥܐ)|ܥܠܡܐ]]

**ܐܣܝܐ** ܗܝ ܝܒܫܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 4 ܒܠܝܘܢ̈ܐ (ܡܠܝܐܪ̈ܐ) ܐܢܫ̈ܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܒܫܬܐ
ܐܠܦܒܝܬ

[thumb|ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܕ[ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ]]

**ܐܠܦܒܝܬ** ܐܘ **ܐܠܦܒܝܬܐ** ܗܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܥܡ ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܠܫܢܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܐܠܦܒܝ̈ܬ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ܀

ܐܝܟܢ̈ܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝ̈ܬ:
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܡܢܝܢܝܐ
ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ

**ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ** ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܥܪܒܝܐ (ܓܪܫܘܢܝ)܀

ܐܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ (ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܐܦ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܐܪ̈ܝܟܐ܂ ܠܝܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܒܠܚܘܕܝܗܝܢ):
ܟܘܘܝܬ (ܐܬܪܐ)

**ܟܘܘܝܬ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ الكويت‎) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܟܘܘܝܬ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܥܡ ܣܥܘܕܝܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܟܘܘܝܬ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܟܘܘܝܬ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)
ܩܛܪ

**ܩܛܪ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: قطر) ܩܕܡܐܝܬ **ܒܝܬ ܩܛܪ̈ܝܐ**  ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ܂ ܩܛܪ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܥܘܕܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܩܛܪ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀
ܝܡܢ

**ܝܡܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ اليمن) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܓܙܪܬܐ ܝܒܫܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܝܡܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܥܘܕܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܥܘܡܐܢ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܝܡܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀
ܡܨܪܝܢ

**ܡܨܪܝܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ مصر) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܦܪܝܩܐ. ܡܨܪܝܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܦܠܣܛܝܢ (ܓܙܐ) ܘܥܡ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܕܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܠܘܒܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܨܪܝܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀

## ܫܡܐ
ܫܡ **ܡܨܪܝܢ** ܐܘ **ܡܨܪܝܡ** ܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܪܫܐ ܫܝܡܝܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܡ-ܨ-ܪ ܐܟܘܬ ܕܫܡܗ ܪܫܝܡܝܐ ܒܥܪܒܝܐ مصر ܘܒܥܒܪܝܐ מצרים ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܢ. ܘܐܦ ܡܬܩܪܐ **ܐܓܝܦܛܘܣ** ܐܘ **ܐܓܘܦܛܣ** ܐܘ **ܐܓܒܛܣ** ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܠܐܬܝܢܝܐ Aegyptus܀
ܠܘܒܐ

**ܠܘܒܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: ليبيا) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܦܪܝܩܐ܂ ܠܘܒܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܡܨܪܝܢ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܕܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܬܫܐܕ ܘܥܡ ܢܝܓܪ ܘܥܡ ܓܙܐܐܪ ܘܥܡ ܬܘܢܣܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܠܘܒܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀
ܐܠܦ

**ܐܠܦ** ܗܝ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܦܘܢܝܩܝܐ܀
ܒܝܬ

**ܒܝܬ** ܗܝ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ܀
ܒܚܪܝܢ

**ܒܚܪܝܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: البحرين) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ܂ ܒܚܪܝܢ ܗܝ ܓܙܪܬܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܠܣܥܘܕܝܐ ܘܠܩܛܪ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܒܚܪܝܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀
ܥܘܡܐܢ

**ܥܘܡܐܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عُمان) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܥܘܡܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܐܡܝܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܥܪ̈ܒܝܬܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܬܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܥܘܕܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܝܡܢ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܥܘܡܐܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀
ܓܡܠ

**ܓܡܠ** ܗܝ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ܀
ܣܡܟܬ

**ܣܡܟܬ** ܗܝ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ. .ܬܬܩܪܐ ܣܡܟܬ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ **ܣܡܟ** (ס) ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ **ܣܝܢ** (س)܀
ܥܐ

**ܥܐ** ܐܘ **ܥܝܢ** ܗܝ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ܀
ܐܬܢܘܣ

thumb|350px|ܐܬܢܘܣ

**ܐܬܢܘܣ** ܐܘ **ܐܬܝܢܐ** (ܝܘܢܐܝܬ: Αθήνα) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܝܘܢ. ܐܝܬ 745,000 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܐܬܢܘܣ ܝܘܡܢܐ. ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܬܢܘܣ ܡܬܩܪܝܢ ܐܬܢܝ̈ܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܢ
ܬܠ ܐܒܝܒ

thumb|300px|thumbtime=00:03|ܚܙܘܐ ܕܬܠ ܐܒܝܒ

**ܬܠ ܐܒܝܒ** (ܥܒܪܐܝܬ תֵּל־אָבִיב "ܬܠܐ ܕܬܫܪ̈ܝܬܐ"܆ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ تل أبيب) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܒܣܦܬܐ ܕܝܡܐ ܚܘܪܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ ܩܪܝܒܐ ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܕܝܘܦܐ. ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 443,000 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܗܕܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ
ܢܝܢܘܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

thumb|450px|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܒܟܐܦܐ ܕܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ ܒܢܝܢܘܐ ܡܢ ܕܪܐ ܫܒܝܥܝܐ ܩܕܡ ܡܫܝܚܐ.

**ܢܝܢܘܐ** (ܐܟܕܐܝܬ 𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀) ܗܘܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܒܣܦܪܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ ܕܢܗܪܐ ܕܕܩܠܬ ܒܐܬܘܪ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܗܫܝܬܐ ܕܡܘܨܠ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ. ܐܬܐ ܫܡܗ̇ ܡܢ ܫܡܗ ܕܡܠܟܐ ܢܝܢܘܣ ܡܠܟܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ. ܢܝܢܘܐ ܗܘܬ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ ܚܕܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܟܠܚ ܘܐܦ ܗܘܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܠܚܡܫܝܢ ܫܢܝ̈ܢ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܫܢܬ 612 ܩܕܡ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܟܕ ܐܙܕܟܝܬ ܗܘܬ ܡܢ ܒܒܠܝ̈ܐ ܘܡܢ ܡܝܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܢ ܟܠܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܡܢ ܦܪ̈ܣܝܐ ܘܡܢ ܣܩܘܬܝ̈ܐ ܘܡܢ ܩܝܡܪ̈ܝܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܢܡܣܐ

**ܢܡܣܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܣܛܪܝܐ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Österreich) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܢܡܣܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܠܝܟܛܢܫܛܝܢ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܝܣܪܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ ܘܥܡ ܬܫܝܟ ܘܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܓܪ ܘܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܢܡܣܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ܀
ܠܝܟܛܢܫܛܝܢ

**ܠܝܟܛܢܫܛܝܢ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Liechtenstein) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܠܝܟܛܢܫܛܝܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܿ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܢܡܣܐ ܘܣܘܝܣܪܐ܂ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܠܝܟܛܢܫܛܝܢ ܡܡܠܠܝ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ܀
ܗܘܠܢܕܐ

**ܗܘܠܢܕܐ** ܐܘ **ܗܘܠܐܢܕܐ** (ܗܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ: Nederland "ܐܪܥܐ ܬܚܬܝܬܐ") ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܘܐܝܬܝܗ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܠܢܕܐ. ܗܘܠܢܕܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܒܠܓܝܩܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܗܘܠܢܕܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܗܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
*ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܗܘܠܢܕܐ


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܘܪܘܦܐ
ܒܠܓܝܩܐ

**ܒܠܓܝܩܐ** (ܗܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ: België܄ ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ: Belgique܄ ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Belgien) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܒܠܓܝܩܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܠܢܕܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ ܘܥܡ ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ ܘܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܒܠܓܝܩܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܗܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ ܘܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ ܘܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ܀
ܒܪܠܝܢ

thumb|250px|ܒܪܠܝܢ ܒܓܪܡܢ
**ܒܪܠܝܢ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ Berlin) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܓܪܡܢ. ܐܝܬ 3,769,495 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܒܪܠܝܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀


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ܓܪܡܢ

**ܓܪܡܢ**/**ܓܪܡܐܢ** ܐܘ **ܓܪܡܢܝܐ**/**ܓܪܡܐܢܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܠܡܢ**/**ܐܠܐܡܐܢ** ܐܘ **ܐܠܡܢܝܐ**/**ܐܠܐܡܐܢܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܠܡܣܣܬܢ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Deutschland) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܓܪܡܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ ܘܥܡ ܦܘܠܢܕ ܘܥܡ ܬܫܝܟ ܘܥܡ ܢܡܣܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܝܣܪܐ ܘܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ ܘܥܡ ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ ܘܥܡ ܒܠܓܝܩܐ ܘܥܡ ܗܘܠܢܕܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܓܪܡܢ ܡܡܠܠܝܢ ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ. ܡܛܠ ܬܡܢܝܢ ܘܬܪܝܢ ܡܠܝܘܢܐ ܒܢ̈ܝ ܐܢܫܐ ܓܪܡܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܪܒ ܒܟܠ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܗܘ ܬܠܬܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ܀

ܓܪܡܢ ܦܕܪܠܝܬܐ ܒܢܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܬܥܣܪ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܝܢ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܒܪܠܝܢ. ܗܕܡܐ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܘܒܢܐܛܘ ܘܒܟܢܫܐ ܕܬܡܢܝܐ (G8) ܘܒܫܘܬܐܣ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ. ܓܪܡܢ ܚܝܠܐ ܡܡܘܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܗܘ ܬܠܬܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܘܪܘܦܐ
ܒܓܕܐܕ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

300px|thumb|ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܚܝܦܐܐ ܒܒܓܕܐܕ

**ܒܓܕܐܕ** ܐܘ **ܒܓܕܕ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ بَغْدَاد‎) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܒܬܪ ܐܠܩܐܗܪܐ. ܒܓܕܐܕ ܐܦ ܬܬܩܪܐ **ܡܕܝܢܬ ܫܠܡܐ**. ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 9,100,000 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܒܓܕܐܕ ܝܘܡܢܐ. ܬܬܦܠܓܬ ܒܓܕܐܕ ܠܬܪܬܝܢ ܡܢܘ̈ܢ ܡܢ ܢܗܪܐ ܕܕܩܠܬ: ܡܢܬܐ ܕܡܥܪܒܐ ܒܫܡܐ ܕܟܪܟ ܘܡܢܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܒܫܡܐ ܕܪܨܐܦܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܛܗܪܐܢ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܛܗܪܐܢ

**ܛܗܪܐܢ** ܐܘ **ܬܗܪܐܢ** (ܦܪܣܐܝܬ تهران) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܛܗܪܐܢ. ܐܝܬ ܩܘܪܒܐ ܕܬܡܢܡܐܐ ܘܫܒܥܝܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܛܗܪܐܢ ܘܐܠܦܐ ܘܚܡܫܡܐܐ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܛܗܪܐܢ ܪܒܬܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܝܪܐܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܝܪܐܢ
ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ

**ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ** (ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓܐܝܬ Lëtzebuerg܆ ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ Luxembourg܆ ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ Luxemburg) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܒܠܓܝܩܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ ܘܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓܐܝܬ ܘܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ ܘܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ܀
ܣܘܝܣܪܐ

**ܣܘܝܣܪܐ** (ܓܪܡܢܝܐ: Schweiz܄ ܦܪܢܣܝܐ: Suisse܄ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ: Svizzera܄ ܪܘܡܢܫ: Svizra) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܣܘܝܣܪܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ ܘܓܪܡܢ ܘܢܡܣܐ ܘܠܝܟܛܢܫܛܝܢ ܘܐܝܛܠܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܣܘܝܣܪܐ ܡܡܠܝܢ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ ܘܦܪܢܣܝܐ ܘܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܘܪܘܡܢܫ܀
ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ

**ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ** ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܣܓ̈ܝܐܐ܀ 

ܐܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܫܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ (ܚܡܫܐ ܐܘ ܫܬܐ ܙܘܥ̈ܝܢ):
ܒܝܪܘܬ

thumb|ܒܝܪܘܬ ܒܫܢܬ 1900

**ܒܝܪܘܬ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ بيروت) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ܂ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 1,500,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܒܝܪܘܬ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܠܒܢܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܠܒܢܢ
ܬܣܝܪܝܟ

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**ܬܣܝܪܝܟ** ܐܘ **ܬܣܝܪܝ** (ܓܪܡܢܝܐ: Zürich) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܓܘ ܣܘܣܪܐ܂ ܐܝܬ 365,000 ܐܢܫܐ ܓܘ ܬܣܝܪܝܟ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀
ܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ

**ܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ** (ܕܐܢܡܐܪܩܐܝܬ: Danmark) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܠܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܕܐܢܡܐܪܩܐܝܬ܀
ܒܪܢ

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**ܒܪܢ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Bern܄ ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ: Berne܄ ܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ ܘܪܘܡܢܫܐܝܬ: Berna܄ ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ ܒܪܢܝܐ: Bärn) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܣܘܝܣܪܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܡܐܬܐ ܘܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܡܢܝܐ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܒܪܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀
ܦܪܢܣܐ

**ܦܪܢܣܐ** (ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ: France) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܦܪܢܣܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܒܠܓܝܩܐ ܘܥܡ ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܣܪܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܘܢܐܩܘ ܘܥܡ ܐܢܕܘܪܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܦܪܢܣܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ܀

## ܫܪܝܫ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܫܡܐ ܦܪܢܣܐ
ܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܕ"ܦܪܢܣܐ" ܟܐܬܗ ܡܢ ܡܠܬܐ ܕܦܪܢܣܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܠܬܝܢܝܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕ"ܐܬܪܐ ܕܦܪܢܟܝܐ". ܐܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܣܓܝ ܡܬܠܐ ܚܪܐܢܐ ܥܠ ܗܘ ܫܪܝܫ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܫܡܐ ܕܦܪܢܟ. ܚܕ ܡܢ ܕܕ ܐܬܝ ܗܢܐ ܫܡܐ ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܠܡܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܦܪܢܟܘܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܪܢܣܐ
ܐܢܕܘܪܐ

**ܐܢܕܘܪܐ** (ܩܛܠܘܢܐܝܬ: Andorra) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܐܢܕܘܪܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܢܕܘܪܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܩܛܠܘܢܐܝܬ܀
ܐܣܦܢܝܐ

**ܐܣܦܢܝܐ** (ܐܣܦܢܐܝܬ: España) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܢܕܘܪܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܒܠ ܛܐܪܩ ܘܥܡ ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܣܦܢܐܝܬ ܘܒܣܩܐܝܬ ܘܩܛܠܘܢܐܝܬ ܘܓܠܝܩܐܝܬ܀
ܐܢܩܪܐ

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**ܐܢܩܪܐ** (ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ Ankara) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ. ܐܝܬ 4,300,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܐܢܩܪܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ
ܫܡܣܕܝܢ

thumb|300px|ܫܡܣܕܝܢ ܡܢ ܫܢܬ 2006

**ܫܡܣܕܝܢ** (ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ Şemdinli܆ ܩܪܕܘܐܝܬ Şemzînan) ܗܝ ܩܠܝܡܐ ܒܗܟܐܪܝ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ. ܒܫܢܬ 2010 ܐܝܬ ܗܘܘ 11,211 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܫܡܣܕܝܢ܀

## ܛܒܝܒ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܫܡܣܕܝܢ
* ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ
* ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ

## ܡܬܘ̈ܬܐ
* ܒܝܬ ܓܪܓܢ
* ܗܠܢܐ
* ܟܝܬܘܢܐ
* ܫܦܛܢ
* ܣܪܘܢܝܣ
* ܬܝܣ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܫܡܣܕܝܢ
ܪܗܘܡܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

thumb|300px|ܪܗܘܡܐ

**ܪܗܘܡܐ** ܐܘ **ܪܘܡܐ** (ܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ: Roma) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܛܠܝܐ܂ ܐܝܬ 2,548,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܪܗܘܡܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܝܛܠܝܐ
ܣܢ ܡܪܝܢܘ

**ܣܢ ܡܪܝܢܘ** (ܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ: San Marino) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܣܢ ܡܪܝܢܘ ܗܘ ܟܠ ܒܐܝܛܠܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܣܢ ܡܪܝܢܘ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ܀
ܦܝܢܠܢܕ

**ܦܝܢܠܢܕ** (ܦܝܢܠܢܕܐܝܬ: Suomi܄ ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ: Finland) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܦܝܢܠܢܕ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܿ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܘܝܕ ܘܥܡ ܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܦܝܢܠܢܕ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܦܝܢܠܢܕܐܝܬ ܘܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ܀
ܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ

thumb|ܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ
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**ܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ** ܐܘ **ܐܡܣܬܪܕܐܡ** (ܗܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ: Amsterdam) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܠܢܕܐ܂ ܐܝܬ 780,152 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ ܡܢ ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬܐ ܕܫܢܬ 2010܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܗܘܠܢܕܐ
ܛܘܩܝܘ

[thumb|350px|ܒܢܝܢ̈ܐ ܕܛܘܩܝܘ. [ܛܘܪܐ ܕܦܘܓܝ ܡܬܚܙܐ ܡܢ ܒܣܬܪ.]]

**ܛܘܩܝܘ** (ܝܦܢܐܝܬ 東京 ܐܘܟܝܬ "ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܬܐ") ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܪܒܬܐ ܕܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܕܝܦܢ. ܐܝܬ 13,929,286 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܛܘܩܝܘ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܝܦܢ
ܩܛܠܘܢܝܐ

thumb|300px|ܩܛܠܘܢܝܐ ܒܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܘܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ

**ܩܛܠܘܢܝܐ** (ܩܛܠܘܢܐܝܬ Catalunya܆ ܐܘܟܣܝܛܢܐܝܬ Catalonha܆ ܐܣܦܢܐܝܬ Cataluña) ܗܝ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܘܐܘܝܘܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ-ܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܣܦܢܝܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܩܛܠܘܢܝܐ ܗܝ ܒܪܣܠܘܢܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܩܛܠܘܢܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܩܛܠܘܢܐܝܬ܀
ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠ

**ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠ** (ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠܐܝܬ Portugal) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܦܘܪܛܘܓܠ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠܐܝܬ܀
ܡܘܢܐܩܘ

**ܡܘܢܐܩܘ** (ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ: Monaco) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܡܘܢܐܩܘ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܿ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܘܢܐܩܘ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ܀
ܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ

**ܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ** (ܣܠܘܒܢܐܝܬ: Slovenija) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܿ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܢܡܣܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܓܪ ܘܥܡ ܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܣܠܘܒܐܢܝܬ܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
* ܦܐܬܐ ܥܠ ܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ
* ܦܐܬܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܬܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܣܠܘܒܢܝܬܐ
ܝܦܢ

**ܝܦܢ** (ܝܦܢܐܝܬ 日本) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܢ ܓܙܪ̈ܢ ܒܝܦܢ ܘܐܪ̈ܒܥܬܝܗܝܢ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܢ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܐܢܝܢ ܗܘܢܫܘ ܘܗܘܩܝܕܘ ܘܩܝܘܫܘ ܘܫܝܩܘܩܘ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܝܦܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܝܦܢܐܝܬ܀
ܢܘܪܒܝܓ

**ܢܘܪܒܝܓ** (ܢܘܪܒܝܓܐܝܬ Norge ܐܘ Noreg) ܐܘ ܫܠܝܛܐܝܬ **ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܢܘܪܒܝܓ** (ܢܘܪܒܝܓܐܝܬ Kongeriket Norge ܐܘ Kongeriket Noreg) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܢܘܪܕܝܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ ܝܒܫܢܝܬܐ ܣܩܢܕܝܢܐܒܝܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܘܓܙܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܝܐܢ ܡܐܝܢ ܘܕܣܒܐܠܒܐܪܕ ܘܕܒܘܒܗ. ܫܛܚܐ ܟܠܢܝܐ ܕܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܗܘ 385,252 km² ܘܩܪܝܒ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܠܚܡܫܐ ܡܠܝܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ. ܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܕܠܐ ܣܒܝܣ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܠܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܘܝܕ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܠܐܪܥܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܥܡ ܦܝܢܠܢܕ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ. ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܡܬܚܡܐ ܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܠܡܥܒܪܐ ܕܣܩܐܓܝܪܐܩ ܥܠ ܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܗܝ ܐܘܣܠܘ. ܣܦܪ ܝܡܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܥܠ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܐܛܠܢܛܝܐ ܘܥܠ ܝܡܐ ܕܒܐܪܢܛܣ ܗܘ ܒܝܬܐ ܕܦܝܘܪ̈ܕܐ ܡܫܡܗ̈ܐ. ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܢܘܪܒܝܓܐܝܬ܀

## ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ
ܦܘܠܢܕ

**ܦܘܠܢܕ** (ܦܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ: Polska) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܦܘܠܢܕܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܿ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ ܘܥܡ ܬܫܝܟ ܘܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܠܐܪܘܣ ܘܥܡ ܠܬܘܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܦܘܠܢܕ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܦܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ܀
ܬܫܝܟ

**ܬܫܝܟ** (ܬܫܝܟܐܝܬ: Česko) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܬܫܝܟ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܿ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܓܪܡܢ ܘܥܡ ܦܘܠܢܕ ܘܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܢܡܣܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܬܫܝܟ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܬܫܝܟܐܝܬ܀
ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ

**ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ** (ܣܠܘܒܩܐܝܬ: Slovensko) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܬܫܝܟ ܘܥܡ ܦܘܠܢܕ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܓܪ ܘܥܡ ܢܡܣܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܣܠܘܒܩܐܝܬ܀
ܡܓܪ

**ܡܓܪ** ܐܘ **ܗܘܢܓܪܝܐ** (ܡܓܪܐܝܬ Magyarország) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ. ܡܓܪ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܢܡܣܐ ܠܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ ܠܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܠܓܪܒܝ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ ܠܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܠܬܝܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܪܒܝܐ ܠܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ ܘܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ ܠܬܝܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܓܪ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܡܓܪܐܝܬ܀
ܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ

**ܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ** (ܩܪܘܐܛܐܝܬ: Hrvatska) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܿ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܓܪ ܘܥܡ ܣܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܬܣܓܘܒܝܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܩܪܘܐܛܐܝܬ܀
ܪܘܡܢܝܐ

**ܪܘܡܢܝܐ** (ܪܘܡܢܝܐ: România) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܣܪܒܝܐ ܘܡܓܪ ܘܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܘܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ ܘܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܪܘܡܢܝܐ ܡܠܠܝܢ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ܀
ܣܘܝܕ

**ܣܘܝܕ** (ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ Sverige) ܐܘ ܫܠܝܛܐܝܬ **ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ** (ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ Konungariket Sverige) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܢܘܪܕܝܐ ܒܓܙܪܬܐ ܝܒܫܢܝܬܐ ܣܩܢܕܝܢܐܒܝܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ. ܣܘܝܕ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܢܘܪܒܝܓ ܒܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܦܝܢܠܢܕ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܡܠܡܕܐ ܠܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ ܒܓܫܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܝܣܘܢܕ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ. ܣܘܝܕ ܗܝ ܗܕܡܐ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬ 1995܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܫܪܝܬ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ ܒܕܪܐ ܬܠܬܥܣܝܪܝܐ ܩܕܡ ܡܫܝܚܐ. ܒܕܪܐ ܬܫܝܥܝܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܐ ܒܥܢ ܕܡܩܪܒܝܢ ܘܡܝܕܝܢ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ ܒܐܡܦܪܛܘܪܘܬܐ ܕܪܗܘܡܐ ܐܠܐ ܠܐ ܡܨܐ ܕܣܝܡܝ ܗܘ ܡܕܡ ܕܒܥܢ ܗܘܐ. ܒܕܪܐ ܫܒܥܬܥܣܝܪܝܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܣܘܝܕ ܗܘܬ ܐܡܦܪܛܘܪܘܬܐ܀

## ܕܡܘܓܪܐܦܝܐ
ܒܝܘܡ 31 ܒܝܪܚ ܐܕܪ ܒܫܢܬ 2006 ܣܘܝܕ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܘ ܠܗ̇ 049 670 9 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ. ܣܘܝܕ̈ܝܐ 86.7% ܢܐ ܒܟܢܫܐ. ܐܘ ܥܡܐ ܫܘܪܫܝܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ ܗܘܐ ܣܐܡܪ ܐܠܐ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܒܨܝܪܐ ܪܒܘܬܐ ܘܫܒܥܐ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܢ ܦܪ̈ܨܘܦܝܢ ܒܠܚܘܕ. ܟܠ ܫܢܐ ܫܬ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܝܢ ܩܐܬܐ ܣܩܪ̈ܣ ܣܘܝܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܘܩܐܬܐ ܐܝܡܟܢ ܕܚܝܢ ܚܐܪܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ. ܒܬܠܬ ܫܢ̈ܝܢ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܢ ܐܬܘ ܣܓܝ ܕܢܘܟܪ̈ܝܐ ܡܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܘܕܣܪܒܝܐ ܘܕܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܕܒܝܛܢܐܡ ܘܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܕܣܘܪܝܐ܀

## ܠܫܢܐ
ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܝܕܝܐ ܠܐ ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܫܠܝܛܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ ܐܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܪܒܐ. ܒܣܘܝܕ ܣܓܝ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܝܬܐ ܣܟܠܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ. ܗܝ ܣܓܝܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܠܘܦ̈ܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ ܡܨܐ ܕܝܠܦܝܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܦܪܢܣܝܐ ܐܘ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ ܐܘ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܐܘ ܘܐܣܦܢܝܐ. ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܝܟ ܝܕܝܫܝܐ ܘܪܘܡܐܢܝ ܘܦܝܢܠܢܕܝܐ ܘܣܐܡܝܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܙܕܩܐ ܕܩܠܝܠܬܗ܀

## ܬܘܕܝܬܐ
ܒܙܒܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܣܘܝܕ ܗܘܬ ܐܬܪܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܐܠܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬ 1530 ܣܘܝܕ ܗܘܬ ܐܬܪܐ ܦܪܘܛܣܛܢܛܝܐ. 23% ܐܢ̈ܫܝܢ ܡܢ ܟܢܫܐ ܣܘܝܕܝܐ ܐܢܘܢ ܕܠܐ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ. ܒܣܘܝܕ ܐܝܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܚܡܫܝܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܝܢ܀ 

## ܓܠܘܬܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ
ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܕܐܬܘ ܠܣܘܝܕ ܐܬܘ ܒܫܢܬ 1967 ܡܢ ܠܒܢܢ. ܐܝܬ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܬܡܢܐ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܢ ܒܣܘܝܕ ܘܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܚܡܫ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܘܚܡܫܐ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܢ ܐܢܘܢ ܗܕ̈ܡܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ. ܐܦ ܐܝܬ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܗܕ̈ܡܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܘܕܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ. ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ ܐܝܬܐ ܣܓܝ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܚܘܕܪܐ ܘܕܫܘܬܐܣܐ. ܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ ܗܘ ܥܡܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܥܡ ܦܠܚܢܐ ܫܦܝܪܐ. ܐܡܪ ܪܝܫܐ ܕܓܒܐ ܕܡܫܝܚ̈ܝܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ "ܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܗܘ ܥܡܐ ܢܗܝܪܐ ܘܙܕ ܡܫܘܫܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܥܡܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܝܠܢ"܀
ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ

**ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ** (ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ: Eesti) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܠܐܛܒܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܐܣܬܘܢܝܐ ܡܠܠܝܢ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ܀
ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܬܣܓܘܒܝܢܐ

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**ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܬܣܓܘܒܝܢܐ** (ܒܘܣܢܐܝܬ ܘܣܪܒܐܝܬ ܘܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ: Bosna i Hercegovina ܐܘ Босна и Херцеговина) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܬܣܓܘܒܝܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܬܣܓܘܒܝܢܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܒܘܣܢܐܝܬ ܘܣܪܒܐܝܬ ܘܩܪܘܐܛܐܝܬ܀
ܠܬܘܢܝܐ

**ܠܬܘܢܝܐ** (ܠܬܘܢܝܐ: Lietuva) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܠܬܘܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܠܐܛܒܝܐ܄ ܒܠܐܪܘܣ܄ ܦܘܠܢܕ܄ ܘܪܘܣܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܠܛܘܢܝܐ ܡܡܠܠܝ ܠܬܘܢܝܐ܀
ܠܐܛܒܝܐ

**ܠܐܛܒܝܐ** (ܠܐܛܒܐܝܬ: Latvija) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܠܠܐܛܒܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ‏ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܠܐܪܘܣ ܘܥܡ ܠܬܘܢܝܐ܂ ܐܢ̈ܫܐ ܒܠܐܛܒܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܠܐܛܒܐܝܬ܀
ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ

**ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ** (ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐܝܬ Україна) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܓܪ ܘܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܦܘܠܢܕ ܘܥܡ ܒܠܐܪܘܣ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐܝܬ܀
ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ

**ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ** (ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐܝܬ: Moldova) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܘܠܕܘܒܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐܝܬ (ܪܘܡܢܐܝܬ)܀
ܣܪܒܝܐ

**ܣܪܒܝܐ** (ܣܪܒܐܝܬ Србија ܐܘ Srbija) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܒܫܢܬ 2006 ܗܘܬ ܚܕ ܐܬܪ ܥܡ ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ (ܣܪܒܝܐ ܘܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ). ܣܪܒܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܬܣܓܘܒܝܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܩܪܘܐܛܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܓܪ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܠܒܢܝܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܣܪܒܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܣܪܒܐܝܬ܀
ܐܠܒܢܝܐ

**ܐܠܒܢܝܐ** (ܐܠܒܢܐܝܬ Shqipëri ܐܘ Shqipëria) ܐܘ ܐܘ ܫܠܝܛܐܝܬ **ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܒܢܝܐ** (ܐܠܒܢܐܝܬ Republika e Shqipërisë) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܬܝܡܢ ܡܕܢܚ ܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܒܓܙܪܬܐ ܝܒܫܢܝܬܐ ܕܒܠܩܢ. ܢܦܠܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܗܢܐ ܥܠ ܝܡܡ̈ܐ ܐܕܪܝܐܛܝܩܝܐ ܘܝܘܢܝܐ ܒܓܘ ܝܡܐ ܪܒܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ ܒܓܪܒܝ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܪܒܝܐ ܒܓܪܒܝ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܝܘܢ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܠܒܢܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܠܒܢܐܝܬ܀܀܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܒܠܩܢܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ
ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ

**ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ** (ܡܩܕܘܢܐܝܬ Северна Македонија) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܐܠܒܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܝܘܢ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܡܩܕܘܢܐܝܬ ܘܐܠܒܢܐܝܬ܀
ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ

**ܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ** (ܒܘܠܓܐܪܐܝܬ: България) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܠܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܓܪܒܝ ܡܩܕܘܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܡܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܝܘܢ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܒܘܠܓܐܪܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܒܘܠܓܐܪܐܝܬ܀
ܒܠܐܪܘܣ

**ܒܠܐܪܘܣ** ܐܘ ** ܪܘܣܝܐ ܚܘܪܬܐ** (ܒܠܐܪܘܣܐܝܬ ܘܪܘܣܐܝܬ Беларусь) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܒܠܐܪܘܣ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܠܬܘܢܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܠܐܛܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܦܘܠܢܕ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܒܠܐܪܘܣ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܒܠܐܪܘܣܐܝܬ ܘܪܘܣܐܝܬ܀
ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ

**ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ** (ܨܪܒܝܐ: Црна Гора ܐܘ Crna Gora) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܥܠ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ2006 ܗܘܬ ܚܕܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܥܡ ܨܪܒܝܐ (ܨܪܒܝܐ ܘܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ)܂ ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܒܘܣܢܐ ܘܗܪܬܣܓܘܒܝܢܐ ܘܨܪܒܝܐ ܘܐܠܒܢܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ ܡܠܠܝܢ ܨܪܒܝܐ܀
ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܘܛܝܩܢ

**ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܘܛܝܩܢ** (ܠܐܛܝܢܐܝܬ Civitas Vaticana܆ ܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ Città del Vaticano) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܘܛܝܩܢ ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܙܥܘܪ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܒܫܛܝܚܘܬܐ ܘܐܦ ܒܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ. ܢܬܚܕܪ ܟܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܗ̇ ܡܢ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܪܗܘܡܐ ܒܐܝܛܠܝܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܘܛܝܩܢ ܗܝ ܒܝܬܐ ܕܦܐܦܐ ܗܘ ܕܪܝܫܢܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ ܪܗܘܡܝܬܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܘܛܝܩܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܠܐܛܝܢܐܝܬ ܘܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ܀
ܗܠܣܢܩܝ

thumb|ܗܠܣܢܩܝ

**ܗܠܣܢܩܝ** (ܦܝܢܠܢܕܐܝܬ: Helsinki܄ ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ: Helsingfors) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܦܝܢܠܢܕ܂ ܐܝܬ 562,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܗܠܣܢܩܝ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀
ܣܛܘܩܗܘܠܡ

thumb|300px|ܣܛܘܩܗܘܠܡ

**ܣܛܘܩܗܘܠܡ** (ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ: Stockholm) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ܂ ܐܝܬ 825.057 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܣܛܘܩܗܘܠܡ ܒ 2009܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܣܘܝܕ
ܐܘܣܠܘ

thumb|300px|ܐܘܣܠܘ

**ܐܘܣܠܘ** (ܢܘܪܒܝܓܐܝܬ Oslo) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܢܘܪܒܝܓ܂ ܐܝܬ 542,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܐܘܣܠܘ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܘܪܘܦܐ
ܗܐܡܒܘܪܓ

thumb|ܗܐܡܒܘܪܓ ܒܓܪܡܢ
thumb|ܗܐܡܒܘܪܓ
**ܗܐܡܒܘܪܓ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Hamburg) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܓܪܡܢ܂ ܐܝܬ 1,744,224 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܗܐܡܒܘܪܓ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀
ܒܪܘܟܣܠ

thumb|ܒܪܘܟܣܠ ܒܒܠܓܝܩܐ

**ܒܪܘܟܣܠ** (ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ: Bruxelles܄ ܗܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ: Brussel܄ ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Brüssel) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܒܠܓܝܩܐ܂ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 1,800,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܒܪܘܟܣܠ܀
ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ

**ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ** ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܡܟܬܒ ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ܀

## ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ
ܐܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܐܪܒܥ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܠܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ (ܫܒܥܐ ܙܘܥ̈ܝܢ):

ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܥܬܝܩ̈ܬܐ:

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
* ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܝܘܢܝܐ

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* Digamma
* Stigma
* Heta
* San
* Koppa
* Sampi
* Sho
ܩܘܦܢܗܐܓܢ

thumb|250px|ܩܘܦܢܗܐܓܢ ܒܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ

**ܩܘܦܢܗܐܓܢ** (ܕܐܢܡܐܪܩܐܝܬ: København) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܕܐܢܡܐܪܩ܂ ܐܝܬ 1,212,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܩܘܦܢܗܐܓܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀
ܐܝܛܠܝܐ

**ܐܝܛܠܝܐ** (ܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ: Italia) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܦܪܢܣܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܘܝܣܪܐ ܘܥܡ ܢܡܣܐ ܘܥܡ ܣܠܘܒܢܝܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܙܥܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܣܢ ܡܪܝܢܘ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܘܛܝܩܢ ܓܘ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܐܝܛܠܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܝܛܠܐܝܬ܂ ܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܗܕܡܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܝܛܠܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܘܪܘܦܐ
ܡܪܝ ܝܫܘܥ

**ܡܪܝ ܝܫܘܥ** (ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ: Karakilise܄ ܟܘܪܕܐܝܬ: Dêra reş) ܗܝ  ܚܕܐ ܡܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܒܫܡܣܕܝܢ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ܀
ܦܐܪܝܣ

**ܦܐܪܝܣ** (ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ: Paris) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܦܪܢܣܐ܂ ܢܦܠܐ ܦܐܪܝܣ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܦܪܢܣܐ ܥܠ ܢܗܪܐ ܕܣܢ ܘܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 2,000,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܦܐܪܝܣ ܝܘܡܢܐ܂ ܦܐܪܝܣ ܗܝ ܩܢܛܪܘܢ ܪܝܫܝܐ ܕܫܘܓܠܐ ܬܐܓܘܪܬܢܝܐ ܘܕܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܘܕܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܒܬܐܒܝܠ܀

Panorama_Paris_December_2007-2.jpg|ܚܙܘܐ ܡܢ ܦܐܪܝܣ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܡܓܕܠܐ ܕܐܝܦܠ ܡܫܡܗܐ
Paris-Arc de Triomphe-104-2017-gje.jpg|
Paris-Notre Dame-116-Westfassade-2017-gje.jpg|
Paris-Jardin du Luxembourg-106-2017-gje.jpg|
Paris-Louvre-102-von Pont des Arts-2017-gje.jpg|
ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܪܢܣܐ
ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ

**ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ** (ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢܐܝܬ: Azərbaycan)، ܩܕܡܐܝܬ **ܐܕܘܪܒܝܓܐܢ** ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ ܘܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܓܘܪܓܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢܐܝܬ܀
ܡܕܪܝܕ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܡܕܪܝܕ

**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܡܕܪܝܕ** (ܐܣܦܢܝܐ: Comunidad de Madrid) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܣܦܢܝܐ܂ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ 6,251,876 ܐܢܫܝ̈ܢ ܒܓܘ ܡܕܪܝܕ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܡܕܪܝܕ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)
ܠܫܒܘܢܐ

thumb|ܠܫܒܘܢܐ

**ܠܫܒܘܢܐ** (ܦܘܪܛܘܓܠܐܝܬ: Lisboa) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܦܘܪܛܘܓܠ܂ ܐܝܬ 564,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܠܫܒܘܢܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀


Lissabon-Castelo de Sao Jorge-12-Ausblick-2011-gje.jpg
Lissabon-Rossio-28-Wahlkundgebung-2011-gje.jpg
Lissabon-116-Altstadt-Antennen-1983-gje.jpg
Lissabon-Strassenbahn-24-Linie 28-Rua Vitor Cordon-2011-gje.jpg
Lissabon-Convento do Carmo-16-2011-gje.jpg
Lissabon-Rua da Alfandega-04-Haeuser-2011-gje.jpg
Lissabon-Largo das Portas do Sol-34-Balkone-2011-gje.jpg
Lissabon-Sao Roque-18-2011-gje.jpg
ܘܐܪܣܘ

**ܘܐܪܣܘ** ܐܘ **ܒܪܫܐܒܐ** (ܦܘܠܢܕܐܝܬ Warszawa) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܢܕ. ܢܦܠܐ ܒܢܗܪܐ ܕܒܝܣܛܘܠܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܘܠܢܕ ܘܐܝܬ 1,726,581 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܘܐܪܣܘ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ2014܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܘܠܢܕ
ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ

**ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ** ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܝܝܕܝܫ ܘܠܐܕܝܢܘ ܘܥܪܒܝܐ ܝܗܘܕܝܐ. ܐܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܒܪܝܐ (ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܐܦ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܐܪ̈ܝܟܐ. ܠܝܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܒܠܚܘܕܝܗܝܢ) ܘܐܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܥܒܪ̈ܝܬܐ ܡܬܩܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܢ ܝܡܝܢܐ ܠܣܡܠܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܠܫܢܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ
ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ

thumb|ܫܡܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ''ܐܠܥܪܒܝܗ'' (العربية) ܟܬܝܒܐ ܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ. ܛܘܦܣܐ ܗܢܐ ܗܘ ܕܠܐ ''ܚܪܟܐܬ'' (حَرَكَات ܐܘܟܝܬ ܙܘܥ̈ܐ).

**ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة‎ *ܐܠܐܒܓܕܝܗ ܐܠܥܪܒܝܗ* ܐܘ الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة *ܐܠܚܘܪܘܦ ܐܠܥܪܒܝܗ*) ܐܘ **ܐܒܓܕ ܥܪܒܝܐ** ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ. ܡܦܩ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܚ̈ܠܦܬܐ ܡܬܚܫܚܢ ܠܡܟܬܒ ܠܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܘܐܪܕܘ ܘܟܘܪܕܝܐ ܘܦܫܛܘܢܝܐ܀

ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܟܬܝܒ ܡܢ ܝܡܝܢܐ ܠܣܡܠܐ (ܐܝܟ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) ܘܐܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܡܢܐ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ (ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܐܦ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܐܪ̈ܝܟܐ. ܠܝܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܒܠܚܘܕܝܗܝܢ):
ܐܪܡܢܝܐ

**ܐܪܡܢܝܐ** (ܐܪܡܢܐܝܬ Հայաստան) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ. ܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܓܘܪܓܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܪܡܢܐܝܬ܀

## ܫܪܫܐ ܕܫܡܐ
ܫܡܐ ܕܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܗܘ **ܗܐܝܐܣܛܐܢ**܀ 

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܒܙܒܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܗܘܬ܄ ܘܐܡܪ ܗܘܐ ܠܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܪܒܬܐ. ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ301 ܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܗܘܬ ܐܬܪܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ ܕܡܘܕܠܐ ܗܝ ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܠܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܬܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ܀
ܓܘܪܓܝܐ (ܐܬܪܐ)

thumb|250px|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܕܓܘܪܓܝܐ

**ܓܘܪܓܝܐ** (ܓܘܪܓܝܐܝܬ საქართველო "**ܣܐܟܐܪܬܒܠܘ**") ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܣܝܐ ܘܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܓܘܪܓܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܙܪܒܝܓܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܘܥܡܛܘܪܩܝܐ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܓܘܪܓܝܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܓܘܪܓܐܝܬ܀



Mtskheta-08-von Jvari-Kirche-Araqvi-Mtkvari-2019-gje.jpg|ܡܬܣܟܝܬܐ
Stepantsminda-Dreifaltigkeits-Kirche-10-Glockenturm-2019-gje.jpg|ܣܛܦܢܬܣܡܝܢܕܐ
Bodbe-06-Nino-Kirche-2019-gje.jpg|ܒܘܕܒܗ
Zhinvali-Stausee-04-Ananuri-Festung-2019-gje.jpg|ܙܝܢܒܐܠܝ
Sighnaghi-20-Teppichhandel-2019-gje.jpg|ܣܝܓܢܐܓܝ
ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ

**ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ** ܗܝ:

* ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܐ
* ܥܕܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ
* ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܟܠܕܝܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܐ
ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܐ

**ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ** ܗܝ ܥܕܬܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ. ܫܡܐ ܗܢܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܗܘܐ ܡܢ ܕܪܐ ܕܬܫܥܣܪ܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܫܬܬܐܣܬ ܒܫܢܬ 37 ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܒܣܘܢܗܕܘܣ ܬܒܠܝܬܐ ܕ431 ܒܡܕܝܢܬ ܐܦܣܘܣ܇ ܦܠܓܘ ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܕܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܡܢ ܒܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ. ܡܢ ܕܪܐ ܬܫܝܥܝܐ ܠܕܪܐ ܐܪܒܥܣܪ ܗܘܬ ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܥܕܬܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܥܕ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܬܐ ܒܓܐܘܓܪܦܝܐ ܥܡ ܡܪ̈ܥܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܠܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܣܝܐ܀

ܒܫܢܬ 1552 ܐܬܦܠܓܬ ܥܕܬܐ ܒܬܪܬܝܢ ܥܕ̈ܢ ܡܛܠ ܕܣܕܩܐ. ܡܢ ܓܒܐ ܚܕ ܐܫܬܬܣܬ ܗܘܬ ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܡܢ ܓܒܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ܀

## ܕܪ̈ܓܐ ܥܕ̈ܬܢܝܐ
**ܥܠܠܢ̈ܐ** 

ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ (ܪܝܫܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ)

ܡܝܛܪܦܘܠܝܛܐ

ܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ

**ܟܗܢ̈ܐ**

ܐܪܟܕܝܩܘܢ

ܟܘܪܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ 

ܟܗܢܐ 

**ܡܫܡܫܢ̈ܐ**

ܗܘܦܕܝܩܢܐ 

ܡܫܡܢܐ

ܩܪܘܝܐ

## ܥܠܠܢ̈ܐ

### ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ
* ܡܪܝ ܐܒܐ ܪܘܒܝܠ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ

### ܡܝܛܪ̈ܦܘܠܝܛܐ
* ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ (ܗܢܕܘ)
* ܡܪܝ ܡܝܠܝܣ ܙܝܥܐ (ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܘܠܒܢܢ)
* ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܢܬܢܝܐܝܠ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ)

### ܐܦܣܩܘܦ̈ܐ
* ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܟܡܝܣ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ)
* ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܝܘܣܦ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ)
* ܡܪܝ ܥܒܕܝܫܘܥ ܐܒܪܗܡ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܣܩܢܕܝܢܐܒܝܐ ܘܕܓܪܡܢ)
* ܡܪܝ ܐܝܣܚܩ ܝܘܣܦ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܕܐܪܡܝܢܐ ܘܕܢܘܗܕܪܐ)
* ܡܪܝ ܐܒܪܗܡ ܝܟܢܝܣ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܠܘܢܕܘܢ ܘܕܡܥܪܒܐ ܕܐܘܪܘܦܐ)
* ܡܪܝ ܐܒܪܣ ܝܘܚܢܢ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ)
* ܡܪܝ ܒܢܝܡܝܢ ܐܝܠܝܐ (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܕܒܝܩܛܘܪܝܐ ܘܕܢܝܘ ܙܝܠܢܕ)
* ܡܪܝ ܐܒܐ ܪܘܒܝܠ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܩܠܝܦܘܪܢܝܐ ܘܕܣܟܪܬܝܪܐ ܕܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܣܘܢܗܕܝܩܝܐ)
* ܡܪܝ ܦܘܠܘܣ ܒܢܝܡܝܢ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܡܥܪܒܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ)
* ܡܪܝ ܐܘܓܝܢ ܩܘܪܝܩܘܣ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܗܢܕܘ)
* ܡܪܝ ܝܘܚܢܢ ܝܘܣܦ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܗܢܕܘ)
* ܡܪܝ ܢܪܣܝ ܒܢܝܡܝܢ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ)
* ܡܪܝ ܐܠܝܐ ܐܝܣܚܩ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܓܕܐܕ ܘܕܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ ܘܕܓܘܪܓܝܐ)

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܡܪܝ ܢܣܛܘܪܝܘܣ
* ܥܕܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ
* ܐܣܟܝܡܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܥܕܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ
ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ

**ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ** ܗܘ:

* ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ
* ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ
* ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ
* ܡܪܝ ܕܢܚܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ
ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ)

[upright=1.25|thumb|ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ ܒ[ܐܪܥܐ]]
**ܐܘܣܛܪܠܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܣܬܪܠܝܐ** ܗܝ ܝܒܫܬܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܒܫܬܐ
ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ

[upright=1.25|thumbnail|ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܒ[ܥܠܡܐ (ܐܪܥܐ)|ܥܠܡܐ]]
**ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ** ܗܝ ܝܒܫܬܐ. ܠܬܝܡܢܐ ܡܢܗ̇ ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܠܡܥܪܒܐ ܐܣܝܐ ܘܠܡܕܢܚܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܐ.܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܒܫܬܐ
ܡܘܣܩܒܐ

thumb|250px|ܡܘܣܩܒܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|237x237px
**ܡܘܣܩܒܐ** ܐܘ **ܡܘܣܩܘ** (ܪܘܣܐܝܬ Москва́) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܕܪܘܣܝܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 12,382,754 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܡܘܣܟܒܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܪܘܣܝܐ
ܡܝܠܛܐ

**ܡܝܠܛܐ** ܐܘ **ܡܐܠܛܐ** (ܡܝܠܛܐܝܬ ܘܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Malta) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܪܘܦܐ܂ ܡܝܠܛܐ ܗܝ ܟܢܫܐ ܕܫܒܥ ܓܙܪ̈ܢ ܒܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܝܠܛܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܡܝܠܛܐܝܬ ܘܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ܀
ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ

**ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ** ܗܝ ܝܒܫܬܐ܀
## ܓܘܓܪܦܝܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܡܦܐ ܐܡܪܝܟܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
## ܦܘܠܛܝܩܝ
## ܠܫܢ̈ܐ
ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
------
ܬܪܥܐ:ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܒܫܬܐ
ܐܢܛܐܪܩܛܝܩܐ

thumb|ܐܢܛܐܪܩܛܝܩܐ
[thumb|ܐܢܛܐܪܩܛܝܩܐ ܓܘ [ܥܠܡܐ (ܐܪܥܐ)|ܥܠܡܐ]]
**ܐܢܛܐܪܩܛܝܩܐ** ܗܝ ܝܒܫܬܐ܀


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Fryxellsee Opt.jpg
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Aurore australe - Aurora australis.jpg


ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܒܫܬܐ
ܒܝܝܢܐ

thumb|300px|ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܝܝܢܐ

**ܒܝܝܢܐ** (ܓܪܡܢܝܐ Wien) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܢܡܣܐ ܘܚܕܐ ܡܢ ܬܫܥܐ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܡܣܐ. ܒܝܝܢܐ ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܢܡܣܐ ܥܡ 2,400,000 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܘܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ (ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܪܘܒܥܐ ܕܟܠܗܘܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܢܡܣܐ)܀

Wien-Schottenstift-06-Freyung-2008-gje.jpg
Wien-Linke Wienzeile-16-Nr 66-58-2007-gje.jpg
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Wien-Florianigasse-06-Werbung-2007-gje.jpg
Wien-Kohlmarkt-32-Nr 14-Cafe Demel-Osterdekoration-2008-gje.jpg
Wien-Kohlmarkt-42-Nr 14-Cafe Demel-2009-gje.jpg
ܦܪܐܓ

300px|thumb|ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܚ̈ܠܦܬܐ ܡܢ ܦܪܐܓ

**ܦܪܐܓ** (ܬܫܝܟܐܝܬ Praha܆ ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ Prag܆ ܠܐܛܝܢܐܝܬ Praga) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܬܫܝܟ ܘܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܬܫܥܝܬܢܝܬܐ ܕܒܘܗܝܡܝܐ. ܦܪܐܓ ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܐܪܒܥܣܪ̈ܐ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ. ܦܪܐܓ ܢܦܠܐ ܒܢܗܪܐ ܕܒܠܛܐܒܐ ܘܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ2019 ܐܝܬ 1,308,632 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܦܪܐܓ ܘܥܕܡܐ ܠ2,647,308 ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܐܡܗܢܝܬܐ. ܒܦܪܐܓ ܩܝ̈ܛܐ ܫܚܝܢܝܢ ܘܣܬܘ̈ܐ ܩܪܝܪܝܢ܀
ܒܪܛܝܣܠܐܒܐ

thumb|ܒܪܛܝܣܠܐܒܐ

**ܒܪܛܝܣܠܐܒܐ** (ܣܠܘܒܩܐܝܬ Bratislava) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܣܠܘܒܩܝܐ. ܐܝܬ 447,000 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܒܪܛܝܣܠܐܒܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀
ܬܘܢܣ (ܐܬܪܐ)

**ܬܘܢܣ** ܐܘ **ܬܘܢܣܝܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: تونس) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܦܪܝܩܐ܂ ܬܘܢܣ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܠܘܒܐ ܘܥܡ ܓܙܐܐܪ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܬܘܢܣ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܬܘܢܣ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

ܣܕܪܐ:ܬܘܢܣ
ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ

thumb|ܫܚܠܦܬܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ
[thumb|ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘ[ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ|ܝܘܢܝܐ]]

**ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ** ܗܘ ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܘܥܒܪܝܐ ܘܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܡܢܕܝܐ ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀

ܐܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܐܪܡܝܐ (ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܢ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܐܦ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܐܪ̈ܝܟܐ܂ ܠܝܬ ܐܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܢܝܢ ܙܘ̈ܥܐ ܒܠܚܘܕܝܗܝܢ):
ܐܪܡܝܐ

**ܐܪܡܝܐ** ܗܘ:

*ܡܕܡ ܡܢ ܐܪܡ (ܣܘܪܝܐ)
*ܥܡܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ
*ܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ
*ܐܪܡܝܐ (ܢܒܝܐ)
*ܚܢܦܐ
*ܟܦܘܪܐ
ܕܪܡܣܘܩ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|561x561px|ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܚ̈ܠܦܬܐ ܡܢ ܕܪܡܣܘܩ

**ܕܪܡܣܘܩ**  (ܐܪܡܐܝܬ דַּרְמֶשֶׂק: ܥܪܒܐܝܬ دمشق) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ. ܡܬܩܪܝܐ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ **ܐܠܫܐܡ** (الشام) ܘܐܦ ܒܟܘܢܝܗ̇ **ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕ[[ܝܣܡܐ]]** (مدينة الياسمين). ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ2009 ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܡܐܬܐ ܘܫܒܥܝܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܕܪܡܣܘܩ܀

## ܫܡܐ
ܫܡܗ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ:
*  **ܕܡܫܩ** ܒܐܪܡܝܐ **דַּמֶשֶׂק** ܐܘ **𐡃𐡌𐡔𐡒**.
*  **ܕܪܡܣܘܩ** ܐܘ  **ܕܪܡܣܩ** ܐܦ ܡܢ ܐܪܡܝܐ **דַּרְמֶשֶׂק**. 
*  **ܕܡܣܩܘܣ** ܡܢ ܝܘܢܝܐ **Δαμασκός**
ܘܒܥܪܒܝܐ **دِمَشْق** ܐܘ **شام** "**ܫܐܡ**".

## ܡܟܬܒ ܙܒܢܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܨܠܡܗ ܕܡܠܟܐ ܚܙܐܝܠ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ ܕܒܕܪܡܣܘܩ

ܐܫܬܐܣܬ ܕܪܡܣܘܩ ܡܢ ܥܘܨ ܒܪ ܐܪܡ ܒܪ ܫܝܡ ܒܪ ܢܘܚ ܢܒܝܐ. ܘܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܗܘܬ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܪܡ ܕܪܡܣܘܩ. ܘܐܬܟܬܫܘ ܥܡ ܡܠܟܘܬ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ. ܘܐܦ ܕܟܝܪܐ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ܀܀܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ
ܙܘܥܐ

**ܙܘܥܐ** ܗܘ:

* ܙܘܥܐ (ܬܘܪܨ ܡܡܠܠܐ)
* ܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
* ܢܘܕܐ
ܗܢܕܘ

**ܗܢܕܘ**، **ܚܘܝܠܐ** ܐܘ **ܗܢܕܘܣܛܐܢ** (ܗܢܕܘܐܝܬ: भारत܄ ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: India) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܐܣܝܐ܂ ܗܢܕܘ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܦܐܩܣܛܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܨܝܢ ܘܥܡ ܢܝܦܐܠ ܘܥܡ ܒܘܛܐܢ ܘܥܡ ܡܝܐܢܡܐܪ ܘܥܡ ܒܢܓܠܐܕܫ܂ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܗܢܕܘ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܗܢܕܘܐܝܬ ܘܒܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ܀

ܠܦܦܐ:KedarRange.jpg|ܗܝܡܐܠܐܝܐ
ܠܦܦܐ:Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg|ܪܫܛܪܦܐܛܝ ܒܐܒܢ
ܠܦܦܐ:Taj Mahal, Agra, India edit3.jpg|ܛܔ ܡܗܠ
ܠܦܦܐ:New Delhi Jama Masjid.jpg|ܓܡܐ ܡܣܓܝܕ
ܠܦܦܐ:Raj Path.jpg|ܕܠܗܝ
ܠܦܦܐ:UB City.jpg|ܒܢܓܐܠܪܗ
9 (ܡܢܝܢܐ)

**9** (ܕܟܪܢܝܐ: **ܬܫܥܐ**܄ ܢܩܒܬܢܝܐ: **ܬܫܥ**) ܗܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ. ܪܡܙܐ ܕܢܘܡܪܐ ܗܢܐ ܐܫܬܪܫ ܡܢ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܕܛܝܬ (ܛ)܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܢܝܢܐ
ܐܬܪܐ

**ܐܬܪܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܒܨܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܐܬܪ̈ܐ**܄ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܝܬܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ**) ܗܘ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܓܐܘܓܪܦܝܐ܀
ܫܢܬܐ (ܙܒܢܐ)

**ܫܢܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܫ̈ܢܝܐ**) ܗܝ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܐܝܕܐ ܕܚܕ ܡܢ ܦܠܝ̈ܛܐ ܐܝܟ ܐܪܥܐ ܢܚܕܪ ܒܐܘܪܒܛܐ ܚܕܪ ܫܡܫܐ. ܒܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܚܕܐ ܫܢܐ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܝܪ̈ܚܝܢ ܘܚܡܫܝܢ ܘܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܫܒܘ̈ܥܝܢ ܘܬܠܬܡܐܐ ܘܫܬܝܢ ܘܚܡܫܐ (ܐܘ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܟܒܝܫܬܐ ܬܠܬܡܐܐ ܘܫܬܝܢ ܘܫܬܐ) ܝܘ̈ܡܝܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ
ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ

**ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ** (ܡܢ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: Aršaka) ܐܘ **ܥܝܢܐ** ܐܘ **ܪܝܫܐ**  ܗܝ/ܗܘ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܝܫܝܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܐܘ ܕܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܥܡ ܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܘܥܡ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܠܡܥܒܕ ܢܡܘܣ̈ܐ܀
ܥܡܐܢ

thumb|300px|ܥܡܐܢ

**ܥܡܐܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عمان) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ. ܐܝܬ 2,125,400 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܥܡܐܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ. ܒܝܘ̈ܡܝ ܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܐ ܡܬܩܪܝܐ ܗܘܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܒܫܡ **ܦܝܠܕܠܦܝܐ** (ܝܘܢܐܝܬ ܥܬܝܩܐ Φιλαδέλφεια)܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܝܘܪܕܢܢ
ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ

**ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ ܕܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܘܕܐܝܪܠܢܕ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) ܐܘ ܦܫܝܛܐܝܬ **ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ** (United Kingdom) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܙܪܬܢܝܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܓܪܒܝ ܡܥܪܒ ܝܒܫܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܘܦܐ. ܐܝܬ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܓܘ̈ܝܝܢ ܒܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ: ܐܢܓܠܢܕ ܘܣܩܘܛܠܢܕ ܘܘܝܠܣ (ܒܓܘ ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ ܪܒܬܐ) ܘܐܝܪܠܢܕ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ (ܒܓܘ ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܠܢܕ). ܠܐܝܪܠܢܕ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܠܢܕ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ ܢܡܠܠܘܢ ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܘܪܘܦܐ
ܠܘܢܕܘܢ

[thumb|ܠܘܢܕܘܢ ܒ[ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ]]

**ܠܘܢܕܘܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ London) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܐܢܓܠܢܕ ܘܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ܂ ܐܝܬ 7.5 ܡܠܝܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܠܘܢܕܘܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܢܓܠܢܕ
ܝܘܡܐ

**ܝܘܡܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܒܨܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܝܘܡ̈ܐ**܄ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܝܬܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܝܘܡ̈ܬܐ**) ܗܘ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ܂ ܒܚܕ ܝܘܡ ܐܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܐܪܒܥ ܫܥ̈ܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ
ܫܥܬܐ

**ܫܥܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܒܨܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܫܥ̈ܐ**܄ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܝܬܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܫܥ̈ܬܐ**) ܗܝ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ܂ ܒܚܕܐ ܫܥܐ ܐܝܬ ܫܬܝܢ ܩܛܝ̈ܢܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ
ܝܪܚܐ

**ܝܪܚܐ** ܗܘ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ. ܒܚܕ ܝܪܚ ܐܝܬ ܒܝܢܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܡܢܝܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܬܠܬܝܢ ܘܚܕ ܝܘܡ. ܐܝܬ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܝܪ̈ܚܝܢ ܒܚܕܐ ܫܢܐ܀

## ܝܪ̈ܚܐ
ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܬܪܥܣܪ ܝܪ̈ܚܐ ܕܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܣܘܪܝܐܝܬ ܐܢܘܢ:

* ܟܢܘܢ ܐܚܪܝ ܐܘ ܟܢܘܢ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܐܘ ܟܢܘܢ ܒ
* ܫܒܛ
* ܐܕܪ
* ܢܝܣܢ
* ܐܝܪ
* ܚܙܝܪܢ
* ܬܡܘܙ
* ܐܒ
* ܐܝܠܘܠ
* ܬܫܪܝܢ ܩܕܝܡ ܐܘ ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐ
* ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐܚܪܝ ܐܘ ܬܫܪܝܢ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܐܘ ܬܫܪܝܢ ܒ
* ܟܢܘܢ ܩܕܝܡ ܐܘ ܟܢܘܢ ܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ
ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ

thumb|300px|ܐܘܩ̈ܝܢܘ ܕܥܠܡܐ

**ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣܐ** (ܡܢ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: ὠκεανός܄ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܐܘܩ̈ܝܢܘ**) ܐܘ **ܝܡܐ ܣܪܝܐ** ܗܘ ܕܘܟܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܡܝ̈ܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ. ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܗܘ ܝܬܝܪ ܪܒ ܡܢ ܝܡܐ. ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܢܚܦܐ 71% ܕܦܐܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܚܡܫܐ ܐܘܩ̈ܝܢܘ (ܡܢ ܪܒܐ ܠܙܥܘܪܐ): ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܫܝܢܝܐ܄ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܐܛܠܢܛܝܐ܄ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܗܢܕܘܝܐ܄ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ܄ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܐܪܩܛܝܐ܀
ܩܛܝܢܬܐ

**ܩܛܝܢܬܐ** ܗܝ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ܂ ܒܚܕ ܩܛܝܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܫܬܝܢ ܬܪ̈ܝܢܝܢ ܐܘ ܪ̈ܦܦܝܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ
ܪܦܦܐ

**ܪܦܦܐ** ܐܘ **ܬܪܝܢܝܬܐ** ܗܘ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ܀

ܪܦܦܐ ܗܘ:
* 1 ܡܢ 60 ܕܩܛܝܢܬܐ 
* 1 ܡܢ 3600 ܕܫܥܬܐ
* 1 ܡܢ 86,400 ܕܝܘܡܐ
* 1 ܡܢ 31,557,600 ܕܫܢܬܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ