open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܐ ܚܕܬܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܡܝܢܐ|ܝܘܚܢܢ ܓ܇ܚ ܒܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܥܠܘܠܝܐ

**ܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܐ ܚܕܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܪܡܝܐ ܡܥܠܘܠܝܐ** (**ܐܰܪܳܡܰܝ** ܐܘ **ܣܪܝܘܢ**) ܗܘ ܠܙܥܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܕܢܬܡܠܠ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܡܥܠܘܠܐ، ܓܒܥܕܝܢ، ܒܟܥܐ ܘܕܘܟܬܐ ܐܚܪܝܢܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܘ ܒܠܒܢܢ܀
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܡܝܢܐ|ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܝܢ̈ܬܐ ܐܪ̈ܡܝܬܐ ܒܐܪܡܝܐ ܕܡܥܠܘܠܐ

## ܣܦܪ̈ܐ
* Wehbi, R. (2021). Zwei neuwestaramäische texte über die wassermühlen in maalula (syrien). Mediterranean Language Review, Volume 28, Issue 1, pp. 135–153. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
* Wehbi, R. (2017). Die aramäischen Wassermühlen in Maalula (Unpublished M.A. Thesis), Heidelberg University.

## ܐܠܦܒܝܬ
ܚܣܢ (ܫܡܐ)

[ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܫܡܗ ܕܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܥܠܝ ܒ[ܟܬܒܐ ܫܦܝܪܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ]]

**ܚܣܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ حسن) ܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܕܟܪܝܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܒܝܬ ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ ܘܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܐ܀

## ܦܪ̈ܨܘܦܐ
* ܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܒܗܠܘܠ
* ܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܥܠܝ
* ܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܟܘܠܝܒ
*ܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܐܦܫܝܢ
* ܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܙܘܪܥܐ ܡܘܨܠܝܐ
* ܐܠܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܣܘܐܪ ܒܪ ܐܠܟܡܐܪ
* ܐܒܘ ܐܠܚܣܢ ܒܪ ܡܚܪܘܡܗ
* ܚܣܢ ܪܘܚܐܢܝ ܪܝܫ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܐܣܠܐܡܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ.
* ܥܘܡܪ ܚܣܢ ܐܚܡܕ ܐܠܒܫܝܪ ܪܝܫ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܕܐܢ
ܡܪܐ ܒܪ ܣܪܦܝܘܢ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܡܝܢܐ|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܡܪܐ ܒܪ ܣܪܦܝܘܢ
**ܡܐܪܐ ܒܪ ܣܪܦܝܘܢ** ܗܘܐ ܦܝܠܣܘܦܐ ܣܛܘܐܝܩܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ. ܐܬܝܠܕ ܒܫܡܝܫܛ ܒܕܪܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܘܥܡܪ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܪܗܘܡܝܬܐ ܘܟܬܒ ܠܒܪܗ ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܐܦ ܒܗ ܡܠܠ ܥܠ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܡܪܐ ܒܪ ܣܪܦܝܘܢ
ܒܝܬ ܛܘܣܐ ܕܩܡܫܠܝ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܡܝܢܐ|ܒܝܬ ܛܘܣܐ ܕܩܡܫܠܝ
**ܒܝܬ ܛܘܣܐ ܕܩܡܫܠܝ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: مطار القامشلي الدولي) ܗܘ ܒܝܬ ܛܘܣܐ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܙܐܠܝ̈ܢ ܘܠܚܘܕ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܚܣܟܗ.
ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܕܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܐܪܬܕܘܟܣܝܐ

thumb|ܥܕܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܪܐ

**ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܐܪ̈ܬܕܘܟܣܝܐ** (ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ İstanbul Mor Efrem Süryani Kadim Ortodoks Kilisesi) ܗܝ ܥܕܬܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ ܒܫܒܒܘܬܐ ܕܝܫܝܠܟܘܝ ܒܓܒܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ. ܐܬܦܬܚܬ ܗܘܬ ܥܕܬܐ ܒܫܢܬ 2023 ܘܐܬܒܢܝܬ ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܕܫܘܪܝܐ ܕܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
* Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan: Nefret suçlarına göz yumanlar, farklı kültürlerin bir arada yaşama iradesini dinamitlemektedir (ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ)
* Turkey set to open first church in republic's history (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ)

ܣܕܪܐ:ܥܕܬܐ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܥܕܬܐ ܒܐܝܣܛܢܒܘܠ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ
ܨܝܕܢ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|300px|ܩܨܪܐ ܕܝܡܐ ܒܨܝܕܢ

**ܨܝܕܢ** ܐܘ **ܨܝܕܘܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ ܝܘܡܢܐ صَيْدَا) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܬܐ ܒܪܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܒܠܒܢܢ. ܢܦܠܐ ܨܝܕܢ ܒܒܣܦܬܐ ܕܝܡܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܗ̇ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ. ܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܕܨܘܪ ܠܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ ܒܝܪܘܬ ܠܓܪܒܝܐ ܬܪ̈ܝܗܝܢ ܐܪܒܥܝܢ ܟܝܠܘܡܛܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܢ ܨܝܕܢ. ܐܝܬ ܬܡܢܝܢ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܨܝܕܢ ܘܩܘܪܒܐ ܕܡܐܬܐ ܘܚܡܫܝܢ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܚܕܪܗ̇܀܀܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܠܒܢܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܠܒܢܢ
ܛܝܪܢܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|300px|ܚܙܘܐ ܕܛܝܪܢܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ

**ܛܝܪܢܐ** (ܐܠܒܢܐܝܬ Tirana ܐܘ Tiranë) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܐܠܒܢܝܐ܀܀܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܠܒܢܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܒܐܠܒܢܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܠܒܢܝܐ
ܡܐܝܟ ܝܘܣܦ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܡܐܝܟ ܝܘܣܦ

**ܡܐܝܟ ܝܘܣܦ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ Mike Josef܆ ܐܬܝܠܕ 52 ܟܢܘܢ ܒ 1983 ܒܒܝܬ ܙܐܠܝܢ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ) ܗܘ ܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܪܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܕܓܒܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܒܩܪܢܝܐ ܐܠܡܢܝܐ (SPD) ܒܐܠܡܢܝܐ. ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܡܢ 11 ܐܝܪ 2023 ܕܗܩܢܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܦܪܢܩܦܘܪܛ ܐܡ ܡܐܝܢ܀
ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ

**ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عبد الكريم قاسم) ܐܘ **ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ ܡܘܚܡܕ ܒܟܪ ܥܘܬܡܐܢ ܐܠܙܘܒܝܕܝ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عبد الكريم قاسم محمد بكر عثمان الزبيدي܆ ܐܬܝܠܕ 9 ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐܚܪܝܐ 1914 ܘܡܬ 9 ܫܒܛ 1963) ܗܘܐ ܪܒܚܝܠܐ ܘܪܝܫ ܘܙܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܘܙܝܪܐ ܕܚܨܪܬܐ ܕܥܒܕܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬ 1958 ܠܫܢܬ 1963. ܗܘܐ ܦܟܬ ܪܝܫܐ ܝܕ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܝܕ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܐ ܕܚܘܕܪܐ 14 ܬܡܘܙ܀

## ܫ̈ܢܝܐ ܒܟܝܪ̈ܬܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ ܒ1937

ܐܒܘܗܝ ܕܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ ܡܫܠܡܢܐ ܣܘܢܝܐ ܘܗܘ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܩܪܕܘܝܐ. ܡܘܬ ܐܒܐܝ ܓܝܣܐ ܥܘܬܡܢܝܐ ܒܩܪܒܐ ܬܒܝܠܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ (1914-1918) ܘܐܡܗ ܩܪܕܘܝܬܐ. ܐܬܝܠܕ ܩܐܣܡ ܒܐܠܡܗܕܝܐ ܒܒܓܕܐܕ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)܆ ܗܫܐ ܐܠܟܪܟ (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ الكرخ) ܥܠ 21 ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐܚܪܝܐ 1914܀

## ܕܚܘܕܪܐ 14 ܬܡܘܙ
ܥܠ 14 ܬܡܘܙ ܩܐܣܡ ܕܒܩܐ ܒܓܕܐܕ ܘܗܘܐ ܒܛܘܠܐ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ. ܗܘܐ ܩܛܝܠ ܡܠܟ ܦܝܨܠ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܪܝܫ ܘܙܝܖ̈ܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܢܘܪܝ ܐܠܣܥܝܕ܀

## ܪܝܫ ܘܙܝܖ̈ܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ܆ ܗܘ ܬܒܥ ܐܣܪܐ ܕܟܘܝܬ

ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ ܗܘܠܗ ܪܝܫ ܘܙܝܖ̈ܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܒܬܪ ܕܚܘܕܪܐ 14 ܬܡܘܙ܆ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ 1958 ܠܫܢܬܐ 1963. ܗܘ ܡܘܬ ܒܫܢܬܐ 1963 ܡܢ ܣܒܒ ܚܘܕܪܐ. ܗܘ ܣܡܟ ܣܘܘܣܝܐ "ܘܛܢܝܐ" (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ وطنية܆ ܣܘܕܐܝܬ ܡܠܬܝܐ) ܝܥܢܝ "ܥܝܪܐܩ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ" ܐܘ "ܩܕ ܥܝܪܐܩ." ܡܛܠ ܕܐܗܐ ܒܟ̰ܠܦܐ ܒܕܘܠܬ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܒܝܬ ܡܠܬܝܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ܆ ܡܬܩܕܡܢܘܬܗ ܥܢ ܗܝܝܘܬܐ ܡܝܙܘܦܘܬܡܝܬܐ ܘܡܠܬܝ̈ܐ ܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ. ܥܒܕ ܐܠܟܪܝܡ ܩܐܣܡ܆ ܗܘ ܬܒܥ ܐܣܪܐ ܕܟܘܝܬ܀܀܀
ܥܠܝ (ܫܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ)

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܫܡܗ ܕܥܠܝ ܒܪ ܐܒܘܛܐܠܒ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ

**ܥܠܝ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: عَلِيّ) ܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܕܟܪܝܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܒܝܬ ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ܀

## ܦܪ̈ܨܘܦܐ
* ܥܠܝ ܒܪ ܐܒܝ ܛܐܠܒ
* ܝܫܘܥ ܒܪ ܥܠܝ
ܘܝܠܣ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܕܘܝܠܣ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ

**ܘܝܠܣ** (ܘܝܠܣܐܝܬ Cymru) ܗܝ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ܀܀܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ
ܩܘܪܝܫ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܐܬܐ ܕܫܒܛܐ ܕܩܘܪܝܫ

**ܩܘܪܝܫ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ قُرَيْش) ܗܘ ܫܒܛܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܕܢܥܡܪ ܘܢܫܠܛ ܗܘܐ ܥܠ ܡܟܐ ܘܥܠ ܟܥܒܬܐ. ܡܬܦܠܓ ܠܥܣܪ ܫܪ̈ܒܬܐ ܪ̈ܝܫܝܬܐ܆ ܘܒܗ̇ ܫܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܐܫܡ ܕܒܗ̇ ܐܬܝܠܕ ܡܘܚܡܕ ܢܒܝܐ ܕܐܣܠܐܡ. ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕܫܬܡܐܐ ܩܘܪ̈ܝܫܝܐ ܗܘܘ ܬܓܪ̈ܐ ܥܬܝܪ̈ܐ܆ ܘܫܠܛܘ ܥܠ ܬܓܪܬܐ ܒܝܬ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܗܢܕܘܝܐ ܘܒܝܬܡܕܢܚ ܐܦܪܝܩܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܝܡܐ ܡܨܥܝܐ. ܢܕܒܪܘܢ ܫܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܠܓܙܐ ܘܠܕܪܡܣܘܩ ܒܩܝܛܐ܆ ܘܠܝܡܢ ܒܣܬܘܐ. ܘܡܢܗܘܢ ܐܬܝܢ ܒ̈ܢܝ ܐܘܡܝܗ ܘܒ̈ܢܝ ܥܒܐܣ܀܀܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܣܠܐܡ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܫܒܛܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ
ܕܘܪܣ

thumb|300px|ܚܙܘܐ ܕܕܘܪܣ

**ܕܘܪܣ** (ܐܠܒܢܐܝܬ Durrës) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ ܒܪܒܘܬܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܐܠܒܢܝܐ. ܗܝܝ ܚܕܐ ܡܢ ܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܡܝܢܐܝܬ ܬܬܥܡܪܢ ܒܩܘܪܒܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܢ ܘܚܡܫܡܐܐ ܫܢ̈ܝܢ ܕܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܟܬܝܒܬܐ.ܢܦܠܐ ܒܕܫܬܐ ܕܡܪܙܐ ܕܝܡܐ ܐܕܪܝܛܝܩܝܐ ܐܠܒܢܝܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܦܘ̈ܡܐ ܕܢܗܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܐܪܙܢ ܘܕܐܝܫܡ ܥܠ ܙܘܝܬܐ ܕܬܝܡܢ ܡܕܢܚ ܝܡܐ ܐܕܪܝܛܝܩܝܐ܀܀܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܠܒܢܝܐ
ܡܥܘܝܐ

**ܡܥܘܝܐ ܒܢ ܐܒܝ ܣܘܦܝܢ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: مُعاويَة بنُ أبي سُفيان) ܐܘ **ܡܘܥܐܘܝܗ** ܐܘ **ܡܥܘܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ** ܗܘܐ ܟܠܝܦܗ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܟܠܝܦܘܬܐ ܬܪܢܝܬܐ ܕܛܝܝ̈ܐ܀

## ܚܝܘ̈ܗܝ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ

ܐܬܝܠܕ ܡܥܘܝܐ  ܫܢܬ  597-605 ܒܒܝܬ ܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ، ܘܐܡܠܟ ܥܣܪ̈ܝܢ ܫܢܝ̈ܢ ܒܬܪ ܩܛܠܗ ܕܥܠܝ. ܘܥܒܕ ܫܝܢܐ ܥܡ ܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܐ. ܘܫܕܪ ܠܒܝܬ ܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܐ ܥܒܕܪܚܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܚܝܠܐ. ܘܐܡܠܟ ܒܪܗ ܒܬܪܗ ܝܙܝܕ܀ 

## ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ
ܝܙܝܕ

**ܝܙܝܕ ܒܪ [[ܡܥܘܝܐ]]** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: يَزيد بن مُعاوية) ܒܪ ܐܒ ܣܘܦܝܢ ܗܘܐ ܟܠܝܦܗ ܬܪܝܢܝܐ ܕܟܠܝܦܘܬܐ ܕܐܘܡܝܐ܀
ܥܒܕܐܠܠܗ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ

**ܥܒܕܐܠܠܗ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܒܢ ܐܠܚܘܣܝܢ ܕ[[ܝܘܪܕܢܢ]]** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عبدالله الثاني بن الحسين) ܗܘ ܡܠܟܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܝܘܪܕܢܢܝܬܐ ܗܐܫܡܝܬܐ܀
ܣܩܘܒܠܝܘܬܐ ܫܐܡܝܬܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ

**ܣܩܘܒܠܝܘܬܐ ܫܐܡܝܬܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ المعارضة السورية) ܗܝ ܡܠܬܐ ܪܘܝܚܬܐ ܠܓܒ̈ܐ ܘܠܝܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܩܝܡܝܢ ܠܘܩܒܠ ܪܝܫܢܐ ܘܠܘܩܒܠ ܓܒܐ ܕܒܥܬ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ܀܀܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܣܘܪܝܐ
ܡܘܐܓܕ

**ܡܘܐܓܕ** ( ܥܪܒܐܝܬ **قبيلة المُوَاجِدِ**)، ܕܝܬܝܪ ܡܬܝܕܥܝܢ ܒܫܡ **ܡܘܐܝܕ** ( ܥܪܒܐܝܬ **الموايد**) ܒܚܬܐ، ܗܝ ܡܢ ܩܒܝܠܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܡܬܟܝܠܐ ܠܦܢܩܐ ܡܢ ܩܒܝܠܬܐ **ܦܙܐܪܐ**. ܡܣܬܟܠ ܕܐܣܠ ܢܣܒ ܕܡܘܐܓܕ ܠܒܢܝ **ܡܐܓܕ ܒܪ ܨܒܝܚ ܒܪ ܡܐܠܟ ܒܪ ܚܡܐܪ ܒܪ ܚܙܢ ܒܪ ܥܐܡܪ ܒܪ ܥܡܪܘ ܒܪ ܓܐܒܪ ܒܪ ܚܫܝܢ ܒܪ ܥܨܝܡ ܒܪ ܫܡܟ ܦܙܐܪܝ ܕܒܝܐܢܝ**.

**ܡܘܐܓܕ** ܡܢ ܐܓܢܐ ܩܒܝܠܬܐ **ܕܒܝܐܢ**, ܗܝ ܕܗܘܬ ܠܗ ܬܫܡܫܬܐ ܪܘܪܒܬܐ ܒܩܪܒܐ **ܕܚܣ ܘܓܒܪܐ** ܠܘܩܒܠ ܩܒܝܠܬܐ **ܥܒܣ**.
 

## ܡܘܩܥܐ ܓܐܓܪܐܦܝܐ

ܫܘܪܝܬܐ ܕܡܘܐܓܕ ܡܢ ܢܓܕ ܗܘܬ ܒܝܢ ܫܢ̈ܬܐ 440-445 ܗ (1048-1053 ܡܝܠܕܝ) ܡܛܠ ܩܚܛܐ ܕܡܚܐ ܠܗ ܐܬܪܐ. ܒܬܪ ܗܢܐ ܦܬܪܬ ܥܫܝܪܬܐ ܒܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܣܓܝܐܬܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ.

ܡܢܗܘܢ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܬܫܪܘ ܒܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܥܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܓܢܘܒ ܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܟ ܥܡܐܪ̈ܐ ܘܢܐܨܝܪܝܐ. ܘܩܘܫܬܐ ܐܚܪܢܝܐ ܡܢܗܘܢ ܐܬܬܫܪܬ ܒܠܝܒܝܐ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܝܕܐ.

ܬܫܪܘ ܓܝܪ ܩܘܫܬܐ ܐܚܪܢܝܐ ܒܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܫܡܠ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܣܥܘܕܝܐ، ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܚܦܪ ܒܛܢ، ܘܐܦ ܒܐܡܪܝܬܐ ܡܚܕܬܐ ܕܬܫܪܘ ܒܚܬܐ.

ܬܫܪܘ ܐܦ ܡܢܗܘܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܟܪܟܦܝ ܒܓܢܘܒ ܐܘܪܕܢ.

## ܢܣܒܐ ܘܗܘܝܬܐ

ܡܣܬܟܠ ܡܢ ܟܠ̈ܗ ܢܣ̈ܒܝܢܐ ܕܡܘܐܓܕ ܐܢܘܢ ܡܢ ܡܫܦܚܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܢܣܒܐ ܥܡܝܩܐ ܕܗܘ ܦܠܚ ܠܥܠܝ ܒܪ ܐܒܝ ܛܐܠܒ، ܒܐܝܕܐ ܙܪܥܐ ܕܠܗ.

ܒܪܡ، ܒܦܠܓܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܕܩܪܢܐ ܥܣܪܝܢܐ، ܢܦܩܘ ܡܩܘܪ̈ܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܕܐܚܘܝܘ ܕܡܘܐܓܕ ܡܫܟܚܝܢ ܠܡܬܬܚܒܪ ܥܡ ܥܫܝ̈ܪܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܒܢܝ ܪܒܝܥܐ ܘܒܢܝ ܐܣܕ.

ܐܦܠܐ ܗܟܢܐ، ܗܠܝܢ ܛܥܢ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܐܬܒܕܩܘ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܝܩܐ، ܘܡܣܬܟܠ ܠܐ ܐܝܬܝܗܝܢ ܡܬܟܝܠܢܝ̈ܬܐ ܒܡܕܥܬܐ.

ܡܩܘ̈ܪܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܕܦܠܚܘ ܗܠܝܢ ܓܘܡܪ̈ܐ ܠܐ ܗܘܘ ܕܝܩܐ ܘܠܐ ܡܬܚܙܝܢ ܟܚܓܐ ܚܠܝܡܐ، ܡܛܠ ܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗܝܢ ܣܬܝܪ̈ܐ ܒܢܣܒܐ ܕܥܫܝܪܬܐ. ܘܐܦ ܗܠܝܢ ܡܩܘ̈ܪܐ ܡܝܕܥܝܢ ܕܠܐ ܐܬܒܕܩܘ ܒܡܕܥܬܐ ܕܝܩܐ، ܒܪܡ ܟܬܝܒܘ ܢܣܒܐ ܒܓܠܝܐ ܠܐ ܒܕܝܩܘܬܐ ܕܡܩܘ̈ܪܐ ܬܪܝܚܝܬܐ.

## ܡܪܘ̈ܫܬܐ ܬܝܪܝܟܝܬܐ

ܡܪܘ̈ܫܬܐ ܬܝܪܝܟܝܬܐ

• ܢܝܬܐ ܐܪܒ ܒܟܥܝܢܐ ܒܝܕܥܬܐ ܢܣܒܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ: ܩܠܩܫܢܕܝ
• ܩܠܐܝܕ ܓܘ ܓܡܢ: ܠܩܠܩܫܢܕܝ
• ܓܘܡܗܪܐ ܕܢܣܒܐ: ܐܒܝܢ ܚܙܡ
• ܢܣܒܐ ܪܒܝܪܐ: ܐܒܝܢ ܟܠܒܝ، ܬܚܘܝܕ ܡܚܡܕ ܦܪܕܘܣ ܐܥܙܡ
• ܟܬܝܒܐ ܡܢܬܡܘܫܚܐ ܒܕܚܝܪ ܩܒܝܠܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ: ܥܒܕ ܪܚܡܐ ܒܢ ܚܡܕ ܒܙܝܕ ܡܚܓܝܪܝ
• ܐܢܣܒܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ: ܣܡܝܪ ܥܒܪ ܪܙܩ ܩܛܒ
• ܕܪܪ ܦܠܘܬܐ ܢܙܡܐ: ܓܙܝܪܝ
• ܡܥ ܒܕܘ: ܪܚܠܐ ܐܘܒܢܗܝܡ
• ܥܪܒܝܐ ܣܥܝܕܬܐ: ܒܝܪܟܐܪܕ
• ܣܝܐܣܬܐ ܘܬܝܓܝܪ ܒܟܪܟ: ܒܝܬܪ ܓܘܒܪ
• ܬܡܢܝܐ ܥܢܘܡ ܒܐܝܕ ܪܚܢܬ ܪܗܒ: ܒܘܠܣ ܣܠܡܢ
• ܐܬܪ ܩܒܝܠܬܐ ܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܒܝܠܢ ܡܠܓܒ ܒܝܒܝ ܕܘܗܡܐ ܠܝܕܥ ܥܛܪܝܟ ܡܚܓܪ ܠܥܣܪ ܡܙܘܡܐ ܐܢܣܒ ܡܠܪܝܢ ܒܐܥܙܐ: ܡܛܦܣܐ ܐܒܘ ܕܝܦ  ܐܡ.
ܠܐܘܣ

**ܠܐܘܣ** ܐܘ ܫܠܝܛܐܝܬ **ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܠܐܘܣ** (ܠܐܘܣܐܝܬ ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܬܝܡܢ ܡܕܢܚ ܐܣܝܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ)܆ ܒܓܙܪܬܐ ܝܒܫܢܝܬܐ ܕܗܢܕܘܨܝܢ. ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܒܘܪܡܐ (ܡܝܐܢܡܐܪ) ܘܥܡ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ ܒܓܪܒܝ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܥܡ ܒܝܛܢܐܡ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܩܡܒܘܕܝܐ ܒܬܝܡܢ ܡܢܕܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܬܐܝܠܢܕ ܒܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܒܬܝܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ. ܐܝܬ ܬܡܢܡܐܐ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܠܐܘܣ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀܀܀
ܝܘܣܦ

**ܝܘܣܦ** ܗܘ:

* ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ
* ܡܪܝ ܥܡܢܘܐܝܠ ܝܘܣܦ
* ܐܫܘܪ ܝܘܣܦ
* ܡܪܝ ܐܝܣܚܩ ܝܘܣܦ
* ܡܐܝܟ ܝܘܣܦ
* ܝܘܢܕܡ ܝܘܣܦ ܟܢܐ
* ܝܘܣܦ ܣܛܐܠܝܢ
* ܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܚܢܢܝܫܘܥ
* ܝܘܢܕܡ ܝܘܣܦ ܟܢܐ
* ܐܓܢܛܝܘܣ ܝܘܣܦ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܝܘܢܢ
ܚܝܪ ܕܝܢ ܒܪܒܪܘܣ

ܣܡܠܐ|frameless
**ܚܝܪܝܕܝܢ ܒܪܒܪܘܣ**، ܕܡܫܡܐܢ ܓܝܪ ܟܐܦܗ **ܚܝܪܝܕܝܢ ܦܐܫܐ**، ܗܘܐ ܐܢܓܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܒܪܒܪܘܣ ܘܒܢܝܐ ܥܘܬܡܢܝܐ ܚܝܠܢܝܐ. ܝܗܘܐ ܝܠܝܕܐ ܒܫܢܬܐ 1478. ܘܒܚܝܠܐ ܕܢܨܚܝܐ ܕܒܪܒܪܘܣ ܝܡܝܐ، ܡܟܝܠ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܠܡܫܠܝ ܫܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܥܘܬܡܢܝܐ ܥܠ ܝܡܐ ܒܝܢܝܐ ܐܘܚܪܝܐ. ܝܡܘܬܐ ܕܚܝܪܝܕܝܢ ܒܪܒܪܘܣܐ ܗܘܬ ܒܫܢܬܐ 1546.

## ܡܟܘܪܐ
ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܥܘܬܡܐܢܝܬܐ

alt=A detailed map showing the situation of the Ottoman Empire in 1593|ܣܡܠܐ|250x250px
**ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܐܘܛܘܡܢܝܐ**، ܐܘ **ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܐܘܛܘܡܢܝܐ**، ܗܘܬ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܛܬܐ، ܕܗܝܬ ܒܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܒܡܬܪܬܐ ܕܐܝܬܡܐ ܘܓܝܢܒܐ، ܘܡܥܬܪܘܗܝܢ ܒܣܘܝܐ ܕܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܘܒܬܪܥܝܢ ܕܐܦܪܝܩܐ܀

ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܐܘܛܘܡܢܝܐ ܐܝܬܬܐ ܡܝܣܕܬܐ ܒܝܕ ܐܘܛܘܡܢܝܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܘܣܘܡܝܬ ܒܫܡܗ܀

ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܐܘܛܘܡܢܝܐ ܗܘܬ ܒܫܠܛܢܘܬܗ ܡܢ 1299 ܥܕ 1922 ܘܗܘܬ ܡܫܠܝܐ ܒܝܕ 36 ܣܘܠܛܢܐ܀

## ܡܟܘܪܐ
ܐܝܒܼܢ ܐܓܣܝ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܐܝܒܢ ܐܓܣܝ.
ܐܝܒܼܢ ܐܓܣܝ (ܐܬܝܠܕ 25 ܒܐܝܠܘܠ 1945 ܒܐܝܪܐܢ ܘܡܝܬ 17 ܒܐܝܠܘܠ 2024) ܗܘܐ ܙܡܪܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܡܫܡܗܐ.
ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܡܪܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ/ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
ܐܬܐ ܕܒܝܠܓܘܪܘܕ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܐܬܐ ܕܒܝܠܓܘܪܘܕ
ܐܬܐ ܕܒܝܠܓܘܪܘܕ **-** ܚܕܐ ܡܢ ܪ̈ܡܙܐ ܪ̈ܫܡܝܐ (ܥܡ ܛܘܦܣܐ) ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܝܠܓܘܪܘܕ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܝܠܓܘܪܘܕ ܒܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬܐ ܪܘܣܝܝܬܐ܀ ܐܬܐ ܗܝ ܪܡܙܐ ܕܚܕܝܘܬܐ ܘܕܫܘܬܦܘܬܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ܀

ܐܬܐ ܩܝܡܬܐ ܗܫܝܐ ܐܫܬܪܪܬ ܒܝܘܡ 22 ܒܬܡܘܙ ܫܢܬ 1999 ܒܦܣܩܐ ܕܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܡܫܕܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܝܠܓܘܪܘܕ ܡܢܝܢܐ 321܀ ܘܐܬܟܬܒܬ ܒܣܦܪܐ ܗܝܪܠܕܝܐ ܡܠܟܘܬܢܝܐ ܕܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬܐ ܪܘܣܝܝܬܐ ܥܡ ܣܝܡܐ ܕܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܟܬܝܒܘܬܐ 978 ܒܫܢܬ 2002܀

## ܫܘܡܗܐ
ܐܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܦܪܣܐ ܬܪܝܢܝ ܓܘܢ̈ܐ܆ ܦܠܝܓ ܐܘܪܟܢܝܐܝܬ ܠܬܪ̈ܬܝܢ ܡܢܘ̈ܢ܀ ܡܢܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܫܚܝܡܬܐ ܗܝ܆ ܘܬܚܬܝܬܐ ܚܘܪܬܐ܀ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܫܚܝܡܬܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܡܨܝܪ̈ܝܢ ܬܪ̈ܬܝܢ ܚܝܘ̈ܢ ܗܝܪܠܕܝ̈ܢ܀ ܒܡܨܥܬ ܡܢܬܐ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܐܪܝܐ ܕܕܗܒܐ ܩܐܡ ܥܠ ܪ̈ܓܠܘܗܝ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܬܐ܀ ܠܥܠ ܡܢ ܐܪܝܐ ܡܨܝܪ ܢܫܪܐ ܚܘܪܐ ܕܦܫܝܛܝܢ ܓܦ̈ܘܗܝ܀

## ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ
ܩܘܪܕܣܬܢ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܐܝܟܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܢ
**ܩܘܪܕܣܬܢ** (ܟܘܪܕܐܝܬ**:** کوردستان, Kurdistan) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܓܐܘܓܪܐܦܝܐ ܕܗܝ ܒܡܝܩܪܒܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ܀ ܗܝ ܡܦܠܓܬ ܠܐܪܒܥ ܚܠܩ̈ܐ (ܐܝܪܢ، ܬܘܪܩܝܐ، ܥܝܪܩ، ܣܘܪܝܐ)܀ ܡܘܠܐ ܩܘܪܕܣܬܢ ܡܛܠܐ "ܐܪܥܐ ܕܩܘܪ̈ܕܐ"܀ ܪܒܐ ܡܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܩܘܪܕܣܬܢ ܗܘܢܝܢ ܩܘܪ̈ܕܐ܀

## ܡܟܘܪܐ
ܣܘܠܛܢ ܣܘܠܝܡܢ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ
**ܣܘܠܛܢ ܣܘܠܝܡܢ**، ܕܢܘܚܪܐ ܕܢܘܚܪܐ ܐܠܩܢܘܢܝ ܐܘ ܣܘܠܝܡܢ ܐܝ، ܗܘ ܥܣܪܬܐ ܘܒܪܝܟܐ ܕܐܬܘܡܢܝܐ ܣܘܠܛܢ. ܣܘܠܛܢ ܣܘܠܝܡܢ ܗܘ ܕܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܘܚܪܐ ܘܥܘܡܐ ܕܚܕܐ، ܡܢܗ ܫܡܗ ܩܢܘܢܝ.

ܡܠܟܘܬܗ ܕܣܘܠܛܢ ܣܘܠܝܡܢ ܗܘ ܡܢ 1520 ܥܕ 1566.

## ܡܟܘܪܐ
ܓܘܢ ܩܢܕܝ

thumb|200px|ܓܘܢ ܩܢܕܝ ܒ1963

**ܓܘܢ ܦܝܬܣܓܪܠܕ ܩܢܕܝ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ John Fitzgerald Kennedy܆ ܐܬܝܠܕ 29 ܒܐܝܪ 1917 ܘܡܬ 22 ܒܬܫܪܝܢ ܬܪܝܢܐ 1963) ܗܘܐ ܪܝܫ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܬܠܬܝܢ ܘܚܡܫܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܡܢ 20 ܒܟܢܘܢ ܬܪܝܢܐ 1961 ܠ22 ܒܬܫܪܝܢ ܬܪܝܢܐ 1963 ܟܕ ܐܬܩܛܠ܀܀܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܪܝܫܝ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ
ܐܒܣܬܐ

**ܐܒܣܬܐ**، **ܐܒܣܬܓܐ**، **ܐܒܣܬܓ** ܘܐܦ **ܐܒܣܬܟ** ܗܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܡܓܘܫܘܬܐ܀
ܥܠܝ

**ܥܠܝ** ܗܘ:

* ܥܠܝ (ܫܡܐ ܥܒܪܝܐ)
** ܥܠܝ (ܢܒܝܐ)܆ ܢܒܝܐ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠܝܐ
* ܥܠܝ (ܫܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ)
** ܥܠܝ ܒܪ ܐܒܝ ܛܐܠܒ܆ ܟܠܝܦܗ ܪܐܫܕܝܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ
ܩܠܝܡܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܣܬܢ ܕܥܝܪܩ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܐܬܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܣܬܢ
**ܩܠܝܡܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܣܬܢ ܕܥܝܪܩ** (ܟܘܪܕܐܝܬ: هه‌رێمی کوردستان) ܘ(ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: إقليم كردستان) ܗܘ ܩܠܝܡܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ. ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܐܪܒܥ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ: ܐܪܒܝܠ ܘܕܗܘܟ ܘܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ ܘ ܚܠܒܓܐ܀

## ܡܟܬܒ ܙܒܢܐ
[ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܩܒܪ̈ܝܗܘܢ ܕܐܬܩܛܠܘ ܡܢ  [ܨܕܐܡ ܚܘܣܝܢ]]

ܐܬܫܬܣ ܟܘܪܕܣܬܐܢ ܒܬܪ ܩܪܒܐ ܕܒܪܩܩܐ ܕܫܢܬ 1991. ܘܒܫܢܬ 2005 ܕܘܣܬܘܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܪܫܝܐܝܬ ܐܫܬܘܕܥ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܣܬܐܢ ܐܝܟ  ܩܠܝܡܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ.

## ܓܘܓܪܦܝܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܣܬܢ
ܐܝܬ ܠܟܘܪܕܣܬܐܢ ܐܪܒܥ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ: ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ ܕܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܩܠܝܡܐ ܘܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܢܘܗܕܪܐ ܐܘ ܕܗܘܟ ܘܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ ܘ ܚܠܒܓܐ܀
ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܩܠܝܡܐ:

## ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ
ܥܡܪܝܢ ܒܟܘܪܕܝܣܬܐܢ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 6 ܡܠܝܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܓܢ̈ܣܐ ܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܐܝܟ  ܟܘܪ̈ܕܝܐ ܘܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܘܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܘܛܘܪ̈ܩܡܢܝܐ ܘܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܢ.
ܥܣܪܐ ܡܕܝܢ̈ܬܐ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܒܩܠܝܡܐ:
ܦܝܘܕܝܦܐܝ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ
**ܦܠܝܟܣ ܐܪܒܝܕ ܐܘܠܦ ܫܠܒܪܓ** (ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ: Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg) ܐܬܝܠܕ ܒ24 ܒܬܫܪܝܢ ܐ  ܕܫܢܬ 1989. ܗܘ ܝܘܬܝܘܒܪ ܣܘܝܕܝܐ ܕܡܬܝܕܥ ܒܫܡ **ܦܝܘܕܝܦܐܝ** ܐܘ **PewDiePie** ܘܡܛܠ ܒܝܕܝܘܣ ܕܝܠܗ ܕܥܠ ܫܥܝܢܐ (gaming) ܥܠ ܝܘܬܝܘܒ܀
ܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ

*ܗܕܐ ܦܐܬܐ ܥܠ ܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܒ[[ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ]]. ܠܢܦܬܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ ܕ[[ܡܢܕܛܐ ܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ]] ܚܙܝ [[ܢܦܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ (ܡܢܕܛܐ)]].*

**ܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ** ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܫܬܐ ܟܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ. ܫܘܚܬܗ ܗܝ 653 ܟܝܠܘܡܛܪ̈ܐ ܪܒܥ̈ܝܐ، ܘܟܠܝܠ ܠܦܪܘܙܕܘܪ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ، ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܓܘܗ̇، ܘܠܚܠܩܐ ܡܢ ܫܦܠܬܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ. ܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܗܝ ܪܫܝܬܗ ܕܟܘܪܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܗ ܪܒܬܐ — ܩܪܝܒ ܠـ80% ܡܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܘܪܐ ܗܢܘܢ ܐܦ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ.

ܒܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܐܝܬ ܚܕܐ ܢܦܬܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ: **[[ܢܦܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ]]** (ܫܘܚܬܗ̇ ܚܦܝܐ ܠܫܘܚܬܗ ܕܟܘܪܐ)، ܘܗܝ ܡܬܦܠܓܐ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܛܒܥ̈ܝܐ: ܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ (111) ܘܫܦܠܬܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ (112). ܡܡܘܢܐ ܥܠ ܟܘܪܐ ܡܛܠ ܡܫܪܕܐ ܕܦܢܝܡܐ (ܠܦܘܬ 2020) ܗܘ **ܚܝܝܡ ܝܦܪܚ**.

ܟܘܪܐ ܓܒܝܠ ܥܡ ܟܘܪܐ ܕܡܪܟܙܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ־ܡܥܪܒܝܐ، ܥܡ ܟܘܪܐ ܕܕܪܘܡܐ ܒܕܪܘܡܐ־ܡܥܪܒܝܐ، ܘܥܡ ܟܘܪܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ ܘܫܡܪܘܢ ܒܕܪܘܡܐ، ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܒܓܪܒܐ. ܗܘ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܟܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܕܠܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܦܩܐ ܠܝܡܐ (ܠـܟܘܪܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ ܘܫܡܪܘܢ ܐܝܬ ܣܦܬܐ ܥܠ ܝܡܐ ܕܡܠܚܐ).

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܩܕܡ ܡܠܚܡܬܐ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ، ܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܗܘܬ ܪܫܝܬܐ ܕܢܦܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܕܡܢܕܛܐ ܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ. ܒܬܪ ܩܪܒܐ، ܪܘܒܐ ܕܫܘܚܬܗ̇ ܕܢܦܬܐ ܗܝ ܐܬܣܦܚܬ ܠܝܘܪܕܢ، ܘܚܠܩܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܡܢܗ̇ ܐܬܟܢܫ ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܒܓܒܘܠ̈ܐ ܕܩܘ ܝܪܘܩܐ. ܒܫܢܬ 1953 ܩܒܥܬ ܡܡܫܠܬܐ ܕܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܦܘܠܓܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܠܟܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܠܢܦܬ̈ܐ، ܘܒܪܝܬ ܠܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܕܝܘܡܢܐ، ܥܠ ܐܣܘܣܐ ܕܚܠܩܐ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠܝܐ ܡܢ ܗܝ ܢܦܬܐ ܡܢܕܛܘܪܝܬܐ.

ܡܢ ܗܝܕܝܢ ܐܬܚܠܦܘ ܓܒܘܠ̈ܘܗܝ ܕܟܘܪܐ ܟܡܐ ܙܒܢ̈ܝܢ. ܒܐܦܪܝܠ 1957 ܐܬܥܒܪܬ ܡܘܥܨܬܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܓܝܙܘ ܡܢ ܟܘܪܐ ܕܡܪܟܙܐ ܠܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ. ܘܒ־28 ܒܝܘܢܝ 1967 ܐܘܕܥܬ ܡܡܫܠܬܐ ܕܟܘܪܐ ܢܟܠܝܠ ܐܦ ܠܫܘܚܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܐܘܪܫܠܡ، ܕܐܬܟܒܫ ܡܢ ܝܘܪܕܢ ܒܡܠܚܡܬܐ ܕܫܬܐ ܝܘ̈ܡܝܢ ܘܐܬܣܦܚ ܠܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ.

## ܝܫܘܒ̈ܐ ܒܟܘܪܐ

## ܕܡܘܓܪܦܝܐ
ܠܦܘܬ ܢܬܘ̈ܢܐ ܕܠܫܟܬܐ ܡܪܟܙܝܬܐ ܠܣܛܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ ܠܫܢܬ 2023، ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܘܪܐ ܡܛܝܢ ܩܪܝܒ ܠـ1,298,300 ܢܦ̈ܫܐ، ܘܟܠܝܠܝܢ:

* 1,245,900 ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ̈ܝܐ، ܘܡܢܗܘܢ:
** 824,600 (63.5%) ܝܗܘܕܝ̈ܐ
** 392,000 (30.2%) ܡܘܣܠܡ̈ܐ
** 15,800 (1.2%) ܢܨܪ̈ܝܐ (ܡܢܗܘܢ ܩܪܝܒ ܠـ13,200 ܥܪܒ̈ܐ ܢܨܪ̈ܝܐ)
** 13,200 (1%) ܕܠܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܣܘܓܐ ܕܕܬܐ (ܠܐ ܡܣܘܓ)
* 52,400 (4%) ܬܘܫܒ̈ܐ ܙܪ̈ܝܐ

ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܟܘܪܐ ܗܘ ܩܪܝܒ ܠـ1,988 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܠܟܝܠܘܡܛܪܐ ܪܒܥܝܐ، ܘܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܘܪܐ ܗܘܝܢ ܩܪܝܒ ܠـ12.8% ܡܢ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ̈ܝܐ.

## ܢܬܘ̈ܢܐ ܕܪܫܘܝܬ̈ܐ ܡܩܘܡ̈ܝܬܐ
**ܗܘܢܐ:** ܢܬܘ̈ܢܐ ܕܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܟܢܝܢ ܠܚܕܫ ܕܨܡܒܪ 2025.

### ܡܕܝ̈ܢܬܐ

### ܡܘܥܨܬ̈ܐ ܡܩܘܡ̈ܝܬܐ

### ܡܘܥܨܬ̈ܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ

### ܪܫܘܝܬ̈ܐ ܡܩܘܡ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܥܒܪ

* ܪܡܬ ܪܚܠ (ܡܘܥܨܬܐ ܡܩܘܡܝܬܐ 1953–1963)
* ܡܘܥܨܬܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ (1949–1964)
* ܡܘܥܨܬܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܐܒܢ ܗܥܙܪ (1953–1964)
* ܡܘܥܨܬܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܗܐܠܗ (1953–1964)
* ܡܘܥܨܬܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܓܝܙܘ (1954–1964؛ ܘܠܟܘܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܫܠܡ ܡܢ 1957)

ܟܠܗܘܢ ܗܠܝܢ ܝܫܘܒ̈ܐ ܕܪܫܘܝܬ̈ܐ ܕܥܒܪ ܗܢܘܢ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܬܚܝܬ ܡܘܥܨܬܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ ܡܛܐ ܝܗܘܕܐ.

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܐ

* ܠܫܟܬܐ ܡܪܟܙܝܬܐ ܠܣܛܛܝܣܛܝܩܐ (CBS)
* ܐܬܪܐ ܕܡܡܫܠܬܐ ܕܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ (gov.il)

## ܗܥܪ̈ܬܐ
ܓܢܘܣܛܝܩܝܘܬܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܠܕܐ ܒܗܘܬܐ ܒܪܘܝܐ ܕܓܬܝܗ

**ܓܢܘܣܛܝܩܝܘܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܓܢܘܣܛܝܩܘܬܐ** (ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ γνωστικός ܐܘܟܝܬ "ܝܕܝܥܐ") ܗܝ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܪ̈ܥܝܢܐ ܕܬܫܡܫ̈ܬܐ ܘܦܝ̈ܠܣܘܦܘܬܐ ܕܫܪܝܘ ܐܝܟ ܦܠܓܘ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܝ̈ܚܝܬܐ. ܘܡܗܝܡܢܝܢ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܐܠܗ̈ܝܢ ܚܕ ܛܒ ܘܚܕ ܒܝܫ. ܘܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܡܢܗܘܢ ܠܐ ܣܒܪܝܢ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ ܗܘܐ ܐܠܗܐ. ܘܐܦ ܡܗܝܡܢܝܢ ܕܦܘܪܩܢܐ ܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܕܥܬܐ ܡܛܠ ܗܢܐ ܡܬܩܪܝܢ ܗܟܢܐ.
ܘܐܢܘܢ: ܡܢܝ̈ܢܝܐ ܘܡܢܕ̈ܝܐ ܘܒܪܒܘܪ̈ܝܢܐ܀

## ܐܦܘܟܪܝܦܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܦܬܐ ܕܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܕܬܐܘܡܐ

ܐܦܘܟܪܝܦܐ ܕܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ ܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܠܘ ܠܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗܘܢ ܗܪܣܝܣ ܘܡܢܗ:

### ܡܢܝܢܝܘܬܐ
# ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܕܡܐܢܝ ܕܡܐܢܝ ܐܘ ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܚܝܐ
# ܣܝܡܬ ܚܝܐ
# ܐܓܪ̈ܬܐ܆ ܐܓܪ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܬܟܬܒ ܡܢ ܡܐܢܝ ܘܡܢ ܬܠܡܝܕ̈ܘܗܝ.
# ܡܙܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܨܠܘ̈ܬܐ܆ ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܕܐܬܟܬܒܘ ܡܢ ܡܐܢܝ ܘܡܢ ܬܠܡܝܕ̈ܘܗܝ.
# ܟܬܒܐ ܕܡܫܬܓܡܢܘܬܐ
# ܟܬܒܐ ܕܓܢܒܪ̈ܐ܆ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܥܝܪ̈ܐ ܘܕܓܢܒܪ̈ܐ ܒܪܫܝܬ. 
# ܣܦܪܐ ܕܪܐܙܢܝܘܬܐ
ܘܟܬܒ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܐܢܘܢ:
# ܟܬܒܐ ܕܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ
# ܢܩܐ ܠܫܒܘܪ (ܦܪܣܐܝܬ شاپورگان)

### ܡܢܕܝܘܬܐ
# ܓܢܙܐ ܪܒܐ ܐܘ ܣܕܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܐܦ ܡܬܩܪܐ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܕܡ
# ܣܦܪܐ ܕܝܘܚܢܢ ܡܢܕܝܐ ܐܦ ܡܬܩܪܐ ܣܕܪܐ ܕܝܝܚܝܐ
# ܩܘܠܣܬܐ ܘܗܝ ܟܢܫܝܐ ܕܙܡܪ̈ܝܬܐ܀܀܀
ܥܠܝ ܒܪ ܐܒܝ ܛܐܠܒ

**ܥܠܝ ܒܪ ܐܒܝ ܛܐܠܒ** ܐܘ **ܥܠܝ ܒܢ ܐܒܝ ܛܐܠܒ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب) ܗܘܐ ܟܠܝܦܗ ܪܐܫܕܝܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܕܛܝ̈ܝܐ ܘܒܪ ܕܕܐ ܘܚܬܢܗ ܕܡܘܚܡܕ.  ܘܐܡܐܡ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܫܝܥܝ̈ܐ܀

## ܚܝ̈ܘܗܝ
ܐܬܝܠܕ ܥܠܝ ܒܫܢܬ 599 ܐܘ 600 ܒܓܘ ܟܥܒܬܐ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܡܟܐ. ܘܒܫܢܬ 967 ܕܝܘܢܝܐ (655/656) ܒܬܪ ܡܘܬܗ ܕܥܘܬܡܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܩܪܒܐ ܒܝܬ ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ. ܡܥܘܝܐ ܡܫܠܛ ܒܡܥܪܒܐ (ܣܘܪܝܐ) ܘܥܠܝ ܐܡܠܟ ܡܕܢܚܐ (ܥܝܪܐܩ) ܐܪܒܥ ܫܢܝ̈ܢ. ܘܒܫܢܬ 971 ܕܝܘܢܝܐ (660) ܐܬܩܛܠ ܥܠܝ ܘܐܡܠܟ ܡܥܘܝܐ܀

## ܩܪ̈ܒܐ ܕܠܘܩܒܠ [[ܡܥܘܝܐ]]
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܘܪܩܐ: ܚܝܠܘܬܐ ܕܥܠܝ (ܟܠܝܦܬܐ). ܣܘܡܩܐ: ܚܝ̈ܠܘܬܐ ܕܡܥܘܝܐ

ܩܪܒܐ ܕܓܡܠܐ (معركة الجمل)
ܗܘܐ ܩܪܒܐ ܒܝܬ ܥܠܝ ܠܘܩܒܠ ܥܝܫܗ ܐܢܬܬܗ ܕܡܘܚܡܕ ܡܛܠ ܕܠܐ ܨܒܝܐ ܗܘܬ ܕܗܘ ܢܫܠܛ. ܘܥܠܝ ܙܟܐ.

ܩܪܒܐ ܕܨܦܝܢ (معركة صفيّن)
ܗܘܐ ܩܪܒܐ ܒܝܬ ܥܠܝ ܠܘܩܒܠ ܡܥܘܝܐ ܡܕܒܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܕܨܒܐ ܗܘܐ ܕܢܣܚܦ ܠܥܠܝ ܘܢܗܘܐ ܟܠܝܦܗ. ܥܠܝ ܙܟܐ܀

## ܥܠܝ ܒܐܣܠܐܡ ܕܫܝ̈ܥܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܡܣܓܕܐ ܕܐܡܐܡ ܥܠܝ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܓܦ

ܒܐܣܠܐܡ ܕܫܝ̈ܥܐ ܥܠܝ ܗܘ ܐܡܐܡ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܡܢ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܐܡܐܡ̈ܐ ܘܝܪܘܬܐ ܫܪܝܪܐ ܠܡܘܚܡܕ ܘܠܐ ܐܒܘ ܒܟܪ. ܘܐܙ̈ܘܠܐ ܐܙܠܝܢ ܠܘܬ ܩܒܪܗ ܕܗܘ ܒܒܝܬ ܣܓܕܬܗ  ܒܢܓܦ܀܀܀

## ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ