open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
ܢܒܝܐ

[thumb|[ܐܫܥܝܐ ܢܒܝܐ ܒܨܘܪܬܐ ܡܢ ܒܢܓܡܢ ܘܣܛ]]

ܒܬܘܕܝܬܐ܄ **ܢܒܝܐ** ܗܘ ܐܢܫܐ ܕܡܠܠ ܥܡ ܐܠܗܐ ܐܘ ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܘܗܘ ܡܠܐܟܐ ܕܡܠܬܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܠܒܪܢܫܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܢܒܝ̈ܐ ܒܬܘܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܘܐܘ̈ܡܬܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܬܘܕ̈ܝܬܐ ܕܐܒܪܗܡ ܘܝܘܢܝ̈ܬܐ ܥܬܝ̈ܩܬܐ ܘܒܦܪܣ ܐܚܪ̈ܬܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܬܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܣܠܐܡ
ܕܒܫܐ

[thumb|300px|ܕܒܫܐ ܘ[ܠܚܡܐ]]

**ܕܒܫܐ** ܗܘ ܫܚܠܐ ܚܠܝܐ ܕܥܒܝܕ ܠܕ̈ܒܫܬܐ ܘܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܗܒ̈ܒܐ܀
ܓܒܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܐܪܛܘ ܪܝܩܘ

[thumbnail|210px|[ܐܬܐ ܕܓܒܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܐܪܛܘ ܪܝܩܘ]]

**ܓܒܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܐܪܛܘ ܪܝܩܘ** ܗܘ ܓܒܐ ܕܢܒܥܐ ܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܦܘܐܪܛܘ ܪܝܩܘ ܡܢ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ܀

## ܫܘܬܐܣܐ
ܗܘ ܓܒܐ ܐܫܬܬܤ ܒܫܢܬ 1946 ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܬܫܪܝܢ ܒ ܡܢ ܓܝܠܒܪܛܘ ܩܘܢܣܦܣܝܘܢ ܕܗ ܓܪܣܝܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܓܒܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܘܐܪܛܘ ܪܝܩܘ
ܓܝܠܒܪܛܘ ܩܘܢܣܦܣܝܘܢ ܕܗ ܓܪܣܝܐ

**ܓܝܠܒܪܛܘ ܩܘܢܣܦܣܝܘܢ ܕܗ ܓܪܣܝܐ** (ܐܣܦܢܐܝܬ Gilberto Concepción de Gracia܄ ܐܬܝܠܕ 9 ܒܬܡܘܙ 1909 ܘܡܝܬ 16 ܒܐܕܪ 1968) ܗܘܐ ܡܣܬܪܢܐ ܘܓܠܝܢܪܐ ܘܡܟܬܒܢܐ ܘܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܝܐ ܘܪܝܫܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܓܒܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܦܘܐܪܛܘ ܪܝܩܘ܀
ܐܝܠܘܠ

**ܐܝܠܘܠ** ܐܘ **ܐܠܘܠ** ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܝܪܚܐ ܬܫܝܥܝܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܝܪ̈ܚܐ܂ ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܝܪ̈ܚܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗܘܢ ܬܠܬܝܢ ܝܘܡܬ̈ܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܪܚܐ
ܪܗܘܡܐ

**ܪܗܘܡܐ** ܗܝ:

* ܪܗܘܡܐ܄ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܝܛܠܝܐ
* ܪܗܘܡܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ
** ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܪܗܘܡܝܬܐ
ܫܡܫܐ

thumb|ܫܡܫܐ ܡܢ ܩܘܪܒܐ

**ܫܡܫܐ** (ܐܬܐ: ) ܗܘ/ܗܝ ܟܘܟܒܐ ܒܡܨܥܬܐ ܕܛܟܣܐ ܕܫܡܫܐ܂ ܐܪܥܐ ܘܦܠܝܛ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܢܢܩܦܝܢ ܠܫܡܫܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܣܛܪܘܢܘܡܝܐ
ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ

[thumb|left|250px|[ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܐܩܢܘܡܝܐ ܒܐܡܪܝܩܐ]]
**ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ United States of America) ܐܘ ܒܟܪ̈ܝܬܐ **ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ** (United States) ܐܘ ܒܠܚܘܕ **[[ܐܡܪܝܩܐ]]** (America) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ. ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܩܢܕܐ ܘܥܡ ܡܟܣܝܩܘ. ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܡܛܟܣܐ ܠܚܡܫܝܢ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܝܢ ܥܡ ܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܘܐܫܢܓܛܘܢ ܒܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ. ܝܘܡܢܐ ܠܝܬ ܓܝܣܐ ܪܒ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܐܝܟ ܓܝܣܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܐܝܕܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܝ ܕܥܠܡܐ܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܒ19 ܒܢܝܣܢ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1775 ܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ ܟܪܟܐ ܗܘܬ ܥܠ ܙܝܢܐ ܘܡܬܠܢܐ ܒܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܒܘܣܛܘܢ. ܐܠܐ ܐܬܐ ܠܗ̇ ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܥܡ ܙܝܢܐ ܡܢ ܓܒܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܘܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܝ ܗܘܐ ܠܒܘܣܛܘܢ. ܒܬܪ ܫܪܝ ܩܪܒܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܘܒܝܢܬ ܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ. ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1783 ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܫܝܢܐ ܘܫܠܡܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܘܒܝܢܬ ܒܪܝܛܢܝܐ. ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1789 ܓܘܪܓ ܘܐܫܝܢܓܛܘܢ ܗܘܐ ܪܝܫܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ. ܒܗܢܐ ܙܒܢܐ ܐܬܘ ܗܘܘ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܡܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܘܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ ܘܕܣܘܝܕ ܘܕܓܪܡܢ ܘܕܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀

## ܡܡܘܢܐ
ܪܫܡܠܘܬܝܐ ܐܩܢܘܡܝܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ. ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܠܐ ܦܠܚܝܢ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܛܟܢܘܠܘܓܝܐ ܡܕܪܓܢܝܬܐ ܘܚܕܬܐ. ܣܓܝ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܡܦܠܚܝܢ ܕܘܠܪ ܐܡܪܝܩܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܙܘܙ̈ܐ ܫܠܝ̈ܛܐ ܕܐܬܪܗܘܢ܀

## ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ

ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܬܠܬ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ (300,000,000) ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܒܢܝܐ ܕܓܠܘܝܐ ܡܢ ܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܘܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܡܢܝܐ ܡܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܓܪܡܢ ܘܕܐܝܛܠܝܐ ܘܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܬܐ܀
ܟܢܫܐ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ ܟܙܝܘܕ ܣܓܝ ܟܐܝܦܐ ܘܗܫܐ 13.4% ܐܢܘܢ ܡܢ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ܀ 

ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܠܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܠܫܢܐ ܫܠܝܛܐ ܐܠܐ ܐܢܓܠܝܐ ܗܘ ܐܝܟ ܠܫܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ܀
ܐܝܕܐ

**ܐܝܕܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܐܝܕ̈ܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܝܕ̈ܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܝܕ̈ܘܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܝܕ̈ܗܬܐ**܄ ܓܕܡܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ: **ܝܕ**܄ ܓܕܡܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ: **ܝܕ** ܐܘ **ܐܝܕ**) ܗܝ ܗܕܡܐ ܒܪܝܐ ܒܓܘܫܡܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܘܕܚܝܘܬ̈ܐ ܕܡܣܝܟܐ ܠܕܪܥܐ ܘܐܣܝܪܬܐ ܠܟܢܘܢܬܐ. ܠܟܠ ܝܕ ܕܐܢܫܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܚܡܫ ܨܒ̈ܥܝܢ: ܟܪܬܐ ܘܡܛܘܚܬܐ ܘܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܘܒܨܪܐ ܘܚܨܪܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ
ܒܘܣܛܘܢ

thumb|400px|ܒܘܣܛܘܢ ܒܠܠܝܐ

**ܒܘܣܛܘܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Boston) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܡܐܣܐܬܫܘܣܬܣ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ
ܓܘܪܓ ܘܐܫܝܢܓܛܘܢ

thumb|250px|ܓܘܪܓ ܘܐܫܝܢܓܛܘܢ ܒ1803
**ܓܘܪܓ ܘܐܫܝܢܓܛܘܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ George Washington) ܗܘܐ ܪܝܫܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܝ̈ܐ ܕ1797-1789܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܪܝܫܝ ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܣܘܦܝܐ ܪܘܛܐܪܘ

**ܣܘܦܝܐ ܪܘܛܐܪܘ** (ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐܝܬ: Софія Ротару܄ ܪܘܣܐܝܬ: Софи́я Рота́ру܄ ܡܘܠܕܘܒܐܝܬ: Sofia Rotaru) ܗܝ ܙܡܪܬܐ ܘܪܩܕܬܐ 
ܪܘܣܝܬܐ ܘܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܝܬܐ ܘܡܘܠܕܘܒܝܬܐ ܘܡܢ ܠܘܩܕܡ ܣܘܒܝܝܛܝܬܐ܀
ܣܗܪܐ

thumb|ܣܗܪܐ ܡܢ ܩܘܪܒܐ

**ܣܗܪܐ** (ܐܬܐ: ) ܐܘ **ܣܝܢܐ** ܗܘ/ܗܝ ܓܒܝܠܬܐ ܡܘܙܠܬܢܝܬܐ ܝܚܝܕܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܒܛܟܣܐ ܕܫܡܫܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܣܛܪܘܢܘܡܝܐ
ܐܒܢܐ

[thumb|250px|ܟܐܦܐ ܕܐܒܢܐ ܒ[ܩܘܠܘܪܐܕܘ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ]]

**ܐܒܢܐ** ܗܘ/ܗܝ ܐܝܬܘܬܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ ܡܟܢܬܐ ܕܚܦܪܐ܀
ܟܐܦܐ

**ܟܐܦܐ** ܐܘ **ܟܝܦܐ** ܗܘ/ܗܝ:

*ܫܘܥܐ܄ ܡܢܬܐ ܕܐܒܢܐ
*ܟܐܦܐ (ܫܠܝܚܐ)܄ ܬܠܡܝܕܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܢܨܪܝܐ
ܐܝܓܢܐܛܝܘܣ ܙܟܝ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܥܝܘܐܨ

ܡܪܝ **ܐܝܓܢܐܛܝܘܣ ܙܟܝ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܥܝܘܐܨ** ܗܘܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ ܒܝܢܬ 1980 ܥܕܡܐ ܠܫܢܬܐ ܕܡܘܬܗ 2014܀

## ܫܡܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܐ
ܩܕܝܫܘܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܐܛܝܘܣ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟ ܘܕܟܠܗ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܪܝܫܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ ܕܒܟܠܗ ܬܐܒܠ܀

## ܡܘܠܕܐ ܘܚܝ̈ܐ
ܐܬܝܠܕ ܒܣܝܩܘܡ 21 ܢܝܣܢ 1933 ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ܀

ܘܫܡܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܫܪܫܝܐ ܗܘܐ **ܣܢܚܪܝܒ ܥܝܘܐܨ** ܘܫܪܫܐ ܕܐܝܩܪܬܗ ܡܢ ܐܙܟ (ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ)܀

ܗܘܐ ܕܝܪܝܐ ܒܣܝܩܘܡ 6 ܚܙܝܪܢ 1954܆ ܟܢ ܗܘܐ ܚܣܝܐ ܠܡܪܥܝܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ ܘܟܢ ܒܓܕܐܕ܀

ܐܬܓܒܝ ܐܝܟ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܒܫܢܬ 1980܆ ܒܬܪ ܢܝܚܬܗ ܕܬܠܝܬܝ ܛܘ̈ܒܐ ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܐܛܝܘܣ ܝܥܩܘܒ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ. ܡܝܬ ܙܟܝ ܥܝܘܐܨ ܒ21 ܕܐܕܪ ܒܫܢܬ 2014 ܒܩܝܠ ܒܓܪܡܢ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܬܪܝܨܬ ܫܘܒܚܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟ ܘܕܟܠܗ ܡܕܢܚܐ
* ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
* ܕܝܪܐ ܕܟܘܪܟܡܐ
* ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ
* ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܐܘܓܝܢ

## ܐܣܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
* ܬܫܥܝܬ ܚܝܘܗܝ ܕܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܡܢ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܬܐ ܕܦܛܪܝܪܟܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܢܘܠܐ 

ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܘ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ
ܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܡܪܝܩܐ** ܗܝ:

* ܐܡܪܝܩܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ)
** ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ
** ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ
* ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ
ܐܢܚܝܠ

**ܐܢܚܝܠ** ܗܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܡܕܝܕ ܒܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪܩܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܐܪܟܚ

**ܐܪܟܚ** ܗܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܕܟܦܝܫܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܡܕܝܕ ܒܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ܀

ܗܝ ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪ ܡܠܟܗ ܟܦܝܫܐ ܦܠܓ ܕܫܘܚܬܼ ܒܐ ܪܓܼܠܗ ܡܝ ܩܪܝܬܼܐ

### ܬܫܥܝܬܼܐ
ܐܪܟܚ ܒܙܒܢܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܡܕܝܬܼܐܘܗ. ܒܘܕܪܐ ܕܢ4 ܓܡܬܡܬܗ ܣܒ ܕܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܟܝܬܝܐ ܐܫܡܗ ܡܪܡܠܟܗ ܟܘܠܘܙܡܝܐ.

ܡܝܕ݂ܗ ܕܚܪܝܐܘ ܗܝ ܩܪܬ݂ܐ ܐܝܫܡ ܡܚܝܕ ܟ݂ܪܒܠܗ ܥܠ ܕܦܐܝܫܐ ܚܪܒܬ݂ܐ ܠܢ ܐܝܠܗ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܒܝܬܐ (ܒܢܝܢܐ)

[thumb|300px|ܒܝܬܐ ܪܒܐ ܒ[ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ|ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ]]

**ܒܝܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܒ̈ܬܐ**) ܗܘ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܐܟܝܢܐ ܘܐܡܝܢܐ ܠܡܥܡܪ ܒܓܘܗ ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܘܗܘ ܒܝܬ ܓܘܣܗ ܡܢ ܩܢܛ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܢܝܢܐ
ܩܪܝܬܐ

[thumb|200px|ܩܪܝܬܐ ܕ[ܡܐܣܘܠܗ ܒܐܝܪܐܢ]]

**ܩܪܝܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܩܪ̈ܝܬܐ**  ܐܘ **ܩܘܪ̈ܝܣ**) ܗܝ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܙܥܘܪܐ ܕܒܬ̈ܐ. ܩܪܝܬܐ ܒܨܝܪܐ ܒܫܛܝܚܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ܀
ܐܝܛܙܢ

thumb|ܐܝܛܙܢ ܒܓܪܡܢ

**ܐܝܛܙܢ** (ܓܪܡܢܐܝܬ: Uetersen) ܗܝ ܡܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝ-ܡܥܪܒ ܓܪܡܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܓܪܡܢ
ܚܟܐ

thumb|350px|ܚܢܟܐ (ܒܥܠܝܬܐ ܕܦܘܡܐ)
thumb|300px|ܚܢܟܐ ܕܐܢܫܐ

**ܚܟܐ** ܐܘ **ܚܢܟܐ** ܐܘ **ܚܘܢܟܐ** ܗܝ ܐܓܪܐ ܕܦܘܡܐ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܘܕܚܝ̈ܘܬܐ܂ ܗܝ ܒܝܢܬ ܚܠܠܐ ܕܢܚܝܪܐ ܠܚܠܠܐ ܕܦܘܡܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܡܢܘܬ̈ܐ ܕܚܟܐ: ܚܟܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ ܘܚܟܐ ܪܟܝܟܬܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܚܟܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ
* ܚܟܐ ܪܟܝܟܬܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ
ܠܫܢܐ (ܗܕܡܐ)

thumb|300px|ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܢܫܐ
thumb|200px|ܫܘܦܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܒܦܘܡܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ** ܗܘ ܗܕܡܐ ܕܛܥܡܬܐ ܒܦܘܡܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܕܐܢ̈ܫܐ ܠܦܬܠܐ ܘܠܥܣܐ ܘܒܠܥܐ ܐܘܟܠܐ܂ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܦ ܢܥܕܘܪ ܩܠ̈ܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܐ܂ ܗܘ ܪܛܝܒܐ ܡܢ ܪܝܪܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ
ܩܒܪܐ

thumb|200px|ܩܒܪܐ

**ܩܒܪܐ** ܗܘ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܐܝܟܐ ܫܠܕܐ ܕܐܢܫܐ ܐܘ ܚܝܘܬܐ ܗܝ ܩܒܝܪܬܐ ܒܬܪ ܚܝ̈ܐ܀

*
ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ

**ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ** ܗܝ ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܣܪ ܥܡ ܥܕܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ ܕܪ̈ܗܘܡܝܐ. ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓܢܐܛܝܘܣ ܝܘܣܦ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܝܘܢܢ ܗܘ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܐ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܝܣ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܥܕܬܐ
ܡܥܠܘܠܐ

thumb|350px|ܡܥܠܘܠܐ
**ܡܥܠܘܠܐ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: معلولا) ܗܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܟܪܝܣܛܝܢܝܬܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ܆ ܐܝܕܐ ܕܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܠܕܪܡܣܘܩ܆ ܥܠ ܪܘܚܩܐ ܕ40 ܟܡ ܡܢ ܐܪܫܟܝܐ ܕܪܡܣܘܩ܆ ܐܝܟܐ ܡܠܠܝܢ ܐܢ̈ܫܐ ܚܕ ܠܥܙܐ ܕܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܒܠܥܙܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܐ܆ ܐܝܢܘ ܕܩܪܝܒ ܠܠܥܙܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ.

ܘܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܡܥܠܘܠܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܡܢ ܡܠܬ (ܡܥܠܬܐ)܆ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܪܡܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ. ܐܬܒܢܝܬ ܗܘܬ ܡܥܠܘܠܐ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܒܛܘܪ̈ܐ.
ܐܝܬ ܒܗ̊ ܒܡܥܠܘܠܐ ܠܐܦܝ̈ ܚܡܫܐ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܐ ܐܢ̈ܫܐ ܒܓܘ ܡܥܠܘܠܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܬܪܝܢ ܕܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܐ ܒܩܪܝܬܐ܆ ܘ ܚܕܐ ܡܢܗܝܢ ܕܝܪܐ ܕܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܬܩܠܐ ܛܒܝܒܬܐ܆ ܘܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܣܪܓܝܣ ܘܒܟܘܣ܀

## ܣܦܪ̈ܐ
* Wehbi, R. (2021). Zwei neuwestaramäische texte über die wassermühlen in maalula (syrien). Mediterranean Language Review, Volume 28, Issue 1, pp. 135–153. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
* Wehbi, R. (2017). Die aramäischen Wassermühlen in Maalula (Unpublished M.A. Thesis), Heidelberg University.

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ

* ܩܡܫܠܝ
* ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
* ܓܒܥܕܝܢ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܕܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܣܘܪܝܐ
ܩܪܬܐܓܘ

thumb|300px|ܩܪܬܐܓܘ ܡܢ ܫܡܝܐ

**ܩܪܬܐܓܘ** ܐܘ **ܩܪܬ ܚܕܫܬ** (ܦܘܢܝܩܐܝܬ 𐤕𐤔𐤃𐤇 𐤕𐤓𐤒 "ܩܪܝܬܐ ܚܕܬܐ"܄ ܠܐܛܝܢܐܝܬ Carthago܄ ܝܘܢܐܝܬ Καρχηδών) ܩܕܡܐܝܬ ܗܘܬ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܚܕܬܐ ܕܦܘܢܝܩܝ̈ܐ ܒܐܦܪܝܩܐ ܕܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܝܘܡܢܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܬܘܢܣܝܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܠܬܘܢܣ. ܐܬܒܢܝܬ ܗܘܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܡܢ ܕܝܕܘ ܡܠܟܬܐ ܦܘܢܝܩܝܬܐ ܕܥܪܩܬ ܡܢ ܨܘܪ ܒܦܘܢܝܩܐ܀
ܝܘܢܫܘܦܝܢ

300px|thumb|ܨܘܪ̈ܬܐ ܡܫܚ̈ܠܦܬܐ ܡܢ ܝܘܢܫܘܦܝܢ

**ܝܘܢܫܘܦܝܢ** (ܣܘܝܕܐܝܬ Jönköping) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ. ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܡܢܝܢܐ 112,766 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܗ̇ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ2022. ܢܦܠܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܒܣܦܪܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ ܕܝܡܬܐ ܕܒܛܪܢ ܝܡܬܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ ܒܪܘܪܒܘܬܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܣܡܘܠܢܕ܀܀܀


ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܣܘܝܕ
ܓܘܠܝܢܐ ܓܢܕܐ

**ܓܘܠܝܢܐ ܓܢܕܐ** ܗܝ ܙܡܪܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ  ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܒܗܝ ܓܠܘܬܐ܀

## ܕܝܣܟܘܓܪܦܝ
*(1986) Mardita 
*(1988) Khater Aynatukh 
*(1992) Love & Dance (ܚܘܒܐ ܘܪܩܕܐ)
*(1993) Wardeh Deesheh 
*(1994) Beble d-Atur 
*(1995) Athro Halyo (ܐܬܪܐ ܚܠܝܐ)
*(1998) Asheq D-Matwatan 
*(2003) Mellattee 
*(2008) Elemo Halyo 
*(2008) Tel-Kepeh (ܬܠ ܟܐ̈ܦܐ)
*(2010) Golden Tunes

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܡܪܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ/ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ
ܚܒܝܒ ܡܘܣܐ

**ܚܒܝܒ ܡܘܣܐ** ܐܬܝܠܝܕ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܕܡܠܝܟܝܗ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1952 ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܙܡܪ ܕܝܠܢܐܝܬ ܒܠܥܙܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܐ ܐܠܐ ܐܦ ܒܠܥܙܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܐ܀

## ܕܝܣܟܘܓܪܦܝ

*(1968) Shamo Mar
*(1971) Single Vol. 2
*(1972) Single Vol. 2b
*(1978) Yelta Men Demmi
*(1986) Ninwe
*(1989) O Habibo Collection 1971-72
*(1990) Mazlo Li Qritho
*(1995) Athro dBeth-Nahrin
*(2001) Urhoy

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܡܪܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ/ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
ܚܙܒܐܠܠܗ

**ܚܙܒܐܠܠܗ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: حزب الله܄ "ܓܒܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ") ܗܘ ܓܒܐ ܘܚܝܠܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܫܝܥܝܐ ܒܠܒܢܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܓܒܐ
ܡܫܠܡܢܐ

[thumb|300px|ܨܝܪܐ ܕܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ ܡܨܠܝܢ ܒ[ܐܠܩܐܗܪܐ ܒ1865 ܒܝܕ ܓܐܢ ܠܝܘܢ ܓܝܪܘܡ.]]
[300px|thumb|ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ ܒ[ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܥܡܡܝܬܐ ܕܨܝܢ|ܨܝܢ ܕܟܢܫܝܢ ܒܥܝܕ ܐܠܐܨܚܐ.]]

**ܡܫܠܡܢܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ مُسْلِم) ܗܘ ܚܕ ܕܡܗܝܡܢ ܒܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܐܒܪܗܡܝܬܐ ܕܐܣܠܐܡ. ܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ ܡܗܝܡܢܝܢ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ ܩܘܪܐܢ ܗܘ ܡܠܬܗ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܕܐܬܓܠܝ ܗܘܐ ܠܡܘܚܡܕ ܢܒܝܐ܀
ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ

**ܬܠ ܟܐܦܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ تلكيف) ܗܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܐܪܥܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ (ܗܫܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ). ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܠܚܘܕ 5.000 ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܝܢ ܟܠܕ̈ܝܝܢ ܒܗܕܐ ܩܪܝܬܐ, ܐܠܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 100.000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܡܢ ܥܡܘܪܝܗ ܕܚܝܝܢ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܘܪܝܐ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ
ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦܐ

thumb|ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦܐ

**ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦܐ** ܐܘ ܣܘܕܐܝܬ **ܬܣܩܘܦܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: تللسقف) ܗܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܕܬܡܢܝܐ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܢ (8000) ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ܂ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦܐ ܐܢܘܢ ܗܕ̈ܡܐ ܕܥܕܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ܀

## ܛܘܝܒ ܡܠܬܐ
ܐܬܩܪܐ ܬܠܐ ܙܩܝܦܐ ܡܛܠ ܕܬܠܐ ܩܪܝܒܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܘܚܪܝܒܬܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܘܪܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܒܝܬ ܥܬܩܐ ܕܠܘܒܪ

**ܠܘܒܪ** (ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ: Musée du Louvre) ܗܘ ܒܝܬ ܥܬܩܐ ܒܦܐܪܝܣ ܒܦܪܢܣܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܥܬܩܐ
ܦܝܣܝܟ

thumb|200px|ܐܢ ܐܠܟܬܪܘܢܐ ܥܡ ܓܘܢܐ
**ܦܝܣܝܟ** ܒܡܡܠܐ ܝܘܡܝܐ ܡܕܡ ܣܓܝ ܐܠܨܝܐ ܝܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ ܠܫܘܫܛܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ. ܗܘ ܦܝܣܝܟ ܕܝܠܢܐܝܬ ܟܐ ܡܒܢܐ ܗܘ ܐܢܪܓܝ, ܡܐܣ ܘܚܝܠܐ܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܦܝܣܝܟ
ܡܢ ܕܪܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܐܢ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܥܢ ܕܦܗܡܝ ܩܝ ܡܬܠܐ ܚܕ ܚܒܘܫܐ ܟܐܝܒܗ ܕܢܦܠ ܗܘܐ ܠܗܝ ܐܪܥܐ ܡܢ ܗܘ ܐܝܠܢܐ. ܐܦ ܚܕ ܒܥܐ ܗܘܐ ܕܝܕܥ ܐܝܟܢܐ ܗܘ ܥܠܡܐ ܣܝܡܐ ܗܘܐ. ܣܓܝ ܬܘܪܝ ܣܝܡܝ ܐܠܐ ܗܝ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܗܢܐ ܬܐܘܪܝ ܦܘܕܐ ܘܢ.
ܟܢܫܐ

**ܟܢܫܐ** ܗܘ/ܗܝ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܐܢܫܐ ܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܥܡ ܒܠܟܝ ܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܡܫܚܠܦܐ. ܚܕ ܟܫܢܐ ܟܐܝܒܗ ܕܗܘܐ ܐܘܡܬܐ ܐܘ ܥܡܐ ܐܟ ܣܘܝܕ ܐܘ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ.

ܗܝ ܡܠܬܐ ܕܟܢܫܐ ܐܦ ܟܡܝܣܛܥܡܘ ܠܗ ܠܡܕܢܐ ܡܫܚܠܦܐ ܠܗܝ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܘܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܘܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܝ ܘܐܘܡܬܐ܀
ܐܘܡܬܐ

ܚܕܐ **ܐܘܡܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܐܡܘ̈ܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܡܘ̈ܬܐ**) ܟܡܣܝܪܐ ܐܢ ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܥܡ ܚܕܕܐ ܒܟܢܫܐ. ܗܝ ܣܓܝܐܘܬܐ ܕܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܗܝ ܐܘܡܬܐ ܠܐ ܚܙܐ ܠܗ ܚܕܕܐ ܐܠܐ ܟܪܟܫܝ ܡܕܡ ܕܟܐ ܡܣܝܪܐ ܥܡ ܚܕܕܐ܀
ܡܪܕܘܬܐ

**ܡܪܕܘܬܐ** ܗܝ ܐܘܪܚܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ̇ ܡܕ̈ܡ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܐܝܟ ܠܫܢܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܘܣܓܝ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀
ܬܘܕܝܬܐ

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[thumb|ܚܕܟܡܐ ܡܢ ܪܡܙܐ ܬܘܕܝܬܢܝܐ: ܡܢ ܝܢܡܝܢܐ ܠܣܡܠܐ
[ܐܘܡ ، ܟܘܟܒܐ ܕܕܘܝܕ ، ܨܠܝܒܐ ، ܬܘܪܝ ، ܟܪܟܐ ܕܪܡܐ ، ܣܗܪܐ ܘܟܘܟܒܐ ، ܐܗܝܡܣܐ ، ܟܘܟܒܐ ܕܒܗܐܝܘܬܐ ، ܚܡܕܐ. ]]

**ܬܘܕܝܬܐ** ܗܝ ܟܚܝܪܐ ܒܡܢ ܦܘܕܐ ܘܐܛܪܝܣܐ ܗܘܐ. ܗܝ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ ܝܐ ܠܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ ܟܠܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܒܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܐܢܫܐ ܒܬܪܗ܀
ܬܘܩܦܐ

thumb|300px|ܒܪܩܐ ܕܗܘ ܐܕܫܐ ܕܬܘܩܦܐ

**ܬܘܩܦܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܢܪܓܝ** (ܡܢ ܝܘܢܝܐ: ἐνέργεια) ܗܘ ܡܬܡܨܝܢܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܥܒܕܐ ܕܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܡܕܡ. ܐܝܬ ܐܕ̈ܫܐ ܣܓܝܐ̈ܐ ܘܡܫܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܬܘܩܦܐ ܐܝܟ ܬܘܩܦܐ ܕܚܡܝܡܘܬܐ ܘܬܘܩܦܐ ܢܘܗܪܝܐ ܘܫܪ܀
ܚܙܘܪܐ

[thumb|200px|ܚܒܘܫܐ ܒ[ܟܙܟܣܛܢ]]

**ܚܙܘܪܐ** ܐܘ **ܚܒܘܫܐ** ܐܘ **ܚܒܘܫܬܐ** ܗܘ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܐܝܠܢܐ ܕܚܙܘܪܐ. ܗܢܐ ܦܐܪܐ ܐܝܬܠܗ ܝܘܬܪ̈ܢܐ ܣܓܝܐ̈ܐ ܠܚܘܠܡܢܐ ܕܐܢܫ̈ܐ. ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬܐ ܐܕܫ̈ܐ ܕܚܙܘܪ̈ܐ ܚܠܝܐ ܘܡܪܝܪܐ ܘܚܡܘܨܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܥܝܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܐܪܐ
ܐܒܐ (ܦܐܪܐ)

thumb|200px|ܗܘ ܫܘܫܛܐ ܕܚܕ ܦܐܪܐ

**ܐܒܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܒܒܐ** ܗܘ ܦܐܪܐ ܕܡܬܟܝܢ ܡܢ ܦܩܚܐ ܕܢܨܒܬ̈ܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܒܐ (ܦܐܪܐ)
ܝܘܠܦܢ ܡܡܫܚܘܬܐ

**ܝܘܠܦܢ ܡܡܫܚܘܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܩܢܘܡܝܐ** ܗܘ ܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܕܝܨܦ ܒܡܛܟܣܘܬܐ ܕܨܒܘܬ̈ܐ ܟܣܦܢܝ̈ܐ܀
ܙܥܘܩܐ

thumb|200px|ܛܠܦܘܢ ܥܬܝܩܐ

**ܙܥܘܩܐ** ܐܘ **ܛܠܦܘܢ** (ܡܢ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: τῆλε܄ "ܪܚܝܩܐ"܄ ܘφωνή܄ "ܩܠܐ") ܗܘ ܡܕܡ ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܩܠܐ ܘܚܕ ܐܝܒܗ ܡܡܠܠ ܒܗ ܒܝܬ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܐܘ ܝܬܝܪ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܨܘܦܐ܀
ܦܪܨܘܦܐ

**ܦܪܨܘܦܐ** ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܚܕ ܒܪ ܢܫܐ. ܐܠܐ ܒܕܘܟܬܐ ܩܢܘܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܡܘܥܢܐ ܕܡܬܠܐ ܙܕܩܐ ܢܫܝܐ܀
ܙܕܩܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ

[thumb|200px|ܙܕܩܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕ[ܦܪܢܣܐܐܬܒܕܩ ܒܫܢܬ 1789]]
**ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ** ܗܢܘܢ ܚܐܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܫܪ̈ܫܝܐ ܕܒܢܝ̈ ܢܫܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ. ܡܬܠܐ ܕܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܗܘܘ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܐ ܘܕܦܠܚܐ ܘܕܫܘܝܘܬܐ ܘܫܪܟܐ ܕܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀
ܚܐܪܘܬܐ

thumb|300px|ܐܡܐ ܓܝ Ama-gi ܪܡܙܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܫܘܡܪܝܐ

**ܚܐܪܘܬܐ** ܗܝ ܡܫܬܐܠܢܘܬܐ ܕܒܪ ܢܫܐ ܥܠ ܪܢܝܗ ܘܪܥܝܢܗ ܘܚܘܫܒܗ ܕܠܐ ܩܛܪ̈ܐ ܐܘ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ܀ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܕܒܪܢܫܐ ܡܬܫܪ̈ܪܝܢ ܥܠ ܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܐܝܟ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܙܕܩ̈ܐ ܫܪ̈ܫܝܐ.
ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ

[thumb|400px|ܐܢ ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܣܘܡܐ ܟܢܫܐ ܣܓܝ ܡܫܘܫܘܛܐ ܐܟܼ ܗܕܐ ܣܪܬܐ ܒ[ܗܘܢ ܟܘܢ]]
ܗܘ **ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ** ܐܘ **ܒܪܢܫܐ** ܐܬܝ ܡܢ ܝܒܫܬܐ ܕܐܦܪܝܩܐ ܩܕܡ 200.000 ܫܢܝܐ. ܐܢ ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܐܝܬܗ ܡܐܚܐ ܡܫܘܫܘܛܐ ܘܥܡܗ ܩܘܕܪܝܢ ܕܡܡܠܠܢ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܡܫܚܠܦܐ܀
ܐܕܘܠܦ ܗܝܛܠܪ

thumb|200px|1938
[thumb|200px|ܗܝܛܠܪ ܘ[ܩܐܪܠ ܡܐܢܪܗܐܝܡ ܒ1942]]

**ܐܕܘܠܦ ܗܝܛܠܪ** (ܝܠܝܕ ܒܢܡܣܐ 20 ܒܢܝܣܢ ܒ1889 ܘܡܝܬ 30 ܒܢܝܣܢ ܒ1945) ܗܘܐ ܡܕܒܪܢܐ ܓܪܡܢܝܐ ܕܓܒܐ ܡܫܘܬܦܢܐ ܐܬܪܝܐ ܕܦܠܚ̈ܐ ܓܪ̈ܡܢܝܐ܂ ܗܝܛܠܪ ܣܡ ܠܗ ܟܘܦ ܐܠܐ ܠܘܝ ܘܐܙܠ ܠܚܒܘܫܝܐ܂ ܬܡܢ ܒܚܒܘܫܝܐ ܟܬܒ ܣܦܪܗ ܕ"ܡܐܝܢ ܩܐܡܦܦ" ("ܬܟܬܘܫܐ ܕܝܠܝ") ܕܗܘܝ ܡܕܡ ܡܩܕܫܐ ܠܟܠܐ ܢܙܝܐ܀

ܥܠ ܗܝܛܠܪ ܪܚܡ ܗܘܐ ܣܓܝ ܩܪܒܐ ܩܛܠ ܗܠ 50 ܡܝܠܝ̈ܘܢܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܘܡܢܝܐ 6 ܡܝܠܝ̈ܘܢܐ ܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܐ ܒܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܝܗܘܕܝܐ܀

ܒܝܘܡܐ ܚܪܝܐ ܒܩܪܒܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܒ1945 ܩܛܝܠܗ ܪܘܚܐ ܥܡ ܐܬܬܗ܀
## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
ܬܠܫܝܬܐ ܕܩܛܠܐ ܕܐܕܘܠܦ ܗܝܛܠܪ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܪܘܢܐ
ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ

thumb|ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ.<br />
<span style="color:#b00000; font-size:xx-large;">•</span>ܡܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܣܒܠܗܢ ܡܢ ܩܛܠܥܡܐ.<br />
<span style="color:#008000; font-size:xx-large;">•</span>ܡܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܕܩܒܠܗܢ ܣܪܝܕܐ.<br />
<span style="color:#2e3192; font-size:xx-large;">•</span>ܡܬܘ̈ܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ.
[ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|200px|ܥܘܗܕܢܐ ܠܣܗܕ̈ܐ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܒ[ܦܪܢܣܐ]]

**ܩܛܠܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܣܝܦܐ** ܐܣܬܝܡ ܗܘܐ ܡܢ ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܥܘܬܡܐܢܝܬܐ (ܘܒܬܪܟܢ ܠܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ) ܘܡܢ ܥܡܗ ܝܗ̈ܠܐ ܩܪ̈ܕܘܝܐ ܒܝܬ ܫܢ̈ܝܐ ܕ1914 ܘܕ1923. ܒܗܢܐ ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܩܛܝܠܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܠܐܦܝ̈ 750.000 ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܝܢ ܟܠܕ̈ܝܝܢ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܝܢ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ܆ ܘܬܘܒ ܩܛܝܠܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܠܐܦܝ̈ 1.500.000 ܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܝܢ܀ 

ܘܥܪܩܘ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܡܢ ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܘܡܢ ܡܕܝܕ ܘܡܢ ܢܨܝܒܝܢ ܘܡܢ ܡܪܕܝܢ ܘܐܬܘ ܠܒܪܐ ܥܠ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ܆ ܡܛܠ ܕܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܫܥܡܪܬ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܟܠܕ̈ܝܐ ܆ܘܐܥܠܬ ܐܢܘܢ ܠܬܚܘܡܗ܆ ܘܐܬܘ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܘܐܥܡܪܘ ܠܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܚܕ̈ܬܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܩܡܫܠܝ (ܙܠܝܢ) ܘܐܝܟ ܚܣܟܗ ܘܐܝܟ ܕܝܪܝܟ (ܡܐܠܟܝܗ) ܘܐܝܟ ܩܒܪ̈ܐ ܚܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܣܛܪ܀

ܘܬܘܒ ܝܬܝܪܘܬ ܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܟܠܕܝܐ ܢܚܬ ܡܢ ܗܟܐܪܝ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܠܢܝܢܘܐ ܘܠܒܓܕܐܕ ܘܠܒܨܪܐ ܘܠܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ ܘܠܐܪܒܝܠ ܘܠܢܘܗܕܪܐ ܘܣܛܪ܀

ܘܠܐ ܛܥܝܢܢ ܩܘܪ̈ܝܐܣ ܕܐܩܪܒܘ ܥܡ ܩܛܘ̈ܠܐ ܘܙܟܘ ܐܝܟ ܐܙܟ ܘܐܝܟ ܥܝܢܘܪܕܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܐܪܒܐ ܘܥܡܐ ܕܟܦܫܢܐ܀

ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܐܡܪܝܢ ܠܗܢܐ ܩܛܠܐ "**ܫܢܬܐ ܕܣܝܦܐ**" ܐܘ ܒܠܚܘܕ "**ܣܝܦܐ**" ܡܛܠ ܕܒܣܝܦܐ ܩܛܝܠܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܒܢܝ̈ ܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܟܠܕܝܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ܀

ܒܬܪ ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܒܝܬ 1914 - 1923 ܫܚܠܦ ܥܡܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܩܘܪܕܝܐ ܦܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ܆ ܘܐܘܒܕܘ ܩܢܝܢܘܗܝ ܘܐܢܫ̈ܘܗܝ ܒܢܓܕ̈ܐ ܡܪܝܪ̈ܐ ܩܫܝ̈ܐ܆ ܘܟܢ ܐܫܬܠܛ ܥܠܝܗܘܢ܆ ܘܐܬܓܠܘܝܘ ܒܡܨܥܝܘܬ ܕܪܐ ܕܥܣܪܝܢ ܡܐ ܕܦܫܘ ܗܘܐ ܡܢ ܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܬܡܢ܆ ܘܠܐ ܦܫܘ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܬܡܢ ܣܛܪ ܡܢ ܟܡܐ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܐ ܢܛܪܝܢ ܠܕܝܪ̈ܬܐ ܘܚܝܝܢ ܒܙܘܥܢܐ ܘܒܕܚܠܐ ܘܟܢܫܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܢܗܘܢ ܢܚܬ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܫܬܐܣ ܠܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܘܠܩܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܕܐܝܟ ܩܡܫܠܝ ܙܐܠܝܢ ܘܕܝܪܝܟ (ܡܐܠܟܝܗ) ܘܚܣܟܗ ܘܩܒܪ̈ܐ ܚܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܣܛܪ܆ ܘܚܝܝܢ ܒܗܘܢ ܒܣܓܝܘܬܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܘܐܠܨܐܝܬ ܠܡܕܟܪ ܕܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܡܪܕܘܬܢܝܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ܆ ܘܬܘܒ ܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܛܝܬܐ ܒܣܘܪܝܐ܆ ܡܚܓܝܢ ܠܕܘܟܪܢܐ ܕܣܗܕ̈ܐ ܕܗܢܐ ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܟܠ ܫܢܬܐ ܒܝܘܡ 24 ܒܢܝܣܢ ܒܡܕ̈ܝܢܬ ܩܡܫܠܝ ܘܕܝܪܝܟ (ܡܐܠܟܝܗ) ܘܚܣܟܗ ܘܩܒܪ̈ܐ ܚܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܣܛܪ܀

## ܬܩܒܝܠܐ
ܗܠ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܝܕ ܡܩܒܐ ܠܗ ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܪܘܫܡܐܝܬ.

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܦܪܡܬܐ ܕܣܡܠܐ
* ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ
* ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ

## ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ


ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܛܠܥܡܐ
ܚܒܘܫܝܐ

[thumb|300px|ܚܒܘܫܝܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕ[ܟܢܕܐ]]
**ܚܒܘܫܝܐ** ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܐܢ̈ܫܐ ܒܝܫܝܢ ܕܣܡܐ ܡܕܢܐ ܠܐ ܥܠ ܗܘ ܩܢܘܢܐ܀
ܥܪܩ

thumb|250px|"ܥܪܩ ܐܠܪܝܐܢ" ܓܪܒܐ ܕܥܪܩ ܡܢ ܣܘܪܝܐ

**ܥܪܩ** (ܡܢ ܥܪܒܝܐ عَرَق) ܗܘ ܫܟܪܐ ܨܦܝܐ ܘܠܐ ܚܠܝܐ ܘܕܠܐ ܨܒܥܐ ܕܢܬܬܥܒܕ ܡܢ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܕܠܒܢܢ ܘܕܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܘܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ ܘܕܦܠܣܛܝܢ܀
ܡܟܣܝܩܘ

**ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܡܟܣܝܩܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܡܟܣܝܩܘ** (ܐܣܦܢܝܐ: Estados Unidos Mexicanos ܐܘ México) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ܂ ܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܘܓܘܐܛܝܡܐܠܐ ܘܒܠܝܙ܂ ܐܢ̈ܫܐ ܒܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܡܠܠܝܢ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ.

ܥܡ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ ܡܠܝܘܢܐ ܟܡ2 ܫܛܝܚܘܬܐ ܟܠܢܝܬܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܗܘܐܬܪܐ ܚܡܫܝܐ ܒܪܒܘܬ ܫܛܝܚܘܬܐ ܒܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܘܐܘܡܬܐ ܕܐܪܒܥܣܪ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ. ܥܡ 109 ܡܠܝܘܢܐ ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܗܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܚܕܥܣܪ ܒܪܒܘܬ ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ ܘܒܗ ܡܡܠܠܝܢ ܐܣܦܢܝܝܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠܐ ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܐܚܪܝܢܐ ܕܡܡܠܠܝܢ ܐܣܦܢܝܝܐ.

ܐܝܟ ܚܝܠܐ ܦܢܝܬܝܐ ܘܗܘ ܝܚܝܕܝܐ ܗܕܡܐ ܠܛܝܢܝܐ ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܒܫܘܬܐܣܐ ܠܡܫܘܫܛܢܘܬܐ ܡܡܘܢܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ1994 ܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܗܘܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܥܬܝܪܐ.

ܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܡܫܪܐ ܠܗ ܕܗܘܐ ܚܝܠܐ ܥܠܡܝܐ ܘܗܫܐ ܗܘ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܗܘ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܪܒܐ ܒܒܪܝܬܐ ܗܘܐ܀

## ܫܪܫܐ ܕܫܡܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ
ܒܬܪ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܚܕܬܬܐ ܩܡܪ ܠܗ ܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܐܡܪܗ ܕܕܫܡܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܚܕܬܬܐ ܗܘܐ ܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܒܬܪ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܗ ܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܚܙܝ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1524 ܡܢ ܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܘܐܙܬܟܝܐ. ܗܘ ܫܪܫܐ ܕܗܘ ܫܡܐ ܟܐܬܗ ܡܢ ܢܐܗܘܬܠ ܘܬܡܢ ܫܡܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܕܩܪܒܐ܀

## ܬܫܥܝܬܐ
ܩܕܡ ܐܢ ܡܒܚܢܢܐ ܚܫܒܝܢ ܗܘܐ ܕܕܒܪ ܢܫܐ ܒܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܐܬܢ ܩܕܡ 40.000 ܫܢܝܐ, ܐܠܐ ܗܫܐ ܝܕܥܝܢܢ ܕܕܗܢܐ ܪܢܝܐ ܠܝܬ ܝܐ ܫܪܪܐ. ܠܐ ܝܕܥܝܢܢ ܐܢ ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ ܒܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܗܘܐ ܠܗ 21.000 ܫܢܝܐ ܐܘ ܠܐ, ܗܢܐ ܪܢܝܐ ܡܢ ܢܘܪܐ ܒܛܘܪܢܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ. ܩܕܡ 9.000 ܫܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܡܪܕܘܬܐ ܣܓܝ ܡܫܘܫܘܛܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܥܠ ܝܠܝܦܝܢ ܗܘܐ ܕܣܝܡܝܢ ܗܝ ܐܪܥܐ ܐܟ ܥܡܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ.

ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1519 ܥܡܐ ܫܪܫܢܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܐܬܢ ܬܚܬܐ ܚܝܠܐ ܕܐܣܦܢܝܐ. ܒܬܪ 2 ܫܢܝܐ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܙܬܟܝܐ ܡܝܕܐ ܡܢ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܘܬܠܟܣܟܠܬܣ, ܐܢ ܥܠܕ ܒܒܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܐܙܬܟܝܐ.

## ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܘܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܝ
ܐܢ ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܐ ܗܘܘ ܦܕܪܠܝܐ ܘܗܘܘ ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܕܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܘܪܦܘܒܠܝܩܢܝܐ ܡܢ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܪܝܫ ܐܬܪܢܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ1917. ܒܗܘ ܢܡܘܣܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬܐ ܫܘܟܘܠܬ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ: ܗܘ ܚܘܝܕܐ ܦܕܪܠܝܐ, ܗܘ ܪܒ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܘܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܕܟܪܟܘܬܐ. ܟܠܐ ܡܬܠܢܐ ܟܡܝܢܩܝܢ ܒܓܘܒܝܐ ܫܠܝܛܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ.

ܗܝ ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܦܕܪܠܝܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܠܬܐ ܦܬܬܐ:
* ܩܢܘܢܝܐ: ܗܘ ܦܪܠܡܢܬܐ ܕܣܡ ܩܢܘܢܐ ܚܕܬܬܐ, ܩܪܒܐ, ܙܘܙܐ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܘܐܣܪܐ ܥܡ ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܐܚܪܝܢܐ.
* ܐܟܣܟܘܬܝܦ: ܗܘ ܪܝܫ ܐܬܪܐ ܘܪܫܝ ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܗܘ ܪܒ ܚܝܠܐ ܕܦܠܚܐ ܡܟܣܝܩܝܐ.
* ܒܝܬ ܕܝܢܐ: ܗܘ ܪܒ ܒܝܬ ܕܝܢܐ ܟܐ ܡܝܡܬܠ ܡܢ ܚܕܥܣܪ ܕܝܢܝܐ ܕܡܢܩܝܢ ܡܢ ܪܝܫ ܐܬܪܐ ܘܦܪܠܡܢܬܐ:

ܒܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܕܦܪܠܡܢܬܐ 2006-2009 ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܬܡܢܐ ܓܒܐ, ܐܠܐ ܚܡܫܐ ܡܢܝܐ ܠܐ ܩܝܬܝܢ ܙܕ ܡܢ 4% ܒܓܘܒܝܐ ܫܠܝܛܐ. ܐܢ ܬܠܬܐ ܓܒܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܢܐ ܗܘܐܢ ܒܙܒܢܐ ܟܠܐ ܐܢ ܓܒܐ ܪܒܐ ܒܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܝ ܡܟܣܝܩܝܐ.
* ܓܒܐ ܐܘܡܬܢܝܐ (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN): ܚܕ ܓܒܐ ܝܡܝܢܐ-ܦܠܓܝܐ ܘܚܙܝ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1939.
* ܓܒܐ ܕܪܦܘܠܘܟܘܢ (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI): ܓܒܐ ܝܡܝܢܐ-ܣܡܠܐ ܣܘܣܝܠܝܐ ܕܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܚܙܝ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1929 ܠܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܡܟܣܝܩܘ.
* ܓܒܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܕܪܦܘܠܘܟܘܢ (Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD): ܓܒܐ ܝܡܝܢܐ-ܣܡܠܝܐ ܕܚܙܝ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1989.

## ܓܝܣܐ ܡܟܣܝܩܝܐ

ܡܟܣܝܩܘ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܗܘ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܡܘܢܐ ܕܗܘ ܓܝܣܐ ܒܗܝ ܦܢܝܬܐ ܥܡ 60ܒܝܠܝܘܢܐ ܕܘܠܪܐ. ܗܘ ܓܝܣܐ ܡܟܣܝܩܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܠܬܐ ܓܘܢܐ; ܗܘ ܓܝܣܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ, ܗܘ ܓܝܣܐ ܕܫܡܝܐ ܘܗܘ ܓܝܣܐ ܕܝܡܐ.
ܠܫܢܐ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ** (español) ܐܘ **ܠܫܢܐ ܩܣܛܝܠܝܐ** (castellano) ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܪ̈ܘܡܐܢܣܝܐ ܘܗܢܕܘ-ܐܘܪ̈ܘܦܝܐ ܘܫܪܫܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܡܢ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܒܓܙܪܬܐ ܝܒܫܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܝܒܝܪܐ ܕܐܘܪܘܦܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ. ܡܢ ܫܢܬ 2019 ܐܝܬ ܐܪܒܥܡܐܐ ܘܬܡܢܝܢ ܘܬܠܬܐ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܢ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܡܠܠܝܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܣܦܢܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܠܫܢܐ ܫܪܫܝܐ܀

ܐܣܦܢܝܐ
ܒܝܬ ܕܝܢܐ

[thumb|ܒܝܬ ܕܝܢܐ ܥܠܝܐ ܒ[ܩܢܕܐ]]

**ܒܝܬ ܕܝܢܐ** ܗܘ ܓܘܫܡܐ ܐܘ ܫܘܬܐܣܐ ܫܘܠܛܢܝܐ ܕܐܡܪ ܕܝܢܐ ܥܠ ܡܣܟܠܢܐ ܘܥܘܠ̈ܐ܀
ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܣܝܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܣܝܐ** (русский язык) ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܐ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܕܒܠܐܪܘܣ ܘܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ. ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܠܫܢܐ ܐܡܗܝܐ ܕܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 150 ܡܠܝܘܢ̈ܐ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ܀

ܪܘܣܝܐ
ܓܘܕ ܫܪܠܘܛ

thumb|200px|ܓܘܕܐ ܕܓܘܕ ܫܪܠܘܛ

**ܓܘܕ ܫܪܠܘܛ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Good Charlotte) ܗܝ ܓܘܕܐ ܕܡܘܣܝܩܝ ܕܪܘܩ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܘܡܫܬܣܗ ܪܘܚܝܐ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ1996. ܫܩܠܗ ܫܡܗ ܕܓܘܕ ܫܪܠܘܛ ܡܢ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܙܥܘܪܐ ܡܢ ܟܪܘܠ ܒܝܓ ܝܘܪܟ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܡܪܐ
ܬܠܐ ܕܚܕ ܐܝܠܢ

**ܬܠܐ ܕܚܕ ܐܝܠܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ One Tree Hill) ܕܪܡܐ ܐܡܪܝܩܝܐ ܕܫܪܐ ܒܦܪܣܐ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ2003܀
ܦܪܝܙܘܢ ܒܪܝܟ

**ܦܪܝܙܘܢ ܒܪܝܟ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Prison Break) ܐܟܫܘܢ ܐܡܪܝܩܝܐ ܕܡܫܪܐ ܠܗ ܒܦܪܣܐ ܝܘܡܝܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕ29 ܐܒ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܕ2005 ܒܦܪܣ ܚܙܘܐ ܕܦܘܟܣ܀
ܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܐܬܐ ܕܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܕܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ
[ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|[ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܒܪܠܝܡܘܢܛ ܒܒܪܘܟܣܠ ܗܘ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ]]

**ܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ** ܗܘ ܚܘܝܕܐ ܦܘܠܝܛܝܩܝܐ ܘܡܡܘܢܝܐ ܒܝܬ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܫܒܥܐ ܐܬܪ̈ܘܢ ܐܘܪ̈ܘܦܝܝܢ. ܐܝܬ ܩܘܪܒܐ ܕܐܪܒܥܝܢ ܘܚܡܫܐ ܖ̈ܒܘܢ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܚܘܝܕܐ ܐܘܪܘܦܝܐ ܘܐܝܬ ܠܗ 30% ܡܢ ܡܥܠܬܐ ܐܘܡܬܢܝܬܐ ܟܠܢܝܬܐ (GDP) ܕܒܪܝܬܐ܀
ܦܕܪܠܝܐ

**ܦܕܪܠܝܐ** (ܒܠܫܢܐ ܠܐܛܝܢܝܐ: Foedus) ܪܢܝܐ ܕܕܟܡܐ ܗܕܡܐ ܙܕܩ ܦܠܓܝܢ ܗܘ ܚܝܠܐ ܥܡ ܚܕܕܐ܀
ܓܒܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ

**ܓܒܐ ܕܚܐܪܘܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ** ܗܘ ܓܒܐ ܕܘܪܢܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܢܝܫܐ ܕܣܡ ܐܬܪܐ ܚܐܪܐ ܠܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ/ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܒܫܡܢܐ ܟܠܐ ܒܐܪܥܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ. ܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܐܬܚܙܝܬ ܗܢ ܓܒܐ ܐܝܟ ܛܪܘܪܝܣܛ. ܚܘܪ ܒܡܕܝܢܬ ܩܡܫܠܝ ܕܗܝ ܒܝܬ ܙܠܝܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܓܒܐ
ܣܦܝܢܬܐ

thumb|350px|ܣܦܝܢܬܐ

**ܣܦܝܢܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܒܨܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܣܦܝܢ̈ܐ**܄ ܟܢܘܫܝܐ ܕܝܬܝܪܘܬܐ: **ܣܦܝܢ̈ܬܐ**) ܗܝ ܩܪܩܘܪܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܬܩܦܐ ܒܡܝ̈ܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܩܪܩܘܪܐ
* ܟܠܟܐ
ܒܝܬ ܟܪܝܗܐ

thumb|250px|ܬܘܢܐ ܒܒܝܬ ܟܪ̈ܝܗܐ ܚܕܬܐ

**ܒܝܬ ܟܪ̈ܝܗܐ** ܗܘ ܫܘܬܐܣܐ ܕܝܗܒ ܚܘܠܡܢܐ ܠܒܢ̈ܝܢܫܐ ܟܪ̈ܝܗܐ܀
ܡܫܝܚܝܐ

**ܡܫܝ̈ܚܝܐ** ܐܢܘܢ ܢܩܘ̈ܦܐ ܕܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܘܕܢܗܝܡܘܢ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܢܨܪܝܐ ܗܘ ܡܫܝܚܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܥܪܫܐ

**ܥܪܫܐ** ܐܘ **ܟܟܐ** (ܣܘܕܐܝܬ: ܓܪܘܣܬܐ) ܗܝ/ܗܘ ܫܢܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܛܚܢܐ ܒܒܣܬܪܐ ܕܦܘܡ̈ܐ ܕܚܝ̈ܘܬܐ܂ ܢܛܚܢܢ ܥܪ̈ܫܐ ܐܘܟܠܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܫܢܐ
ܓܫܪܐ

[thumb|300px|[ܓܫܪܐ ܕܒܒܐ ܕܗܒܢܝܐ ܒܣܐܢ ܦܪܢܣܝܣܩܘ]]

**ܓܫܪܐ** ܐܘ **ܓܝܫܪܐ** ܗܘ ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܐܬܢܓܕ ܥܠ ܦܩܥ̈ܬܐ ܘܥܠ ܢܚ̈ܠܐ ܘܥܠ ܥܘܡܩ̈ܐ ܘܥܠ ܢܗܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܓܝܪ ܥܒܪܐ ܕܣܟܪ̈ܐ܀
ܥܐܕܐ

**ܥܐܕܐ** ܗܘ ܝܘܡܐ ܕܒܗ ܡܩܝܡܝܢ ܚܕܘܬܐ ܡܕܡ ܐܝܟ ܥܐܕܐ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ ܘܥܐܕܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܝܠܕܐ܀
ܥܡܐ ܩܪܕܘܝܐ

ܣܡܠܐ|frameless|250x250px
**ܥܡܐ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ** (ܟܘܪܕܐܝܬ: کورد/kurd) ܗܘ ܥܡܐ ܥܡ 40-80 ܡܠܝܘܢܐ ܒܪ ܢܫܐ. ܐܝܬ ܩܪ̈ܕܘܝܐ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܒܣܘܪܝܐ ܘܒܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܒܐܝܪܐܢ܀ ܘܐܪܥܗܘܢ ܗܝ ܩܘܪܕܣܬܐܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪܩܝܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܥܝܪܐܩ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܣܘܪܝܐ
ܥܡܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ

**ܥܡܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ** ܗܘ ܥܡܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ. ܫܡܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܕܬܩܝܦܐ ܐܘ ܕܥܫܝܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪܩܝܐ
ܥܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܡܝܢܐ|ܥܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ
**ܥܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ** ܐܘ **ܛܝܝܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عَرَب) ܚܕ ܥܡܐ ܡܢ ܥܡܡ̈ܐ ܫܝܡܝ̈ܐ. ܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܥܡܪܝܢ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ܒܬܪ̈ܬܝܢ ܝܒܫ̈ܬܐ ܕܐܣܝܐ ܘܕܐܦܪܝܩܐ܀
ܥܡܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|350px|ܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܐ ܛܒܝܒ̈ܐ ܡܫܚ̈ܠܦܐ

**ܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܐ** (ܐܪܡܢܐܝܬ հայեր) ܐܢܘܢ ܥܡܐ ܕܒܘܢܟ ܒܪ̈ܡܬܐ ܕܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܕܐܣܝܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ. ܬܫܥܝܬܢܝܐܝܬ ܢܥܡܪܘܢ ܒܐܪܡܢܝܐ ܘܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܡܥܪܒ ܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܐܝܪܐܢ. ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ ܐܘܡܬܐ ܡܫܝܚܝܬܐ. ܐܝܬ ܗܫܐ ܡܢ ܫܒܥܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܥܣܪܐ ܪ̈ܒܘܢ ܐܪ̈ܡܢܝܝܢ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܪܝܫܐܝܬ ܒܐܪܘܢܝܐ ܘܪܘܣܝܐ ܘܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܘܦܪܢܣܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ
ܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ

**ܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ** ܗܘ ܫܘܬܐܣܐ ܣܝܣܝܐ ܐܫܬܬܐܣ ܒܫܢܬ 1979 ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ. ܢܛܪ ܐܪܙܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܗܘ ܝܘܢܕܡ ܝܘܣܦ ܟܢܐ. ܣܦܪܙܒܢܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܗܘ ܣܦܪܙܒܢܐ ܕ'ܒܗܪܐ' ܕܢܦܩ ܒܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܥܪܒܝܐ. ܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܐܬܝܪܝܬܐ ܕܫܡܗ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ 'ܐܬܝܪܝܬܐ ܕܐܫܘܪ' ܘܦܪ̈ܣܚܙܘܐ ܘܦܪ̈ܣܩܠܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܒܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܘܡܬܘܬ̈ܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ. ܙܘܥܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܗܕ̈ܡܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܫܪ̈ܒܬܐ  ܘܥܕ̈ܬܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܟܠܕܘܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܕ̈ܝܐ ܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ. ܙܘܥܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܕܘܟ̈ܘܬܐ ܘܡܟܬ̈ܒܐ ܒܟܠ ܡܕܝܢܐ ܘܡܬ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܒܢܝ̈ ܥܡܐ ܟܠܕܘܐܬܘܪܝܐ܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
ܕܘܟܬܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܢܘܠܐ zowaa.org 

ܣܕܪܐ:ܓܒܐ
ܥܢܟܒܐ

thumb|ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܒܥܢܟܒܐ

**ܥܢܟܒܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ عنكاوا: ܟܘܪܕܐܝܬ عەنکاوە) ܗܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܢܦܝܠܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ. ܪܚܝܩܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܕܐܪܒܥܐ ܟܝܠܘܡܛܪ̈ܝܢ. ܐܝܬ ܩܪܝܒܐ ܕܬܠܬܝܢ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܕܢܫܟܢܘܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ. ܡܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܝܠܗ̇ ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܝܢ. ܐܬܐ ܫܡܐ ܕܥܢܟܒܐ ܡܢ 'ܥܡܟ ܐܒܐܕ'. ܐܝܬ ܒܥܢܟܒܐ ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܓܝܘܪܓܝܣ ܘܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ ܘܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܐܠܝܐ ܘܩܘܒܬܐ ܕܡܪܬܝ ܡܪܝܡ ܕܡܬܩܪܐ ܡܪܝܡܢܐ܀

ܐܝܬ ܒܥܢܟܒܐ ܚܕܐ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܪܘܪܒܐܝܬ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܫܡܗ̇ **ܩܨܪܐ** ܘܗܘ ܚܕ ܬܠܐ ܛܡܝܪܐ ܬܚܝܬ ܩܨܪܐ ܕܚܕ ܡܠܟܐ ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܐܠܦܝ̈ܐ ܕܫܢܝ̈ܐ ܘܥܠܘܗܝ ܐܝܬ ܒܝܬ ܩܒܘܪܐ ܗܫܐ܀܀܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܘܪܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܝܘܢܕܡ ܝܘܣܦ ܟܢܐ

**ܝܘܢܕܡ ܝܘܣܦ ܟܢܐ** ܣܝܣܝܐ ܟܠܕܘܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܡܢ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܗܘ ܢܛܪܐܪܙܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ2000 ܠܗܫܐ ܘܗܕܡܐ ܕܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܩܝܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܝܪ̈ܐܩܝܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܕ2005. ܗܘܐ ܘܙܝܪܐ ܕܫܘܓܠܐ ܘܡܫܟܢܬܐ ܒܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ ܕܩܠܝܡܐ ܕܟܘܪܕܣܬܢ ܘܗܕܡܐ ܕܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܥܝܪܐܩܝܐ 2004-2005܀
ܒܗܪܐ (ܓܠܝܘܢܐ)

**ܒܗܪܐ** ܗܘ ܣܦܪܙܒܢܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܢܦܩ ܒܬܪܝܢ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ: ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܥܪܒܝܐ. ܡܢܝܢܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܒܗܪܐ ܢܦܩ ܒܫܢܬ 1982 ܡ܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
*ܕܘܟܬܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܬܐ ܥܠ ܢܘܠܐ
ܫܢܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ

**ܫܢܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ** ܗܝ ܫܢܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ 365 ܝܘܡܬ̈ܐ. ܥܝܕܐܝܬ ܫܒܛ ܒܫܢܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܗ 28 ܝܘܡܬ̈ܐ. ܐܬܝܐ ܫܢܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ ܟܠ ܬܠܬ ܫܢܝ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܐܪܒܥ܀
ܫܢܬܐ ܟܒܝܫܬܐ

**ܫܢܬܐ ܟܒܝܫܬܐ** ܗܝ ܫܢܬܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ̇ ܬܠܬܡܐܐ ܘܫܬܝܢ ܘܫܬܐ ܝܘܡ̈ܢ ܟܕ ܫܒܛ ܐܝܬ ܒܗ̇ ܥܣܪܝܢ ܘܬܫܥܐ ܝܘܡ̈ܢ. ܐܬܝܐ ܫܢܬܐ ܟܒܝܫܬܐ ܟܠ ܚܕܐ ܫܢܐ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܐܪܒܥ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ
ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܐ

**ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܐ** ܗܘ ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܬܒܝܠܝܐ ܟܬܝܒܐ ܒܝܕ ܒܨܘܝܐ ܡܠܦܢܐ ܐܠܘܣܝܘܣ ܠܝܠܝܘܣ ܒܫܢܬ 1581 ܘܐܬܚܫܚ ܒܝܕ ܘܫܩܠ ܫܡܐ ܕ ܦܐܦܐ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ ܕܬܠܬܥܣܪ ܒܫܢܬ 1582 - ܫܩܠ ܕܘܟܬܐ ܕܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܝܘܠܝܝܐ܀ ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܝܪ̈ܚܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̈ܘܢ ܟܢܘܢ ܒ - ܫܒܛ - ܐܕܪ - ܢܝܣܢ - ܐܝܪ - ܚܙܝܪܢ - ܬܡܘܙ - ܐܒ - ܐܝܠܘܠ - ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐ - ܬܫܪܝܢ ܒ - ܟܢܘܢ ܐ܀
ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܝܘܠܝܝܐ

**ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܝܘܠܝܝܐ** ܗܘ ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܬܒܝܠܝܐ ܒܥܠܡܐ ܡܢ ܫܢܬ 45 ܩ.ܡ. ܒܝܕ ܝܘܠܝܘܣ ܩܝܨܪ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܫܢܬ 1582 ܟܕ ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܐ ܫܩܠ ܫܘܦܗ - ܐܬܚܫܚ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܝܘܡܢܐ ܒܚܕܟܡܐ ܕܘܟܘܬ̈ܐ ܒܐܦܪܝܩܐ ܘܛܘܪܐ ܕܐܬܘܣ ܘܒܝܕ ܥܕܬܬ̈ܐ ܐܪܬܕܘܟܣܝ̈ܐ܀ ܣܘܪܓܕܐ ܝܘܠܝܝܐ ܐܝܬ݂ ܒܗ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܝܪ̈ܚܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̈ܘܢ ܟܢܘܢ ܒ - ܫܒܛ - ܐܕܪ - ܢܝܣܢ - ܐܝܪ - ܚܙܝܪܢ - ܬܡܘܙ - ܐܒ - ܐܝܠܘܠ - ܬܫܪܝܢ ܐ - ܬܫܪܝܢ ܒ - ܟܢܘܢ ܐ܀
ܚܕܒܫܒܐ

**ܚܕܒܫܒܐ** ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܫܒܘܥܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܝܬ ܫܒܬܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܬܪܝܢܒܫܒܐ܂ ܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܕܒܘܛܠܢܐ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܒܨܝܪ̈ܐ ܕܥܠܡܐ܂ ܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܡܫܝ̈ܚܝܐ܀
ܫܒܬܐ (ܙܒܢܐ)

**ܫܒܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܫܒ̈ܐ**) ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܫܒܝܥܝܐ ܕܫܒܘܥܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܝܬ ܥܪܘܒܬܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܚܕܒܫܒܐ܂ ܫܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܕܒܘܛܠܢܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܫܒܬ
ܬܠܬܒܫܒܐ

**ܬܠܬܒܫܒܐ** ܐܘ **ܝܘܡܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ** ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܫܒܘܥܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܝܬ ܬܪܝܢܒܫܒܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܐܪܒܥܒܫܒܐ܀
ܚܡܫܒܫܒܐ

**ܚܡܫܒܫܒܐ** ܐܘ **ܝܘܡܐ ܕܚܡܫܐ** ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܚܡܝܫܝܐ ܕܫܒܘܥܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܝܬ ܐܪܒܥܒܫܒܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܥܪܘܒܬܐ܀
ܬܪܝܢܒܫܒܐ

**ܬܪܝܢܒܫܒܐ** ܐܘ **ܝܘܡܐ ܕܬܪܝܢ** ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܬܪܝܢܐ ܕܫܒܘܥܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܝܬ ܚܕܒܫܒܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܬܠܬܒܫܒܐ܀
ܐܪܒܥܒܫܒܐ

**ܐܪܒܥܒܫܒܐ** ܐܘ **ܝܘܡܐ ܕܐܪܒܥܐ** ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܪܒܝܥܝܐ ܕܫܒܘܥܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܝܬ ܬܠܬܒܫܒܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܚܡܫܒܫܒܐ܀
ܥܪܘܒܬܐ

**ܥܪܘܒܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܥܪ̈ܘܒܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܥܪ̈ܘܒܬܬܐ**) ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܫܬܝܬܝܐ ܕܫܒܘܥܐ ܕܢܦܠܐ ܒܝܬ ܚܡܫܒܫܒܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܫܒܬܐ܂ ܥܪܘܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܝܘܡܐ ܕܒܘܛܠܢܐ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܕܡܫܠܡܢ̈ܐ܀
ܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|250px|ܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ ܒܩܢܕܐ
[250px|ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|[ܡܦܠ ܡܝܐ|ܡܦܠ ܡܝ̈ܐ ܕܢܝܐܓܪܐ ܒܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ]]

**ܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Ontario) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܨܥܬܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܠܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܒܩܢܕܐ ܕܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܕܩܝܒܩ ܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܡܢܝܣܘܬܐ ܘܕܡܫܝܓܢ ܘܕܐܘܗܐܝܘ ܘܕܦܢܣܝܠܒܐܢܝܐ ܘܕܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ ܗܝ ܛܘܪܘܢܛܘ܀
ܩܝܒܩ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|250px|ܩܝܒܩ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܩܝܒܩ** ܐܘ **ܩܘܝܒܩ** (ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ Québec܄ ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Quebec) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܠܩܝܒܩ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܕܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ ܘܕܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ ܡܢܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܡܝܢ ܘܕܢܝܘ ܗܐܡܦܫܪ ܘܕܒܝܪܡܘܢܬ ܘܕܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܩܝܒܩ ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܩܝܒܩ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܡܘܢܛܪܝܐܠ. ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܕܩܝܒܩ ܡܠܠܝܢ ܒܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܢܣܝܐ܀
ܐܠܒܪܛܐ

thumb|250px|ܐܠܒܪܛܐ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܐܠܒܪܛܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Alberta) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܥܪܒܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܠܐܠܒܪܛܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܒܩܢܕܐ ܕܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܕܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ ܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܡܘܢܬܐܢܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܠܒܪܛܐ ܗܝ ܐܕܡܘܢܛܘܢ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܩܐܠܓܐܪܝ܀
ܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ

thumbnail|250px|ܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ British Columbia) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܥܪܒܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܠܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܠܒܪܛܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܘܕܝܘܩܘܢ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܐܠܐܣܟܐ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝ-ܡܥܪܒ ܘܕܡܘܢܬܐܢܐ ܘܕܐܝܕܐܗܘ ܘܕܘܐܫܝܓܬܘܢ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ ܗܝ ܒܝܩܛܘܪܝܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܒܐܢܩܘܒܪ܀
ܗܘܦܪܟܝܣ ܘܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ

thumb|400px|ܬܠܬܥܣܪ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܘܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ

ܐܝܬ ܬܠܬܥܣܪ̈ܐ **ܗܘܦܪܟܝܣ ܕ[[ܩܢܕܐ]]** ܐܘ ܫܪܝܪܐܝܬ ܥܣܪ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܘܬܠܬܐ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܝܢ ܕܩܢܕܐ܂ ܢܢܣܒ̈ܢ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܠܫܘܠܛܢܗܝܢ ܡܢ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܘܢܢܣܒܘܢ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܠܫܘܠܛܢܗܘܢ ܡܢ ܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ܂ ܗܫܐ ܥܣܪ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܐܢܝܢ ܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ ܘܐܠܒܪܛܐ ܘܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܐܡܝܪܐ ܐܕܘܐܪܕ ܘܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ ܘܢܘܒܐ ܣܩܘܛܝܐ ܘܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ ܘܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ ܘܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ ܘܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ ܘܩܝܒܩ ܘܬܠܬܐ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܐܢܘܢ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܘܝܘܩܘܢ ܘܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ܀ 

## ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ

## ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ
ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܘ̈ܚܕܢܐ ܕ[[ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ|ܐܘ̈ܚܕܢܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ]]** ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ 50 ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ (states)܀

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ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ

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**ܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Saskatchewan) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܥܪܒܝܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܠܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܐܠܒܪܛܐ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܕܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܡܘܢܬܐܢܐ ܘܕܢܘܪܬ ܕܐܟܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ ܗܝ ܪܝܓܐܝܢܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܣܐܣܩܐܛܘܢ܀
ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܐܡܝܪܐ ܐܕܘܐܪܕ

thumb|250px|ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܐܡܝܪܐ ܐܕܘܐܪܕ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܐܡܝܪܐ ܐܕܘܐܪܕ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Prince Edward Island) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܓܙܪܬܢܝܬܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ܂ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܐܡܝܪܐ ܐܕܘܐܪܕ ܗܝ ܫܐܪܠܘܛܛܐܘܢ܀
ܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|250px|ܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ ܒܩܢܕܐ
250px|ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܒܢܝܢܐ ܕܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ

**ܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ New Brunswick܆ ܦܪܢܣܐܝܬ Nouveau-Brunswick) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ̇ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܢܘܒܐ ܣܩܘܛܝܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܕܩܝܒܩ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ ܗܝ ܦܪܝܕܪܝܩܛܘܢ ܘܡܕܢܝܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܗܝ ܣܝܢܛ ܓܘܢ܀
ܢܘܒܐ ܣܩܘܛܝܐ

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**ܢܘܒܐ ܣܩܘܛܝܐ** (ܠܐܛܝܢܐܝܬ ܘܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Nova Scotia "ܣܩܘܛܠܢܕ ܚܕܬܐ") ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ܂ ܠܢܘܒܐ ܣܩܘܛܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝܐ܂ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܢܘܒܐ ܣܩܘܛܥܐ ܗܝ ܗܐܠܝܦܐܩܣ܀
ܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ

thumb|250px|ܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Newfoundland and Labrador) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܬܪܬܝܢ ܡܢ̈ܘܢ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ: ܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܚܘܡܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܩܝܒܩ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܢܕ܂ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܢܝܘܦܐܘܢܕܠܐܢܕ ܘܠܐܒܪܐܕܘܪ ܗܝ ܣܝܢܛ ܓܘܢܣ܀
ܝܘܩܘܢ

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**ܝܘܩܘܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Yukon) ܗܝ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ-ܡܥܪܒܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܠܝܘܩܘܢ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܐܠܐܣܩܐ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܝܘܩܘܢ ܗܝ ܘܐܝܛܗܘܪܣ܀
ܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ

thumb|250px|ܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܡܐܢܝܬܘܒܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Manitoba) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܨܥܬܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ. ܠܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܕܐܘܢܛܐܪܝܘ ܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܕܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ ܡܢ ܓܪܒܝܐ ܘܐܬܪ̈ܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܕܡܢܝܣܘܬܐ ܘܕܢܘܪܬ ܕܐܟܘܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ. ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ ܗܝ ܘܝܢܝܦܓ܀
ܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ

thumb|250px|ܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Nunavut܄ ܒܐܝܢܘܟܛܝܛܘܛ ᓄᓇᕗᑦ) ܗܝ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ܂ ܠܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܡܐܢܝܛܘܒܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܥܡ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ܂ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ ܗܝ ܐܝܩܐܠܘܐܝܛ܀
ܐܢܒܐܪ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

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**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܢܒܐܪ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: الأنبار) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܥܪܒܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ 1,432,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܢܒܐܪ.  ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܪܡܐܕܝ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܢܒܐܪ.
ܢܘܨܦܐ

thumb|300px|ܕܢܚܐ ܕܫܡܫܐ
thumb|300px|ܥܪܒܐ ܫܡܫܐ

**ܢܘܨܦܐ** ܐܘ **ܒܗܪܐ** ܐܘ **ܒܘܗܪܐ** ܗܘ ܙܒܢܐ ܒܝܬ ܚܪܬܐ ܕܐܝܡܡܐ ܘܪܝܫܐ ܕܠܠܝܐ (ܢܬܩܪܐ ܚܫܟܐ ܐܘ ܥܪܒܐ) ܐܘ ܚܪܬܐ ܕܠܠܝܐ ܘܪܝܫܐ ܕܐܝܡܡܐ (ܢܬܩܪܐ ܕܢܚܐ) ܟܕ ܢܕܢܘܚ ܐܘ ܢܥܪܘܒ ܫܡܫܐ. ܢܘܨܦܐ ܥܝܕܐܝܬ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܢܘܗܪܐ ܒܓܘܢܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ܀
ܒܨܪܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

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**ܒܨܪܐ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: البصرة) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ 2,600,000 ܐܢܫܝ̈ܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܐܪܒܝܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

300px|thumb|ܩܠܥܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ

**ܐܪܒܝܠ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: اربيل܄ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ: Hewlêr:هه‌ولێر) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ  ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 990,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܐܪܒܝܠ.

## Gallery

Arbil Citadel.jpg|Citadel of Erbil
Nishtiman_Bazaar.jpg|Nishtiman Bazaar
File:Arbil Clock.JPG|Erbil clock
File:Minar Park, Erbil, Iraq.jpg|Minare Park
File:Inside the Bazaar - Erbil - Iraq.jpg|Old Markets (Qeyseri)
100m Street Erbil.jpeg


ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܐܠܒܐܡܐ

thumb|ܐܠܒܐܡܐ
**ܐܠܒܐܡܐ** (Alabama) ܐܝܬ ܗܘ ܚܕܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܕܝܠܐܘܝܪ

thumb|ܕܝܠܐܘܝܪ

**ܕܝܠܐܘܝܪ** (Delaware) ܐܝܬܝܗ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܐܘܚܕܢ̈ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܥܠ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܐܛܠܢܛܝܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܪܟܢܣܐܣ

thumb|ܐܪܟܢܣܐܣ
**ܐܪܟܢܣܐܣ** ܐܘ **ܐܪܟܢܣܐ** (Arkansas) ܐܝܬ ܗܘ ܚܕܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܠܐܣܟܐ

thumb|ܐܠܐܣܟܐ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܠܐܣܟܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Alaska، ܠܫܢܐ ܕܐܠܝܘܬ:  alaxsxaq) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܗܘ ܕܥܠܗ ܡܬܗܦܟ ܣܘܥܪܐ ܕܝܡܐ” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܪܝܙܘܢܐ

thumb|ܐܪܝܙܘܢܐ
**ܐܪܝܙܘܢܐ** (Arizona) ܐܝܬ ܗܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܘܟܠܐܗܘܡܐ

thumb|ܐܘܟܠܐܗܘܡܐ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܘܟܠܐܗܘܡܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Oklahoma، ܠܫܢܐ ܕܫܘܟܬܘ: okla homa) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܥܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐ̈ܘܚܕܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܘܪܝܓܘܢ

thumb|ܐܘܪܝܓܘܢ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܘܪܝܓܘܢ** (Oregon) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ ܥܠ ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܫܝܢܝܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܝܐܘܐ

thumb|ܘܐܝܘܡܝܢܓ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܝܐܘܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Iowa, ܠܫܢܐ ܕܕܟܘܬܐ:  ayúxba) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܢܝܘܡ̈ܬܢܐ” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐ̈ܘܚܕܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܠܝܢܘܝ

thumb|ܐܠܝܢܘܝ
**ܐܠܝܢܘܝ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Illinois، ܠܫܡܢܐ ܕܡܝܐܡܝ:  ilenweewa) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܡܡܠܠ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܟܝܢܝܬܐ” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.


ܠܦܦܐ:Illini Union University of Illinois rear.jpg
ܠܦܦܐ:North Clark Street, Chicago IL.jpg
ܠܦܦܐ:Lincoln Home 1.jpg


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܢܕܝܐܢܐ

thumb|ܐܢܕܝܐܢܐ
**ܐܢܕܝܐܢܐ** (Indiana) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܒܝܬ ܗܢܕ̈ܘܝܐ (ܐܡܪ̈ܝܩܝܐ ܒܘܟܪ̈ܐ)” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܟܐܢܣܐܣ

thumb|ܟܐܢܣܐܣ
**ܟܐܢܣܐܣ** ܐܘ **ܟܐܢܙܐܣ** (Kansas) ܐܝܬܝܗ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐ̈ܘܚܕܢܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܒܝܬ ܣܗܕܐ

thumb|300px|ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܒܝܬ ܣܗܕܐ

**ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܒܝܬ ܣܗܕܐ** (ܪܘܣܢܐܝܬ: Садо Михаил Юханович܄ ܣܕܘ ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܝܘܟܐܢܘܒܝܬܫ܄  ܝܠܝܕ 9 ܚܙܝܪܢ 1934 - ܡܝܬ 30 ܐܒ 2010) ܗܘܐ ܡܬܠܫܢܢܐ ܡܫܡܗܐ܄ ܒܚܝܪܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܫܝܡܝ̈ܐ܄ ܥܒܘܕܐ ܫܘܝܫܝܐ ܘܫܘܬܦܝܐ ܡܢ ܪܘܣܝܐ܀
ܐܘܗܐܝܘ

thumb|ܐܘܗܐܝܘ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܘܗܐܝܘ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Ohio، ܠܫܢܐ ܕܣܝܢܝܟܐ:  ohi:yo:h) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܢܗܪܐ ܛܒܐ” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܡܫܝܓܢ

thumb|ܡܫܝܓܢ
**ܡܫܝܓܢ** (Michigan) ܐܝܬ ܗܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܡܢܝܣܘܬܐ

thumb|ܡܢܝܣܘܬܐ
**ܡܢܝܣܘܬܐ** (Minnesota) ܐܝܬ ܗܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܢܘܪܬ ܕܐܟܘܬܐ

thumb|ܢܘܪܬ ܕܐܟܘܬܐ
**ܢܘܪܬ ܕܐܟܘܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܕܐܟܘܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ** (North Dakota) ܐܝܬ ܗܘ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ

[thumb|ܨܘܪܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ ܡܢ [ܦܝܛܪ ܦܐܘܠ ܪܘܒܢܣ]]

**ܫܡܥܘܢ ܒܪ ܝܘܢܐ** (ܘܬܘܒ ܡܬܩܪܐ (ܦܛܪܘܣ) ܒܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: Πέτρος܄ "ܟܐܦܐ") ܗܘܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܬܪܥܣܪ ܫܠܝ̈ܚܐ ܕܐܬܓܒܘ ܡܢ ܝܫܘܥ ܢܨܪܝܐ ܘܗܘܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܬܠܡܝܕ̈ܐ ܩܕ̈ܡܝܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ܂ ܩܕܡܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܫܡܥܘܢ ܒܪ ܝܘܢܐ ܨܝܕܐ ܡܢ ܓܠܝܠܐ܂ ܝܫܘܥ ܫܡܝ ܠܗ ܟܐܦܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܬܫܥܝܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ܂ ܪܝܫܐ ܕܫܠܝܚܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܘܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܩܕ̈ܝܫܐ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ܂ ܐܚܐ ܕܝܠܗ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ܂ ܗܘ ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐ ܩܕܡܝܐ ܕܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ ܘܕܪܗܘܡܐ܂ ܐܬܩܛܠ ܒܫܢܬ 64 ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܪܗܘܡܐ܂ ܟܬܒ ܠܬܪܝܢ ܣܦܪ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܣܦܪ̈ܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ: 
* ܐܓܪܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܦܛܪܘܣ ܫܠܝܚܐ
* ܐܓܪܬܐ ܕܬܪܬܝܢ ܕܦܛܪܘܣ ܫܠܝܚܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܦܛܪܝܪܟܘ
ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ

[thumb|250px|ܕܦܐ ܕܨܚܚܐ ܡܢ [ܟܪܘܙܘܬܐ ܕܪܒܘܠܐ|ܟܪ̈ܘܙܘܬܐ ܕܪܒܘܠܐ]]

**ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ** (ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: Καινὴ Διαθήκη) ܗܝ ܦܠܓܘܬܐ ܬܪܝܢܝܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ (ܦܠܓܘܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܗܝ ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ)܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
ܡܦܩܬܐ ܦܫܝܛܬܐ ܕܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ ܥܠ ܢܘܠܐ (PDF file 18 MB or DjVu file 22 MB)

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܘܐܝܘܡܝܢܓ

thumb|ܘܐܝܘܡܝܢܓ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܘܐܝܘܡܝܢܓ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Wyoming، ܠܫܢܐ ܕܡܘܢܣܝ:  xwé:wamənk) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܒܫܛܚܐ ܕܝܡܐ ܪܒܐ” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܟܘܠܘܪܐܕܘ

thumb|ܟܘܠܘܪܐܕܘ
**ܟܘܠܘܪܐܕܘ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Colorado) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܨܒܥܝܐ” ܐܝܬܝܗ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܐܘ̈ܚܕܢܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܐܝܕܐܗܘ

thumb|ܘܐܝܘܡܝܢܓ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܐܝܕܐܗܘ** (Idaho) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܘܐܫܢܓܛܘܢ (ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ)

**ܘܐܫܝܓܛܘܢ ** (.Washington, D.C) ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ
ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪܒܝܐ

thumb|250px|ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܒܩܢܕܐ

**ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ Northwest Territories) ܗܝ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ-ܡܥܪܒܐ ܕܩܢܕܐ܂ ܠܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܚܘܡ̈ܐ ܥܡ ܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܕܢܘܢܐܒܘܛ ܡܢ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܕܝܘܩܘܢ ܡܢ ܡܥܪܒܐ ܘܥܡ ܗܘܦܪ̈ܟܝܣ ܕܣܐܣܩܐܬܫܘܐܢ ܘܕܐܠܒܪܛܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ ܘܕܩܘܠܘܡܒܝܐ ܒܪܝܛܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܬܝܡܢܐ-ܡܥܪܒܐ܂ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܓܪ̈ܒܝܝܐ-ܡܥܪ̈ܒܝܐ ܗܝ ܝܠܘܢܐܝܦ܀
ܝܘܬܐ

thumb|ܝܘܬܐ
**ܝܘܬܐ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Utah، ܠܫܢܐ ܕܝܘܬ: entaw ܐܘ yuta) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܚܦܪ̈ܐ ܕܪ̈ܝܫܝ ܛܘܪ̈ܐ” ܐܝܬܝܗ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܡܥܪܒܝܬܐ ܕܐܘ̈ܚܕܢܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
1000000000 (ܡܢܝܢܐ)

**1,000,000,000** ܐܘ **ܒܠܝܘܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: billion) ܗܘ ܐܠܦܐ ܡ̈ܠܝܘܢܐ ܐܘ 1,000,000,000 (109)܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܢܝܢܐ
1000000 (ܡܢܝܢܐ)

**1000000** ܐܘ **ܡܠܝܘܢ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: million) ܗܘ ܐܠܦ ܐܠܦ̈ܝܢ ܐܘ 1,000,000 (106)܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܢܝܢܐ
ܐܘܪܘܦܐ

**ܐܘܪܘܦܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܪܝܦܝ** ܐܘ **ܐܘܪܦܝ** ܗܝ:

*ܐܘܪܘܦܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ)
*ܐܘܪܘܦܐ (ܡܝܬܘܠܘܓܝܐ)
ܡܝܢ

thumbnail|ܡܝܢ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܡܝܢ** (Maine) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܬܐ ܕܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܒܝܪܡܘܢܬ

thumb|ܒܝܪܡܘܢܬ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܒܝܪܡܘܢܬ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: Vermont) ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܝܪ̈ܩܐ” ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܬܐ ܕܐܘ̈ܚܕܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.

## ܛܘܝܒ ܡܠܬܐ
ܒܝܪܡܘܢܬ ܐܘܟܝܬ “ܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܝܘܪ̈ܩܐ” ܒܠܫܢܐ ܦܪܢܣܝܐ܀


ܠܦܦܐ:Willoughby lake westmore vermont.jpg
ܠܦܦܐ:Burlington, Vermont.jpg
ܠܦܦܐ:Congregational Church, East Brookfield VT.jpg


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܓܘܪܓܝܐ

**ܓܘܪܓܝܐ** ܗܝ:

*ܓܘܪܓܝܐ (ܐܬܪܐ)
*ܓܘܪܓܝܐ (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ)
*ܠܫܢܐ ܓܘܪܓܝܐ
ܐܝܒܪܝܐ

**ܐܝܒܪܝܐ** (ܡܢ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: Ἰβηρία) ܗܝ:

*ܕܡܘܬ ܓܙܪܬܐ ܕܐܝܒܪܝܐ
*ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܓܘܪܓܝܬܐ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ
ܟܘܢܝܬܝܟܬ

thumb|ܟܘܢܝܬܝܟܬ - ܐܬ݂ܪ̈ܘܬ݂ܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܟܘܢܝܬܝܟܬ** (Connecticut) ܗܝ ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܓܘ ܡܢܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܬܐ ܕܐܘ̈ܚܕܢܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ.


ܠܦܦܐ:Marina in the Mystic River, Mystic, CT 2.JPG
ܠܦܦܐ:LighthousePoint NewHavenCT.JPG
ܠܦܦܐ:Main_Street,_Hartford_CT.jpg


ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ

**ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ** ܗܝ:

* ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ (ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ)
* ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)
* ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ (ܡܓܠܬܐ)
ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ)

thumb|ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ - ܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ

**ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ: New York) ܗܝ ܐܬܪܐ ܒܡܢܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܡܕܢܚܝܬܐ ܕܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܡ̈ܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ ܕܐܡܪܝܩܐ
ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

thumb|350px|ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ ܒܠܠܝܐ

**ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ** ܐܘ **ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܟ** (ܐܢܓܠܐܝܬ New York City ܐܘ The City of New York) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ. ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 8,000,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܝܢ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ܀

## ܡܟܬܒ ܙܒܢܐ
ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ ܐܫܬܬܣ ܒܫܢܬܐ 1625 ܐܝܟ ܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ ܚܕܬܐ. ܗܘܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܬܐܓܘܪܬܐ ܠܗܘܠܢܕ̈ܝܐ. ܒ1664 ܢܦܠܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܗܕܐ ܒܐܝܕ̈ܝ ܕܐܢܓܠܝ̈ܐ ܘܗܘܬ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܡܢ 1783 ܠ1790. ܡܢ ܫܢܬܐ ܗܕܐ܇ ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܠܗܝܢ ܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܢܝܘ ܝܘܪܩ (ܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ)
* ܐܡܣܛܪܕܐܡ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܐܘܚܕܢܐ ܡܚܝܕܐ
ܢܥܘܡ ܦܐܝܩ

thumb|200px|ܢܥܘܡ ܦܐܝܩ

**ܢܥܘܡ ܐܠܝܣ ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܐܠܟ** ܝܕܝܥܐ ܐܝܟ **ܢܥܘܡ ܦܐܝܩ**  (ܫܒܛ 1868 - 5 ܫܒܛ 1930) ܗܘܐ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܐܒ̈ܗܬܐ ܕܫܬܐܣܬܐ ܕܐܘܡܬܢܝܘܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܒܕܪܐ ܕܥܣܪܝܢ. ܡܘܠܕ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܕܐܡܝܕ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ. ܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܠܗ ܚܠܡܐ ܕܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܠܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܫܝܢ ܒܝܬ ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܡܫܚ̈ܠܦܐ. ܩܪܐ ܘܝܠܦ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܣܓܝ̈ܐܐ ܐܝܟ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܦܪܢܫܝܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܥܪܒܝܐ܀

## ܕܪܫܬܗ
ܒܫܢ̈ܝ 1881 – 1889 ܐܣܬܦܝ ܒܝܘܠܦܢܐ ܘܝܠܦ ܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܥܪܒܝܐ ܘܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܦܪܢܣܝܐ ܘܐܦ ܩܪܝܐ ܒܝܘܠܦܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܡܢܝܘܬܐ ܘܝܘܠܦܢ ܟܝܢܝܘܬܐ.
ܒܫܢܬ 1908 ܫܘܬܐܣܠܗ ܗܢܐ ܛܢܢܐ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܓܘ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܬܚܘܬ ܫܡܐ (ܥܝܪܘܬܐ) ܘܒܬܪ ܗܕܐ ܦܪܣ ܥܠ ܣܦܪܝܘܡܐ (ܟܘܟܒܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ).
ܒܝܘܡ 22 ܒܐܝܠܘܠ 1912 ܚܙܩ ܢܥܘܡ ܦܐܝܩ ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܝܪܘܬ. ܘܡܢ ܒܬܪܟܝܢ ܠܐܘܚܕ̈ܢܐ ܡܚܝܕ̈ܐ ܒܝܘܡ 5 ܟܢܘܢ ܩܕܡܝܐ 1915 ܘܒܫܘܪܝܐ 1916 ܦܪܣ ܣܦܪܝܘܡܐ ܒܫܡܐ ܕ(ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ) ܒܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܘܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܘܗܢܐ ܣܦܪܝܘܡܐ ܦܫ ܒܢܦܩܐ ܡܬܚܐ ܕܬܠܬܥܣܪ̈ܐ ܫܢ̈ܝܢ. ܘܒܫܢܬ 1921 ܫܩܠ ܪܝܫܢܘܬܐ ܕܣܝܘܡܘܬܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܡܐ ܕ(ܚܘܝܕܐ) ܗܝ ܕܐܬܦܪܣܬ ܒܝܕ ܟܢܘܫܬܐ ܐܬܪܝܬܐ ܟܠܕܝܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܠܦܘܬ ܢܝܫ̈ܐ ܐܘܡܬܢܝ̈ܐ ܘܐܬܪ̈ܝܐ܀

## ܦܠܛ̈ܐ ܕܡܠܦܢܐ ܒܚܩܠܐ ܕܣܦܪܝܘܬܐ
* ܐ ـ ܬܪܓܡܬܐ ܪ̈ܒܝܥܝܘܬܐ ܕܥܘܡܪ ܐܠܚܝܐܡ ܗܘ ܡܚܘܪܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ ܡܫܡܗܐ ܠܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ. 
* ܒ ـ ܟܬܒܬܐ ܡܢܝܢ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܡܠܘܐ̈ܐ ܐܝܟ ܛܘܦܣܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܛܒܝ̈ܥܬܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܡܕܢܚܐ ܘܐܝܟ ܓܘܢܚ̈ܐ. ܘܡܠܘܐܐ ܒܣܦܪ̈ܝܘܡܐ ܘܝܘܬܪܢܘܗܝ ܗܘ ܕܐܡܪ ܒܓܘܗܝ:

 ܡܠܘܐܐ ܬܚܘܬ ܫܡܐ ، ܡܐ ܫܐܠܝܢ ܘܡܐ ܫܐܠܝܢܢ ܚܢܢ ܘܢܨܝܚܘܬܐ ܘܒܗ ܐܡܪ: 

ܡܐܡܪ̈ܐ ܡܥܒܕ̈ܢܐ ܕܡܠܦܢܐ ܢܥܘܡ ܦܐܝܩ:
* ܐ ـ ܒܬܠܬ ܟܝ ܚܝܐ ܐܘܡܬܐ ؛ ܩܠܡܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ، ܒܝܬ ܓܙܐ ܕܬܓܪܐ ، ܚܩܠܐ ܕܐܟܪܐ 
* ܒ ـ ܥܠܝܡܐ ܕܫܩܠ ܠܐܢܬܬܐ ܢܘܟܪܝܬܐ ܟܝ ܬܝܟ (ܡܢܚܣ) ܐܘܡܬܗ.
* ܓ ـ ܗܘ ܕܠܐ ܩܪܐ ܒܠܫܢܗ ܠܐ ܝܕܥ ܠܡܐ ܐܬܒܪܝ
* ܕ ـ ܝܨܦ ܒܬܠܬ ؛ ܒܝܬܟ ، ܐܘܡܬܟ ، ܐܬܪܟ
* ܗ ـ ܕܥܬܝܕܢ ܗܘ ܒܐܝܕ̈ܝܐ ܕܫܒܪ̈ܝܢ ܡܛܠ ܕܗܢܘܢ ܓܒܪ̈ܐ ܕܡܚܪ.
* ܘ ـ ܚܘܝܕܐ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܗܘ ܦܘܪܩܢܐ ܡܢ ܙܠܝܠܘܬܐ.

ܘܡܠܦܐܢܢ ܪܒܐ (ܢܥܘܡ ܦܐܝܩ) ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܬܠܬܝܢ ܘܐܪܒܥܐ ܟܬܒ̈ܝܢ ܡܦܘܠܓܐ ܒܝܢܬ ( ܠܟܣܝܩܘܢ ، ܬܪ̈ܓܡܐ ، ܡܡ̈ܠܠܐ ، ܡܚܪ̈ܐ ، ܡܟܪ̈ܙܝܬܐ ܘܫܪܟܐ܀

## ܡܒܘܥ̈ܐ

* http://www.atour.com/~people/20010702g.html
* A Brief Study in the Palak Nationalism", by Dr. David Barsoum Perley LL.B"

ܣܕܪܐ:ܐܘܓܢܣܛܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ
ܢܝܢܘܐ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܢܝܢܘܐ

**ܢܝܢܘܐ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: نينوى) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܐܝܬ 3,500,000 ܐܢܫܝ̈ܢ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ.  ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܡܘܨܠ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ.
ܐܪܒܝܠ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

**ܐܪܒܝܠ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: أربيل‎܄ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ: Hawler) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 1,300,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ. ܐܬܐ  ܫܡܐ ܕܐܪܒܝܠ ܡܢ ܫܡܐ ܕ'ܐܪܒܐ ܐܝܠܠܘ' ܥܬܝܩܐ ܕܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܙܒܢܐ ܕܐܬܘܪܝܐ.
ܢܘܗܕܪܐ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

thumb|ܢܘܗܕܪܐ

**ܢܘܗܕܪܐ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: دهوك܄ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ: دهۆك) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܐܝܬ 500,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܘܗܕܪܐ. ܗܕܐ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܢܘܗܕܪܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܒܓܕܐܕ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕ**ܒܓܕܐܕ** ܐܘ **ܒܓܕܕ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: محافظة بغداد‎) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܨܥܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 8,000,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ܂ ܢܬܢܦܠܬ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܓܕܐܕ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܒܗܕܐ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ܀
ܒܨܪܐ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܠܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܝܘܡܢܝܐ

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܠܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ 1990-1991

ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܟܪܛܝܣܐ ܠܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܒ1897

**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: محافظة البصرة) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 2,600,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܨܪܐ .
ܒܒܠ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܒܠ
**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܒܠ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: محافظة بابل‎) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܡܨܥܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ ܠܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܒܓܕܐܕ. ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ   2.100.000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܚܠܐ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܒܠ. ܐܝܬ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܒܒܠ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܒܠ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܘܗܝ ܐܪܫ(2014)ܟܝܬܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܒܠܝ̈ܐ.
ܒܒܠ

thumb|ܚܡܘܪܒܝ (ܝܬܝܒܐ ܒܝܡܝܢܐ) - ܡܠܟ ܒܒܠ

**ܒܒܠ** ܐܘ **ܒܒܝܠ** ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܘܪܒܐܝܬ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܕܬܫܥܝܬܐ. ܒܒܠ ܗܘܬ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܒܒܠܝ̈ܐ ܘܕܡܠܟܘ̈ܬܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܢܝܬܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ

**ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ** ܐܘ **ܟܪܟܘܟ** ܗܝ:
*ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)
*ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܟܪܟܘܟ

**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ** ܐܘ **ܟܪܟܘܟ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: محافظة كركوك܄ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ: Kerkûk) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 900,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ. ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܥܬܝܪܬܐ ܒܢܦܛܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܘܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ.
ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)

thumb|ܟܪܟܘܟ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ

**ܟܪܟ ܕܒܝܬ ܣܠܘܟ** ܐܘ **ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ** ܐܘ **ܟܪܟܘܟ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ كركوك܆ ܟܘܪܕܐܝܬ Kerkûk) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܘܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ. ܐܬܐ ܫܡܐ ܕܟܪܟܘܟ ܡܢ ܫܡܐ ܕ**ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ** ܫܡܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܕܚܕܐ ܡܢ ܡܕ̈ܝܢܬܐ ܪܘܪ̈ܒܬܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܓܪܡܝ ܒܙܒܢܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ܀

## ܡܒܘܥ̈ܐ

* '''Beth Selokh'''

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܡܝܫܢ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܡܝܫܢ

**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܡܝܫܢ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: محافظة ميسان) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 800,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܡܐܪܐ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܡܝܫܢ.
ܕܝܐܠܐ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܕܝܐܠܐ

**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܕܝܐܠܐ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: محافظة ديالى‎) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 1,200,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܒܥܩܘܒܐ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܕܝܐܠܐ.
ܘܐܣܛ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܘܐܣܛ

**ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܘܐܣܛ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: محافظة واسط‎) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܬܝܡܢܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 900,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܟܘܬ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܕܝ ܩܐܪ.
ܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)

thumb|ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ

**ܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ ** (ܥܪܒܝܐ: السليمانية܄ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ: Silêmanî) ܗܝ ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܒܓܪܒܝܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ، ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 1,500,000 ܐܢܫ̈ܐ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ. ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ ܗܝ ܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܘܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܪܒܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܣܘܠܝܡܐܢܝܐ.
ܬܓܪܝܬ

**ܬܓܪܝܬ** ܐܘ **ܬܐܓܪܝܬ** (ܥܪܒܐܝܬ: تكريت) ܗܝ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܘܐܪܫܟܝܬܐ ܕܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܨܠܐܚ ܐܠܕܝܢ ܒܥܝܪܐܩ܂ ܬܦܘܠ ܥܠ ܢܗܪܐ ܕܕܩܠܬ. ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ 250،000 ܥܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܬܓܪܝܬ ܝܘܡܢܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܥܝܪܐܩ
ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܐ

**ܠܫܢܐ ܪܘܫܡܝܐ** (ܐܬܬܪܓܡܬ ܡܢ ܥܪܒܐܝܬ لغة رسمية) ܐܘ **ܠܫܢܐ ܟܬܒܢܝܐ** ܗܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܡܬܟܬܒ ܒܗ ܩ̈ܢܘܢܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ.

ܪܘܫܡܝܐ
ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ

**ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ** ܗܘ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܬܘܕܝܬ̈ܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܘܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ. ܐܝܬ ܬܪܝܢ ܡܢܘܬ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܫܝܬܐ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܘܗܢܘܢ ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܘܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ.
[thumb|[ܒܝܠ ܓܘܬܢܒܝܪܓܐܨܚܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܐܬܛܒܥ ܒܡܛܒܥܬܐ܀]]
ܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ

**ܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ** (ܥܒܪܐܝܬ יהדות) ܐܝܬܝܗ ܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܐ. ܐܝܬ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܬܠܬܥܣܪ ܡܠܝܘܢ̈ܐ ܝܗܘܕ̈ܝܝܢ ܒܥܠܡܐ. ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ ܗܘ ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܕܢܚܬ ܥܠ ܢܒܝܐ ܡܘܫܐ ܒܡܕܒܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ ܟܕ ܒܢ̈ܝ ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ ܐܘ ܥܒܪ̈ܝܐ ܗܘܘ ܒܡܕܒܪܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܬܘܕܝܬܐ
ܝܗܘܕܝܐ

**ܝܗܘܕܝܐ** ܗܘ ܟܠ ܡܗܝܡܢܐ ܒܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ ܐܘ ܐܢܫ ܡܢ ܥܡܐ ܝܗܘܕܝܐ܁ ܠܐ ܟܠ ܝܗܘܕܝܐ ܡܗܝܡܢܐ ܒܬܘܕܝܬܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ
ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ

thumb|ܕܦܐ ܕܨܚܚܐ ܡܢ ܟܬܒܐ ܕܡܙܡܘܪ̈ܐ ܕܕܘܝܕ

**ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ** (ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ: Παλαιὰ Διαθήκη) ܐܝܬܝܗ ܦܠܓܘܬܐ ܩܕܡܝܬܐ ܕܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ (ܦܠܓܘܬܐ ܬܪܝܢܝܬܐ ܗܝ ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ) ܘܬܘܒ ܟܬܒܐ ܩܕܝܫܐ ܕܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ܀

## ܐܣܘܪ̈ܐ ܒܪ̈ܝܐ
ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܥܬܝܩܬܐ ܥܠ ܢܘܠܐ (PDF file 36 MB)


ܣܕܪܐ:ܝܗܘܕܝܘܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ

**ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ** ܐܝܬܝܗܘܢ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܘܗܢܘܢ ܬܕܐܐ (ܐܘ ܪܒܝܥܐ) ܘܩܝܛܐ ܘܬܫܪ̈ܝܬܐ (ܐܘ ܬܫܪܘܬܐ ܐܘ ܬܫܪܝܘܬܐ) ܘܣܬܘܐ. ܐܠܐ ܒܐܬܪ̈ܘܬܐ ܛܪ̈ܘܦܝܩܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܬܪ̈ܝܢ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܝܢ ܒܠܚܘܕ ܘܗܢܘܢ ܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܬܪܝܐ ܘܫܘܚܠܦܐ ܝܒܝܫܐ܀
ܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ

thumb|300px|ܟܬܒܐ ܐܪܡܐܝܬ ܒܬܪܥܐ ܕܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ ܒܛܘܪܩܝܐ

**ܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ** ܩܕܝܫܐ ܡܫܡܗܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܬܝܡܢ ܡܕܢܚ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ ܐܝܬ ܠܗ ܕܝܪܐ ܡܫܡܗܬܐ ܡܬܝܕܥܐ ܒܫܡܗ ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ ܕܐܫܬܬܣܬ ܒܫܢܬ 397 ܡܪܢܝܬܐ܀

ܘܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܕܝܪܐ ܡܫܡܗܐ ܕܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܘܪܬܕܘܟܣܝܐ ܒܟܠܗ ܬܐܒܝܠ ܘܢܦܠ ܒܦܠܓܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ ܡܒܪܟܐ ܘܡܫܡܗܐ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܛܘܪܥܒܕܝܢ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܐܒܗ̈ܬܢ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܡܢ ܢܘܓܪܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ܂ ܘܗܦܟܐ ܗܕܐ ܕܝܪܐ ܠܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܬܐ܀

ܘܐܬܒܢܝܬ ܗܕܐ ܕܝܪܐ ܒܫܢܬ 397 ܒܝܕ ܡܪܝ ܫܡܘܐܝܠ ܘܡܪܝ ܫܡܥܘܢ ܩܪܛܡܝܢܝܐ ܟܕ ܥܕܪ ܠܗܘܢ ܡܠܐܟܗ ܕܡܪܝܐ ܐܠܗܐ ܕܐܬܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܒܠܠܝܐ ܟܕ ܕܡܝܟܝܢ ܗܘܘ܂ ܘܗܕܐ ܕܝܪܐ ܡܫܡܗܬܐ ܒܬܠܬ ܐܣ̈ܐ ܚܕܐ ܡܢܗܝܢ ܟܐܦܐ ܩܘܝܬ̥ ܒܐܐܪ ܣܗܕܘܬܐ ܥܠ ܗܕܐ ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ܀

ܘܟܢ ܐܫܬܡܗܬ ܒܫܡܐ ܕܩܕܝܫܐ ܪܒܐ ܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ ܕܐܬܐ ܗܘܐ ܒܕܪܐ ܫܒܝܥܐ ܘܐܬܥܢܘܝ ܗܘܐ ܒܨܘܡܐ ܘܒܨܠܘܬܐ ܠܡܪܢ ܝܫܘܥ ܡܫܝܚܐ -ܫܘܒܚܐ ܠܫܡܗ ܩܕܝܫܐ - ܥܕܡܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܚܣܝܐ ܘܥܒܕ ܬܕܡܪ̈ܬܐ ܣܓܝܐܬ̈ܐ ܘܐܩܝܡ ܡܝ̈ܬܐ ܘ ܛܪܕ ܫܐܕܐ ܘܥܕܡܐ ܠܝܘܡܢܐ ܥܒܕ܂ ܨܠܘܬܗ ܥܡܢ ܐܡܝܢ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܩܕܝܫܐ ܒܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ
ܬܕܐܐ

thumb|250px|ܐܝܠܢܐ ܒܬܕܐܐ

**ܬܕܐܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܬܕ̈ܝܘܢܐ**) ܐܘ **ܪܒܝܥܐ** ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ. ܢܦܠ ܒܝܬ ܩܝܛܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܣܬܘܐ. ܫܪܐ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܕܪ ܘܦܪܩ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܚܙܝܪܢ ܐܠܐ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܫܪܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܝܠܘܠ ܘܦܪܩ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܟܢܘܢ ܐ܀
ܟܦܫܢܐ

** ܟܦܫܢܐ ܐܘ ܟܦܫܢ** (ܛܘܪܩܐܝܬ: Kayalı, İdil) ܗܝ ܩܪܝܬܐ  ܠܐ ܝܕܝܥܬܐ ܣܓܝ  ܢܦܠܐ ܟܦܫܢܐ ( كفشنا ) ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ (ܐܙܟ) ܒܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ ܥܠܝܬܐ ܒܐܬܪܐ ܪܒܐ ܕܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ ܡܒܪܟܐ ܘܩܕܝܫܐ  ܒܡܕܢܚ ܬܝܡܢ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ܆ ܒܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ ܕܫܝܪܢܐܟ܆ ܫܒܒܬܐ ܕܡܪܕܝܢ܆ ܘܟܦܫܢܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܡܢ  ܡܝܕܢ (ܡܝܕܘܢ) ܩܪܝܬܐ܆ ܘܢܦܠܐ ܒܬܪ ܫܠܘܐ (ܢܘܓܠܐ) ܕܓܗܢܐ̣ ܘܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܝܘܡܢܐ ܠܐ ܡܫܬܡܥ ܒܗ̊ ܡܛܠ ܕܥܡܐ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ ܐܫܬܠܛ ܒܗ̇ ܘܥܡܗ ܠܫܢܐ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ؛ ܘܒܬܪ ܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܒܫܢܬ 1914 -1919ܡ ܐܬܓܠܘܝܘ ܟܦܫܢܝ̈ܐ ܠܐܬܪܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܒܡܐܠܟܝܗ ܕܝܪܝܟ ܘܩܡܫܠܝ ܙܐܠܝܢ ܘܩܒܪ̈ܐ ܚܘܪ̈ܐ ܘܚܠܒ ܘܣܛܪ.

## ܫܡܐ ܕ ܟܦܫܢܐ

ܐܬܐ ܫܡܐ ܕܟܦܫܢܐ  ܐܘ ܟܦܫܢ ܐܘ ܟܦܫܢܢܐ ܡܢ ܡܠܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ (ܟܦܪ ܫܝܢܐ) ܐܘܟܝܬ ܩܪܝܬܐ ܕܫܝܢܐ̤ ܘܐܝܬ ܕܐܡܪܝܢ ܕܫܡܗ ܕܟܦܫܢܐ ܐܬܐ ܡܢ ܪܘܟܒܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ (ܟܐܦ ܫܝܢܐ) ܐܘܟܝܬ ܟܐܦܐ ܕܫܝܢܐ܆ ܐܘ ܡܢ ܪܘܟܒܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ((ܟܐܦ ܫܢܐ )) ܐܘܟܝܬ ܟܐܦܐ ܪܒܬܐ.܆ ܘܥܠܬܐ ܕܗܢܐ ܣܘܟܠܐ ܘܫܡܐ ܗܦܟ̥ ܠܬܶܕܡܘܪܬܐ ܕܥܒܕ ܡܪܝ ܒܣܘܣ ܥܠ ܟܐܦܐ ܕܐܝܬܝܗ̇ ܒܡܥܠܬܐ ܕܟܦܫܢܗ (ܚܘܪ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ ܗܪܘܡܐ ܕ ܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ ܠܫܡܫܐ ܐܪܟܕܝܩܢܐ ܡܠܦܢܐ ܠܚܕܐ ܐܣܚܩ ( ܒܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ) - ܩܡܫܠܝ - ܣܘܪܝܐ )

## ܡܟܬܒܙܒܢܐ ܕ ܟܦܫܢܐ

ܐܝܬ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܒܗ̊ ܠܩܘܪܒܐ ܕܬܠܬ̥ܝܢ ܒܬܝ̈ܢ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܒܝܘ̈ܡܬܐ ܕܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܐܘܟܝܬ ܩܛܠܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ ܕܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ܆ ܘܐܝܬ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܒܗ ܒܟܦܫܢܐ܆ ܩܫܝܫܐ ܫܡܥܘܢ ܫܝܪܝܢܗ ܘܥܕܬܐ ܥܠ ܫܡ ܝܠܕܬ ܐܠܗܐ.
ܘܟܕ ܛܒ̈ܐ ܕܩܛܠܥܡܐ ܣܘܪܝܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܒܫܢܬ 1915-1918ܡ̄ ܐܫܬܡܥܘ ܠܗܘܢ ܐܡܪܘ ܠܗܘܢ ܛܝܝ̈ܐ (ܐܣܠܐܡ) ܕܩܪܝܬܐ: ܚܢܢ ܠܐܢܫ ܡܢܟܘܢ ܠܐ ܩܛܠܝܢܢ܆ ܐܠܐ ܗܝ ܕܬܐܙܠ̱ܘܢ ܘܬܬܓܘܣܘܢ ܒܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ (ܐܙܟ) ܛܒܐܗܝ ܠܟܘܢ ܡܢ ܕܬܦܘܫܘܢ ܒܩܪܝܬܐ. ܗܝܕܝܢ ܩܡܘ̱ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܘܢܩܠܘ̱ ܠܟܠܡܐ ܕܐܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܘܥܠܘ ܠ ܐܙܟ܆ ܘܦܫܘ̱ ܒܗ̊ ܟܠܗ ܙܒܢܐ ܕܩܪܒܐ ܕܗܘܐ ܥܠ ܐܙܟ܆ ܘܠܐ ܐܫܟܚܘ ܒܥܠܕܒܒ̈ܐ ܕܢܦܬܚܘܢܗ̊. ܘܦܫܘ̱ ܟܕ ܡܬܟܬܫܝܢ ܥܠܝܗ̊ ܐܝܟ ܐܪܒܥܝܢ ܝܘ̈ܡܬܐ ܘܝܬܝܪ ܘܗܦܟܘ ܟܕ ܒܗܝܬܝܢ.
ܒܬܪ ܩܪܒܐ ܐ̱ܢܫܝ̈ ܟܦܫܢܐ ܗܦܟ ܠܩܪܝܬܗܘܢ܆ ܘܦܫܘ ܒܗ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܫܢܬ 1919ܡ̄ ܟܢ ܫܒܩܘ̱ ܠܩܪܝܬܐ ܘܐܙܠܘ ܘܥܡܪܘ ܒܡܘܨܠ (ܢܝܢܘܐ) ܒܐܬܪܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܆ ܘܝܘܡܢܐ ܡܒܕܪܝܢ ܒܐܬܪܘ̈ܬܐ ܕ ܥܝܪܐܩ ܘܝܘܪܕܢܢ ܘܣܘܪܝܐ ܒܡܕܝܢܬ ܡܐܠܟܝܗ ܕܗܝ ܕܝܪܝܟ܆ ܘܩܡܫܠܝ܆ ܘܚܠܒ ܘܣܛܪ ܘܬܘܒ ܠܒܪ ܒܝܘܪܝܦܝ ܘܕܝܠܢܐܝܬ ܒܣܘܝܕ. ܘܗܟܢ ܐܬܥܛܝ ܫܡ ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܡܢ ܟܦܫܢܐ ܥܕܡܐ ܠܝܘܡܢܐ. 

## ܩܕܝ̈ܫܐ ܕ ܟܦܫܢ

ܡܪܝ ܒܣܘܣ ܕܥܒܕ ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ ܪܒܬ̥ܐ ܥܠ ܟܐܦܐ ܩܪܝܒܬܐ ܡܢ ܟܦܫܢܗ ܘܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܩܕܝܫܐ  ܦܪܣܝܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܪܒܐ ܘܕܝܪܗ ܡܫܡܗܬܐ ܒܚܝܕܠ (ܚܕܠ) kayı ܩܪܝܬ̥ܐ.
## ܡܒܘ̈ܥܐ

#ܟܦܫܢܐ ܩܦܝܣܘܬ̥ܐ ܘ ܨܘܪ̈ܬ̥ܐ ܘ ܠܦܦ̈ܐ  نبذة وصور من قرية كفشنة مع وثائق http://www.a-olaf.com/home/viewtopic.php?p=4210#p4210 
#ܒܡܬܥܕܪܢܘܬܐ ܥܡ ܥܡܐ ܕ ܟܦܫܢܗ ܒܩܡܫܠܝ ܡܕܝܢ̱ܬܐ ܡܒܪܟ̥ܬܐ ܡܚܣܢܰܬ̥ ܒܐܠܗܐ.
#ܐܙܟ ܓܕܫ̈ܐ ܘܓܒܪ̈ܐ - ܠܫܡܫܐ ܡܚܣܝܐ ܝܘܣܦ ܐܠܩܣ - ܣܘܪܝܐ.
#ܡܬܠ̈ܐ ܡܢ ܒܝܬ ܙܒܕܝ - ܠܫܡܫܐ ܐܪܟܕܝܩܢܐ ܠܚܕܐ ܐܣܚܩ.
#ܓܘ̈ܢܚܐ ܕܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܕܛܘܪܥܒܕܝܢ ܠܬܠܝܬܝ ܪ̈ܚܡܐ ܟܘܪܝܐ ܣܠܝܡܐܢ ܚܢܢܘ ܐܪܟܚܝܐ ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢܝܐ.
# ܡܟܬܒܙܒܢܐ ܕܟ̥ܘܪܐܦܣܩܘܦܐ ܝܘܣܦ ܕܐܘܘܕ.
# ܟܬ̥ܒܐ ܣܪܝܛܐ ܕ (ܐܣܬܐܣܬܝܩ بعض بلاد وقرى سنة 1870) ܐܘܟܝܬ̥: ܚܕܟܡܐ ܐܬ̥ܪ̈ܘܳܢ ܘܩܘܪܝܐܣ ܕܫܢܰܬ̥ 1870ܡ ܕܦܛܪܝܪܟ̥ܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ ܐܪܬܘܕܟܣܝܐ ܐܢܛܝܘܟ̥ܳܝܐ ܡܪܝ ܐܝܓ̥ܢܐܛܝܘܣ ܥܒܕ ܐܠܠܗ ܣܛܘܦ ܨܕܕܝܐ (ܟܕ ܐܝܬ̥ܰܘܗܝ̱ ܗ̱ܘܐ ܕܝܪܝܐ).

## ܐܣܪ̈ܐ ܓܘ̈ܝܐ
*ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
*ܕܝܪܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܓܒܪܐܝܠ
*ܩܡܫܠܝ
*ܐܙܟ̥
*ܕܝܪܝܟ
*ܚܝܕܠ.
*ܡܝܕܢ.
*ܒܣܒܪܝܢܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܛܘܪ ܥܒܕܝܢ
ܣܕܪܐ:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
ܩܝܛܐ

thumb|ܚܩܠܐ ܒܩܝܛܐ

**ܩܝܛܐ** ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ. ܗܘ ܫܚܝܢ ܡܢ ܟܠ. ܢܦܠ ܒܝܬ ܬܕܐܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܬܫܪܝܬܐ. ܫܪܐ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܚܙܝܪܢ ܘܦܪܩ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܝܠܘܠ ܐܠܐ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܫܪܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܟܢܘܢ ܐ ܘܦܪܩ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܕܪ܀
ܣܬܘܐ

thumb|ܐܝܠܢ̈ܐ ܒܣܬܘܐ

**ܣܬܘܐ** ܗܘ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܐܪܒܥܐ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ. ܗܘ ܕܟܫܪܐ ܒܗ ܩܪܝܪܘܬܐ ܘܢܦܠܝܢ ܒܗ ܡܛܪ̈ܐ ܘܬܠܓ̈ܐ. ܢܦܠ ܒܝܬ ܬܫܪܝܬܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܬܕܐܐ. ܫܪܐ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܟܢܘܢ ܐ ܘܦܪܩ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܕܪ ܐܠܐ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܫܪܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܚܙܝܪܢ ܘܦܪܩ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܝܠܘܠ܀
ܬܫܪܝܬܐ

thumb|ܐܝܠܢ̈ܐ ܘܛܪ̈ܦܢܐ ܢܦܝ̈ܠܐ ܒܐܘܪܚܐ ܒܬܫܪ̈ܝܬܐ

**ܬܫܪ̈ܝܬܐ** ܐܢܝܢ ܚܕ ܡܢ ܫܘܚܠܦ̈ܐ ܕܫܢܬܐ܂ ܢܦ̈ܠܢ ܒܝܬ ܣܬܘܐ ܘܒܝܬ ܩܝܛܐ܂ ܫܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܝܠܘܠ ܘܦܪ̈ܩܢ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܟܢܘܢ ܐ ܐܠܐ ܒܩܫܬܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܫܪ̈ܝܢ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܐܕܪ ܘܦܪ̈ܩܢ ܒܝܪܚܐ ܕܚܙܝܪܢ܀
ܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ

thumb|ܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܒܫܥܘܬܐ
thumb|ܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܡܢ ܠܥܠ

**ܩܫܬܐ ܓܪܒܝܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ** ܗܝ ܦܠܓܘܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ ܠܓܪܒܝܐ ܡܢ ܣܪܛܐ ܛܪܘܦܝܩܝܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܩܫܬܐ ܬܝܡܢܝܬܐ ܕܐܪܥܐ
ܡܠܐܐ ܘܬܘܒܐ

thumb|ܬܘܒܐ
thumb|ܡܠܐܐ

**ܡܠܐܐ ܘܬܘܒܐ** ܐܢܘܢ ܡܥܒܕܢܘܬܐ ܕܣܗܪܐ ܘܕܫܡܫܐ ܥܠ ܡ̈ܝܐ ܕܝܡܡ̈ܐ ܐܘ ܕܐܘܩ̈ܝܢܘ ܟܕ 'ܡܠܐܐ' ܗܘ ܣܠܩܬܐ ܕܡ̈ܝܐ ܘ'ܬܘܒܐ' ܗܘ ܟܦܬܐ ܕܡ̈ܝܐ܀
ܓܒܪܐ

[thumb|300px|ܓܠܦܐ ܕ"[ܕܘܝܕ (ܡܝܟܠܐܢܓܠܘ)|ܕܘܝܕ" ܒܝܕ ܡܝܟܠܐܢܓܠܘ]]

**ܓܒܪܐ** ܗܘ ܐܢܫܐ ܪܒܝܐ ܘܕܟܪܝܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܐܢܬܬܐ
ܐܘܪܚܐ

thumb|250px|ܐܘܪܚܐ ܒܓܢܬܐ
thumb|250px|ܐܘܪܚܐ ܪܨܝܦܬܐ ܕܝܘܡܢܐ

**ܐܘܪܚܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܐܘܪ̈ܚܬܐ**) ܗܝ ܕܪܒܐ ܒܝܢܬ ܕ̈ܘܟܝܬܐ܀
ܐܢܬܬܐ

thumb|250px|ܓܠܦܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ ܕ"ܘܢܘܣ ܡܢ ܡܝܠܘ"

**ܐܢܬܬܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܢܫ̈ܐ**) ܗܝ ܐܢܫܐ ܪܒܝܐ ܘܢܩܒܝܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܓܒܪܐ
ܓܪܫܘܢܝ

[thumb|500px|ܛܘܦܣܐ ܕܓܪܫܘܢܝ ܕܟܬܝܒ ܒܟܬܒܐ ܕ[ܣܪܛܐ (ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ)|ܣܪܛܐ ܕܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ]]

**ܓܪܫܘܢܝ** (ܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܥܪܒܝܐ كرشوني) ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܟܬܒܬܐ ܕܠܫܢ̈ܐ ܐܚܪ̈ܝܢܐ ܐܝܟ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ، ܠܫܢܐ ܬܘܪܟܝܐ، ܠܫܢܐ ܟܘܪܕܝܐ ܘ ܠܫܢܐ ܣܘܓܕܝܐ ܒܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ . ܐܫܬܪܝ ܟܬܒܐ ܒܓܪܫܘܢܝ ܒܕܪܐ ܫܒܝܥܝܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܫܝܚܐ܀
ܙܥܘܪܬܐ|ܝܡܝܢܐ|ܐܠܦܒܝܬ ܓܪܫܘܢܝ ܥܪܒܝܐ
ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ

**ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܩܘܛܢܘܬܐ** (ܐܬܬܪܓܡܬ ܡܢ ܠܫܢܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ ⁧جُمْهُورِيَّة) ܗܝ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܕܡܬܬܫܠܡ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܒܝܕ ܟܢܫܐ ܐܘ ܩܘܛܢܐ ܕܐܬܪܐ. ܫܠܝܛܐ ܒܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܡܫܬܡܗ ܪܝܫܐ ܐܘ ܪܝܫܢܐ܀܀܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
* ܡܠܟܘܬܐ
* ܫܘܠܛܢ ܛܪܘܢܘܬܐ

ܣܕܪܐ:ܪܘܟܒ ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ
ܕܪܐ

**ܕܪܐ** ܐܝܬܘܗܝ ܚܕܢܝܐ ܕܙܒܢܐ܂ ܐܝܬ ܡܐܐ ܫܢ̈ܝܐ ܒܚܕ ܕܪܐ܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܙܒܢܐ
ܡܪܝܡ (ܐܡܗ ܕܝܫܘܥ)

thumb|ܡܪܬܝ ܡܪܝܡ

**ܡܪܬܝ ܡܪܝܡ** ܐܘ **ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܡܪܝܡ** ܗܝ ܐܡܐ ܕܝܫܘܥ ܢܨܪܝܐ. ܗܘܬ ܐܢܬܬܐ ܕܡܪܝ ܝܘܣܦ. ܗܝ ܝܗܘܕܝܬܐ ܡܢ ܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܨܪܬ܀ ܒܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܘܐܫܬܡܗܬ ܒܒܬܘܠܬܐ ܕܐܬܒܛܢܬ ܡܢ ܪܘܚܐ ܕܩܘܕܫܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
ܡܠܟܘܬܐ

**ܡܠܟܘܬܐ** ܗܝ ܛܟܣܐ ܕܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܟܕ ܪܫܐ ܕܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܗܘ ܡܠܟܐ ܐܘ ܡܠܟܬܐ܀ ܒܪ ܡܘܠܟܢܐ ܝܪܬ ܗܢ ܫܘܠܛܢܐ ܒܬܪ ܡܘܬܐ ܕܡܠܟܐ ܐܘ ܡܠܟܬܐ.

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
*ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ
*ܫܘܠܛܢ ܛܪܘܢܘܬܐ
                                                                                
                   
                        
ܣܕܪܐ:ܪܘܟܒ ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ
ܢܨܪܝܐ

**ܢܨܪܝܐ** ܗܘ ܒܪܢܫܐ ܕܐܬܝܠܕ ܒܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܐܘ ܐܬܒܝܬܝ ܠܡܕܝܢܬܐ ܕܢܨܪܬ. ܢܨܪܝܐ ܐܦ ܗܘ ܟܘܢܝܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ ܠܡܫܝܚܐ ܐܘ ܠܡ̈ܫܝܚܝܐ܁ ܦܪܨܘܦܐ ܢܨܪܝܐ ܡܫܬܡܗܐ ܝܬܝܪ ܡܢ ܟܠ ܗܘ ܝܫܘܥ ܢܨܪܝܐ܀
ܪܘܚܐ ܕܩܘܕܫܐ

thumb|300px|ܡܚܬܬܐ ܕܪܘܚܐ ܕܩܘܕܫܐ ܥܠ ܫܠܝܚ̈ܐ ܒܕܡܘܬ ܝܘܢܐ Musée Condé, Chantilly.
**ܪܘܚܐ ܕܩܘܕܫܐ** ܗܘ/ܗܝ ܪܘܚܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܒܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ. ܪܘܚܐ ܕܩܘܕܫܐ ܗܘ ܩܢܘܡܐ ܬܠܝܬܝܐ ܕܬܠܝܬܝܘܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܒܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ܀

## ܐܦ ܚܙܝ
*ܐܒܐ (ܐܠܗܐ)
*ܒܪܐ (ܐܠܗܐ)

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ
1000 (ܡܢܝܢܐ)

**1000** ܐܘ **ܐܠܦܐ** (ܟܢܘܫܝܐ: **ܐܠܦ̈ܐ** ܐܘ **ܐܠܦܝ̈ܐ**) ܗܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܝܢܝܐ ܐܬܐ ܒܬܪ 999 ܘܩܕܡ 1001܀

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܢܝܢܐ
100 (ܡܢܝܢܐ)

**100** ܐܘ **ܡܐܐ** ܐܘ **ܡܐܬܐ** ܐܘ **ܡܐܘܬܐ** ܗܘ ܡܢܝܢܐ ܟܝܢܝܐ ܐܬܐ ܒܬܪ 99 ܘܩܕܡ 101.

ܣܕܪܐ:ܡܢܝܢܐ