فرانك نايت

**فرانك هاينمان نايت**  (7 نوفمبر 1885 – 15 أبريل 1972) هو اقتصادي أمريكي قضى معظم حياته المهنية في جامعة شيكاغو ، حيث أصبح واحدا من مؤسسي مدرسة شيكاغو. كان ميلتون فريدمان، جورج ستيجلر وجيمس بوكانان  من طلابه في شيكاغو.

## الحياة المهنية
ولد  في 1885 بمقاطعة مكلين (إلينوي) و حصل على دكتوراه سنة 1916. درس في جامعة تينيسي و قضى معظم حياته الأكاديمية في جامعة شيكاغو. كان أحد الاقتصاديين الرائدين في العالم بعد أن قدم مساهمات كبيرة في العديد من المجالات كعلم الاقتصاد والاجتماع والفلسفة. وقد عرف بكتابه *Risk Uncertainty and Profit*.
كان نايت مؤسسا ونائبا لرئيس مجتمع مونت بيليرين  لمفكرين الاقتصاديين.

## المنشورات الرئيسية
* "The Concept of Normal Price in Value and Distribution", 1917, *QJE*.
* *[http://www.econlib.org/library/Knight/knRUP.html Risk, Uncertainty and Profit]* (pdf), 1921, .
* "Cost of Production and Price Over Long and Short Periods", 1921, *Journal of Political Economy (JPE)*.
* "Cassel's Theoretische Sozialökonomie", 1921, *JPE*.
* "Ethics and the Economic Interpretation", 1922, *QJE* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "The Ethics of Competition", 1923, *QJE* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "Business Management: Science or Art?", 1923 *Journal of Business*.
* "Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost", 1924, *QJE* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics", 1924, in Tugwell, editor, *Trend of Economics* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "Fact and Metaphysics in Economic Psychology", 1925, *AER* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "A Note on Professor Clark's Illustration of Marginal Productivity", 1925, *JPE*.
* "Economic Psychology and the Value Problem", 1925, *QJE*.
* "Economics at its Best: Review of Pigou", 1926, *AER*.
* "Historical and Theoretical Issues in the Problem of Modern Capitalism", 1928, *Journal of Econ & Business History* (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "A Suggestion for Simplifying the Statement of the General Theory of Price", 1928, *JPE*.
* "Freedom as Fact and Criterion", 1929, *Int J of Ethics*
* "Statics and Dynamics: Some queries regarding the mechanical analogy in economics", 1930, *ZfN* (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "Professor Fisher's Interest Theory: A case in point", 1931, *JPE*.
* "Modern Economic Society Further Considered", 1932, *JPE*.
* "The Newer Economics and the Control of Economic Activity", 1932, *JPE* (repr. in 1999, I)
* *The Economic Organization*, 1933.
* "Capitalistic Production, Time and the Rate of Return", 1933, in *Essays in Honor of Gustav Cassel* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "The Nature of Economic Science in Some Recent Discussion", 1934, *AER*.
* "Social Science and the Political Trend", 1934, *Univ of Toronto Quarterly*
* "Common-Sense of Political Economy: Wicksteed Reprinted", 1934, *JPE* (repr. in 1956)
* *The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays*, 1935.
* "The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution", 1935, *Canadian JE* (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "A Comment on Machlup", 1935, *JPE*.
* "Professor Hayek and the Theory of Investment", 1935, *EJ*.
* "The Theory of Investment Once More: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians", 1935, *QJE*.
* "Some Issues in the Economics of Stationary States", 1936, *AER*.
* "The Place of Marginal Economics in a Collectivist System", 1936, *AER*.
* "The Quantity of Capital and the Rate of Interest", 1936, *JPE* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "Pragmatism and Social Action: Review of Dewey", 1936, *Int J of Ethics*
* "Note on Dr. Lange's Interest Theory", 1937, *RES*.
* "Unemployment: and Mr. Keynes's revolution in economic theory", 1937, *Canadian JE* (repr. in 1999, I)
* "On the Theory of Capital: In reply to Mr. Kaldor", 1938, *Econometrica*.
* "Bertrand Russell on Power", 1939, *Ethics*.
* "The Ethics of Liberalism", 1939, *Economica*.
* "Socialism: The Nature of the Problem", 1940, *Ethics* (repr. in 1999, II)
* "'What is Truth' in Economics", 1940, *JPE* (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economics: a rejoinder", 1941, *JPE*
* "Religion and Ethics in Modern Civilization", 1941, *J of Liberal Religion*
* "The Meaning of Democracy: its politico-economic structure and ideals", 1941, *J of Negro Education*
* "Social Science", 1941, *Ethics* (repr. in 1956)
* "The Business Cycle, Interest and Money: A methodological approach", 1941, *REStat* (repr. in 1956 & 1999, II)
* "Professor Mises and the Theory of Capital", 1941, *Economica*.
* "The Role of the Individual in the Economic World of the Future", 1941, *JPE*.
* "Anthropology and Economics", 1941, *JPE*.
* "Science, Philosophy and Social Procedure", 1942, *Ethics*
* "Fact and Value in Social Science", 1942, in Anshen, editor, *Science and Man*
* "Some Notes on the Economic Interpretation of History", 1942, *Studies in the History of Culture* (repr. in 1999, II)
* "Social Causation", 1943, *American Journal of Sociology* (repr. in 1956)
* "Diminishing Returns Under Investment", 1944, *JPE*.
* "Realism and Relevance in the Theory of Demand", 1944, *JPE* (repr. in 1999, II)
* "The Rights of Man and Natural Law", 1944, *Ethics* (repr. in 1999, II)
* "Human Nature and World Democracy", 1944, *American J of Sociology*.
* "Economics, Political Science and Education", 1944, *AER*
* *The Economic Order and Religion*, with T.W. Merriam, 1945.
* "Immutable Law in Economics: Its reality and limitations", 1946, *AER*.
* "The Sickness of Liberal Society", 1946, *Ethics* (repr. in 1999, II)
* "Salvation by Science: The gospel according to Professor Lundberg", 1947, *JPE* (repr. in 1956)
* *Freedom and Reform: Essays in economics and social philosophy*, 1947.
* "Free Society: Its basic nature and problem", 1948, *Philosophical Review* (repr. in 1956)
* "The Role of Principles in Economics and Politics", 1951, *AER* (repr. in 1956 & 1999, II)
* "Institutionalism and Empiricism in Economics", 1952, *AER*.
* *On the History and Methods of Economics: Selected essays*, 1956, .
* *Intelligence and Democratic Action*, 1960.
* "Methodology in Economics", 1961, *Southern EJ*
* "Abstract Economics as Absolute Ethics", 1966, *Ethics*.
* "Laissez Faire: Pro and con", 1967, *JPE* (repr. in 1999, II)
* "The Case for Communism: From the Standpoint of an Ex-liberal." (published posthumously) in *Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology*, edited by Warren J. Samuels, archival supplement 2 (1991): 57–108.
* *Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight, Volume 1: "What is Truth" in Economics?*, (ed. by Ross B. Emmett), 1999, 
* *Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight, Volume 2: Laissez Faire: Pro and Con*, (ed. by Ross B. Emmett), 1999, 

## المراجع

## مصادر
* Burgin, Angus (November 2009). “The Radical Conservatism of Frank H. Knight,” *Modern Intellectual History,* 6:513–38.
* Emmett, Ross B. (1999). "Introduction", in *Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight*, 2 vols., (ed. by Ross Emmett).
* Emmett, Ross B. (2009). "Did the Chicago School Reject Frank Knight?", in *Frank Knight and the Chicago School in American Economics*, .
ISBN1978-0-415-77500-7
* 
Cite webURLTitleFrank H. Knight, 1885–1972Last nameFonsecaFirst nameGonçalo LAuthors listFonsecaWebsiteThe History of Economic Thought WebsitePublisherThe New School for Social ResearchArchive URLArchive date2008-04-29Dead URLyesURL access date2008-05-07
* 
* Kasper, Sherryl (2002). *The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers*. ch. 2.
* Stigler, G. (1985). “Frank Hyneman Knight”, University of Chicago Press – Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, Working Papers Series, Working Paper No. 37.
* White, Harrison C. (2002). *Markets from Networks: Socioeconomic Models of Production*, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

## وصلات خارجية
* 
* The Frank H. Knight Page
* 
* 

تصنيف:اقتصاديو مدرسة شيكاغو
تصنيف:أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة شيكاغو
تصنيف:أمريكيون مسيحيون سابقون
تصنيف:اقتصاديون أمريكيون في القرن 20
تصنيف:اقتصاديون من إلينوي
تصنيف:حائزون على زمالة غوغنهايم
تصنيف:خريجو جامعة تينيسي
تصنيف:خريجو جامعة كورنيل
تصنيف:رؤساء الرابطة الاقتصادية الأمريكية
تصنيف:ملحدون أمريكيون
تصنيف:مواليد 1885
تصنيف:مؤرخو الفكر الاقتصادي
تصنيف:وفيات 1972