open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Underbyrig of Lunden

Þæs his an eeallmǣst tellende of **underbīrig of Lunden**, Englaland.

## Geographic divisions and earunas

### Nēahġebūrhōdas or burrtes

On sīdan fram se ceastra and se Lunden burhs þemsylfes, eall nūdǣg underbīrig of Lunden earun onfoermel designations; oft based or adaptedfram historic parish or burh boundaries hwelċ were eall abolished bī 1965. Lunden postcode districts oft hæbbe an influence ofer hwǣr a placum his considered to be although hīe were not designed for þæt purpose. Eall Lunden burhs earun spelde into wards hwelċ oft shearun þē namas of Lunden districts, hūǣfre, hīe rearunly shearun þē historic or commonly accepted nūdǣg lines of þætes placumen.

### Lundenburhs
Greater Lunden consists of þē City of Lunden and 32 Lunden burhs, of hwelċ 12 earun statutory Innera Lunden burhs and 20 earun Uterra Lunden burhs.

† = Uterra Lunden for statistics | * = Innera Lunden for statistics

### Sub-regions
*Norþ Lunden and South Lunden: þē division of Lunden bī þē River Thames
*Ƿest End of Lunden, Central Lunden, East End of Lunden and þē South Bank: sections of þē historic urban core
*Lunden Docklands: þē former doccas and nu a regeneration earuna
*Lunden Plan sub-regions: Norþeast, Norþ, Suþeast, South Ƿest, Ƿest
*Various postcode earunas covering Lunden
*Public transport zones: 1 (middel Lunden); 2 (innera burgum); 3 and 4, (innera underbyrigum); 5 and 6 (uterra underbyrigum)

### Political divisions

## Geographic features

### Hills and highest points

### Wæterwegas

#### Canals

#### Canal tunnels

#### Docce

#### Ieġlandes and eeallmǣstieġ

#### Lacus and pondes

#### Reservoirs

#### Ēan

#### Underland ēanum

### Openlandes

#### Græfgeardas

#### Ediscas

#### Ealdwiodulands

#### Cynelīċ ediscum

#### Ceasterfeormas

## Boldum

### Lyftportes

### Brycgum

### Hēafodċiriċes

### Ealdordōm ond leodƿeardboldum

### Houses and palaces

### Legal Lunden

#### Inns of Court

### Marcketes

#### Ǣrgewitenmarcket

#### Marcketbold

#### Marcketstrǣet

#### Trade markets

### Boldæfþēcræftenum and cræftbold

### Trǣgstōþstōƿas

### Rādweġas

#### Fōtpæþum

#### Mæhticrādum

#### Romann rādas

#### Strǣte and fēoƿerecges

### Tumbiġeboldum

### Shopping arcades

### Stæðianas ond plegenboldum

### Pleġstōwes

### Gesihþstōwas

#### Ǣrgewiten ġesihþstōwa

### Windmyllanes

## Sēeeallswa
* List of garden squearuns in Lunden
* List of placums in England

## References
Westmynsterceaster

**Westmynsterceaster**  is Lunden burgscipe mid ceasterhade in þæm Grieatrum Lunden. Hiere hal landscipe in on Middelseaxum and hiere mæste burg is Westmynster þærof fang se burgscipe his naman.

In þisse burgscipe is is se Westende se is Lundnes ealdorstede for ceapmannum and wæfernesse, Her sind manig wæferhus and innas.

Ðæs Cyninges heall is in þæm ilcan burgscipe, se is Buccingahamheall, and eac ambihthus for þæs rices leodwearde. Ymbe Witenagemotæcre standað Westmynsterheall (þær sitteð se Witenagemot þæs Geandran Cynerices), Westmynster se mynster, and se Middelseaxe Gildheall.

Hyde Edisc and Ricendes Edisc sind in þæm burgscipe. His underbyrig befoþ Halgan Iohannes Wudu, Maida Denu, Bægswæter, Belgrafia and Pimlico.
Gillingas

**Gillingas** sind tunfolc on Middelseaxum and hiera burg stent healf eahtoþ mila be westen Lunden.

Oþ Lunden weax mihtig in þæm 19þ and ærror 20. gearhundum  bad Gillinga tun lytel wic. Þan se heahweg cwom weax þes wic and se isernweg cwom eac in 1838. Þy sawon Gillingas manig niwe hus and boldas niwa and man tiloden his æcras to metianne Lunden, and æfterweard weard þes stede weaxend underburg. Be 1902 hæfde Gillinga tun þone binaman "Underburga Cwen".
Rīcscipe

**Rīcscipe** is þæt weorc oþþe ġemǣnra folca þæt rīceþ on gesettan ġeþēod, gemǣnlic ān cyningdōm.
Crīce

Ān **crīce** () on Norðamerica and elleshƿerġen, such as Australand, is ā stream þæt sylfe oft smælre is þonne ā ēa. On þǣre Bryttisc landbunes hit is a small tidal inlet.

**Crīce** mæg eac ġeswutelian tō:

* Crīcefolc, a former name of Muscogēa, Westendlondisc Eardfæstfolc
* Crīce spræc or Muscogēa spræc
* Crīce (endiġenama)
* Crīcesċīr (Oclahoma), Geanedan Ricu America
* Creek Audio, a Bryttisce hīah-fīah gefer
* TH-67 Creek, a G.R.A. Fierd flocca þāra Bell 206 þyrla
* "Creek", a 2024 sang bī Alli Walker
* Creek, se fyrest bǣnd nama æf Ænglisc roccdrēam ūtfȳt Pale Waves

## See also
* Creak (disambiguation)
* Crick (disambiguation)
* Kreek, a surname
Gillingas se Lunden Burgscipe

**Gillingas se Lunden Burgscipe** is toþegning læppa se belimpeð þone Grietra Lunden. He is eall on Middelseaxan deop in Lundnes underburgum. His mæste burg is Gillingas.

In ðes burgscipe sind fif byrig, ða sind: Actun, Gillingas, Greneford, Hanwiell, Norþholt, Periuale and Suþheall.
Ġecēosung

**Ġecēosung** is ġecoren foresettung, þæt is gemōt þæs folces tō wyrcean ġedwina bysmor, þurh þæt folc cīest ānne mann oþþe fleras menn tō healdan openne hīredstōl.

Ġecēosunga sindon sīðfæste weorc, þurh þæt þēos mǣþelcræftlīce folcrīce dōmfolgoþ hæfð āðrēad siþþan þǣre seofontigoþan þǣre hundwintre. Ġecēosunga magon āþiendan hīredstōlas on þǣre þēodlārhūse, hwīlwm on þǣm rīcscealde oþþe dōmmannheape, and eac tō þǣm hīrwīsan and landġemǣrum hīerdōmum. Þes weorc is eac ġewuna on fela oþra hæfde and cræftġesetnyssum, fram hlottum tō selflēohtendlicum ġeswincaþungum and hlēoþwīsan hlāfhlutan.

Se woruldþeawa þæt ġecēosunga beoþ ġeworht ġeflitlandes tō forescyllan þēodwīsan rīcscipe stent ongēan þæs foremǣþel þǣre dēmocrātcīsan ēstlīce, þæt wæs on ǣrlicum Æþelingrīce, þǣr se ġecēosung wæs gemyndlæst cynedom, and fela þāra healdstōlas wǣron ġesette þurh hlottunga, þæt is cweden be dǣle, þǣr hīerdōm wearþ ġecoren þurh hlote.
Englisc Heafodlega

Sē **Heafodlega** (), oft cūþ swā sē **Englisc Heafodlega** (), oþþe sē **EPL** (ǣr gecīged **Barclays Englisc Heafodlega** for ġesponsera ġeþuhtum and ǣr 2007 Þē Fremestscīpe), is þæt hēahðēod Engliscra fōtballe. Twentig ġeþēoda wīġiaþ on þǣre Fremestan Līġan ǣlċ ġēar, sēo oft bið ġespēled betwux Weodmōnaþ and Þrimilcemōnaþ. Ælċ ġēar, 38 spēda biþ ġespēled (þā ōþre 19 ġeþēoda hām and feorran ġesēċend). For hīstoriscum ġeþuhtum, ġefēawe ġildas of Ƿēalas ēac wīġiaþ on þǣm Engliscum fōtballe ġerǣde.
Manchester United F.C.

**Manchester United F.C.** () commonly referred to as **Man United** (often stylised as **Man Utd**) or simply **United**, is a professional gyldfōtþōðer clubbe based on Ealdtræppeford, Mameceaster, Englaland. Hīe campiaþ on þǣre Engliscan Hēafodlēage, sēo is sēo hēafodlēaga Englisces gyldfōtþōðres. Ymbenaman se Rēaddēoflu, þǣm hƿǣr onsteald as Niwetūnhǣþ LYR Fōtbealltēam on 1878, but changed þǣre nama tō Manchester United on 1902. Æfter a spell pleganum on Clægtūn, Mameceaster, se clubbe moved tō þæs current stæðian, Ealdtræppeford, on 1910.
Ealdwic Wæferhus

**Ðæt Ealdwic Wæferhus** is wæferhus be Ealdwic, se is wic in Lundnes Westende. Hit heoldeð 1,200 hawendas on ðrim efenessum.

Þis wæferhus opnede on .
Oswaldestreo

**Osƿaldestreo** (; ) is burg on Scrobbesbyrigscīre.

Be ðisse stede wæs Oswald Norðanhymbra Cyning ofslagen be Pendan Miercna Cyning æt sæcce be Maserfelde. Man secgþ þe Oswald Cyning stearf be treo on þæm wælfelde and seo burg hæfþ hiere naman on þæm treo.
Beadanford

**Beadanford** is burg onmiddan Beadanfordscire and is his scirburg. Ymbe 107,000 onwundenda hæfð ðeos burg.

Æt ford on Use wæs Beadanforde gestaðoled. Man aliefð þe Offa Miercna Cyning wæs gebyrged her. Beadanford Castel was getimbrod be Henrice I Cyning
Melchior Balassa

**Melchior Balassa** Eorl () wæs Ungerisc ealdorman, heretoga and wealdsecend þære middelyldum.

He wæs geboren on  in Balassagyarmatine on Ungerum and forþferde in Uigenna, on . He wæs Eorl of Hontscire and Barsscire,  Donualandes heafodman.

Æfter Mohács Beadwe gecoren Ungaralandes niwne Cyning ac hie wæron bedæled. Melchior fultumode Iohannes Zapolyan. Æfter Iohannes deaþ fultumode Melchior Eorl Iohannes gewinna, se wæs Ferdinand of Habsbyrig, and Ferdinand Cyning sealde him Barsscires Bregorice.

In 1544 wergode Melchior Levaburg wið Turcas. Noðylæs Melchior Eorl reafode his agan lande and Ferdinand adraf hine on Seofenburgum. Ferdinand of Habsbyrig and Iohannes Siegmund Zapolya ellencampoden for Ungera cynedom and Melchior Eorl seald his holdscipe to bæm healfum þærbe weard he welig. He stearf in Uigennan, Habsbyrig stol in 1568.
Lambhyð se Lunden Burgscipe

**Lambhyð se Lunden Burgscipe** is to þegung læppa on Temes suðofre (in Suþrige) in þæm ceasterscipe se is seo Mare Lunden. His nama is fram Lambhyðbyrig. Þes burgscipe wæs gesceappen in 1965 and hæfþ ymbe 317,000 onwunendas.

In þisse burscipe sind manig tunas, þærof sind Lambhyð, Cleopanham and Strætham.
Lambhyð

**Lambhyð** is burg on Suþrigum deop inne Lundenes ceasterscipe and on Temes suþofre. Ofer Temes standaþ Westmynster and his boldas, þærof is Westmynsterheall on staðe.

Ðæs Ercebiscopes stol Cantawarabyriges is æt Lambhyðhealle in þisre byrig and se tun weax be þæm healle in þæm Middelieldum. Be þære Uictoriaielde weax eall stedes neah Lundne and manig hus and ceapmanna boldas wæron her getimbrod.
Lambhyðheall

**Lambhyðheall** is micel seld se belimpeþ se Ercebiscop of Cantawarabyrig and his ambihtstol be Lundne. Þes heall is be Temes in Lambhyð. Ofer Temes þære ea, feower hund gearda be norþwesten Lambhyðheall is Westmynsterheall, þær sitteþ se Witenagemot.

Se tun ymbe þæm healle wæs gecypt be þæm ercebisceoprice ymbe 1200.
Panaceaster

**Panaceaster** is Panamrices heafodstol. Heo hæfþ 1,938,000 onwunendenas. Ðeos ceaster stent be Sericus Garsecges ecge, æt Panama Wæterweges muÞan. Heo is in Panamaunderrice. Panaceaster is hiere rices ricestol and eac for ceapmannum.

Pedro Arias Dávila gehiersumend staðolde Þas burg on  1519. Se stede wæs wic þærof ferdon Speonisce campwerodas þa gehiersumoden Incarice in Perwe.
Þæs Wulfes Larspell þæm Englum

thumb|right|Onfængning þæs preosthreades on Bryttisc Bibliohð MS Cotten, Nero A.i, mid Lædenne onfæng: Sermo Lupi to Englum. þa Danas swiðe forðfugon hīe þæt wæs geaþeode seofon hund wið þrimteontig aþeling.

**Þæs Wulfes Larspell þæm Englum** is rædelsword gesceapen on Englalande betwux þam geārum 1010 and 1016 of Wulfstane II se wæs Ercebisceop of Eoferwice. He swutolde hine under title on Boclæden: *Sermo Lupi ad anglos quando Dani maxime persecuti sunt eos, quod fuit anno millesimo .xiiii. ab incarnatione Domine Nostri Iesu Cristi*. Se Sermo Lupi is Wulfstan's mæst gewiten weorc. On þyssum, he wiðgǣð unāwede æþelriht æfter his fēorðhāðe Englisca, swā þe is gēoc fæges Godes yrre ofer Englisc, þæt hæfð geþweolod þritig wintra Wicinga forþfēodes ofer Englalande. Wulfstan biddeð þæt Englisc liðe betwux þæm mid more æþelice to God, and speciþlice to libban æfter þæm lage þe ðære Circean and ðæs cyninges. Sermo Lupi is gemæne for his rædelscipe, and is witeged to hæbban þæt heahswið Wulfstan's fæle þurh his homilisc and rædelscipe. Þe text of Sermo Lupi is fægere geræd wordum manega, hæfst ðæt nyhst be Dorothy Bethurum.
Meaxceaster

**Meaxceaster** () oþþe **Mexicoburg** is Mexican hēafodburg. *Meaxceaster* hæfþ 8,851,080 lēode (FY 17-2010).
Sanct Bærberaburg

**Sanct Bærberaburg** ( oþþe ) or **Halga Bærberaburg** is sēo sċīrburg on Sanct Bærberasċīr on California.
Eorðfearh

**Eorðfearh** is nihterne deor and aholdend þæt is eardæst in suðernum Affrican. His wrot is swa swa swines wrot, oððæt ðe hie ne sindon cynn mid fearum. Eorðfearas fretaþ æmetan, hwitæmetan and wyrmas.

Þis deor nytteþ his wrot to findenne huðe and his clawu to fordelfenne æmethyllas.
Hǣlēna, Muntǣna

**Hǣlēna ** is sēo hēofodburg in Muntǣnan rīce þāra Geānedu Rīcu American. Be þǣm 2010 lēodetelle hæfþ hēo 28,180 lēode. His burgealdor is James E. Smith.
Pennwudland

**Pennƿudland** () is rīce þāra Geānlǣhtra Rīca American. His hēafodburg is Hǣrēsburh. Pennwudland wæs staþolede in 1681 þurh Wilhelm Penn þurh landbōc fram Carl II cyning. Se nama Pennsylfanie cymþ of Lǣdenum ƿorde *sylvania* mǣneþ ‘wuduland’ ond his fæder nama *Penn* (se nama Penn cymþ of ƿorde *pen* mǣneþ ‘hēafod’).

Pennsylfanie behlænað Delaware tō sūþēastum, Marianland tō sūþum, Westfirginiæ tō sūþƿestum, Lacu Erie ond Ontærigo tō norþƿestum, Ohio tō ƿestum, Nīwe Eoforwīc benorþum, ond Nīwe Cēsarēa tō ēastum. 

## Sēo ēac

* Pennwudlandum Þēodisce sprǣc
Englisc Cranic

Se ***Englisca Cranic*** is cranic se arecceð Englarices stær, þærof wæs his mæst gewrit gewriten þende gegangas belampen. Ðes cranic is gewriten in Englisce.

Fruma gewrit þæs Cranicea wæs wyrcen lǽt on þām nīðan hundred, wēarde on Westseaxum, under Ælfrede Cyninge (se ricsode fram 871 oþ 899). His geāning, ðæt geendian wæron þæt sona mistlice forloren þā wæs frōfre from ǣrðe sēofan hund, is namaþ 'Gemǣne Gēn' of þære Crónicle. Mynte manega cnota of þære anum origenal and þonne forðsend to mynsterum ofer Englalande, hwær híe wæron ārǣd, dǽl swiðe syngēlīce. Þas bec fægen to nemne þæt Ænglisaxisc Crónicale. Eall þæt þing in þæs Crónicale is on þæm form of ænig, be geāre; þæt ealdeste is æt 60 æt Ƿrēðcynn (þæs æniġes dæge for Cæsares fare on Breten).

Niga bōc-rǣdena þæs Crōnicle, nān ðæs is þāra fruma, āwaþ in algêne oððe on dǽl. Seofon beoð gehālden on þǣm Bryttisc Biblioþece, ān on þǣm Bodlīcas Biblioþece æt Oxanforde, and se ældest on þǣm Parker Biblioþece of Corpus Christi Ceaster Leornung Scolu, Cāmbryc. Se ældesta wǣð þæt hēo wæs frumsæd se towards ende Ælfrēdes rīc, hwilst se niwest wæs ge-copied æt Pēterburgscipe Æbbe after ǣr æteowde on þǣm mynstre in 1116. Sume lǣtere miðeldæge crunicle þe of forloren mōdscriptum cymð, fēala mægmæst hǣtuð fram Cruniclic ǣnglæca. 

Ðeah swīðe swā micel þæs onfōn þurh Crunicle næs ōðer where gewriten, and for þǣm gēomrǣde geᚹealde īcen þær ȳmbūtan dambeð, Crunicle is ænig of þā mæst þēogere hīstoriscra bēorhtinga for Englað in þā dǣlas forfall of Rōmānisce āweardnesse and þā færon ȳmbūtan þǣm Normenna Sēge. Nicholas Howe hæfde hit nemned and Bede's Hanðcræftlic Gēatþing þe Englisca Folca, þā twā micclan Anglo-Saxisc worc of gēatþing. Þā Crōnicle's ræden hæfaþ tō wiðerwīsan micel politic, mid þǽm Gemæne Stoc gecynde þæt æfre hæfde tō ānweardne sealden þæs cyninges and rīċe Ælfrēþes Drihten. Gemǽne on Crōnicle manuscērft and mid oðrum middēaldum frōfre witað þæt þā scrīfan þe cōpiedon oððe āfēowen hit forlæte wæpen oððe seon hweorfende ðǽr, oft for tō ðūhtwisan nyþer ǽrþinges Englisca politic.

Þa swīðlican wīðsǽdels bec syndon eac mid þearfan for þære wyrde Englisc gereorde; forðon, on ænþon fram 1131 æfne, se lǣst Peterburg wīc sægde forð key talan for þære gefrēon oþþe lǣtan Ealdenglisce writre orde to ǣrran Midenglisc, hælding sumra ǣrra cyðnysse Midenglisc writ.
Cædmōnes Lof

[thumb|right|Folio 129r of þǣre ærran ǣlfrǣden cennæ, Oxford, Bodleian Bibliohð, MS Hatton 43, ætwyð showing ā page of [Bēda's Læden text, mid *Cædmon's Hymn* aseted on þǣre læwran gemǣne]]
***Cædmōnes Lof*** ðis is an brēme lytel Ænglisc metrical lyric ættributed to Cædmon, an supposedly unlearned and unmusical cu-hereþe, se wæs, be æfter Bēde, Northumbrian munce, wið mīracle forgeafen to singan on heonore Godes þæs Scyppend. Se leōð is Cædmon's ānhwylc gemynd.

Þes læsc has a gæld to beon þæt ealdest þearfend Englisc læcge: gif Bēda's cyðness is riht, þes læsc wæs gecweden twixt 658 and 680, on þǣm ærran styrgan þæs Cristendomes of Anglo-Sæxisc Englalande; eac on þǣm hāldigum handgeþingum, þes læsc is þæt ærest hæbben beædling þæs Eald Englisc fæde.

Cyninglice, hit is án of þǽm ealdum forðweardum bearnum þæs Germaenes ǣlþēodig ālēhð, hæbende āwyrtendes stōwe for þǽm lǣran of Eald Englisc leohtra and for þǽm ærran nytte of forððǽl ðēaw for Cristen wiðerfæt after þǽm cynges of ærran middealdum Englalande tō Cristendome. Sōþlīce, án leornere hæfð cweðen þæt Bēde geseah hit swā ealdrīce of Germaenes lofpoet, þæt lēad hit him tō þēon cædēstan þǽr he hæfde lātan awriten ac ne ðæt fruma leahtra.

Þæt léoð is eac se Eald Englisc léoð geattod on þære twéonung mæstum noð — twentig and an — æfter Bēda's Swinsung deaðe. Þás ealle sind gēot tō Bēda's Ealdgēnealað Cynnunga. Þás gēot scēowað sigefæst wiðerhðing on þære form of þæs cyþþe, wyrðeþe hit an wiðerlice case-studie for þone scriba tæht of Eald Englisc fræsce.
Cædmon of Hwita By

[thumb|right|Gemynd Cædmon, Sancta Maria cyrcegeard, [Hwit By]]

***Cædmon of [[Hwita By]]*** (/ˈkædmən, ˈkædmɒn/; fl. c. 657–684) is ǣrest Ænglisc scop þe is recognize. Æ Northumbrian cūhwyrð who reorde for ðā deor at ðǣm twiga mynstre of Streonæshalch (nū hāten Hwita By Æbbe) on ðǣm abbacy of St. Hilda, he wæs ǣrest unknowledge of 'ðǣre lār of sange' ac lærde to gewritan on ǣne niht on ðǣm sǣde of swefen, gecwēne ǣhta hund ǣnd ðeode Bēda. He forðsiðe wæs geþeode monk and æn ǣgðer gesceapen and þurhþrowend Christian scop. He is venerated swā sāwul in þǣm Eastan Orthodoxy, Roman Cȳþ and Anglicanism, mid a fēastdæg on 11 Februarius.
Franca Cæst

thumb|right|Þe Frȳngs Cæst, swā ætweard in þǣm ''Brittisc hus ealdra ġefeoht'' on Lundenwic/Lunden; þæt frōnt and lid
thumb|right|Westra sidan and heah

Þæt ***Frænca Cæst*** (oþþe ðæt Auzon Cæst) is an lytle Ænglisc hwael’s bān chest fram ðære ealdon 8. hund, æt gēosne on þære Bryttisce Mūse. Se cæst is swiðe gewyrht mid seax-scuten sagaþ æt broþer ðonne ðe mid inscriptiōn, mǣst in Ænglisc rūnum. Gēnþeah forbeod to be Northumbrian cynne, hit is of uncuðum wīsan for þan insight þe hit gǣþ into eald Ænglisc cræft and cyne. Bæðe þe onhyde þa images and onhyde þa rūne inscriptiōnas hæfð wediðe micel geþēode.
Cunningword

thumb|right|Tosmeagan genumen fram eald Englisc mæscreaft Beowulf, seowende word ofer hron rade, þæt mæg overþ sǣ

A ***Cyning*** is æn wēsten of spræċ, æn feorhfulle gitmæne word. Þeah swæstar exemplar, þa Eald Englisc cenninc hwæl's rād mæneð sǣ, swā de swanrād swan's rād. A cenninc hæbbe twā dælas: æn fruman word and æn geǣne. Swā in 'hwæl's rād', 'rād' is se fruman, and 'hwæl's' is se geǣne.
Escanceaster Boc

Seo ***Escanceaster Boc*** also gehāten *Codex Exoniensis* oþþe 'Escanceaster Cyrcan Boc' MS 3501, is micel codex of Eald Englisc rǣd, þæt gelīefed is to hafa beūtan on ða lǣtan tēoþan hryðer. Hit is ān of þrim mægen bōcum of Eald Englisc rǣd, onǣh ðæt Vercelli Bōc on ðām cyrican bōc-hlāw Vercelli Cyrcan, Italia, ðæt Nowell Codex on ðæm Bryttisc Biblioþece , and ðæt Junius bōc on ðām Bodleian Biblioþece on Oxenford. Seo Escanceaster Boc wæs gēofen to þǣm þæt nū is ðæt Escanceaster Cyrcan bōc-hlāw þurh Leofric, ðe wæs forma bisceop of Escanceastre, in 1072. Hit is gelīefed to hæfð frumsceapen 130 oþþe 131 leāf, of ðām ǣrest 7 oþþe 8 hæfdon onfōgen mid oðrum leāfum; þā frumsprǣc 8 leāf beoð forloren.

Seo Escanceaster Boc is se mæst and swā mægð ældest gecneord bōc of Eald Englisc lǣodrǣd, hæbende ymbe ān syxðe of þǣm Eald Englisc rǣdum þe hæfdon beon gesworen.
Micel Lāredæg bōc

thumb|right|An wiðer ðæs Micelan Sceaða Bōc for Warwiccscire

***Micel Lāredæg bōc*** is þæt brēwende ǣwðe þe gild geæfene eal Englalande and sume Wala, fullfremed on 1086 æfter cyning Wiðlmes befeohte. Þæt brēwende wæs ǣrest cūþ þurh þæt Latīnsprǣc Liber de Wintonia, þæt mǣneð Bōc Wintrese, þær hit ǣrest wæs gehāten on þære cyningcweolle. Þæt Ænglisc Sāwunge secġþ þæt on 1085 se cyning sende his hæleðas to seofian ægðer geðeod on Englaland, to lǣstan his heald ond feoh þe him wæs genōn.

Writen on Mædweald Læden, hit wæs swiðe abræd[a] and hæfde sum folcþeawic worda midutan Læden ungiw. Þæs sēawðe foreþeah wæs to wrītan þæt gēola weorþ ælc landes lēas to his hlāforde, and þā þearfe in lande, wyrkcyning, and feoh fram þǣm weorþ þæt cōm.
Exon micel costboc

thumb|right|Sotrebroc Devon āextractan

þæt ***Exon micel costboc*** is þæt ealdeste of þrim handa-scriftum forþfereð from þǣm Domesdæg Ealdor of 1086, behealdende swāþe-westengland. Hit hæbbe fela styringa mopfæðel oþþe þā scīra of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset and Wilcshire. Hit is MS 3500 on Exonia Katerdále Bōc-hord.
Wintan miccle rædelsbóc

Þæt ***Wintan miccle rædelsbóc*** is an 12th-hundē Englisċ styrende gewrit þæt awræt landsæte on Wincanceastre mid hyra þegnunge and þære ceap and þa þeowa þe of him beoð. Se burh is nāt gemæne on þæm æðelingum gewitan Domesday Bōc on 1086; hwæðer se tun wæs geægned and þæt gewit nǣnig þæm wæs wiðsit is uncuð.
Cyning

**Cyning** is ealdor wealdend ofer micle rice and his folce. In geardagum anwaldede cyning his rice. Nu oftost ricsode se cyning mid riht þæt gemætgeþ his gewild mid witenagemote.

Cyningas habbað hiera cynedomas be irferihte oððe be wigsigore, oððæt ðe stærlice wæron gearcyningas and cyningas be gecorenscipe.
Sanct Lūcialand

**Sanct Lūcīeg** is rīce and īegland in þære Westindīegum. Þis īegland līþ in þæm ēastdǣl þæs Caribiscan Sǣs þære anginneþ Westsǣ.  Hit is in þāra Læssum Antillīegum, benorþen Halgan Uincentie, be westnorþen Barbados and be sūþen Martinique.

On Scrælingum hat þēos īeg *Iyonola* and on Caribum *Hewanorra*.

Ðæs rīces heafodstōl is Castries.  His Cyning is Carl III Cyning.
Nicānlond

**Nicānlond** () is Middelamerican mæst rīce būtan Mexico. He hæfþ landgemæro be Dīepþland benorþen and be Ƿeligriman besūþen.  Se Caribisca Sǣ līþ on his ēasternum ecge and se Sericus Gārsecg be his ƿesternum rīme,

Managburg, is þisses landes mæste ceaster and his hēafodstōl. Se landfolc sind gemang, mid siexe Þūsenda þūsena menn habbaþ eardfæstu Scrælingas, Europeƿeare, Affricane, and Asiaƿare. Hiere folcgereord is Spēonisc (se is Castillisc) ac Scrælingas þæs Moscitorīme habbaþ hiera aganspræc.

Spēne gehiersumoden þis land in þæm 16. gearhunde and nemneden hit 'Nicaragua'. Nicānlond ƿeard sundorrīce of Ispanie in 1821 and ƿeard in þære ilcan ylde Mexican underrīce. Æfter Middelamerican underrīcu abrācon of Mexican sceappen hie þone Middelamerican Geþoftscipe and in 1838 besundrode sƿylce rīce.  Noðȳlǣs, Nicānlondum fāna and his rīcestæcn habbaþ frūma of Middelamerican fānan and rīcestæcne.

Siððan his sundorrīcehād hæfþ Nicānlond geþoled micel unfriþ, tictatorscipe and fiscal crisis.

## Nama
Nān ceann fæste Nicānlondum naman frūman.

Man hycgð ðe þæs landes nama is of þæm Nahuatl gereorde.  In þæm tunge is *nic-anahuac*, se is "Anahuac fæl sƿa feorr", oððe "Nahuas cƿōmon sƿa feorr", oððe "Menn of Anahuac cƿōmon sƿa feorr".  Ēac in þæm gereorde is *nican-nahua*, se is "Hēr sind Nahuas", and *nic-atl-nahuac*, se is "Hēr be ƿæter" oððe "be ƿæter ymbesetted".

Ellesƿīse secgþ man þe Spēne ƿrōhtedon þone naman æfter Nicarao Brego, se ƿæs brego on Scrælingum þone Gil González Dávila becōm þan he onsƿog sūþƿestern Nicānlond in 1522 þe he geaf þæm lande þone naman *Nicarao-agua* (forþæm þe *agua* is Spēonsic ƿord for ƿæter).In 2002 ðēah fand ƿitan þe þisses breges naman næs Nicarao ac Macuilmiquiztli, (sƿylc nama mænþ "Fīf Cƿealm" in þæm Nahuatl gereorde.

## Frūman
Muntserræt

**Muntserræt** () is ieg þara Hleowweardra Ieglanda in þæm Caribiscan Sæ. Hit is Bryttisc ofersæ landscipe.

Ðeos ieg is 10 mila lang and 7 mila brād.
Port Rīclond

**Port Rīclond** () (þæt is **sēo rīce hȳþ**) oþþe **Port Rīclond Cyneƿīse**, is ūtlic landrīce þāra Geāndena Rīca American þæt liġþ in þǣm ēastnorþernan Caribiscan Sǣ, be ēastan Lytelum Spēonlande and be ƿestan þǣm Fǣmne Īegum. Hēr spricþ man Spēonisc and Niwenglisc.

Īeg is Port Rīclond þǣre landscipe hæfð manige læssan īega, þǣrof sind þā mǣstan Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. Þēah þe is Port Rīclond þāra Miclena Antillena læste īeg þēahhƿæðere is hēo be lēodrǣdenne þridde, æfter Cuban, Lytle Spēonlande and Iamaican.

In gēardagum nemnedon Scrælingas Port Rīclond *Borikén*, þe is "Hƿætes Frēan Land", and ōðerne naman "Borinquen" hæfþ þæt īegland on his landfolce. On Spēonisc ēac nemneþ man þā īege "La Isla del Encanto" þæt is "Galdores Īeg".
Searoæppel

Sē **searoæppel** oþþe **geolæppel** ( ) is frēatwefrēondlic frēowstōr geolwe on hīwe, ðe cynn is of Sūðēast Asiam. Þæt frēowstōr is ġecūð for his citrustīdnesse ond sūre biternesse.
Norþmann, Oclahoma

**Norþmann** () is a þriddaburg on Oclahoma. Se burg is þǣm þriddamǣst micelum burg on Oclahoman. Hit is hām to sēo Eormengyld Oclahomas, se scirburg of Clēafalandsċīr, ond an underburg of Oclaceaster.

## Fruman
Brocearhburh

**Brocearhburh** () is a fēorþaburg on Oclahoman. Se burg is þǣm fēorþamǣst micelum burg on Oclahoman. Brocearhburh is þǣm micelum underburg of Tulse.

## Fruman
Dellceaster, Oclahoma

**Dellceaster** () is a burg on Oclahoma. Se burg is an underburg of Oclaceaster. Se burg wǣs scǣþ þāra yst on 1999.

## Fruman
Cranic

A ***þēodscyld*** (Læden: chronica, of Grecas: χρονικά chroniká, of χρόνος, chrónos – "tima") is æn hihþryðing of ǣfenes þe āsamlīce bið on þrim timan, swā swā þe fæðm. Swīþe, æghwæt weorð is ǣgþeod for hihþfæst ǣfenes and ekki ǣfenes, se weard is þæt awriten of ġēonðe ǣfenes þe onfēngen is, geseon of ðære þingeryne. Æn þēodscyld þe þeorhige wīde middangeard is āne uniworlde þēodscyld. Þis is on ōrweardness to æn gemynd oþþe stǣd, in þǣm ān cræft ƿēoð ǣfenes to ǽtlean and ānforan and ǣrðyde þā ðing ðe se cræft not eardig is.

Þa witnesse swiðe for þeawrum on chronicle wæron mislice. Sume beoð awritene of þæs chronicle's andgiete, oðre fro witnesse oððe þa þe on cyððe wæron, ðeoda cynn færðe forð þurh cweðan. Sume brucað awriten ðing, swelce lyfdon, bóca, and ealdum chronicle. Oðre beoð secgas of uncuðum cyðan þe hæfdon mægen. Cwipend sædon swiðe chronicle in cræftigum awriten, to hælan oððe upaðwearcne, bæc cyðð on þa dæd þæt ne wæs æt þæs fruman chronicler. Onscawa þæt treowdom ðæs cyninge chronicle is wæs fæger to historiæn.
Tamlachtan Martyrracu

***Tamlachtan Martyrracu*** is martyrracu seo, hycþ man, wæs gerwriten þe Félire Óengusso oþþe Márcbōc Óengus þe Culdē in þæm eahta- oþþe nigon-gearhunde. Heo is racu þǣr þā wēnþe of hælgan and hyra mæssedægas gehātte fram Máel Ruain and/ōþþe Óengus þe Culdē æt Tamlachta Mynstre, nēah Difelin.  Þeos martyrracu is in gerade and hæfþ twegen dælas for ægðre dæge þæs geāres: an for gemǣnum halgum and an for Iriscum hælgum. Heo hæfþ eac forerim and æfterrim.
Leinsterboc

þæt ***Leinsterboc*** (***Lebor Laignech***)is æ midel ÆIrish bōc geset c. 1160 and nu heald in Þryð Cēole Dublin. Hit wæs ær genemned swā se Bōc of Nuachongbáil, ān mūnaðsīð stow gehat nu Oughaval.
Cyningstaf

Þæt ***Cyningstaf*** (writen on Latin swa þæt *Codex Cenannensis* and sommers witen as se ***Bōc Columba***, nu heald in Þryð Cēole Dublin) is an gewriten hæƿe and Celtic Gōspel bōc on Latin, hæbbeð þa feower Gōspel of þæm Niwe Testament mid manigum fruman sticcan and tæblum. Hit wæs gesceapen on Columban mynster in oþer Iralande oþþe Sceotland, and mæg hæbben geðeod be manigum Columban myndum of æghwæþer þisse gearea. Hit is gelīc æt fram c. 800 AD. Þæt gerǣdness of þǣm Gōspelum is mǣre abroht of se Vulgate, forðon hit hæbbeð æfter gæstlicum þæddum used from ærran gerǣdnessum of þǣm Biblian witan as se Vetus Latina. Hit is hælþylded swā masterweorc of Wēstern cræfting and se mærsunga of Insular lēohte. Se hæƿe nimð his nama of se Abbey of Kells, Cyne Mēath, se wæs his wīc for hundreda.
Wēalas ƿera þēodlic fōtballtēam

Se **Ƿēalas ƿera þēodliċ fōtballtēam** stenþ for Wēalasum in betƿuxþēodliċum clīeƿen fōtballe and þȳ Wilisc Football Association anƿealded is, þā anƿealdas fōtballe in Wealas.
Dēmendweald

**Dēmenweald** ( ) oþþe **iurisdicscean**  is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact dōmum. On federations licige se Geanedan Ricum, the bysn of dēmenweald ȝelīmpð on manigum hlīfum (e.g., burg, underrice, and ricum).

Dēmenweald draws hits substance fram onġemangricum riht, fuhtenlicge riht, grundgesetne riht, and sēo powers of þǣm executive and legislative branches of rīcscipe to allocate resources to best serve the needs of society.
Eormengyld

**Eormengyld** ( ) oþþe **unifærseþīg** is se hālige hrof ƿisdomes, þǣr manna mōd oncnytt ond ƿīsdōm becymð tō beorhtnysse. Hēr on þȳssum eardsetle, seofon ƿisan sind gecierred, ond bēc sƿuteliað ealra ƿorca dǣde, manna snoternys ond giefƿis mōdes.  

On þǣm eormenglyde rædað snotere, giefƿise men, ond lǣreras sprǣcað mid sōðum ƿordum. Ðǣr magon leornere frignan rǣdas be tīd, be tunglum, be ƿeorcsciepe, ond ƿorda cræfte. Laga ond rīht, eorðscip ond godcund ƿit, bēoð hēr āƿritene on ƿitbēc, fōn iċgefram be þǣm þe geworht is on middangearde.  

Eormenglyd is hēahƿang folces mōdgesƿince, cynd hālra ƿita ond ēagna torhtnes. Se þe þǣr sitt ond lǣrest, is lēoma on þȳstrum, se þe cƿæð sōð ƿord be lǣringe ond ƿitþearfe.  

Ne bið hit ānes mannes hām, ac folcƿīsa sǣd ond cynnƿisdomes ƿeorc. Ðǣr cymeð manna ȝeƿit, ond se þe on þyssum stede lang lǣringe fēð, he mot cunnan dōm ond rǣdan folcriht.  

Swā stent þēos eormenglyd, gefæstnod on dōme, beorht ƿisdomstōƿ folces.
Nōwelle Cōdex

Se ***Nōwelle Cōdex*** is se ōða of twā bescriftum þæs gebundenan bōc Cotton MS Vitellius A XV, ān of þām feower mǣre Eald Englisce scēawendlic bescriftum. Hit is witnysian swīþe fame forþǣm hit hæbbe þæt ānwealdig cyþing **[[Beowulf]]**. Ēac, hit hæbbe ærest ān forswǣþ of þǽm Lif Saint Cristofr, þonne þā mǣre fæstnes Wunders of þǽm East and Letter of Alexander tō Aristotle, and, æfter Beowulf, ān scēawendlic oversettung of Iudith. Forþǣm Beowulf is fæmni, se Nowell Codex is eac sumtime nāturelice nǣnig sǣde þæt Beowulf bescrift. Se bescrift is ætþǽre British Library mid þǽm rest of þām Cotton bēag.
Vercelli Bōc

Þæt ***Vercelli Bōc*** (aña namað ðæt ***Angelcynn–Sæxisc Cōdex Vercellensis***) is án of þām ealdestan þæs feower Eald Engliscan Rædels (þā oðre sindon þæt Junius handskript on þām Bodleian Bóclǣwe, þæt Exeter Bóc on Exeter Cyninges Bóclǣwe, and þæt Nowell Codex on þām Brítisc Bóclǣwe). Hit is án antologe of Eald Englisce firþ and leóde þe sīe æt þām lǣdan 10þe hundseofontum. Þæt handskript is beþeahte on þām Capitulary Bóclǣwe of Vercelli, on norðan Italy.
Wulf and Eadwacer

Þa ***Wulf and Eadwacer*** is an Eald Englisc sang in ælce gefrædðo of famous lǣtunge. Hit hæfð beon feorran gecynded, (nyd-gewunelice) swa an elegy, (eald-gewunelice) swa an rædle, and (on spece on þæs sanges fore-gewite) swa an lǣoð oþþe ballade mid cyððe. Þes sang is gesæġen in þære forman stæfæ, swylce mid wifmannes stemne. Forþan þe þe ætwenne is sylf neunge beforan hēo wyrðe, hwæt forþa scealom witan be þære þeode, and þæt nameless cweðer hēo geþingað to naman spræcum fram oðrum ældum, for æxme, to Signý oþþe þæt cyningas Wulf and Eadwacer geþingað to Theoderic þære Miclan and his wiðerweard Odoacer. Þes sangs ana forleorene beforan seofon is funden æt folio 100v-101r in þære tigan-hundreda Exeter Bōc, side oðþe oðrum sængum to þam hē hæfð cyning-simila.
Engliscu hearpe

***Engliscu hearpe***, seo eac hatte Germaniscu hearpe, is micel plocen and strumen lira þe wæs gepegeald in geardugum on Englum, and more brode, in Germanisc ryhtum of Europan norþwestdæle.

Seo ieldste hearpe gefunden in Englalonde cyþð þonne 450 AD and se mægne nyðra cyþð þa 10þa hund.

Seo Englisce hearpe is seald in manigum forðwurðum and gemæne in Ænglisc gewritum and scopcræft. Þeah þæt, witan be þam seþe onþufen wæs feorr forgyfen oþþe þæm 19um hundtige þan twa hearpan wæren gefunden in cynelicum byrgne gegrafen in suþernum Germanie. Seo eorðangrafung in Suþtunhoge in 1939, and se þære hearpan riht gynglunga in 1970, lædde to þære cyþnisse þæt seo hearpe wæs 'se cyþðig eald Germanisc strenge searobend.'
Germán Abrogans Boc

***Germán Abrogans Boc*** eac (***Þeodisc Abrogans, oþþe Codex Abrogans***) (St. Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 911), is a Middel Latin–Eald Hēah Germanic glōssa, hwōr se geæfenod leōd in þǣre Abbeġe Lībrary of St. Gall is gēdeþe ealdest geæfenod bōc on Þeodisce sprǣce. Hēo cymþ of þǣm 8þe hund þusend (765–775), þæt glōssa hæbbe ymbe 3,670 Eald Hēah Germanic word in ofermǣne 14,600 æcgamena and is þǣrfore weorþful brūc for se witnes of þǣm ealdest Upper German sprǣce. Hit wæs cen þā of Þeodiscum seofonferendum æfter his forma innǣt: abrogans = dheomodi (Nēowa Þeodisce: demütig = mōdren, milde). On manegum anwealdum wæs se Suþtyrolisc biscop Arbeo of Freising († 783 oþþe 784) oþþe se benedictinesc munthus Cero gecweden as witan.
Alexandrina Codex

Þæt ***Alexandrina Codex*** (Lundene, Bryttisc Bōclæw, Cyninglic MS 1. D. V-VIII), þe is gehāten þy siglum A oððe 02 (on ðam Gregory-Aland numering of þæm New Testament þingum), δ 4 (on ðam von Soden numering of þæm New Testament þingum), is án bóc þæs Grecas Bībel, awriten on þæm wēa. Yðer þæs ðing, þe wæs geðūht efne, þæt syððan æfne on fīfþan hund. Hit hæfð þa mægð þæs Grecas Ealdan Testament and þæs Grecas New Testament. Hit is ān of þām feower Miclan uncial codices (þas sind þing þe fruman hæfdon eall þæt bēoþ Ealdan and New Testament). Sōþlice mid Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, hit is ān of þām ældestan and moste fullstændig þingum of þære Bībel.
Codex Vaticanus

Þæt ***Codex Vaticanus*** (Þe Wætican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), is æn gewrit of þǣm Grēcum Bībel, hæbende þǣre mǣst dǣle of þǣm Ealdan Testāment and þǣre mǣst dǣle of þǣm Niwidan Testāment. Hit is gehāten mid siglum B oþþe 03 on þǣm Gregory-Aland sealding of Niwidan Testāment gewritum, and swā δ 1 on þǣm von Soden sealding of Niwidan Testāment gewritum. Hit is ān of þǣm fēower micclum uncial codices.  Wið þē Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Sinaiticus, hit is ān of þǣm ærestum and mǣst fullum gewritum of þǣm Bībel. Mid þǣm studium of gemǽne writstīle (palaeography), hit is geworden to þǣm 4. hundeāre.
Codex Sinaiticus

Þæt ***Codex Sinaiticus*** (Bordrǽden: Lunden, Bryttisc Bibliohð, Add MS 43725), awriten mid siglum א‎ [Aleph] oþþe 01 (on Gregory-Aland swǽtnytta þæra Niwan Testamenti), δ 2 (on von Soden swǽtnytta þæra Niwan Testamenti), eac genemned Sinai Bibliohð, is án feorða-hundreda gēara Cristen handgewritu of Grēcisc Bibliohð, hæbbende þa heafdenum þæs Grēcisc Eald-testamenti, mid þam deuterocanonicalum bōcum, and þæra Grēcisc Niwan Testamenti, mid bǽðum Barnabas bredde and Herdogan Hermas midfoldum. Hit is awriten on uncia letrum on þǽm þurhgrædde. Hit is án of þǽm feower micelum uncia codices (þisse sindon handgewrit þa ǽr þurh þæt eall of bōtum Eald and Niwe Testamenti). Wið Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus, hit is án of þǽm ærestan and mæst fulle handgewritum of þǽm Bibliohð, and hæbbe þæt ealdest fulle cyþþe of þǽm Niwan Testamenti. Hit is án histórisc gewinn, and þurh þæt weorc of gethōdoyde writ selfa (palaeography), hit hæfð beon gewiten to þǽm mid-feorðan hundreda.
Ecgferðes mynster æt Donemuþe

**Ecgferðes mynster æt Donemuþe**, oþre naman **Halgan Petres and Halgan Paules Mynster** wæs twifeald Benedictisc mynster on Dunholmscīre.

Be Ecgferð Norðanhymbra Cyning wæs þes mynster gestaþold in 674 oþðe 675. Bēda wrat þe Benedictus ðis mynster 'getimbrode in Breotone in are Sce Petres þæs aldorapostoles in þære stowe, þe mon hateð Æt Wiramuþan'. Ðis æreste hus wæs Sancte Petres æt Wiramuþan. His oðre hus wæs Sancte Paules in Gearwan by Tinan þære ea, gestaþold in 684–5. 

Halgan Petres Cirice æt Wiramuþan abitt todæg mid turre se man getimbroded æt sum ielde betwuh þæm seofoþa and þæm teoþa gearhunde.

Se Cranic in 794 telleþ: 'þa hæðenan on Norðhymbrum hergodon. ⁊ Ecgferðes mynster æt Donemuþe berefodon ⁊ þær heora heretogena sum ofslægen wearð'

Wiramuþa is nu be Sundrodlande and Gearwe is be norðen þæm stowe be Tinan.

Þis mynster weard micel learnungstow, and her byde Bēda se wæs Englaðeodes forma stærwritere and onmang Breten boccræftigosta manna.
Sylfstondburg

An **sylfstondburg**, **sylfstondende burg**, oþþe **sylfstondtūn** is a burg or tūn þætne ġeforhma dǣl oþres ġemǣnelīces lēodscipes rīcscipe flocca (swelce ān underrice).
Codices Ambrosianus

Þa ***Codices Ambrosiani*** A–E synt fife biblisca writas, þæt syndon fram 6. to 11. hundredum CE, nu on Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. Hy sind awritene fram ungelicum handum and on ungelicum ælfabetum. Þa codices hæbbað forstreon myneges þingas of ærendgewritum (Nehemiah) and neowe gewritum (including dælas of þam Gospels and þam Epistlum), swylce sumum onwritum genemned Skeireins, seldsum forþrymm on þam Gothic spræce.
Codex Amiatinus

Þæt ***Codex Amiatinus*** (soþlice gehāten ***Jarrow Codex***) is gemet þæt betst hæbbeþeod þære mægð þæs Latin Vulgate þāwe[2] þære cristendōm Bōc. Hit wæs wyrcen ymbe 700 on þǣm norðēast Englalande, æt þǣm Benediktīne Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Æbbe on þǣm Cyningdōm Northumbria, nū Sūð Tyneside, ond forðġefen tō Italia swā gief þæs Pāpan Gregorī II on 716. Hit wæs ān þara þrēo micela awēga Bībelas þe þā eac wyrcene wǣron æt Monkwearmouth–Jarrow, ond is þæt ealdeste fæsten bōc Latin Bībel þe forstonded, ānweard þæt León palimpsest. Hit is þæt ealdeste Bībel þǣr eall þæt bīblicum canon beþoden hwæt wǣron heora Vulgate þǣx.
Þa Crusaed

Þa ***Crusaed***  wǣron gehwæt of gebedda wiðerweard, gewylde, ond hwæt wið sio Cristendom Læden Cyric on þǣm middangearde tid. Sē mæst geǣntra þāra hēahhæddes cempǣðe synt þā to þæm Halgan Æþelond betwēon 1095 ond 1291 þe hæfdon þæt wielde to reċoncering Ierusalem ond his onholde of mūslim weald þā æfter þǣm eard hæfde wiðerweard geāþ enstyrrade fram þǣm Rashidun Hālefate hundgearum formas. Ongynnend wið þǣm Fyrste Crusade, þæt geneaht wæs tō þǣm gewinnan Ierusalem in 1099, þrēoþe hæfted hæfdon, forðryhte geþingas gefremed, ōfercyning ǣgðerwīse for ealdum tidum. Crusading forēódigo hraðe æfter þǣm fēowertīene þācentu mid þǣm fealle Constantinople tō þǣm Ottomum.

On 1095, æfter Byzantine biddan for fultum, Papan Urban II gecwæð þæt forma forðfæreð on þeahtra of Clermont. He ætserede militan fultum for Byzantine cyning Alexios I Komnenos and clypode for armedig pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Ofer eallum folc-streawum on Westen Europan, ðær wæs an eargæd response. Dæled wæron of eallum Europan and hæfdon manigfealdne æmne. Þas onfēngon geleafa hālignesse, ðeostfælunga cynn, þearfa for wuldre, and feoh or cynging leohte. Lætra forðfæreð wæron wyrcan þurh swiðe gemetfulle here, hwæt ferdeon by cyninge. Eall wæron geseald papal geðygd. Ær þǣm swyðe gerædnessum wæron fore cwenes landas: Ædessa, Antiochia, Ierusālim, and Tripolis. Ænlic cyneþēod hæfde ǣfre biswican on þǣm gemæne þās mæg ǣr ǣfen ǣlce miccle cēap fædes. Æfter þissum, nā þǣre mæste milde hēafod þēodscyld cyngen wyrþen.
Constantinipolis Rīce

Þæt ***Constantinipolis Rīce***, eac genēamd to þǣm East-Rōmānic Rīce, wæs þēah forðfōr of Rōmānic Rīce geāwrǣd on Constantinipolis þǣr lǣtan ealdorþēod and middan æld. Þæt eastan dǣl þæs Rīces ūtgēan forðgenæmde þā cynnend þā hwæt forfǽlde þæs West on þǣm 5. gefēran æfter Crist, and forðfēon hæfde oþ þæt forfǽld Constantinople to þæs Ottoman Rīces on 1453. Durh mǽste of his wæs, se fæstene wæs se mæsta mihtig weoruldhād, cynerǽden, and mægenhæft in þǽm Middelan hæfen. Se term 'Byzantīnesce Fæst' wæs āna gēāfene æfter se fæstnes forðgan; his ceorles sealdon þæt wealdend as *Romanisc Fæst* and to him selfum as 'Romanas'. Forðan þǽm folde gesewenesse of cyningstæle of Rōme to Byzantium, se foron of staðá Christendom, and se mægen of Griēc forþon of Láden, nīwe wīsan ealdres stǽttere gesīene Beorhtes hȳdan se tōgædere be hyra forðgǽn Rōmanisc Fæst and þǽm lǽtrum Byzantine Fæst.
Grēca Lītla Wyrhta Writ from Nahal Hefer

Se ***Grēca Mīnra Propheta Scryþ from Nahal Hever*** (8HevXII gr) is gēneðe scyþ for ðæs Septuagint, gecweden to ðǣm 1st hūnþeod BC and ðǣm 1st hūnþeod CE. Se scyþ is gehalten in ðǣm Rockefeller Mūse on Iūrusālem. Hit wæs ærest āwyrd by Dominique Barthélemy on 1963. Se Rahlfs-Siglum is 943.

On þǣm 1. hundseofontum geāre, se 8HevXII gr mid fela weofodum wæs genumen of Iudeiscum flēame (Bar Kokhba's here, wīf and cild) þe wæron wið ymbūtan æt þǣm Holum Nahal Hever. Æfter þǣm hīe heora deað forwēngon, unþēah hīe flēon ne mihton for ðæs Rōmiscne hære þurh ymbūtan, þe besēon on þǣm drītweardum ætforan þǣm holum, forþon se þeof seald þe rymd brūcað hæfdon, þā flēame swōton woldon micel fȳr gewyrcan and ælc heora feoh forbrūcan, ac bebyrigdon þā Grēcisc Minor Prophets Scroll and oðre dyre weofodum betwux þǣm stānȳdum æt þǣm endebyrd cembren.
Ēsenians

Þā ***Ēsenians*** (Hebreisc: אִסִּיִים‎, ʾĪssīyīm; Grēcis: Ἐσσηνοί) Essenan wǣron þæt mystic Iūdeisc gesetnysse on þǣm Tīma Ƿæðer-temples, þe wæs blōwende fram þǣm 2nd gēare BCE tō þǣm 1st gēare CE. Þæt Essene weorc cūðe weorðan swā gemōt be Ƿūðe Jonathāns Apphus, þurh wiðerweardnesse ofer Iūdeisc hāð, and þæt Jonathān his heohbiscopēs ǣgnes wæs ðā unrihtwīs. Mǣste leornere ðencað þæt þā Essenes hīe secededan fram þǣm Zadokiscum preostum. Hīe underþeodde hīra mǣre ǣgþeod rǣdnes to þǣm fruman lēader, þǣmfæste Rǣdnes, mægþe wæs heohbiscop onraht. Hāldende sylfne tǣwe on Iūdeiscum hāð, hīe hæfdon hāðrlīce heafod healdende rīxen on preostum (þā Suna Zadok) oþþe on leodscype, þā hīe gemette wǣttrig hāðrǣden, and hæfdon twāhāligysse wēordes.
Flavius Josephus

***Flavius Josephus***; c. AD 37 – c. 100, oþþe Yosef ben Mattityahu wæs Roma-Judeisc spellere and cyning. Betst cuþ for writenne The Jewish War, he wæs acenned on Hierusalem—þa wæs dæl þæs Roma cyningdome of Judea—to æne fæder of þæm sacerdotalum cynne and mæ þæt hæfde cyningwisan ætheling. 

Josephus frumsceawode wið þone Romanisc Empire during þone Fyrsta Iūdeisc-Romanisc Wīc as geānlīc Iūdeiscra mægena in Galilīe, oð he underfēng in AD 67 tō þām Romaniscre fyrde gelīc þe heahfēond Vespasian, æfter þām fēowan-wuco besēon Yodfat. Iosephus cwæð þā Iūdeisc mæssianic prophalīcas þā þe frumsceawodon þone Fyrsta Iūdeisc-Romanisc Wīc gemǣnede to Vespasian becomende Romanisc āwēoh. On andweard, Vespasian gēattað to hyldan him swā þeow and ġehēawunga. Æfter Vespasian becōm æwēoh in AD 69, hē geānum Iosephus his freond, æt þǣm tíma Iosephus onfēng þone Emperor's cyninges nama Flavius.
Fyr ond seolfor

***Fyr ond seolfor***, þæt is weorðing be God’s wæg, cymð on Ƿǣtlican and Niwe Tæxtas. On þe Biblian, hit oft cymð be þære wyrhta of þam ungeleafa. Brimstone, eald word for se sulfur, þurh þæt evidað se swæt odor of sulfur dioxide, þæt cymð of læhtning slægan. Se gemæneþe of sulfur mid godcundum þræd is forþfære in þe Biblian.
Codex Argenteus

Þæt ***Codex Argenteus*** (Læden for ***"Scealu Bōc"***) is 6. hunds cyne, scīn-writ, ærest hæbben parte of þǽm 4. hunds cyne awritnes of þǽm Crīstendom Biblio on Geatisc spræc. Wēniss ymb þone Arian biscope Wulfila, hit is nu gecynded þæt þæt Geatisc awritnes wæs geþēod mid manegum lecum, mæst under Wulfila's weorðan. Of þǽm ærest 336 leaf, 188—þæt inclūde þone Speyer frægment geðungen on 1970—habbað beforen, ætæht þæt awritnes of þǽm mæst parte of þǽm feower halgan godspellum. A parte of þǽm is on þeah-hwæt ðeah æt þǽm Carolina Rediviva bēag in Uppsala, Swēoþe, under þǽm nama "Silverbibeln" (i.e. "Þæt Scealu Bōc").
Codex Regius

***Codex Regius*** (Lat. Cōdex Rēgius, "Cyninges Bōc"; Islend. Konungsbók) oþþe GKS 2365 4º is án Íslenðisc bōc þar manig Eald Norse lēoða fram þǽm Poetic Edda biðeón. Þōht ðæt bēo wrytten on 1270um, hit is gemǽne of 45 féollum fēðer. Þæt weorc ánrǽd hæfde án oþre æghténe fēðer, þe nu miþlæce. Hit is se sylfa weorc for mōste þǽra lēoða ðæt hit hæld. On scōle tēcst, þes manuscrīpt is fæst ennas [R] for Codex Regius, oþþe [K] for Konungsbók.
Codex Augiensis

***Codex Augiensis***, gecweden fram Fp oððe 010 (on þe Gregori-Aland nummrung), α 1029 (von Soden) is a 9. hundfæde diglotic uncial handgrið of þa Pauline Epistles on twēonum herēðum gyren & Latin on sammne bidd.

Þæt codex hæfð 136 parchment leafa (23 cm on 19 cm), mid sumum gapa on þæm Grēcum (Rōma 1:1-3:19, 1 Corinthians 3:8-16, 6:7-14, Colossans 2:1-8, Philemon 21–25, Hēbrea). Hēbrea is āna on Lātīnum gewriten. Hit is writen on twā columns for þǣm þǣge, 28 lĩne for þǣm þǣge.

Þes Grēca bec þises codex is ān ætforan þæs Wēstlic texta. Fōn Kurt and Barbara Aland hit forstēod mid þǣm Byzantīscean wítegæst þeaw seofon wrāð 43 ánes, and seofon 11 mid þǣm Byzantīscean þonne hit hæfð þæt samscape swā fēormeng. Hit forstēod 89 tīma mid þǣm fēormeng gegn þām Byzantīscum. Hit hæfð 70 æfre or fæstlice rædingas. Alands hit setton on Categōrie II.
Ċeorlestūn

**Ċeorlestūn** () mǣg mǣnaþ:

## Byrig
### Australand
* Ċeorlestūn on Sūþaustraland
### Geanedan Ricum
* Ċeorlestūn on Suþcarolina
* Ċeorlestūn on Westfǣmland
Þæs Leornere Prēog

***Þæs Leornere Prēog*** (Gaeilge: ***Auraicept na nÉces***) is eald Irisc sprǣc gewrit on spræc and gramere. Þæt hearte of þæm writ mæge cyðan tō þære ærdan æhta hundseofonþan, ac fela mægen wæs áfriðþ entre þæm dæg and þæs ærest hælendlican cyþð to þæs endan þeottyrdæge. Þæt gewrit is þæt ærest fæder of ænig þing þæt forwyrnde western European gereord, in wiþertale þæt spæcen Scyttisc spræc ofer Læden, forþwitan Dante's De vulgari eloquentia be hwæt-hwæt hundgearum.

## Bōcs
*I: Se Bóc Fenius Farsaidh
*II: Se Bóc Amergin
*III: Se Bóc Fercheirtne Filidh
*VI: Se Bóc Cennfaeladh
Fenius Farsaidh

***Fénius Farsaid*** (eac ***Phoeniusa, Phenius, Féinius; Farsa, Farsaidh***, manig spella) is a cealdor cyning of Scythia þe cymð on mislīcum wīs on Irenisc hryð. He wæs se suna of Boath, suna of Magog. Oðre gesetnessa secgað his leodfruma of Gomer. Forðlice ælcum leoda, he geendade þone Ogham stafcræft and þone Gaelic spræc.
Amergin Glúingel

**Amergin Glúingel** (þæs naman mænþ "hwita cneow") oþþe Amhairghin Glúngheal oþþe Glúnmar (se is "micel cneow") is scop and domere on þa Milesiafolce in þǣm Iriscan Ealdspellheape. He wæs geþeahod Irlandes Ealdorscop fram his twæm broðrum, þā wæron getwinas and cyningas of Irlande. Sume loedas þe Amergin getæhte sie dǣl of þǣm Milesiscan myþe.

An of Míl Espáine seofan sunum, nam he cwom mid his folce to Irlande to gehiersomenne þæt land fram þa Tuatha Dé Danann, on wreode for Íth hiera eam, þe wæs treowleaslic slægen fram þa þrim cyningum þara Tuatha Dé Danann, Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine. Hie landaþ æt inburn Scenemuðan, nemned æfter Amergin's ceorþe Scéne, þe deáð wæs on sæ. Þa þreo cwene þara Tuatha Dé Danann (be namum Banba, Ériu and Fódla) sealdaþ, on hwæt, ǽghwæðer, for Amergin and his folc to setlan on Ybernie.

Ægðer ge þara swustra behét Amergin to nemne þæt ealond æfter æghwæðer, þæt he dyde: Ériu is þes fruma of þa neowe nama 'Eire', se is Iraland in þæm Scyttiscum gereorde, and Banba and Fódla sind eac on scopgereordes nama for Irland, swa swa 'Albion' is for Breten.
Cenn Fáelad mac Ailella

***Cenn Fáelad mac Ailella*** (ēac ***Cennfaeladh***; forðfēon 679) wæs ænne frūþgēnīa Irasceāldor wita wīfmanne strǣnge gemēnǣg and mægen eidetic gemēt, æn ungewilnod forþfēon of hēafodwund in gefeoht.

Ailella wæs gewunaþa þæs Cenél nEógain, beinga sunuþ dūnferan Cyning Báetán mac Muirchertaig (Cyning beōgan Cenél nEógain), micel micel micel micel sunu beōgan Niall Noígiallach, ærest cugede þara Aldfrith beōgan Northumbria þurh wīfmanne ærest cugede, Fina. Wīfmanne  fæder Ailill mac Báetán wæs acweald onfengen Templeport onfengen moderne dagum Coigu Cavan, Griðrīce beōgan Éire, swā swā þe Annals dūnferan Ulster sægð: 'U620.1. Þæt acweald onfengen Magh Slécht in þeod beōgan Connacht beōgan ðære cynne of Báetán, forþgān beōgan Ailill suna Báetán eac beōgan Mael Dúin suna Fergus suna Báetán; eac þæt swæð beōgan Fiachra suna Ciarán suna Ainmire suna Sétna.' Swā swā John Healy, Cenn Fáelad's swuster Sabina wæs se mōdor beōgan Sanct Cuthbert of Lindisfarne.
Alamanni

Þā ***Alemannas*** wæron ān fælscipe of Germaniscum cyningum on þǣm Oþre Rīn ænne micel wīntrum. Ærest gemǣne fram Cassius Dio on þǣm hēafodes gefēran Romanisces cyninges Caracalla on 213, þā Alemannas genēahhe Agri Decumates on 260, and siððan wexen on forðweard Alsace and norþweard swiðerland, lǣdde tō þǣm ānweald of Eald Hīh Germanisc sprǣce in þā landa, þæt on þǣm eahtoðan hundred wǣron gemǣne cēne fram Alamannia.

On 496, þa Alemanni wǣron forworhted from þǣm Frankiscum forgan Clovis and on his rīce ǣnforan. Oncymeð as gēstill pagane frēond ic þe cristene Frankas, þa Alemanni wǣron geānlīce cristendōde on þǣm seofonðan hundseofontum. ÞǢs Lex Alamannorum is andweard ȳðþeaw, þāra geþeahte cynn þe on þǣre tīde. Oþþe ǣighthundredum, Frankisc wealdend over Alemannia wæs wiðerweardes nūte. Æfter anoncyme of Theudebald, Dūca of Alamannia, ac Carloman forworhte þā Alamannic ethe and āsetten Frankiscne dūce.
Iohannes II Pāpa

***Pope Iohannes II*** (Latin: ***Ioannes II***; c. 475 – 8 Mai 535), acenned Mercurius, wæs se Bisceop of Roma fram 2 Iænwarum 533 tō his dēað. Swā heora preost at Sancte Clementes Basilica, he gefæstede þæt cyrican mid giefum and gewyrcde stāne ǣrendwrit for hit. Mercurius wæs se forma pope þe acenned swiðe nīwe popes nama æt his āhealdnesse tō þǣm swyðe. Wylmæm his gecynde, Iohannes II gelīefed wæron Bīscop Contumeliosus of Riez fram his gæðenysse, gegaderode a gecynd onþæðlit a Arian cleoriga, and geneat an edict of ǣþeling Justinian, se widerwære doctrine forþsendende beforan his foregenga, Pope Hormisdas.