Canceler

**Canceler** (), oþþe **canseler** ambihtlic tītul gebrocen fram mǣste þāra lēoda, þe hæfdon land and laga þe ofcwōmon of þǣm Rōmāniscum Rīce. Aht ungelic tīmas and on ungelic rīcūm hit hæfde stood and stands for mægen various duties, and hafaþ ġebēon, and is, borne by officers of various degrees of dignity. Þā canceleres rēderas wǣron þā Cancellarii Rōmānisces dōmstōla - duruwærdas þā sǣton æt þām cancelli oþþe latticgeweorce scrēona þǣre cyricean oþþe lāgudōmhofes, þā tōdǣldon se dēma and rǣdbora fram þǣre hlystendum. Anes Canceleres āmbeht is ġecīeged cancellerig oþþe cancerig.

## Leodweardena cancelras

### Ēastrīċe
Sē Canceler of Ēastrīċe (), is sē titul for þone rīcscipe heafod on Ēastrīċe. On Ēastrīċum Wealdcræftas se *Bundeskanzler* part is sūmhwæt cynnlic tō þǣm þe Fyrmestscealc.

### Þēodiscland
The Þēodscmanna Canceler oððe (), is Þēodsclandes rīces lēodweardes hēafodman. Þær is Cancelerhād swa swa Forma Þegn in Brettaþēodna rīcum.  Hiera *Bundeskanzler* cēaseþ sē þēodisc Witenagemōt.

Æfter þǣre fæstnung Þēodisclandes, on 1871, se "Rīcskanslere" () þæs Rīces dihte, nēalǣhte nō ānlīce swā rīcscipe heafod, ac eallswa swā se foresittende ealdormann þæs "Bundesrat", þæs upphames þæs Þēodiscan folcþinges. Æfter þǣm hryre þæs Þēodiscan cynedōmes on 1917, se Þēodisca canceler ne leng preside ofer þæt uppham þæs folcþinge

### Francland
For manega hundfeald ġēar, se Franclandes Cyng ġesette a Canceler (), an weorc ġefēan mid þǣm þæs cynges hēahsetl. Se Canceler wæs andwerd for sumum dēomscipas. On þǣm rīcum Cynges Hloðwiges se eahfonteoða, Ceorles se tēoða, and Hloðwiges Filip, se Canceler of Francland preside ofer se Camber þæs Pēares, þæt uppham þæs rīcal Frenscican folcþinges

### Finnland
On Finnland se Canceler of Rihtwīsnes () oferlōciġe se dǣð of dǣdum tōcen bī Rīcscipe ond se wæċċaþ þǣm þurhfērdnes þāra ealdġeþēodlicra folcrihting. On þissum spēce weorce, se Canceler eac sitt on þǣm Finniscum Rīcseldrum, þǣm Rǣdþeode þæs Rīces.

### Litƿaland
Seoh Polaland adūne.

### Poland
On þāra Cyngdomes Polalandum, fram se fēowertēoþa hundredġēarfold, þǣre wǣs a cynelīċ canceler (). In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795), the four Chancellors (*[[Kanclerz]]s*) were among the ten highest officials of the state. Poland and Litƿaland each had a Grand Chancellor and a Deputy Chancellor, each entitled to a senatorial seat, responsible for the affairs of the whole Kingdom, each with his own chancery. See Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

### Swēoland
On Sƿēolum se Rihtcancere oþþe *Justitiekanslern* tēah swā se Forespreca for þām Swēonisċan rǣde. Þæt ambeht wæs on-gunnen fram Carl Kyninge þām Twelftan on þām gēare seofontīene hund and þrēotīene. On gēardagum ƿæs ēac se Hēah-cancere oþþe 'Rikskansler', se þe wæs se ieldesta þegn on þām Swēonisċan sundorrǣde. Þǣr is ēac hīeres tō-ēacan se Scōlcancere, se þe rǣt þā hēahan lēornunghūs þæs rīċes.

### Russland
On Russum Rīces, se Canceler ƿæs sē hīehsta hād on ǣrendeþēnungum, sƿā ġesett be Rincahādes Bōce, on þǣm ilcan hāde sƿā Feldmarsċealh and Ġenerāl Mereƿeard. Ānliċe þā mǣst ƿeorðfullan rīċes ġerēfan ƿurdon forðgelǣhte tō þissum hāde, sƿilċe sƿā fremdra rīca þēnas Alexander Gorcahof and Alexei Bestuʒof-Rȳmin.

### Spēonland and Lædenisc America
On Spēonisc-sprǣcen landes, se titul þæs Canceler () gewunelīce is forġiefen tō þām þēgnum þæs rīcscipe (oþþe gelīcum þām hēafodþegnum) þā þe habbaþ þone anweald ofer fremdes rīces rǣde oþþe fremdum sprǣcum.

### Swissland
In Swissland, the Federal Canceler (*Bundeskanzler, Chancelier fēdēral, Cancelliere della Confederazione*) is elected by the Swiss parliament. He oþþe hēo hēafdaþ þæt Federal Rēderhūs, se hereþrēat þæs seofonliċan ġerēflican Federal Rǣdes, þǣre Swīscan ġerēfscipe. Se Rēdere dǣlnīmaþ in þām ġemōtum þāra seofon Federal Rǣdboran mid rǣdlicre stefne and ġegearwaþ þā anwealdas be rǣde and dǣdum þæs rǣdes tō þǣm Ƿitenagemōte. Þæt rēderhūs is andwyrde for þǣre ūtġiefnesse ealra federalra lāga.

### Geānlǣht Cynerīce
In the Geānlǣht Cynerīce, a number of cabinet ministers hold offices containing the word *Chancellor*.

*The Lord Chancellor (*Lord High Chancellor*, *King's Chancellor*) is the occupant of one of the oldest offices of state, dating back back to the Cynerices Englalandum, and older than Parliament itself. Theoretically, the Lord Chancellor is the "Chancellor of Great Britain"; there was formerly an office of "Chancellor of Ireland" which was abolished in 1922, when all but Northern Ireland left the United Kingdom. The Lord Chancellor, the highest non-Royal subject in precedence (with the exception of the Archbishop of Canterbury), fulfills a threefold role: 
**He is the *de facto* speaker of the House of Lords. The House of Lords in theory hæfþ no speaker, but as its most senior member, the Lord Chancellor, in full court dress and full bottomed wig, sits on the Woolsack and "presides," but hæfþ little actual authority. In practice, deputies often preside instead.
**The Lord Chancellor is the head of the judiciary. Formerly, the Lord Chancellor was the sole judge in the Court of Chancery. Since þæt court hafaþ ġebēon combined with others to form the High Court, the Lord Chancellor hæfþ served as the head of the Chancery division, but þæt role hafaþ ġebēon delegated to the Vice-Chancellor. The Lord Chancellor is also permitted to participate in judicial sittings of the House of Lords; he also chooses the Committees þæt hear appeals in the House. The latter role is in practice fulfilled by the Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. The current Lord Chancellor, Lord Falconer of Thoroton, hæfþ indicated þæt he does not desire to take part in the House's judicial business in the interests of separation of powers. 
**Head of the Department for Constitutional Affairs (formerly the Lord Chancellor's Department), as the head of which he sits in the cabinet. 

*Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Minister with overall responsibility for the Exchequer or Treasury. This too is an ancient title dating back to the Kingdom of England. It is roughly the equivalent of the Minister of Finance or Secretary of the Treasury in other governmental systems. In recent years, when the term "Chancellor" is used in British politics, it is taken as referring to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. As *Second Lord of the Treasury*, the Chancellor hafaþ an official residence at Number 11, Downing Street, next door to the *First Lord of the Treasury*, the Prime Minister, at Number 10, Downing Street. 

*Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, another ancient office of state, the Chancellor being the Minister of the Crown responsible in theory for the running of the Duchy of Lancaster, a duchy in England ġelangod to the Crown but historically maintained separately from the rest of the kingdom, whose net revenues langiġe to the monarch in person. In reality the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, effectively like a chairman of trustees, carries minimal work and responsibilities, so it is used in effect as a Minister without Portfolio position, often given to the chairman of the party in power to give him or her a seat in cabinet.

### Geanedan Ricu
On se Geanedan Ricu, se rīcscipe sē āna rīhtwisa þe þone titul begeat canceler is þæt Canceler þæs Smȳþsonian Hīwscipes  (). Þis weorc is sƿīþe bēacenlīc stōw, būtan ǣnigre sōþe mæġen. Þæt hāþ langġebēon ġehealden bīǣlċ Hēafod Dōmscealc þæs Geanedra Rica gedurende his termen. Swā sēo Smȳþsonian is lārlic ġeþoftscipe, hwæðere, hire brūcung þæs tītules is swīðost betst ġeþōht swā ġelīc ānre eormengyldenes canceler (sēo belāh).

Ǣn handfull of rīcu þāra Geāndena Rīca American, swa swa Delaƿare, gēn gehealdan ānspēon Domhusas Cancelerige ƿīþ dēmendƿeald ofer efenriht hæppendes. Dēmendes hwǣm sitte on þēos domas genemend Canceleres.

## Eormengyld Canceleres
The title is frequently used — particularly in Europe — to indicate the head of a eormengyld. (Alternatively, the title rector is also popular.) Oxnaford and Grantanbrycg have both ġebēon headed by a Chancellor since medieval days, although today the office is largely ceremonial, and the daily administration is in the hands of a Vice-Chancellor. Many universities in the Commonwealth follow their model.

Cænadisc eormengylden follow the Bryttisc tradition in having a figurehead chancellor, but the day-to-day operations are typically handled by a  "foresittend," "principal" or "rector" who also carries the title of Vice-Chancellor.

On Australand, þæt Canceler is Chairman of the Eormengyldum governing body; thus, as well as having ceremonial duties, the Chancellor participates in the governance of the Eormengyld (but not its active management). The Chancellor is assisted by a Deputy Chancellor. The Chancellor and Deputy Chancellor are frequently drawn from the senior ranks of business or the judiciary (it is one of the few jobs considered compatible with judicial service). Some universities have a Visitor, who is senior to the Chancellor, and is generally the state Governor (or, for Catholic universities, a Bishop). Once upon a time, eormengyld disputes could be appealed from the governing board to the Visitor (as is still the case in the UK), but nowadays such appeal is generally prohibited by legislation, and the position has only ceremonial functions. (In fact, little function at all, since the Visitor will rarely attend Eormengyld functions, unlike the Chancellor and Deputy Chancellor, who frequently preside at functions such as graduations.)

In the United States, universities usually call their heads "foresittendas," but the name chancellor is sometimes seen, most commonly in a system of connected state universities. A given state's university system is often headed by a "chancellor" who serves as the system-wide chief, while individual campuses are headed by foresittendas; a typical example is the California State University system.  Exceptions include the Eormengyld Ēalascæs system, the Eormengyld  Californies system, Eormengyld Norþcarolīnas system, Eormengyld Illinoise system, and the Eormengyld Wisconsines, ƿiþīn hƿelc þæs tƿā titles are reversed.  Swā swā on California, þāra bȳsn, þȳ CSU *canceler* supervises the *foresittendas* of CSU's 23 campuses, while the UC *foresittend* supervises the *chancellors* of UC's 9 campuses.

The College of William and Mary uses chancellor in the British way for a figurehead leader, at present the former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. But the day-to-day head is an American-style "foresittend," not a "vice-chancellor."

## Crīstna cirican
In þǣm Crīstnum cirican, is se **Canceler** bisceopscīre lahwita þe spelaþ þā cirican in lahlicum intingum.

## Sēo ēac
* List of Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors
* Rīcsiġe Canceler