Madagascar

## '''Madagascar,''République de Madagascar'''''

## Matakaskar Kapolongan Kitakit ([[kuwaping a sowal]]: 馬達加斯加共和國)

## Takaray sowal(概略)
O saka’etipay no Satimalan Kanatanatal a Finacadan ko ka itiraan nona kitakit, pakinien I sowal no Matakaskar I *Repoblikan'i Madagasikara[[Madagascar#%20ftn1|*'[1]**]],'' na o mikowanan no Ferans itiya ho, sano Feransuen a sowal I ''République de Madagascar.'' Matakaskar Kapolongan Kitakit sanay ko tadangangan, i’ayaw no nini I Matakasi Kapolongan Kitakit hananay, sakamoko’ han a mitahidang to Matakaskar, oninian to ko ma’alaay a pangangan.

Itiraay I katimol saka’etip no Afrika ko kaitiraan, o saksepat ko ka tata’ang itini I polong no kitakit. Na malakitingay ho sera ato Into, I’ayaw no 8,800’emang ko mihecaan a malaliyas sacecay sa tomireng itini, malaay to icowacowaay a pala, sa ma’osaw ho kina’orip ato maamaan no hakal, o sa’adihayay ko maamaan kina’orip I hakal, mahaop ko 80% a kina’orip awaay iroma akanatal, ‘edeng itini ko iraay. Nikawrira, ona kakafahekaan a kina’orip mafolkok no ka’aloman no tamdaw a mafolaw a tayni. 

O ngangan tora Matakaskar hananay caay ko nano sowal no itiniay tamdaw sanay, o nani ngoyosay no Yoropa a tamdaw i ka citelongan(中世紀)[[Madagascar#%20ftn2|[2]]], I 13sici o nani Winisu a mihahinamay a tamdaw ci Makopolo ko sa’ayaway a mitilid to 「Madageiscar」sanay a tilid, masasifod ningra ko itiraay I minato no Samaliya a sowal toya Mokatisyu（Mogadishu）sa ko sowal. .

Itiya to I 1500miheca, o mihahinamay a tamdaw no [[Portugal|Polutokaru]] ci Tiaoku·Tiyas macakat tona kanatal pangangan han ningra to「São Lourenço」（聖洛倫索）, nikawrira, oni Makopolo ho a pangangan ko pido’edoan no Yoropa a pangangan to rayaray kanatal,sa tahanini o maalaay a pangangan i oya to「Madagasikara」ko matenakay. I sowal no itiniay a tamdaw away ho ko i’ayaway no「Madagasikara」sanay a ngangan.[[Madagascar#%20ftn3|[3]]]

== Rikisi (歷史) ==
O rikisi no Matakaskar I sepatay ko kasasaer: To’asan, Hontian, Mikowanan no Ferans ato Pi’ikedan a Mikowan.

=== To'asan Miheca (早期) ===
I to’asan miheca i’ayaw no 2500miheca itiniay to a maro’ ko Matakaskar tamdaw sanay ko sowal no mikakarkaray tono to’asan ho a dafong a singsi no tata’angay pitilidan. Iraho ko masasiromaromaay a sowal, o miriniay a pawacay no singsi I caay ka telang ko mihecan ko tamdaw a maro’ itini sanay.[4] Itiya ho o dodang ko pikalican nani Poloco mafolaw a tayni,nikawrira, o lamit no remes tora DNA I mingataay tono I Afrika a kohetingay tamdaw.

Yo kahatayni ho tamdaw adihay ho a manengneng ko matiyaay o co ko tata’ang a ‘ayam, o ‘aloay ‘efa,to ikor to I ma’adop ko ma’adopay , ma’eco no tamdaw ko kaitiraan malahedaw ko ka’oripan no ‘a’adopen.[6]

=== Matakaskar Hontian Kitakit(馬達加斯加王國) ===
Itiya I pisatapangan no 17sici Milina fanacadan mipatireng to Imolina Hontian kitakit takaraway tokatokasan, pasasitiri’en to ilawacay no riyar a hontian kitakit, caay ka samaan ko ‘icel nona kitakit.[7] Isatapangan no 18sici kalisepaten ni Anteliyamasinnawalona(''Andriamasinavalona'')Honti kona kitakit, alacecaen ningra a palilam ko sepat a wawa ningra, tongal sa ko kaawa no ‘icel no kitakit. Cecay a so’ot ko mihecan a malalaood, ci Anteliyananpoynaymilina(''Andrianampoinimerina''安德里亞南普伊奈梅里納)Honti ko miliyaway a palacecay to Imolina Hontian Kitakit. 

Namikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(''Radama I'') ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit.



Na mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(''Ranavalona I''；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to pakisaka’orip to pakipunka to ko pi’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak to Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. 

Namikowan kona honti macowat ningra ko ilawacay a kitakit sa tata’ang sato ko sera. O wawa to ni Anteliya ci Ratama Sakacecay(''Radama I'') ko milaheciay a matireng ko malacecayay a kitakit. 

Na mapatay ci Ratama Sakacecay honti, o fafahi to ningra ci Ranafalona sakacecay(''Ranavalona I''；1778年—1861)ko malahontiay, na kalahontian ni Ranafalona matongalmatongal pakisici to, pakisaka’orip to, pakipunka to,mai’enec no Ikiris, sa itira to a milalang to pipatenak tono Kristo pitooran,laplapen ko Yoropa a tamdaw. 

O wawa ni Ranafalona sakacecay ci Latama sakatosa(''RadamaⅡ,1861~1863'') mido’edo a malahonti i, falicen nako koya ca’edasay a demak no winaan kalahonti, sadamsay nako ko pidipot to finawlan saan. Nikawrira,palahedawen to kono hontian a pikowan sanay ko kakeridan no kitakit ci Raynifoninahiteliniawni''(Rainivoninahitriniony''，1852~1865 ko kalakakeridan no kitakit), itira a mikomod toya I sifo’aay a Mirina Hongtian Kitaki(''Kingdom of Madagascar，1540–1897,or Kingdom of Imerina''）ato Hofa tamdaw malacafay a miwarwar mipalasawad ko Latama sakatosa honti(''RadamaⅡ).**[1]**'' Yo mapalasawad to ko kalahonti ni Latama sakatosa(''RadamaⅡ)''i,mihayi ko finawlan to fafahi ningra ci Rasohirina(''Rasoherina，1863~1868)''a malahonti, nikawrira , irako salongoc no fanawlan to malalamod kiso aci Raynifoninahiteliniawni''(Rainivoninahitriniony)'' nga’ mihayi kami to pikowan iso han no fanawlan,malacecay kamo a mikowan malalikel to tatayalen nga’ caka sakakinih ko ’icel. Milayap ci Rasohirina''(Rasoherina)''to hatiniay a sa’ali no finawlan lalamod sato ci Raynifoninahiteliniawnian,lalamoda saho sawaden ningra, paliyaw a cifainay to safa ni Raynifoninahiteliniawnian, ona safa a Raynifoninahiteliniawnian i,30miheca ko kalakakeridan no kitakit. Nakalakakeridan cingra i patireng icowacowa to pitilidan,paci’ecien a papitilid ko ka’emangay, tahidangen ningra ko Ikiris tamdaw malakomon no sofitay, sa matongal ko kaci’icel no sofitay.[2] Oloma sato mifalican a demak o pipalasawad to aduhayay ko kacifafahi,o kristo pitooran malapitooran no lalomaan no honti,sanoyanan sato a ‘aloman ko mitooray, nika caay ka sawad kono to’asan ho a pitooran demak.[3] O rikec no kitakit mitodongay tono Ikiris a rikec,i tatapangan aniyaro’ mikihatiya tono Yoropa tolo ko kasafatafatd.[4]

===  N**ikowanan no Fransu a mihecahecaan(法國殖民時期)*' ===
Micomod ko Fransu to sapi’ecoaw amikowan I 1883miheca, mitoker ko tamdaw no Matakaskar ta malalood ato Fransu.[8] Yo malahecai to ko lalood kelit han no Matakaskar ko isaka’amisay a minato Ancilanana pafeli ko Fransu, mipatefoc ho to 50’emang Falang(法郎).[9] Itiya sato i 1890miheca, pakidosaan a sapafeliaw i Ikiris ko Fransu to Matakaskar, caka pihai ko Matakaskar to matiniay pakidosanay demak, o Fransu to I nani 1894miheca 12folad tahira I 1895miheca sakacecay folad ko pisalifong ta ‘ecoen ko ikawaliay a minato Towamasina*(Toamasina)* ato ika’etipay a niyaro’ Mahacanca(*Mahajanga*).[10] Hatini to ko pisalifong no Fransu macangalen ho to sapipelengaw to Matakaskar, tahidangen ho nani Afrika ko ‘alomanay sofitay a mipadang milood, tatiih ko lemed taha ‘adada to Malaliya(niyieci han no kaping) ‘aloman ko mapatayay.1895miheca 9folad,tangasa to koya mamipadang a sofitay saromi’ami’ad hanto nangra a misalifong ko kamaro’an no honti, cato ka pakolilo ko Matakaskar kosang sato ko honti Linawalona sakatosa.[11] Toya cila a mihecaan 1896,paci’eci han to no Fransu a mi’eco a maro’ ko Matakaskar,malnikowanan niyam sato a palosiyang i papotal, la’eto sato a mapalasawad ko Imolina Hontian Kitakit, o laloma’an saato no honti i malaplap tayra i Alciliya i Afrika.

1896miheca,mapalahedaw ko mali’acaay to koli a demak,nikawrira, 50’emang ko ka’adihay no koli away ko kalaklakan a maro’ sa kinaitiratira I loma’ no tawki a maro’, malamimaomahay , anca malatofangay.[12] I lawac no kakahaday lalan no syoto Antanalifopo adihay mapatireng ko malokasopsopan a loma’[13] to pilafinan no koli. Oya sa loma’ no honti malapiterian to tadamaanay dafong.[14] Adihay to ko mipatirengan a pitilidan, halo ya caayay ho ka tahiraan no Milina tamdaw toya maraayay ikemoday a niyaro’ ato salawacan no riyar mapatireng ko pitiridan. 6~13 ko mihecaan a ka’emangay mipaci’ecian a papitilid a mihatatanam to sowal no Fransu ato sakatayal a kicic.

Itiya I no hontian ho, o tayal ko sapasata no kalotamdaw to honti, onini a demak I mi’osawan no Fransu to sapisanga’ to lalan no cilamalay ato kalolalan.[15]

Itiya sato I sakacecay a kalaloodan no polong a kitakit,mikapot I sofitay no Fransu ko Matakaskar.[16] Tahayni sato I 20sici(‘ayaw no cecay so’ot miheca) ira ko pasaharateng no sifo no Toic to sapifaolawaw to Yotaya tamdaw tayra I Matakaskar.[17] Namalowid to ko Toic I caay sato ka laheci kona sapifolawaw to Yotaya a demak.

I sakatosa a kaloodan no polong a kitakit, ma’eco no Toic ko Fransu, mangoyangoy ko faloco’ no tamdaw no Matakaskar to pikowan no Fransu,ka o pisa’iked to a miniyahpikowan sato a misaharterateng no Matakaskar tamdaw, yo laheci saho ko lsakatosa lalood, i 1947miheca looden to no Matakaskar to mikowanay a Fransu.[18] I 1958miheca 10folad 14romi’ad, palosyang to pitatireng to Marakasi Kapolongan Kitaki,o cecay no komodan no Fransu a Niyahpikowan a kitakit,i 1959miheca malaheci a masanga’ ko Kinpo,ta patireng to Pacarcaray Sifo, 1960miheca saka’enem folad sakasepat safaw romi’ad malaheci to tomireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit.[19]

=== Niyahpikowan a kitakit(獨立後) ===
Mapatireng ko Malakasi Kapolongan Kitakit, kinasepatay to misariyariyad ko kapolongan kitakit, mipatireng to fa’elohay kitakit I miriyad a misang’ amisafa’eloh to kinpo. Nani 1960miheca tahira 1972miheca o sakacecay a kapolongan kitakit,o mitoro’an no Fransu ci Filipir．Cilanana(*Philibert Tsiranana*，1912年10月18日－1978年4月16日）)ko malacongtongay.

O mitoro’an no Fransu sanaw o mitayalan ningra o sakaci’etan to, o sapikowan to toor hananay ko sowal no Fransu. Patinako han, o malakakeridan nomaamaan to a tatayalen sahetoay o Fransu a tamdaw,o singsi o Fransu to atamdaw, o sapipasifana’ o no Fransu tilid. Ciharateng sato ko finawlan ona tayal ni Cilanana caay ka sasiroma to pikowan no Fransu, o「fa’elohay a palatepesay mikowan」sa onian ko pakarawraw to finawlan a misapifelihaw tona sifo, 1972miheca saso’eli’elin sato a mafelih no finawlan.[20]

Toyanan to a miheca,o kakeridan no i palaay sofita malapacarcaray a congtong ato kakeridan no kitakit, caay ko mihaian no finawlan ko kalacongtong ningra,sakatolo miheca i 1975 tararikor sato a misawad. Do’edo’ sa ci Risyal Racimantorawa(*Richard Ratsimandrava*) ko malacongtongay, ’edeng’edeng ’enem a romi’ad ko kalacongtongan mapacok ta mapatay. O mido’edo’ay ci Cir Antoliyamahaco(*Gilles Andriamahazo*) ko malacongtongay,sepat a folad ko kalacongtong mafalic ni Titir Raciraka(*Didier Ratsiraka''，1975年－1993年；1997年－2002年)  sanosofitay han ningra kopikowan to finawlan, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Matakaskar,misasyakaysyuki demak no kitakit.

Itiya sato i sakacecay kanikawan to simal(1973~1974), awa to ko katayalan mataring to ko tada no kitakit, o ‘orip sato no finawlan tadapakoyoc to,[21] i 1979miheca la’eto sato a mapeleng kona sifo.

Awa to ko kakeridan no sifo I, ci Aropet Cafi(Albert Zafy) ko micadaay a patireng to pacarcaray sifo, maala cingra i1992miheca a sinkiw to congtong, nipatirengan to sakakinatolo kapolongan a kitakit.[22] O misafa’elohan a kinpo i mihai to kasasiromaroma a saopo no sici, masaroma ko salongoc no finawlan,onini ko faco no fa’elohay a sifo.

2010miheca, mitopa ko polong tamdaw to pihai to misafa’elohan heca a kinpo, patireng to sakasept a kapolongan a kitakit,itini tona miliyawan a misafa’eloh a kinpo matiliday ama’osaw ko o finawlan ko pi’arawan a mikowan ato pihai to kasasiromaroma saopo no sici.[23]