Niketonan salongoc no hekal

## Niketonan salongoc no hekal (世界人權宣言)
《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》(Inkiris: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, soked: UDHR) Linhoko kapolongan sa’opo i 1948 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad itira i Paris no France Palais cahong mihayda to cecay patosokan sapihadimel salongoc no tamdamdaw a tilid (Linhoko kapolongan sa’opo saka 217 haw nitelekan, A/RES/217), polong ira ko 30 tosir. O palowad tonini a niketonan patodong to nano saka 2 kalalood no hekal ko pitiko niharateng, saka cecay a tilid saki polong no ’oriraw a polong no tamdaw o caci solongoc tonini a nitilidan. O polong no nitilidan mapakafit i calay no Linhoko.

《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》ato《Kicay, Syakay ato ponka salongoc no kasakitakit nitelekan》, 《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》(tosa nitelekan) mapakapot halo kasakitakit salongoc no rikec, tosaay nitelakan itini i 1966 miheca masaheci[1].

### Laleko ato laloma’an (結構和內容)
《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》a lalekoan no《Napoleonic saredek》a mafiyol, halo sapa’ayaw ato sapa’olid a padotocan[2]. Paikoran no laleko malo saka tosa tilid no mirikecay no France ni Rene Carson, mikihatiya cingra to nano Canada rikac a hakasi ci John Peters Humphrey pa’ayaw nitilidan.

### Salaloma’an no niketonan: (宣言包括以下內容：)
Pa’ayaw pahapinang to salowad no niketonan a likisi ato syakay a sakacitodong.

Sala 1-2 toris misetek to tariang, pakonira ato malalenay a patanaan.

Saka 3-5 tosir masaheci to ko roma salongoc no tekedan, tinako salongoc no ’orip ato saka ’eca pisawaco ato pisafades to tamdaw.

Saka 6-11 tosir paini to patolasan no rikec a salongoc no tamdaw, ato i nika renokaw i manga’ay mapatodong i sapakalah mipalolol.

Saka 12-17 tosir matelek ko teked to sakisyakay sapiraoy to nano salongoc, halo salaloma’an a kasasiiked no sician pakoniyah malinah ato pakoniyah pacarcar, no kasakitakit a sadama ato miraoy to dafong ato sakacingangan no kitakit a salongoc.

Saka 18-21 tosir mihayda to “tatapangan a ceding a mapakonira” ato i salongan, kapolongan ato sici a sofal mapakonira, tinako tonini a pakonira: harateng, parerid, pasafaloco’, pitooran ato kodaitay faloco’, tilid, kasasinga’ay, ato pakayni i kasamitiya pilayap ato piparatoh ato harateng.

Saka 22-27 toris mihayda to tekedan kicay, syakay ato ponka a salongoc, halo sapiising a sadama. Micoker to citodongay miraoy to saka’orip a salongoc, mapatodong i saki ina ano eca kaemangan a sadipot.

Saka 28-30 tosir matelek ko sapidemak tonini a salongoc to pakayraan, tekedan salongoc caay ka citodong to sofal, tekad to saki syakay sapatadoaw, ato pilalang to miliyangay to sadotoc no Linhoko a salongoc[3].

Ni Carson pako sa’adifan i pakawasan no Greece ko niketonan, ira ko parana’an, tokar, sepatay satoka’ ato fawahan[4]. Saka 1 tosir ato saka 2 tosir o tariang, pakonira, malalenay ato kasasiolah a sapidotoc a parana’an pita’ongan.

Pa’ayaw a saka pito a cefang to nitelekan, patodong to saka tayra i pita’ongan a tokar. Patosokan no niketonan o sepatay ko satoka’ mapatireng. Saka cecay toka’ i (saka 3-11 tosir) ko pilekoan to saki tamdaw a salongoc, tinako salongoc no ’orip ato saka’eca pipalawaco to tamdaw. Saka tosa toka’ (saka 12-17 tosir) kasasiiledan no niyah ato pakanira pisa’opo to sician. Saka tolo toka’ (saka 18-21tosir) mirapot to salongan, kapolongan demak ato pakoniraay a sician, tinako pakoniyah ko pitooran, ato pakoniyah ko pisakapot. Saka sepat toka’ (saka 22-27 tosir) matelek ko syakay, kicay ato ponka a salongoc. Saikoray toloay tosir patireng to kapolongan a fawahan, nawhani paini to tekedan ato saka sasionol to syakay[4].

### O pipalowad ato pitelek (起草與表決過程)
《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》nai 1946 miheca pipatirengan to Linhoko salongao wiyinhuy ko cionolay mipalowad[5]. O kakeridan congtong no Amilika ci Franklin Roosevelt a fafahi ningra ci Eleanor Roosevelt ko kakeridan no wiyinhuy, o micokeray to kakeridan o dayhiw no ROC ci Zhang Pengchun[6]. Citidongay no Linhoko mitahidang to nano Canada mirikecay ci John Peters Humphrey ko kakeridan tilidan no niketonan.

### Mikihatiyaay tamdaw (參與人士)
Oya nipatoro’an ho a citodongay no salongoc a kakeridan no Linhoko ci Humphrey ko sakapot no palowaday, milaheci to sa’ayaway tilid[8]. Roma o mikihatiyaay citodongay ira tadamaanay no Lipanon ci Shailer Habib Malik ato rikecan ato hoying ci Rene Carson[6]. Ci Carson ko i saka tosaay mitelekay to tilidan a lalekoan no niketonan[9]. Ci Zhang Pengchun sato ono Asiya ko pinengneng tonini a lalowadan tilid no niketonan, masongila’ masalof ko kasasiroma pipaini no nikapotay a wiyinhuy[6].

### Miketon (表決)
Linhoko daykay i 1948 miheca mihayda to niketonan salongoc no hekal, onini niketonan masilsil ko patodongan no salongoc, malo “kapolongan no finawlan ato kasakitakit misa’icel milaheci to kalalecadan no harateng[10]:35. Onini a tilid i 1948 miheca 12 folad 10 romi’ad palowad tayra i Linhoko daykay a mitelek. Itiya mikihatiyaay 56 ko kitakit, 48 ko mihaydaay, 0 ko mifelihay, 8 ko misawaday (Soviet Union, Ukraine, Belarus, Yugoslavia, Poland, South Africa, Czechoslovakia and Saudi Arabia), roma 2 kitakit a dayhiw mataloc[11][12]. Canada rikecan ci Humphrey ko palowaday tonini niketonan nitiliday. Oya Canada o misawaday to salongoc nonini a niketonan, nika saikor to mihayda ito[13].

Ira ko 48 a kitakit mihaydaay micoker (itiyaay a kitakit a fayfay ano eca sician caay to kalecad to no aniniay): [14]

Ira ko 8 kitakit misawaday: [15]

Ira ko 2 kitakit caayay pirina’:

Aniniay lekapot no Linhoko saheto to o mihaydaan salongoc a kitakit ko micomoday to, orasaka dengan caayay ka papina a kitakit ko mitelekay tonini[16].

### Tosaay nitelekan a salongoc (人權兩公約)
Nikawrira,《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》dengan o pisetek i rikec no kasakitakit salongan, awaay ko pipatangic to kasakapot do’edoen konini caay ka saan[10]:35.《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》halo sa’ayaway lekad finawlan sician a salongoc, oya to halo pado’edo i saka tosa finawlan kicay, syakay ato ponka a salongoc. No cecayay telekan patodong tonini tosaay lekad finawlan salongoc i caay ka rahoday kalacecayen i kasakitakit. Tinako, roma a kitakit mikihar to no finawlan sician salongoc, roma kitakit mikihar to finawlan kicay, syakay ato ponka a salongoc.

Orasaka, o Linhoko itini i 1966 miheca mihayda tonini tosaay salongoc a nitelekan, masiiked ko《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》ato《Kicay, Syakay ato ponka salongoc no kasakitakit nitelekan》[10]:35. Linhoko daykay i 1966 miheca 12 folad 16 romi’ad mihayda tonini tosaay nikatelekan “Linhoko daykay saka 2200 how misetek, A/RES/2200”. I 1976 miheca 1 folad 3 romi’ad miteka. Onini tosaay nitelekan mapasadak ko salongoc no tamdaw ato sapakonira, matelek i polong no matatelekay kitakit cionol milasheci tonini sapilekoan, milaheci tonini a salongoc[10]:35.   

No 《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》nitelekan i tekedan no finawlan ci saraoy to salongoc ato sapakonira. Halo: saki’orip, pakonira ato sakanga’ay no tiring a salongoc, tatiih palawaco ato palasawad to saka cipakonira no nisawacoan, saka eca kafades a sapakonira, rikec tamdawan a salongoc, mirikecay sapa’orip salongoc, caay ka patedo sa a marepet, mirofo ato mipalafac to pakonira, malalenay ato mafohatay ko piliclic, sakaeca kaciraraw salongoc, no niyah ’orip, laloma’an, kamaro’an ato kasasilicay caay ka cara ko pakonira, malinah a pakonira, miraoy to kitakit a salongoc, raramod no loma salongoc, saka citodong no dafong salongoc, harateng, sadaitay faloco’ ato pakayraan mapakonira, miraoy to pakoniyah ato pakoniya papelo, kasa’opo ato kalisaot a pakoniyah, sapikapot to sician a salongoc.

O《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》misetek to salongan salongoc a patodong ano eca padetengan. Tinako, saka sepat toris mihayda to katatelekan kitakit saka’orip ano cikatalawan a miparatoh to katamoran no syakay i, sapisereraw to nipatekedan a dademaken, nika o nika serer kao no ’alomanay ko sapatodong, caay ka padeteng saki finacadan, fangesan, siroma no tamdaw, sowal, pitooran ano eca kasofocan no syakay ko sapiepec palawaco. No ’oripan salongoc, tamdawan salongoc i kasasiromaroma no demak tatiih midemak to sapisaet ko demak. Saka tosa polo’ ira ko falo tosir a nitelekan, patireng to salongoc no tamdaw a wuyinhuy, mionol mikantok kapolongan katatelekan no demak.

Onini tosaay katatelekan ato《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》o pipanganganan o “No kasakitakit salongoc no tamdaw a rikec”.

### Romi’adan salongoc no kasakitakit (國際人權日)
Nai 1950 mihecaan itiya, o Linhoko daykay to mihecahecaan to 12 folad 10 romi’ad o “Romi’ad no salongoc no kasakitakit”.

### Kafiyol (影響)
《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》 o nihaydaan no Linhoko daykay, orasaka caay ko nipatangican telekan no kasakitakit; nika ikor to ira ko pipaci’ci no Linhoko tamdaw salongoc nikatelekan i 《Finawlan salongoc ato sici salongoc kasakitakit nitelekan》ato《Kicay, Syakay ato ponka salongoc no kasakitakit nitelekan》a parana’an.

O ’alomanay hakasi, fingkosi ato hoying a misetekan a tilid miala to《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》a cecay tosir sapipa’icel to niyah a reko, nika ira ko kasakitakit fingkosi a paratatenga《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》o kananaman to. Saki tonini, o hakasi caay ho kalecad ko harateng.

O《Niketonan salongoc no hekal》saka lima tosir a kalaliyangan, onini tosir matelek “O cimacima no tamdaw tatiih cimifadesay, ano eca mipalafades, eca ko nio tamdawan ano eca misamsamay ko pipadek anmo eca pisemsem”, caay pipahapinang to pilalang mipatay; nika saka tolo tisir a nitelekan, o tamdamdaw ira ko sapiraoy to ’orip, pakonira ato saka nga’ay no tireng. Tangasa anini o ’alomanay kitakit, halo Dipong, Taywan (ROC), Conghuarenmin nikapolngan, Singapore, Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of Botswana, Belarus ato Amilika a sa’etal, pipatay oya pitefoc.

### Micikerohay to niketonan salongoc no hekal (推動世界人權宣言組織)

#### Nipatatekoan salongoc no tamdaw i kasakitakit (國際人權聯盟)
Nipatatekoan salongoc no tamdaw i kasakitakit (FIDH) o sa’ayaway salongoc no tamdaw a sakapot, awaay ko sician kasarekad, awaay ko pakaraan a misiikeday i manan sifo. Patodongan no demak o picikeroh to Niketonan salongoc no hekal, finawlan salongoc ato sician salongoc kasakitakit tatelek, kicay, syakay ato ponka salongoc kasakitakit a tatelek i polong no salongoc[22][23].

#### Kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot (國際特赦組織)
Kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot, roma sowal mihepoloay kasakitakit, ono kapolongan no ’oriraw tamdaw salongoc a onto[24]. O midiwadiway ci Stephen Johnson, misa’opo to 41 a kitakit micokoaay, radiway, mifilomoay oya kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot (Amnesty International) misanga’ to cecay 20 fen a ika, sapiacang i 1988 miheca niketonan salongoc 40 mihecaan mihemek, pa’orip to niketonan salongoc no hekal[25]. I 2008 miheca, mihemek ko kasakitakit mihepolay sakapot to salongoc no tamdaw romi’ad ato niketonan salongoc no hekal to 60 no mihecaan, itini polong no kalohekal kasaniyaro’ midemak “Padawdaway” a demak[26].

#### Mitiri’ay to salongoc no tamdaw (人權觀察)
Mitiri’ay to salongoc no tamdaw o cecay no kasakitakit caay ko no sifo sakapot (NGO), pasafaloco’ay mipalita mihapiw to demak no salongoc no tamdaw, kaheceraan itini i New York no Amilika[27].

#### Miliyangay to pifades ato midamaay to yincumin yofayof (反奴隸制和保護原住民協會)
Miliyangay to pifades ato midamaay to yincumin yofayof (Anti-Slavery International) o misolapay midakdak to micalapay to salongoc no tamdaw a cecay no kasakitakit caay ko no sifo sakapot (NGO) [28].

### Pinengnengan to tilid (參考文獻)

#### Pialaan (引用)
1.Williams 1981;這是一個國家人權宣言的書面版，前言由吉米·卡特撰寫

2.Glendon 2002，第62–64頁

3.Glendon 2002，第10 章。

4.OHCHR | 世界人权宣言 70：30 篇文章 30 篇 - 第 28 条. www.ohchr.org. [2020-09-14]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-30） （美國英語）.

5.Morsink 1999，第4頁

6.《世界人权宣言》问世经过. 《美國參考》（美國國務院國際信息局主辦）. [2012-11-23]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-12）.

7.Morsink 1999，第133頁

8.Morsink 1999，第5頁

9.Glendon 2002，第62–64頁.

10.背景. 《經濟，社會，文化權利國際公約，公民權利和政治權利國際公約》. 香港政府印務局. 1995.

UDHR Drafting History （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Center for New Media Teaching and Learning （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Columbia University

11.See "Who are the signatories of the Declaration?" in Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, United Nations Association in Canada （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.

12.Schabas, William. Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (fee required). 13.McGill Law Journal. 1998, 43: 403.

14.Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–1949 p 535

15.Yearbook of the United Nations 1948–1949

16.OHCHR - 世界人权. www.ohchr.org. [2022-02-22]. （原始內容存檔於2022-03-13）.

17.崔之元. 摆脱“亚洲价值”vs“西方价值”的思维方式——对人权问题的思考. 《文化縱橫》2008年12月號. 2008-12.

18.布朗（Gordon Brown）. 世界人權宣言70周年 宣言仍只是宣言. 上報. 2018-12-30 [2018-12-30]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-03）.

19.GitHub Code Vault 指南. GitHub. [2020-07-22]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-06） （英語）.

20.UDHR in Unicode. [2012-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-08）.

21.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the Most Universal Document in the World. [2012-12-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-12）.

22.Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 10 February 2009; accessed on 9 November 2009

23.Information Partners （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, web site of the UNHCR, last updated 25 February 2010, 16:08 GMT（web retrieval 25 February 2010, 18:11 GMT）

24.国际特赦组织 - 中文官方网站. 國際特赦組織中文. [2022-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-01） （中文（中國大陸））.

25.UDHR film. Amnesty International. [2013-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-01）.

26.Fire Up!. Amnesty International. [2013-07-19]. （原始內容存檔於2013-08-01）.

27.人权观察 | 捍卫世界各地人权 | Human Rights Watch. www.hrw.org. [2022-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-17） （中文（簡體））.

28.Anti-Slavery International - Let's End Modern Slavery Together. Anti-Slavery International. [2022-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-18） （英國英語）.

### Picaliwan minengneng (參見)
1.公民權利和政治權利國際公約

2.經濟、社會、文化權利國際公約

3.世界語言權宣言

4.無條件基本收入

5.人權宣言

6.A公約、B公約

### Papotalay calay (外部連結)

* 聯合國《世界人權宣言》簡體中文版（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 《世界人權宣言》原本的官方中文版本（1948年）。（見「A/RES/217 A (III)」） （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 聯合國主頁（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 聯合國人權理事會 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）