Sphingidae

Die **pylsterte** (Sphingidae) is 'n familie van motte in die superfamilie Bombycoidea. Die meeste pylsterte is groot vlinders wat snags vlieg; die kleiner soorte vlieg dikwels bedags. In die hele wêreld is daar meer as 'n duisend spesies bekend. Daar is veral baie soorte in die tropiese gebiede, maar hulle kom ook in Suid-Afrika voor, soos die druiwepylstert en die varkoorpylstert.

Sommige pylsterte, soos *Macroglossum stellatarum*, vermag dit om in die lug stil te hang om nektar uit 'n blom te suig. Hierdie vermoë om te swewe is slegs vier maal in nektardrinkende diere geëvolueer: kolibries, bepaalde vlermuise, die sweefvlieë en die pylsterte. Dis 'n opmerklike voorbeeld van konvergente evolusie. Pylsterte se behendige vliegvermoë is dikwels bestudeer. Hulle kan ook vinnig sywaarts vlieg, dalk om aan roofdiere te ontkom.

Die pylsterte omvat vier subfamilies, naamlik die Langiinae, Macroglossinae, Smerinthinae en Sphinginae. Die Macroglossinae is daarvoor bekend dat hulle as volwassenes voed, terwyl die Smerinthinae vermoedelik nie-voedende imago's oplewer, wat op die vetreserwes teer wat hulle in die ruspestadium opgebou het. Daar bestaan dus 'n merkwaardige veelsydigheid aan hierdie vlinderfamilie se voedingsgedrag, in teenstelling met die eenvormige situasie by die naverwante pouoogmotte, die Saturniidae, wat nooit as volwassenes voed nie. Hulle liggaam is gestroomlyn en hulle kan snelhede van tot 50 km/uur bereik. 

Sommige soorte van die groep Choerocampina kan ultrasoniese geluide produseer. Die funksie daarvan is nie duidelik nie. 

## Leefwyse
Die volwasse diere voed op nektar, nes kolibries. Hulle slaan baie vinnig met hulle vlerke en gebruik hulle lang roltong om die nektar op te suig. Hierdie leefwyse kos baie energie en die motte moet gedurig nektar drink om aan hulle energiebehoeftes te voldoen. Die liggaamstemperatuur kan tydens hulle vlug tot 40°C

## Taksonomie 
** Genus  *Mioclanis* Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
** Genus  *Sphingidites* Kernbach, 1967
** Genus  *Teisseirei* Roselli, 1939
* Onderfamilie Langiinae Tutt, 1904
** Genus *Langia* Moore, 1872
* Onderfamilie Macroglossinae , 1839
** Tribus Dilophonotini , 1878
*** Subtribus Dilophonotina Burmeister, 1878
**** Genus *Aellopos* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Baniwa* Lichy, 1981
**** Genus *Callionima* Lucas, 1857
**** Genus *Erinnyis* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Eupyrrhoglossum* Grote, 1865
**** Genus *Hemeroplanes* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Isognathus* Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1861
**** Genus *Kloneus* Skinner, 1923
**** Genus *Madoryx* Boisduval, [1875]
**** Genus *Nyceryx* Boisduval, [1875]
**** Genus *Oryba* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Pachylia* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Pachylioides* Hodges, 1971
**** Genus *Perigonia* Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]
**** Genus *Phryxus* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Protaleuron* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Pseudosphinx* Burmeister, 1855
**** Genus *Stolidoptera* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Subtribus Philampelina Burmeister, 1878
**** Genus *Aleuron* Boisduval, 1870
**** Genus *Amphion* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Cautethia* Grote, 1865
**** Genus *Enyo* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Eumorpha* Hübner, [1807]
**** Genus *Euproserpinus* Grote & Robinson, 1865
**** Genus *Himantoides* Butler, 1876
**** Genus *Pachygonidia* Fletcher, 1982
**** Genus *Proserpinus* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Sphecodina* Blanchard, 1840
**** Genus *Unzela* Walker, 1856
** Tribus Hemarini Tutt, 1902
*** Genus *Cephonodes* Hübner, [1819]
*** Genus *Hemaris* Dalman, 1816
** Tribus Macroglossini , 1839
*** Subtribus "Sphingonaepiopsis Genusgroep"
**** Genus *Neogurelca* Hogenes & Treadaway, 1993
**** Genus *Sphingonaepiopsis* Wallengren, 1858
*** Subtribus Acosmerygina Tutt, 1904
**** Genus *Acosmeryx* Boisduval, [1875]
**** Genus *Dahira* Moore, 1888
**** Genus *Deidamia* Clemens, 1859
**** Genus *Micracosmeryx* Mell, 1922
*** Subtribus Choerocampina	Grote & Robinson, 1865
**** Genus *Basiothia* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Cechenena* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Cechetra* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
**** Genus *Centroctena* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Chaerocina* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Deilephila* [Laspeyres], 1809
**** Genus *Euchloron* Boisduval, [1875]
**** Genus *Griseosphinx* Cadiou & Kitching, 1990
**** Genus *Hippotion* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Hyles* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Pergesa* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Phanoxyla* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Rhagastis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Rhodafra* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Theretra* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Xylophanes* Hübner, [1819]
*** Subtribus Clarinina Tutt, 1904
**** Genus *Acosmerycoides* Mell, 1922
**** Genus *Ampelophaga* Bremer & Grey, 1853
**** Genus *Clarina* Tutt, 1903
**** Genus *Darapsa* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Elibia* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Enpinanga* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Subtribus Macroglossina	Harris, 1839
**** Genus *Altijuba* Lachlan, 1999
**** Genus *Angonyx* Boisduval, [1875]
**** Genus *Antinephele* Holland, 1889
**** Genus *Atemnora* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Cizara* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Daphnis* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Eurypteryx* Felder, C. & Felder, R., 1874
**** Genus *Giganteopalpus* Huwe, 1895
**** Genus *Hayesiana* Fletcher, 1982
**** Genus *Hypaedalea* Butler, 1877
**** Genus *Leucostrophus* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Maassenia* Saalmüller, 1884
**** Genus *Macroglossum* Scopoli, 1777
**** Genus *Nephele* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Pseudenyo* Holland, 1889
**** Genus *Pseudoangonyx* Eitschberger, 2010
**** Genus *Rethera* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Temnora* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Temnoripais* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Tinostoma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Zacria* Haxaire & Melichar, 2003
*** Subtribus Incertae Sedis
**** Genus *Eupanacra* Cadiou & Holloway, 1989
**** Genus *Gnathothlibus* Wallengren, 1858
**** Genus *Microsphinx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Odontosida* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
* Onderfamilie Smerinthinae , 1865
** "Cypa Genusgroep"
*** Genus *Cypa* Walker, [1865]
*** Genus *Cypoides* Matsumura, 1921
*** Genus *Grillotius* Rougeot, 1973
*** Genus *Rhodambulyx* Mell, 1939
*** Genus *Rhodoprasina* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Smerinthulus* Huwe, 1895
** "Polyptychus Genusgroep"
*** Genus *Andriasa* Walker, 1856
*** Genus *Chloroclanis* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Neopolyptychus* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Polyptychus* Hübner, [1819]
*** Genus *Pseudoclanis* Rothschild, 1894
** Tribus Ambulycini , 1876
*** Genus *Adhemarius* Oiticica Filho, 1939
*** Genus *Akbesia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Ambulyx* Westwood, 1847
*** Genus *Amplypterus* Hübner, [1819]
*** Genus *Barbourion* Clark, 1934
*** Genus *Batocnema* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Compsulyx* Holloway, 1979
*** Genus *Orecta* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Protambulyx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Trogolegnum* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
** Tribus Incertae Sedis
*** Genus *Afrosphinx* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Agnosia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Anambulyx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Callambulyx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Ceridia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Coequosa* Walker, 1856
*** Genus *Craspedortha* Mell, 1922
*** Genus *Falcatula* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Imber* Moulds, Tuttle & Lane, 2010
*** Genus *Lophostethus* Butler, 1876
*** Genus *Microclanis* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Opistoclanis* Jordan, 1929
*** Genus *Oplerclanis* Eitschberger, 2007
*** Genus *Parum* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Platysphinx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Poliodes* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Rufoclanis* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Xenosphingia* Jordan, 1920
** Tribus Leucophlebiini Boisduval, 1875
*** Genus *Afroclanis* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Clanidopsis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Clanis* Hübner, [1819]
*** Genus *Leptoclanis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Leucophlebia* Westwood, 1847
*** Genus *Malgassoclanis* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Neoclanis* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Phylloxiphia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Pseudandriasa* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Pseudopolyptychus* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Rhadinopasa* Karsch, 1891
*** Genus *Viriclanis* Aarvik, 1999
** Tribus Mimatini Tutt, 1902
*** Genus *Amorpha* Hübner, [1809]
*** Genus *Mimas* Hübner, [1819]
*** Genus *Morwennius* Cassidy, Allen & Harman, 2002
*** Genus *Phyllosphingia* Swinhoe, 1897
** Tribus Sataspedini Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
*** Genus *Afrosataspes* Basquin & Cadiou, 1986
*** Genus *Sataspes* Moore, [1858]
** Tribus Sichiini Tutt, 1902
*** Genus *Daphnusa* Walker, 1856
*** Genus *Gynoeryx* Carcasson, 1968
*** Genus *Likoma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Marumba* Moore, [1882]
** Tribus Smerinthini , 1865
*** Genus *Laothoe* Fabricius, 1807
*** Genus *Pachysphinx* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Paonias* Hübner, [1819]
*** Genus *Smerinthus* Latreille, [1802]
* Onderfamilie Sphinginae , 1802
** Sphinginae "Australische Sphingulini"
*** Genus *Coenotes* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Hopliocnema* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Synoecha* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Genus *Tetrachroa* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
** Tribus Monardini	 Haxaire & Minet, 2017
*** Genus *Monarda* Druce, 1896
** Tribus Pentateuchini 	Haxaire & Minet, 2017
*** Genus *Pentateucha* Swinhoe, 1908
** Tribus Sphingini , 1802
*** "Psilogramma Genussgroep"
**** Genus *Leucomonia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Notonagemia* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
**** Genus *Pantophaea* Jordan, 1946
**** Genus *Poliana* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Psilogramma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Subtribus Acherontiina , 1875
**** Genus *Acherontia* [Laspeyres], 1809
**** Genus *Agrius* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Callosphingia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1916
**** Genus *Coelonia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Megacorma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Subtribus Cocytiina Tutt, 1904
**** Genus *Amphimoea* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Cerberonoton* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
**** Genus *Cocytius* Hübner, [1819]
**** Genus *Neococytius* Hodges, 1971
**** Genus *Panogena* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Xanthopan* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
*** Subtribus Sphingina Latreille, 1802
**** Genus *Apocalypsis* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Ceratomia* Harris, 1839
**** Genus *Dolba* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Dolbogene* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Dovania* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Ellenbeckia* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Euryglottis* Boisduval, [1875]
**** Genus *Hoplistopus* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Ihlegramma* Eitschberger, 2003
**** Genus *Isoparce* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Lapara* Walker, 1856
**** Genus *Lintneria* Butler, 1876
**** Genus *Litosphingia* Jordan, 1920
**** Genus *Lomocyma* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Manduca* Hübner, [1807]
**** Genus *Meganoton* Boisduval, [1875]
**** Genus *Nannoparce* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Neogene* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Oligographa* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Paratrea* Grote, 1903
**** Genus *Praedora* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
**** Genus *Pseudodolbina* Rothschild, 1894
**** Genus *Rothinjoa* Zolotuhin & Ryabov, 2012
**** Genus *Sagenosoma* Jordan, 1946
**** Genus *Sphinx* Linnaeus, 1758
**** Genus *Taboribia* Strand, 1910
**** Genus *Thamnoecha* Rothschild & Jordan, 1903
** Tribus Sphingulini , 1903
*** Genus *Dolbina* Staudinger, 1877
*** Genus *Kentrochrysalis* Staudinger, 1887
*** Genus *Sphingulus* Staudinger, 1887

## Afbeeldings 

Acherontia atropos MHNT dos.jpg|*Acherontia atropos*
Agrius convolvuli MHNT dos.jpg|*Agrius convolvuli*
Cephonodes hylas hylas Linnaeus.jpg|*Cephonodes hylas*
Daphnis nerii 01.jpg|*Daphnis nerii*
Deilephila elpenor MHNT dos.jpg|*Deilephila elpenor*
Deilephila porcellus MHNT dos.jpg|*Deilephila porcellus*
Eumorpha pandorusPCCA20040716-3450B.jpg|*Eumorpha pandorus*
Hemaris diffinis.JPG|*Hemaris diffinis*
Hemaris fuciformis MHNT dos.jpg|*Hemaris fuciformis*
H tityus M Kutera Kielce Upland.jpg|*Hemaris tityus*
Hippotion celerio (ento-csiro-au).jpg|*Hippotion celerio*
Hyles gallii MHNT male dos.jpg|*Hyles gallii*
Hyles livornica MHNT male Dos.jpg|*Hyles livornica*
Hyles.tithymali.jpg|*Hyles tithymali*
Laothoe amurensis MHNT CUT 2010 0 391 Ussuri, Vladiwostock occ., Sutschanski-Rudnik, Russia, male dorsal.jpg|*Laothoe amurensis*
Laothoe populi MHNT dos.jpg|*Laothoe populi*
Macroglossum stellatarum MHNT dos.jpg|*Macroglossum stellatarum*
Manduca sexta II.jpg|*Manduca sexta*
Mimas tiliae MHNT male dos.jpg|*Mimas tiliae*
Polyptychoides assimilis.jpg|*Polyptychoides assimilis*
Smerinthus ocellatus MHNT Female dos.jpg|*Smerinthus ocellata*
Sphinx ligustri MHNT dos male.jpg|*Sphinx ligustri*
Sphinx pinastri MHNT female dos.jpg|*Sphinx pinastri*
Xylophanes chiron nechus MHNT dos.jpg|*Xylophanes chiron*

## Verwysings 
:15px *Hierdie artikel is merendeels vertaal vanaf die Nederlandse Wikipedia-artikel :nl:Pijlstaarten*