Nathaniel Hawthorne

**Nathaniel Hawthorne** (Engelse fonetiese uitspraak: |ˈ|h|ɔː|θ|ɔr|n; **Hathorne**; 4 Julie 1804 – 19 Mei 1864) was 'n Amerikaanse romansier en kortverhaalskrywer. Sy werke gaan dikwels oor die geskiedenis, moraliteit en geloof.

Hy is gebore in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, as die seun van Nathaniel Hathorne en Elizabeth Clarke Manning. Sy voorouers sluit John Hathorne, die enigste regter wat betrokke was in die Salem-heksverhore en wat nooit berou oor sy optrede getoon het nie. Hy het in 1821 ingeskryf by Bowdoin Kollege, en is in 1824 verkies na die *Phi Beta Kappa*, en gradueer in 1825. Hy publiseer sy eerste werk in 1828, te wete die roman getiteld *Fanshawe*; hy het later probeer om die werk te onderdruk, omrede hy gevoel het dat dit nie gelykstaande was aan die standaarde van sy latere werke nie. Hy het verskeie kortverhale in tydskrifjoernale gepubliseer, wat hy in 1837 gebundel het onder die titel *Twice-Told Tales*. Die volgende jaar het hy verloof geraak aan Sophia Hawthorne (née Peabody) Hy het gewerk by die Boston Aksynshuis en aangesluit by Custom House
## Biografie 
duimnael|regs|Portret van Nathaniel Hawthorne deur Charles Osgood, 1841 (Peabody Essex Museum)

## Geselekteerde werke 
[regs|duimnael|Die [Midas mite, uit *A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys*. Illustrasie deur Walter Crane vir die 1893 uitgawe.]]
Die "definitiewe uitgawe" van Hawthorne se werke is *The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne*, soos geredigeer deur William Charvat en andere, gepubliseer deur Ohio State University Press in drie-en-twintig volumes tussen 1962 en 1997. *Tales and Sketches* (1982) was die tweede volume om gepubliseer te word in die Biblioteek van Amerika, *Collected Novels* (1983) die tiende.

### Romans 
* *Fanshawe* (anoniem gepubliseer, 1828)
* *The Scarlet Letter* (1850)
* *The House of the Seven Gables* (1851)
* *The Blithedale Romance* (1852)
* *The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni* (1860) (as *Transformation: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni*, VK publikasie, dieselfde jaar)
* *The Dolliver Romance* (1863) (onvoltooid)
* *Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life* (onvoltooid, gepubliseer in die *Atlantic Monthly*, 1872)
* ''Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A Romance* (onvoltooid, met inleiding en notas deur Julian Hawthorne, 1882)

### Kortverhaal bundels 
* *Twice-Told Tales* (1837)
* *Grandfather's Chair* (1840)
* *Mosses from an Old Manse* (1846)
* *A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys* (1851)
* *The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales* (1852)
* *Tanglewood Tales* (1853)
* *The Dolliver Romance and Other Pieces* (1876)
* *The Great Stone Face and Other Tales of the White Mountains'' (1889)

### Geselekteerde kortverhale 
* "The Hollow of the Three Hills" (1830)
* "Roger Malvin's Burial" (1832)
* "My Kinsman, Major Molineux" (1832)
* "The Minister's Black Veil" (1832)
* "Young Goodman Brown" (1835)
* "The Gray Champion" (1835)
* "The White Old Maid" (1835)
* "Wakefield" (1835)
* "The Ambitious Guest" (1835)
* "The Man of Adamant" (1837)
* "The May-Pole of Merry Mount" (1837)
* "The Great Carbuncle" (1837)
* "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" (1837)
* "A Virtuoso's Collection" (Mei 1842)
* "The Birth-Mark" (Maart 1843)
* "The Celestial Railroad" (1843)
* "Egotism; or, The Bosom-Serpent" (1843)
* "Earth's Holocaust" (1844)
* "Rappaccini's Daughter" (1844)
* "P.'s Correspondence" (1845)
* "The Artist of the Beautiful" (1846)
* "Fire Worship" (1846)
* "Ethan Brand" (1850)
* "The Great Stone Face" (1850)
* "Feathertop" (1852)

### Nie-fiksie 
* *Twenty Days with Julian & Little Bunny* (geskryf in 1851 en in 1904 gepubliseer)
* *Our Old Home* (1863)
* *Passages from the French and Italian Notebooks* (1871)

## Verwysings 
### Notas 
### Bronne 
* Auerbach, Nina, *Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth* (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press 1982)
* Berlant, Lauren. *The Anatomy of National Fantasy: Hawthorne, Utopia, and Everyday Life* (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press 1991)
* Cheever, Susan. *American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work*. Detroit: Thorndike Press, 2006. .
* Crews, Frederick. ''The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes*. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966; reprinted 1989. .
* Hoffman, Daniel G. *Form and Fable in American Fiction.* University of Virginia Press 1994.
* Madison, Charles A. *Irving to Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974*. New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1974.
* McFarland, Philip. *Hawthorne in Concord*. New York: Grove Press, 2004. .
* Mellow, James R. *Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times*. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1980. .
* Miller, Edwin Haviland. *Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne*. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991. .
* Paglia, Camille. *Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson* (New York: Vintage 1991)
* Porte, Joel. *The Romance in America: Studies in Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, and James*. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1969.
* Powers, Meredith A. *The Heroine in Western Literature: The Archetype and Her Reemergence in Modern Prose'' (Jefferson, Noord-Carolina en Londen: McFarland 1991)
* Reynolds, Larry J. "Hawthorne's Labors in Concord". *The Cambridge Companion to Nathaniel Hawthorne*. Geredigeer deur Richard H. Millington. Cambridge, VK, New York, VSA, en Melbourne, Australië: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 
* Schreiner, Samuel A., Jr. *The Concord Quartet: Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and the Friendship that Freed the American Mind*. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2006. .
* Splendora, Anthony. "Psyche and Hester, or Apotheosis and Epitome: Natural Grace, *La Sagesse Naturale*", *The Rupkatha Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities,* Vol. 5, No. 3 (2014), pp.&nbsp;1–34 http://rupkatha.com/v5n3.php.
* Van Doren, Mark. *Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Critical Biography*. 1949; New York: Vintage 1957.
* Wineapple, Brenda. *Hawthorne: A Life*. Random House: New York, 2003. .

## Verdere leeswerk 
* Bell, Michael Davitt. *Hawthorne and the Historical Romance of New England* (Princeton University Press, 2015).
* Forster, Sophia. "Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the Emergence of American Literary Realism." *Studies in the Novel* 48.1 (2016): 43–64. online
* Greven, David. *Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire in Antebellum American Literature: Margaret Fuller, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville* (2015).
* Hallock, Thomas. "'A'is for Acronym: Teaching Hawthorne in a Performance-Based World." *ESQ: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Culture* 62#1 (2016): 116–121.

## Eksterne skakels 
; Oor Hawthorne
* The Hawthorne in Salem webwerf
* C. E. Frazer Clark versameling oor Nathaniel Hawthorne by die Universiteit van Suid-Carolina Irvin Departement van Rare Boeke en Spesiale Versamelings.
* Herman Melville se waardering, "Hawthorne and His Mosses"  (1851)
* Henry James se boek-lengte studie, *Hawthorne* (1879)
** Tweede eksemplaar by Project Gutenberg
* Hawthorne Familie Papiere, ca. 1825–1929, wat gehuisves word in die Departement van Spesiale Versamelings by Stanford se universiteitsbiblioteek
* "Writings of Nathaniel Hawthorne" uit C-SPAN se *American Writers: A Journey Through History*
* Hawthorne: Science, Progress, and Human Nature, reeks essays oor verhale deur Hawthorne by *The New Atlantis.*
* *Passages from the American Note-Books* , deur Nathaniel Hawthorne, geredigeer deur Sophia Hawthorne, 1868, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1883 (volume IX van die 13-volume Riverside Uitgawe van die Volledige Werke deur Nathaniel Hawthorne).
* Gesamentlike dagboek van Sophia en Nathaniel Hawthorne by The Morgan Library & Museum

; Verbandhoudende webwerwe
* Hawthorne Community Association en jeugwoning in Raymond, Maine
* The Wayside in Concord, Massachusetts
* The House of the Seven Gables in Salem, Massachusetts
* Die Phillips Biblioteek  van die Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts beskik oor verskeie welbekende manuskrip versamelings wat met Hawthorne verband hou.

; Werke
* 
* 
* *Legends of the Province House and Other Twice Told Tales*, teks en beelde