Title: Political economy of media capture
Description: The dissertation consists of three essays analyzing the factors that influence the political bias of the news media, from a comparative perspective. I focus specifically on the effects of the economic environment and the conditions that facilitate media capture by the special interest groups, political parties, or governments. The mechanisms of influence include investment in media firms, political advertising, paid articles, subsidies, bribes, etc. I argue that countries with high inequality or small advertising markets are especially likely to have their media captured by political interests. In the first chapter, I argue that high income inequality can facilitate media capture by the rich. As a result of capture, the media advocate a low level of taxation and redistribution, which, in turn, affects voters' policy preferences. The influence of the rich on the media is one reason why income inequality leads to political inequality, and why policy outcomes are more responsive to the preferences of the rich than to those of the poor. I present a formal theoretical model of this argument based on the Meltzer-Richard model of the choice of the level of redistribution by the median voter. I empirically test predictions of my model using cross-country evidence. I find that higher income inequality decreases the extent of media freedom in the country, which, in turn, decreases the level of social spending.

n the second chapter, I argue that higher potential advertising revenues allow media outlets to rely more on payments from advertisers and less on subsidies from political interests. As a result, an increase in potential advertising revenues decreases the extent of media bias in news media, other things being equal. Empirical evidence from American newspapers of the 19th century supports this prediction. I show that there were more independent newspapers in counties with high advertising rates. The effect of advertising works through both the entry of new newspapers and changes of affiliation of old newspapers. In addition, I show that independent newspapers had larger circulation than partisan ones. Finally, I present a formal theoretical model of interaction between special interest groups, advertisers, and media outlets, which motivated empirical findings. In the third chapter, a joint project with Ruben Enikolopov and Ekaterina Zhurayskaya, we estimate the effect of slanted media coverage on political choices of voters in the environment characterized by weak institutions. For causal inference, we use exogenous variation in the availability of the signal of the only independent from the government national TV channel in Russia during the 1999 parliamentary elections (NTV). We find that the presence of an independent source of political news on TV significantly decreased the vote in favor of the government party, increased the vote in favor of the opposition parties and against all candidates, and decreased voter turnout. One month of political campaigning on NTV significantly changed voter inclination of the opposition.
Subjects: Mass media, Objectivity, Political aspects