Title: Internal structure and thermal state of super-Earths
Description: We present a theoretical framework to characterize the structure, composition and thermal state of super-Earths. Super-Earths are the newest and smallest class of discovered exoplanets with masses ranging between 1-10 M ⊕ . They are exceptionally interesting objects because as they do not exist in our solar system, we know little about them; and as they bear a relation to the Terrestrial and Icy planets, they provide a unique opportunity to understand our solar system in a broader planetary context. To build this framework I developed a detailed internal structure model for Super-Earths. To help interpret the expected data on exoplanets, we derived a comprehensive relationship between mass, radius and composition for super-Earths. These exoplanets can be either rocky or ocean-like. We showed that there is a strong degeneracy in composition so that a single average density measurement can be satisfied by many different bulk compositions. This is due to the available trade-offs between the three end member components: silicate mantle, iron core and water/ice layer.

Nevertheless, we found that a terrestrial threshold radius exists above which the planet is necessarily ocean-like for a given planetary mass. This can be used to infer planetary type. To provide transit searches with an adequate mass-radius relationship we investigated how the radius would increase for planets with a similar Fe/Si ratio and different water/ice mass fractions (IMF). We find that the power law relationship is R/R ⊕ = (1+0.56 x IMF)( M/M ⊕ ) 0.262(1-0.138×IMF) The exponent of 0.262 is mostly controlled by the pressure regime. Terrestrial planets with 5-50% M ⊕ scale as R ∼ M 0.3 due to their relatively smaller central pressures. Uncertainties in temperature profile, including differences of thousands of degrees in surface temperatures, amount of core-mass fraction, or minor elements in the mineral composition do not map significantly into the exponent. This makes the relationship robust and useful. To investigate the thermal state of super-Earths, we used an analytical parameterized convection analysis in conjunction with the structure model to show that the conditions for plate subduction are more favourable on super-Earths than on Earth. Therefore, these exoplanets are likely to have plate tectonics, which makes them attractive targets in the search for habitable planets.