Title: Shaped by booms and busts
Description: "This paper examines how early career experiences affect the career path and promotion of managers as well as the managerial style that they develop when becoming CEOs.  We identify the impact of an exogenous shock to managers' careers, in particular the business cycle at the career starting date.  Economic conditions at the beginning of a manager's career have lasting effects on the career path and the ultimate outcome as a CEO.  CEOs who start in recessions take less time to become CEOs, but end up as CEOs in smaller firms, receive lower compensation, and are more likely to rise through the ranks within a given firm rather than moving across firms and industries.  Moreover, managers who start in recessions have more conservative management styles once they become CEOs.  These managers spend less in capital expenditures and R&D, have lower leverage, are more diversified across segments, and show more concerns about cost effectiveness.  While looking at the role of early job choices on CEO careers is more endogenous, the results support the idea that certain types of starting positions are feeders for successful long-run management careers: Starting in a firm that ranks within the top ten firms from which CEOs come from is associated with favorable outcomes for a manager - they become CEOs in larger companies and receive higher compensation"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.