Title: Functional imaging of cellular and vascular activity in visual cortex
Description: Cells in the visual cortex of higher mammals are spatially organized over the cortical surface, into areas that have similar functional properties. This spatial organization with respect to orientation selectivity has not been found in the visual cortex of rodents despite the presence of cells well-tuned to orientation. We examined the fine-scale architecture of orientation selectivity in rat visual cortex with complete sampling of cells at cellular resolution, by imaging cells in vivo loaded with a fluorescent calcium indicator dye using two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We sampled the activity of hundreds to thousands of cells in each experiment in a sphere several hundred microns across. In rat visual cortex, we found that there was no discernible spatial organization with respect to orientation preference, in contrast to cat visual cortex, where cells are organized into spatially segregated domains that share the same orientation preference. We also examined the spontaneous activity of neurons in rat and cat visual cortex, and found that there was rich and robust calcium activity in almost all cells even in the absence of visual input. We show that cells segregate into correlated ensembles that repeatedly co-activate over the course of a trial. When we examined the spontaneous correlation between cells as a function of inter-cell distance, we found a strong inverse relationship in cat visual cortex, but not in rats.

We proceeded to compare the spontaneous correlation of cells to their orientation preference, and found that iso-oriented cells were significantly more likely to be highly correlated in both rats and cats, despite the lack of spatially organized functional domains in rats. Finally, we characterized the vascular response to stimulus-evoked neural activity in cat visual cortex, by imaging temporal fluctuations of vascular size while simultaneously measuring the visually evoked calcium responses over hundreds of cells in the same area. We describe a vasodilatory response to visual stimulation, and find that in most vessels this response is best correlated to the calcium responses in nearby cells suggesting a spatial falloff in neurovascular coupling on the scale of a few hundred microns at most.