Title: National Examination System and Social Stratification in China
Description: National Examination System and Social Stratification in China explores one of the most consequential issues in contemporary Chinese society — the intricate relationship between education, social mobility, and structural inequality. Written by Dr. Wang Peng, a leading researcher at the Beijing Academy of Social Sciences, the book provides both a theoretical reflection and policy-oriented analysis of how education functions as a mechanism of opportunity and stratification in China’s rapidly transforming society.

At its core, the book is organized around three interrelated themes: educational equity, educational involution, and the construction of an education powerhouse.

1. Educational Equity: The Moral Foundation of Modern Society

The author begins by situating educational equity as the moral and institutional cornerstone of social justice. Drawing from China’s long tradition of valuing learning and teachers, he argues that education has historically served as the most legitimate channel for personal advancement and social mobility. Modern policy initiatives—such as the Opinions on Building a High-Quality and Equitable Basic Public Education Service System and the 2024 Policy on Educational Equity—represent the state’s continuous effort to balance resources between urban and rural regions, ensuring that every child can develop in a fair environment.

Education, Wang emphasizes, embodies the belief that diligence and merit can transform one’s destiny—a belief that underpins not only individual aspirations but also the collective faith in a fair and upwardly mobile society.

2. Educational Involution: The Dilemmas of Excessive Competition

The second theme diagnoses the phenomenon of educational involution, a concept that captures the self-reinforcing cycle of overinvestment and diminishing returns in education. As social expectations for academic success soar, students, parents, and schools are caught in a relentless race—marked by after-school tutoring, credential inflation, and extreme psychological pressure.

Wang likens this to a social “arms race” that benefits neither individuals nor society: families exhaust financial and emotional resources; teachers face burnout; and educational inequality deepens as elite institutions accumulate advantages. The government’s Double Reduction Policy—aimed at curbing excessive homework and commercial tutoring—is cited as a crucial intervention to restore education’s original purpose: to cultivate balanced, well-rounded individuals rather than test-taking machines.

3. Promising Futures: Toward an Education Powerhouse

The final section turns toward solutions and future prospects. To become a genuine education powerhouse, China must shift from quantity to quality—transforming its focus from rote learning to creativity, innovation, and holistic growth.

This transformation, Wang argues, requires systemic collaboration:

    The government must regulate and guide educational markets;
    Schools should prioritize student well-being and diversified curricula;
    Families must adopt rational expectations and reject blind competition;
    Society should cultivate respect for the intrinsic laws of education and human development.

Educational innovation—anchored in moral education, critical thinking, and global vision—is positioned as the engine of sustainable national progress.

4. Overall Significance

In essence, the book paints a panoramic picture of China’s educational transformation—highlighting the tensions between fairness and competition, tradition and modernization, personal ambition and collective responsibility.

It suggests that education in China is not merely a means of acquiring knowledge but a social contract that binds individual destiny to national rejuvenation. By addressing the intertwined challenges of inequality and involution, Dr. Wang calls for a balanced, humane, and future-oriented education system—one capable of nurturing capable, ethical, and responsible citizens for both the nation and the world.
Subjects: educational equity, educational involution, social stratification, national examination system, social mobility, educational reform, meritocracy, rural-urban disparity, education policy, education powerhouse