Title: Credit traps
Description: "This paper studies the limitations of monetary policy transmission within a credit channel frame- work.  We show that, under certain circumstances, the credit channel transmission mechanism fails in that liquidity injections by the central bank into the banking sector are hoarded and not lent out.  We use the term credit traps to describe such situations and show how they can arise due to the interplay between financing frictions, liquidity, and collateral values.  Our analysis offers a characterization of the problems created by credit traps as well as potential solutions and policy implications.  Among these, the analysis shows how quantitative easing and fiscal policy acting in conjunction with monetary policy may be useful in increasing bank lending.  Further, the model shows how small contractions in monetary policy or in loan supply can lead to collapses in lending, aggregate investment, and collateral prices"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.