Title: The king's dilemma resolved?
Description: Hassan II ruled as the highly-centralized king of Morocco from 1961 through 1999, one of the longest uninterrupted reigns in late twentieth-century history. Unlike most other Arab kings who survived the sociopolitical pressures encapsulated by Samuel Huntington as "the king's dilemma," Hassan led a country that lacked oil rents or other outstanding economic resources or performances. Morocco's exceptionalism thus invites elaboration and explanation to help place it, and Arab monarchical endurance more generally, into a broader comparative context . While a variety of factors contributed to Hassan's political endurance, I argue that symbolic political manipulation (SPM) was the late king's most successful strategy for sustaining and ingraining his monarchy. SPM helped the late king because it allowed him to maintain control of al level of political pluralism unusual among Arab regimes. I suggest that SPM encouraged a combination of broad citizen acceptance of the monarchy alongside apathy towards activism to deprive elite political opposition members of ready prospects for broader mobilization.

Hassan's use of SPM allowed him to retain authority amid several sociopolitical challenges, while decreasing his use of coercion. Despite unique features, the Moroccan case invites comparisons with other regimes' use of SPM. Detailed comparisons with Jordan and Syria and data from other Arab cases suggest the relevance of SPM to regime endurance in general, as well as regional variation based on the nature of the regime, its symbolic resources in the areas of nationalism and political Islam, and its extent of Sunni Islamic demographic dominance. The work concludes with a general discussion of the relevance of symbolic politics as a unit of analysis in contemporary comparative politics theory.