Title: American photography and abstraction, 1940-1960
Description: This dissertation examines the work of the American photographers Minor White (1908-1976), Aaron Siskind (1903-1991), and Harry Callahan (1912-1999), investigating their engagement with theories and strategies of abstraction between 1940 and 1960. Chapter one examines an unpublished book manuscript by Minor White, Fundamentals of Style in Photography and the Elements of Reading Photographs (c.1953), that joins his approach to teaching photographic analysis (based in his studies with Meyer Schapiro) to a selection of his own photographs. I define the project as a pivotal act of retrospection: reorganizing his images to illustrate a didactic text, White aimed to obscure many of the meanings he had previously invested in his work, including the expression of his homosexuality; seeking to systematize the emotional impact of photographic form, he further came to posit 'abstract' photographs as the model for the experience of all photographs. Chapter two newly identifies Aaron Siskind's shift from painting toward architecture as a model for the operations of abstract form during the 1950s, engendered by his departure from New York to join Callahan at the Institute of Design in Chicago. I examine the emergence of this model within Siskind's direction of a collaborative student project documenting the remaining work of Chicago architects Adler and Sullivan.

I then demonstrate how this shift in scale led Siskind to a broader meditation on photography's entanglement of finding and making, and unpack his staging of this tension in his 1955 photographs of a Mexican monastery built from the ruins of former indigenous structures. Chapter three, unlike the preceding case-studies in open-ended engagements with abstraction, instead analyzes the closure of this possibility for Harry Callahan. Through an extensive examination of unpublished photographs, it defines his interest in two potential paths to abstraction in photography: all-over patterning and the embodied nature of camera vision. It then redefines the structure of his oeuvre around the convergence of these modes, a process terminating in a series of photographs of a geometric collage; this 1957 project, which I define as the conclusion of his investigation of abstraction, is analyzed here for the first time.