Title: Neighborhood violence and urban youth
Description: "Three quarters of American children have been exposed to neighborhood violence in their lifetimes.  Most of the existing research has concluded that exposure to violence leads to restricted emotional development, aggressive behavior and poor school outcomes.  However, this literature fails to account for the fact that children exposed to neighborhood violence are highly disadvantaged in other ways: they are more likely to be black, poor and have poorly educated parents.  As such, it is not clear whether exposure to violence or the underlying measures of disadvantage are responsible for the poor child outcomes observed.  Using individual survey data on urban youth and their families from Los Angeles, we find that the most violent neighborhoods are also characterized by the highest degree of disadvantage: greatest poverty, highest unemployment, least education.  And while living in a violent neighborhood increases the probability of exposure to violence, within violent neighborhoods those personally exposed to street violence are significantly more disadvantaged and are more likely to associate with violent peers than their unexposed neighbors.  Once we control for observed and unobserved family disadvantage, the impact of violence declines for some child outcomes, suggesting that underlying disadvantage explains some of the negative outcomes observed, but not all - it is still the case that associating with violent peers is negatively correlated with cognitive test scores.  In addition, when we control for underlying differences across families, the relationship between violence and internalizing behavioral problems appears stronger"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.