Title: Maʻālim al-fikr al-ʻArabī al-iṣlāḥī al-salafī
Subjects: Intellectual life
Places: Arab countries
People: Jamāl al-Dīn Afghānī (1838-1897), Muḥammad ʻAbduh (1849-1905), Kawākibī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān (1855-1902)
Time periods: 19th century