Title: Changing Kamba, making Kenya, c. 1880--1964
Description: This dissertation analyzes the evolution of Kamba ethnicity between c. 1880 and 1964, and the contribution of the understudied Kamba to the making of colonial Kenya. By the time of the Second World War, British officials believed the Kamba to be one of the premier "martial races" of Africa; but as demonstrated here, this was the result of a long process of ethnic formation, involving influence from factors as diverse as the environment, the colonial state, internal Kamba politics, and national and international events. This dissertation demonstrates that current scholarship which views the Kamba as "traders" during the nineteenth century ignores the strong warrior traditions which Kamba possessed during the pre-colonial period, which they then expressed through service in the police and later the army under colonial rule.

In 1938, Kamba leaders launched a unique protest against the government in opposition to its "destocking" policy, which had resulted in the confiscation of thousands of Kamba cattle. As a result of this-and the importance of Kamba soldiers in the Second World War-the Kamba enjoyed a privileged relationship with the government. Thus following the war, Kamba chiefs were able to press for disproportionate benefits from new welfare and development projects, shown here as simple tools of imperial control, rather than as programs which featured any genuine effort to improve the overall welfare of Africans. This trend became strikingly clear during Mau Mau, the uprising in which the Kamba were in position to play a pivotal role; this fact was recognized by a cadre of powerful Kamba chiefs, almost all of whom were veterans of the Second World War, and who were well aware of the threat that their "martial traditions" posed.