Title: Cities of hope and despair
Description: During the second half of the twentieth century nationalist movements in the Middle East expressed the aspirations of colonized peoples. Revolutions for national liberation displaced communities and disrupted cosmopolitan patterns of co-existence. Nations imposed boundaries at odds with the diversity and pluralism found in the cosmopolitan city. Writers were caught between nationalist movements with which they sympathized and the loss of cosmopolitan experiences which they valued. This thesis explores the representation of the cosmopolitan city. Chapter One begins with the representation of cosmopolitan Cairo in Jacqueline Kahanoff's novel, Jacob's Ladder. Kahanoff's work recalls a fragmented, shattered world that draws its moral strength from a universally applicable identification with the stranger that precedes and cannot be contained by the artificially imposed boundaries that segregate, homogenize, and stratify a heterogeneous world. The city evokes a range of interactions that can be mobilized for re-imagining different futures, just as it imagines possibilities for Arab/Jewish reconciliation. Chapter Two of the thesis focuses on Ghada Samman's novel, Beirut 75. Samman's representation of Beirut has often been described as an urban jungle. I would add that Samman's Beirut contains the strands for remaking a cosmopolitan world characterized by human solidarity and an incipient environmental consciousness based on a vision of interdependence. Her vision challenges the pitiless indifference of urban elites.

The second part of this chapter examines Beirut Fragments by Jean Said Makdisi. The cosmopolitan city becomes a countervailing force to the sectarian strife. It starts with the concrete historical experience and extends to a global concern for peace. Chapter Three focuses on Mohammed Khan's film, The Dreams of Hind and Camilla. The film explodes what I term the parochialism of the privileged. It captures a form of popular cosmopolitanism in which the main characters seek to create an alternative community that bursts the boundaries of patriarchal familial structures and compensates for the indifference of a security state. Chapter Four explores this expression of popular cosmopolitanism with Tahani Rached's documentary film, Those Girls, in which a cosmopolitan ethos of care becomes central to re-making alternative communities for alienated citizens and abandoned children.