Title: Patterns of power
Description: Historians have studied Charlemagne for centuries. If nothing else, almost all scholars agree that he is of tremendous importance in the development of European history. But despite this attention, we still lack an overall assessment of his political behavior. This is not entirely surprising, for several reasons. The most important, however, is a persistent methodological problem. It is hard to reach an overall assessment of Charlemagne's exercise of power because we know he did many things, but we rarely have complete evidence for any one of them. This leads to interpretative difficulties, not just in terms of explaining any one event, but in the broader task of understanding how and why Charlemagne ruled the way he did. We can, however, reach some answers to these questions. We can see enough of Charlemagne from enough different perspectives to work across our evidence and derive patterns in Charlemagne's approach to rule. These patterns, or trends in how the king responded to the tasks and problems of ruling, help us bridge our evidence gaps, but they also help reveal the main ideas and practices that were the building blocks of Charlemagne's rulership.

My dissertation, drawing on laws, annals, letters, and other sources, examines seven patterns of rulership that were pursued throughout the reign: in different guises, and circumstances, and by different officials. These animating ideas of rulership, by being consistent in time and in different fields of activity, are as close as we can get to the king himself. As circumstances changed, as advisers came and went, a few core principles remained. Fundamentally, these seven tendencies of rulership provide the basic framework of political action within which the king responded to circumstances as they arose. Elucidating this framework of political action helps us not only better understand the reign of Charlemagne and the precedents he set for his Carolingian successors, but also helps us appreciate the model of rulership Charlemagne created for the rest of the Middle Ages.