Title: Regional business cycle phases in Japan
Description: "This paper uses a Markov-switching model with structural breaks to characterize and compare regional business cycles in Japan for 1976-2005.  An early 1990s structural break meant a reduction in national and regional growth rates in expansion and recession, usually resulting in an increase in the spread between the two phases.  Although recessions tended to be experienced across a majority of regions throughout the sample period, the occurrence and lengths of recessions at the regional level have increased over time"--Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis web site.