Title: Sainte-Anne-du-Petit-Cap
Description: The following paper examines the making of the shrine of Sainte-Anne-du-Petit-Cap over the course of the latter half of the seventeenth century. In important ways, close historical analysis of the making of Sainte-Anne-du-Petit-Cap challenges the tradition of scholarship that reads early modern Catholic history in terms of a hermeneutic of difference. To begin with, the cult of Saint Anne as it emerged at Petit-Cap during those formative years suggests an early modern Catholicism not wholly divorced from the medieval Catholicism for which it so often serves as a foil. From its focus on Saint Anne, to its emphasis on the practice of pilgrimage, to its enthusiasm for astonishing cures and incredible rescues, devotion at the shrine continued to manifest tendencies towards the miraculous, the material, and the immanent. Moreover, the making of Sainte-Anne-du-Petit-Cap exposes an early modern Catholicism not neatly divisible into social categories and religious dispositions, but distinguished instead by the complex relationship between and the dynamic interplay of cleric and layman, popular and élite, miracle and virtue, sacred and profane. Over the course of the seventeenth century a devotional community took shape through the conjunction of miracles, pilgrimage, and donations--marked from the inside by an irreducible heterogeneity.

To draw attention to the internal heterogeneity of the devotional community that emerged at Petit-Cap is not, however, to suggest that the story of early modern Catholicism is one of harmony and integration, openness and assimilation. Indeed, a close historical study of the making of Sainte-Anne-du-Petit-Cap speaks not only to the ways in which social differences and behavioral norms were maintained and promoted even within the devotional community, but also to the ways in which Anne's cult marked the boundaries and articulated the identity of the nascent colonial community to the exclusion of Protestants, the English, and their Iroquois. Together, instances of miraculous intercession (or their rhetorical representations), the practice of pilgrimage, and the tide of donations worked to distinguish colonial Canada as (religiously) Catholic and (politically) French, separating outsider from insider as cult and colony alike took shape during the latter half of the seventeenth century.