Title: al-Ḥayāh al-ʻilmīyah wa-al-thaqāfīyah fī Bilād al-Sūdān al-Gharbī fī ʻahd dawlatay Mālī wa-Ṣinghī
Subjects: History, Intellectual life, Civilization
Places: West Africa, Mali (Empire), Songhai Empire, Sudan
Time periods: To 1884