Title: The spread of perceptual grouping over gaps of space and time
Description: Seeing the world is an effortless act, but visual perception is the result of myriad complex processes that are poorly understood. Gestalt psychologists of the early 20 th century recognized that one such process is reflected by perceptual grouping: the sense that some elements of a scene "go together" due to proximity and shared features. Understanding of critical aspects of grouping, such as how grouping principles interact, has changed little since it was introduced. This dissertation proposes two novel extensions of grouping that reveal how grouping spreads over spatial gaps and persists following the removal of grouping cues. The first section introduces a new phenomenon termed "induced perceptual grouping." This occurs when grouping spreads from a differentiated set of elements to an otherwise undifferentiated set, "inducing" an analogous sense of grouping. Experiments show that induced grouping occurs unintentionally, affecting performance in search tasks when the inducing elements are grouped by similarity, proximity, or common fate, and that it depends on the strength of grouping between the inducing and induced set. In the second section, induced grouping is shown to occur when space in the inducing set is parsed by connected or enclosed regions, but only when these regions coincide with additional grouping cues or group similar elements.

Additionally, evidence is provided that induced grouping shapes attention's distribution, and that it occurs regardless of the strength of attention to the inducers. The third section demonstrates that when an explicit cue to grouping associates two shapes during training, but is removed during a transfer test, grouping effects persist such that observers take longer to locate targets that span a learned group boundary than targets contained within a grouping boundary. This is proposed to reflect "associative grouping," or grouping between two elements that have been associated by experience. These new extensions of grouping show how the effects of grouping can spread over gaps of space and time. These effects should be incorporated into and accounted for by theories of perceptual organization, which have shown inadequacies in matching human performance. Applying these principles considerably increases the power of grouping to specify structure in a scene.