Title: Substitution and stigma
Description: "This paper considers substituting one charitable activity for another in the context of religious practice.  I examine the impact of the Catholic Church sex-abuse scandal on both Catholic and non-Catholic religiosity.  I find that the scandal led to a 2-million-member fall in the Catholic population that was compensated by an increase in non-Catholic participation and by an increase in non-affiliation.  Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest the scandal generated over 3 billion dollars in donations to non-Catholic faiths.  Those substituting out of Catholicism frequently chose highly dissimilar alternatives; for example, Baptist churches gained significantly from the scandal while the Episcopal Church did not.  These results challenge several theories of religious participation and suggest that regulatory policies or other shocks specific to one religious group could have important spillover effects on other religious groups"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.