Title: Team learning in action
Description: Little empirical evidence is known about the learning behaviors in action teams as they perform in fatiguing and uncertain contexts. This mixed-methods study examines the observable micro-learning behaviors, or sensemaking, of seven co-ed adventure racing teams as they collectively navigated over 400-miles of unfamiliar terrain in a non-stop format. Through close observation of video tape and interviews with racers, this study describes the various sensemaking behaviors that enabled these teams to adaptively perform. The study compares, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the patterns of behaviors across two high-ranking, two middle-ranking, and three lower-ranking teams. The findings of this research suggest that sensemaking occurred as teams dealt with three main types of uncertainty: doubt of "where are we?", "how are we?" and "what do we do now?" Within these moments teams exhibited three sensemaking moves: information moves, meaning-making moves, and action moves. Information moves included members seeking information, sharing data, disclosing personal states and needs, checking information and confirming responses through acknowledgements. Meaning-making moves included members claiming theories, testing beliefs, relating situations to previous experiences, and clarifying ideas. And action moves included members focusing the team's attention, proposing goals, coordinating activities, coaching one another, and verifying plans. Overall, the most prevalent moves across teams were information seeking and sharing, information confirming, and claims of meaning-making.

The analysis reveals several key differences in the ways in which the most common moves occurred across the teams. Higher ranking teams exhibited more conditional language in their claiming behavior, higher levels of confirmational pairings in their interactions, and displayed flexible and distributed sensemaking roles among several racers. Lower ranking teams employed more assertive language in their claims, fewer confirmational interactions, and tended to consolidate sensemaking roles into a single leader. The study concludes by suggesting that teams have adapted their micro-learning behaviors to such extreme contexts by maintaining mindful interactions, adopting a functional model of sensemaking leadership, and proactively disclosing vulnerability as members perform. Implications are drawn for further action team research as well as lessons for other group learning contexts such as schools.
Subjects: Team learning approach in education, Decision making, Group decision making, Social psychology, Case studies