Title: Variation in educational outcomes and policies across countries and of schools within countries
Description: "This study examines the variation in educational outcomes across and within countries using the TIMSS mathematics tests.  It documents the wide cross-country variation in the level and dispersion of test scores.  Countries with the highest test scores are those with the least inequality in scores, which suggests a "virtuous" equity-efficiency trade-off in improving educational outcomes.  Analyzing the association of gender, immigrant status, and family background factors with scores, we find large cross-country differences in the relation between those factors and scores"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.