Title: Silver management in Umma
Description: The Ur III dynasty (ca. 2112-2004 B. C. E.) left behind tens of thousands of economic and administrative records, and scholars consider it one of the best documented periods in ancient Mesopotamia. Of all the Ur III sites, Umma has yielded the largest number of texts--that number approaching 28,000 according to the latest statistics. Most Umma texts originated from the provincial archive and provide an opportunity to study the economic administration at the provincial level during the Ur III period. Several scholars have observed that four officials from the gubernatorial family in Umma tended to receive silver payments. These scholars have hypothesized that the four officials headed the economic administration in this province. This dissertation aims to test this hypothesis by focusing on the so-called silver texts from Umma, which I loosely define as texts that contain the Sumerian word for silver, kù-(babbar). I found about 600 silver texts mostly through the online Database of Neo-Sumerian Texts (abbreviated as BDTNS; http://bdts.filol.csic.es.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/). The 600-odd texts form the base for this project.

This dissertation demonstrates that four members of the gubernatorial family--A-kal-la, Da-da-ga, Lú-kal-la, and Gu-du-du--received the majority of silver payments documented in Umma. Silver paid as the irrigation fee ranked as the largest source of their silver revenue. Silver coming from merchants (dam-gàr), who helped the Umma government to trade staple goods for silver and other desirable products, ranked second. These four officials meanwhile expended the largest share of their silver revenue as two types of tribute, mas-da-ri-a and kas-dé-a, paid to the crown. Silver advanced to the merchants as capital appeared as their second largest expenditure. The control of the four officials over the silver revenue and its spending in Umma manifests very likely their leadership in the economic administration of this province. Since the first two officials, A-kal-la and Da-ga-ga, both became governor after their control of silver stopped, probably only the candidate due to take office as governor could assume this responsibility. By establishing the physical movements of silver in Umma, this dissertation also corroborates the function of silver as money during this period and presents new evidence for private economic activities oriented toward the market. This study shows that the existence of money, marketplaces, and private economy does not depend on a full-fledged market economy.