Title: Essays on Social Security and labor supply
Description: The first chapter of this dissertation explores the labor supply effects of the Social Security earnings test, which reduces benefits of certain Social Security recipients in years that their earned income exceeds a certain level, but raises benefits in future years in an approximately actuarially fair manner. A rule change in 2000 lowered the maximum age at which one is subject to the earnings test. Using this rule change, the chapter concludes that the labor supply response to the earnings test of healthy individuals is smaller than the response of their less healthy counterparts. This difference is explained by the fact that the former group will likely live long enough (and receive enough years of Social Security benefits) to recoup the initial withholding of benefits, while the latter group probably will not. The second chapter examines whether workers respond to the link on the margin between the Social Security taxes they pay and the Social Security benefits they will receive. The effects of the marginal Social Security benefits are estimated on three measures of labor supply: retirement age, hours, and labor earnings. The chapter presents a new approach to identifying these incentive effects by exploiting five provisions in the Social Security benefit rules that generate discontinuities in marginal benefits. The chapter concludes that individuals approaching retirement respond to the Social Security tax-benefit link on the extensive margin of their labor supply decisions, though evidence with regards to the intensive margin is mixed.

The third chapter estimates the effect of enlistment bonuses on the Army National Guard's ability to attract total enlistees, with special attention to high quality recruits. Administrative Army National Guard data of enlisted recruits indicate that increasing the size of bonuses has a statistically significant but economically small effect on the Army National Guard's overall enlistments, as well as on its ability to obtain high quality enlistees. Individual-level regression results suggest that doubling the average bonus size (from roughly $12,500 to $25,000) would only increase the military's share of high quality enlistees by 5.0 percentage points but would be somewhat more effective during times of bad economic conditions.