Title: Tipping the scales for parties
Description: Political party systems are critical institutions to the consolidation of democracy. This dissertation explores the institutionalization of party systems in Russia and Brazil in the wake of their democratic transitions (1991 and 1985, respectively). Although both countries have been noted for problematic party systems, Brazil's has ultimately become institutionalized, while Russia's has not. The two countries' federal systems also provide for comparison across regions at the sub-national level that holds country-level factors constant. Since prevailing theories of electoral rules and country-specific explanations could not account for variation between or within the two countries, I propose a theory of executive-legislative balance to explain the institutionalization of new party systems. Political parties--either alone or in coalition--are uniquely suited to serve legislators as instruments for controlling the legislature. The more powerful the legislative branch, the more worthwhile it is for politicians to invest in parties over time, resulting in a well-institutionalized party system. The more the balance of power favors an executive with a separate mandate, however, the less powerful the legislature, and the less incentive there is to build political parties to control it.

I develop an improved measure of electoral volatility to capture variation in party system institutionalization across countries and their sub-units. Statistical tests across the regions of Russia and states of Brazil confirm my hypothesis that party systems are less institutionalized governors are stronger and legislatures are weaker. I also test my hypotheses with regional case studies in two pairs of most similar systems: Voronezh and Volgograd in Russia, and Paraná and Santa Catarina in Brazil. Party systems are less institutionalized in Voronezh and Paraná than in Volgograd and Santa Catarina But the only major differences between the two regions in each pair are that Voronezh's governors have dominated the regional legislature much more so than in Volgograd, where the legislature has proven more autonomous and important. Similarly, Paraná has had a series of governors who have marginalized the state legislative assembly, while the Santa Catarina's legislature has stood up to the governors, and nearly impeached one of them.