Title: Mission goes corporate
Description: Mission-driven businesses represent a hybrid organizational form that combines two types of motivation and control systems: one based on purposive incentives and attachment to the mission, typically found in non-profit and voluntary organizations, the other based on elements of bureaucratic control common in conventional for-profit businesses, such as standardization and formal rules and routines. In this dissertation, I use a multi-site field study of a mission-driven business, Whole Foods Market, to examine how one such firm resolves a central challenge facing all organizations, that of generating effort and cooperation from organizational members. With data from interviews, observations, and surveys, I examine the importance of mission to employees (mission valence) and the consequences for behavior and attachment to the firm. I find that there is variation in mission valence, and that this variation is associated with differences in how employees behave, both when they have discretion over their work and when faced with formal rules and routines.

The findings suggest that a hybrid control system that combines mission-based and bureaucratic forms of control yields behaviors that both reinforce and interfere with organizational goals and performance. Reinforcement occurs through discretionary mission-related behavior of high mission valence employees and adherence to formal rules and routines among employees of lower mission valence levels. Interference occurs when high mission valence employees perceive inconsistencies between espoused mission and actual work practices, resulting in disillusionment and resistance to formal controls, as well as when relational tensions arise between employees of different mission valence levels. The data show that the negative effects of perceived inconsistencies and relational tensions on organizational commitment can outweigh the positive effect of mission valence. The dissertation contributes to the literature on control systems by examining mission-based control in a for-profit setting, documenting the operation of a hybrid control system that combines mission-based with bureaucratic control, and identifying the specific mechanisms by which the elements of such a system reinforce and interfere with organizational goals and performance. The findings from the dissertation also have implications for managers in mission-driven businesses and related types of firms, concerning the ways in which the behavioral costs of a hybrid control system can be managed.