Title: The dual impact of trade
Description: "Imports of goods that embody foreign technology raise a country's output directly as inputs into production and indirectly through reverse-engineering of these goods, which contributes to domestic imitation and innovation.  This paper first quantifies spillovers from high-technology imports from developed countries to domestic imitation and innovation in both developed and developing countries.  It then considers the contribution of foreign and domestic innovation to real per capita GDP growth.  International patent data for forty countries from 1970 to 1985 are used to create proxies for imitation and innovation.  High-technology imports, as well as quality-adjusted research and the size of the economy, positively affect both domestic imitation and innovation.  Transportation and communication infrastructure positively affects imitation, but does not appear to play a role in innovation.  Interestingly, foreign direct investment, often considered an important mechanism for technological diffusion to developing nations, does not significantly affect either domestic innovation or imitation.  Finally, while both foreign and domestic innovation contribute positively to real per capita GDP growth, foreign technology from developed countries appears to play a far greater role in growth than domestic technology"--Federal Reserve Bank of New York web site.
Subjects: Diffusion of innovations, International trade, Technology transfer