Title: Is universal health care in Brazil really universal?
Description: "The NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health provides summaries of publications like this.  You can sign up to receive the NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health by email.  Since Brazil's adoption of a universal health care policy in 1988, the country's health care has been delivered by a mix of private providers and free public providers.  We examine whether income-based disparities in medical care usage still exist after the development of the public network using a nationally representative sample of over 46,000 Brazilians from 2003.  We find robust evidence of a positive association between income and doctor visits, private doctor visits, and private medical expenditures.  Interestingly, we also find a pro-rich disparity in public doctor visits that disappears after including local area fixed effects to account for variation in availability and quality of medical services across localities.  We then estimate the income elasticity of private medical expenditures to be well below one, suggesting that private care remains a necessity despite the availability of free public care.  These results suggest that the public health care system in Brazil is not effectively reaching the segments of the population that need it most"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.