Title: The effects of hmo and its for-profit expansion on the survival of specialized hospital services
Description: "This study examines the effect of HMO and for-profit HMO share on the survival of safety net services and profitable services in hospitals.  Using data from 1990-2003 and proportional hazard models, I find that hospitals in high HMO markets started out having lower hazard of shutting down services in 1990-1994 than those in low HMO markets, but their hazard rates increase over time.  By 2000-2003, hospitals in high HMO markets ended up with higher risk of shutting down profitable services than those in low HMO markets.  Conditional on overall HMO penetration, markets with higher for-profit share of HMOs have higher hazard of shutting down services, and the gap in survival between high and low for-profit HMO markets is bigger in high HMO areas.  Lastly, I find that the hazard rate of shutting down profitable services is comparable among not-for-profit, for-profit, and government hospitals, while the hazard of shutting down safety net services is the highest in for-profit hospitals and lowest in government hospitals"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.