Title: Measuring the gains from trade under monopolistic competition
Description: "Three sources of gains from trade under monopolistic competition are: (i) new import varieties available to consumers; (ii) enhanced efficiency as more productive firms begin exporting and less productive firms exit; (iii) reduced markups charged by firms due to import competition.  The first source of gains can be measured as new goods in a CES utility function for consumers.  We argue that the second source is formally analogous to the producer gain from new goods, with a constant-elasticity transformation curve for the economy.  We suggest that the third source of gain can be measured using a translog expenditure function for consumers, which in contrast to the CES case, allows for finite reservation prices for new goods and endogenous markups"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.