Galileo Galilei And The Roman Curia
Publisher: C.K. Paul & Co.
Published: 1879
Place of publication: London, England
Language: eng
Table of contents: title: CONTENTS.; title: PART I.; title: GALILEO'S EARLY YEARS, HIS IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES, AND FIRST CONFLICT WITH THE ROMAN CURIA.; title: CHAPTER I.; title: Early Years and First Discoveries.; title: Birth at Pisa. — Parentage. — His Father's Writings on Music. — Galileo destined to be a Cloth Merchant. — Goes to the Convent of Vallombrosa. — Begins to study Medicine. — Goes to the University of Pisa. — Discovery of the Synchronism of the Pendulum. — Stolen Lessons in Mathematics. — His Hydrostatic Scales. — Professorship at Pisa. — Poor Pay. — The Laws of Motion. — John de Medici — Leaves Pisa.— Professorship at Padua. — Writes various Treatises. — The Thermoscope. — Letter to Kepler. — The Copemican System. — "De Revolutionibus orbium Ccelestium " 3; title: CHAPTER II.; title: The Telescope and its Revelations.; title: Term of Professorship at Padua renewed. — Astronomy. — A New Star. — The Telescope.— Galileo not the Inventor. — Visit to Venice to exhibit it. — Telescopic Discoveries. — Jupiter's Moons. — Request of Henry IV. — "Sidereus Nuncius," — The Storm it raised. — Magini's attack on Galileo. — The Ring of Saturn. — An Anagram. — Opposition of the Aristotelian School. — Letter to Kepler 16; title: CHAPTER III.; title: Removal to Florence.; title: Galileo's Fame and Pupils. — Wishes to be freed from Academic Duties.— Projected Works. — Call to Court of Tuscany. — This change the source of his Misfortunes. — Letter from Sagredo. — Phases of Venus and Mercury.— The Solar Spots. — Visit to Rome. — Triumphant Reception. — Letter from Cardinal del Monte to Cosmo II. — The Inquisition. — Introduction of Theology into the Scientific Controversy. — "Dianoja Astronomica."— Intrigues at Florence 27; title: CHAPTER IV.; title: Astronomy and Theology.; title: Treatise on Floating Bodies. — Controversy with Scheiner about the Solar Spots. — Favourable reception of Galileo's Work on the subject at Rome. — Discussion with the Grand Duchess Christine. — The Bible brought into the controversy. — Ill-fated Letter to Castelli. — Caccini's Sermon against Galileo. — Lorini denounces the Letter to the Holy Office. — Archbishop Bonciani's attempts to get the original Letter. — " Opinion " of the Inquisition on it — Caccini summoned to give evidence. — Absurd accusations. — Testimony of Ximenes and Attavanti in Galileo's favour 42; title: CHAPTER V.; title: Hopes and Fears.; title: Galileo's Fears. — Allayed by letters from Rome. — Foscarini's Work. — Blindness of Galileo's Friends. — His Apology to the Grand Duchess Christine. — Effect produced by it.- -Visit to Rome. — Erroneous opinion that he was cited to appear. — Caccini begs pardon. — Galileo defends the Copernican System at Rome. — His mistake in so doing 59; title: CHAPTER VI.; title: The Inquisition and the Copernican System, and the Assumed Prohibition to Galileo.; title: Adverse "Opinion" of the Inquisition on Galileo's Propositions. — Admonition by Bellarmine, and assumed Absolute Prohibition to treat of the Copernican Doctrines. — Discrepancy between Notes of 25th and 26th February. — Marini's Documents. — Epinois's Work on Galileo. — Wohlwill first doubts the Absolute Prohibition. — Doubts confirmed by Gherardi's Documents. — Decree of 5th March, 1616, on the Copernican System. — Attitude of the Church. — Was the Absolute Prohibition ever issued to Galileo? — Testimony of Bellarmine in his favour.— Conclusions 76; title: CHAPTER VII.; title: Evil Report and Good Report.; title: Galileo still lingers at Rome. — Guiccardini tries to effect his Recall. — Erroneous idea that he was trying to get the Decree repealed. — Intrigues against him. — Audience of Pope Paul V. — His friendly assurances. — His Character. — Galileo's return to Florence 91; title: CHAPTER VIII.; title: The Controversy on Comets.; title: Studious Seclusion. — Waiting for the Correction of the Work of Copernicus. — Treatise on Tides. — Sends it to Archduke Leopold of Austria. — The Letter which accompanied it. — The three Comets of 1618. — Galileo's Opinion of Comets. — Grassi's Lecture on them. Guiducci's Treatise on them, inspired by Galileo. — Grassi's "Astronomical and Philosophical Scales." — Galileo's Reply. — Paul V. — His Death. — Death of Cosmo II.— Gregory XV. — "II Saggiatore" finished.— Riccard is "Opinion" on it. — Death of Gregory XV. — Urban VIII 98; title: CHAPTER IX.; title: Maffeo Barberini as Urban VIII.; title: His Character. — Taste for Letters. — Friendship for Galileo when Cardinal. — Letters to him. — Verses in his honour. — Publication of " II Saggiatore " with Dedication to the Pope. — Character of the Work. — The Pope's approval of it— Inconsistency with the assumed Prohibition 108; title: CHAPTER X.; title: Papal Favour.; title: Galileo goes to Rome to congratulate Urban VIII. on his Accession. — Favourable reception. — Scientific discussions with the Pope. — Urban refuses to Revoke the Decree of 5th March. — Nicolo Riccardi. — The Microscope. — Galileo not the Inventor. — Urban's favours to Galileo on leaving Rome. — Galileo's reply to Ingoli. — Sanguine hopes. — Grassi's hypocrisy. — Spinola's harangue against the Copemican System. — Lothario Sarsi's reply to "II Saggiatore." — Galileo writes his "Dialogues" 114; title: PART II.; title: PUBLICATION OF THE "DIALOGUES ON THE TWO PRINCIPAL SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD," AND TRIAL AND CONDEMNATION OF GALILEO.; title: CHAPTER I.; title: The "Dialogues" on the Two Systems.; title: Origin of the "Dialogues." — Their popular style.— Significance of the name Simplicius.— Hypothetical treatment of the Copemican System. — Attitude of Rome towards Science. — Thomas Campanella. — Urban VIII's duplicity. — Galileo takes his MS. to Rome.— Riccardi's corrections. — He gives the Imprimatur on certain conditions. — Galileo returns to Florence to complete the Work 127; title: CHAPTER II.; title: The Imprimatur for the "Dialogues."; title: Death of Prince Cesi. — Dissolution of the 'Accadamia dei Lincei.— Galileo advised to print at Florence. — Difficulties and delays. — His impatience. — Authorship of the Introduction. — The Imprimatur granted for Florence. — Absurd accusation from the style of the Type of the Introduction 138; title: CHAPTER III.; title: The "Dialogues" and the Jesuits.; title: Publication of the " Dialogues." — Applause of Galileo's friends and the learned world. — The hostile party. — The Jesuits as leaders of learning. — Deprived of their monopoly by Galileo. — They become his bitter foes. — Having the Imprimatur for Rome and Florence, Galileo thought himself doubly safe. — The three dolphins. — Scheiner. — Did "Simplicius" personate the Pope ?— Conclusive arguments against it. — Effect of the accusation. — Urban's motives in instituting the Trial 151; title: CHAPTER IV.; title: Discovery of the Absolute Prohibition of 1616.; title: Symptoms of the coming Storm. — The Special Commission. — Parade of forbearance. — The Grand Duke intercedes for Galileo. — Provisional Prohibition of the " Dialogues." — Niccolini's Interview with the Pope and unfavourable reception. — Report of it to Ciol. — Magalotti's Letters. — Real object of the Special Commission to find a pretext for the Trial — Its discovery in the assumed Prohibition of 1616. — Report of the Commission, and charges against Galileo 163; title: CHAPTER V.; title: The Summons to Rome.; title: Niccolini's attempt to avert the Trial — The Pope's Parable. — The Mandate summoning Galileo to Rome. — His grief and constemanation. — His Letter to Cardinal Barberini. — Renewed order to come to Rome. — Niccolini's fruitless efforts to save him.— Medical Certificate that he was unfit to travel— Castelli's hopeful view of the case. — Threat to bring him to Rome as a Prisoner. — The Grand Duke advises him to go. —His powerlessness to protect his servant — Galileo's mistake in leaving Venice. — Letter to Elia Diodati 175; title: CHAPTER VI.; title: Galileo's Arrival at Rome.; title: Galileo reaches Rome in February, 1632. — Goes to the Tuscan Embassy. — No notice at first taken of his coming. — Visits of SerristorL — Galileo's hopefulness. — His Letter to Bocchineri. — Niccolini's audience of the Pope. — Efforts of the Grand Duke and Niccolini on Galileo's behalf. — Notice that he must appear before the Holy Office. — His dejection at the news. — Niccolini's advice not to defend himself 191; title: CHAPTER VII.; title: The Trial before the Inquisition.; title: The first hearing.— Galileo's submissive attitude. — The events of February, 1616.— Galileo denies knowledge of a special Prohibition. — Produces Bellarmine's certificate. — Either the Prohibition was not issued, or Galileo's ignorance was feigned. — His conduct since 1616 agrees with its non-issue. — The Inquisitor assumes that it was issued. — " Opinions " of Oregius, Inchofer and Pasqualigus. — Galileo has Apartments in the Palace of the Holy Office assigned to him. — Falls ill. — Letter to Geri Bocchineri.— Change of tone at second hearing hitherto an enigma. — Now explained by letter from Firenzuola to Cardinal Fr. Barberini. — Galileo's Confession. — His Weakness and Subserviency 201; title: CHAPTER VIII.; title: The Trial Continued.; title: Galileo allowed to return to the Embassy. — His hopefulness. — Third hearing. — Hands in his Defence. — Agreement of it with previous events. — Confident hopes of his friends. — Niccolini's fears. — Decision to examine Galileo under threat of Torture.- Niccolini's audience of the Pope. — Informed that the Trial was over, that Galileo would soon be Sentenced, and would be Imprisoned. — Final Examination. — Sent back to "locum suum" — No evidence that he suffered Torture, or was placed in a prison cell 217; title: CHAPTER IX.; title: The Sentence and Recantation.; title: The Sentence in full. — Analysis of it. — The Copernican System had not been pronounced heretical by " Infallible " authority. — The special Prohibition assumed as fact. — The Sentence illegal according to the Canon Law. — The Holy Office exceeded its powers in calling upon Galileo to recant. — The Sentence not unanimous. — This escaped notice for two hundred and thirty-one Years. — The Recantation. — Futile attempts to show that Galileo had really altered his opinion. — After the Sentence, Imprisonment exchanged for Banishment to Trinita de' Monti. — Petition for leave to go to Florence. — Allowed to go to Siena 230; title: CHAPTER X.; title: Current Myths.; title: Popular Story of Galileo's Fate. — His Eyes put out. — "E pur si Muove." — The Hair Shirt. — Imprisonment.— Galileo only detained twenty-two Days at the Holy Office. — Torture. — Refuted in 18th Century. — Torture based on the words "examen rigorosutn" — This shown to be untenable. — Assertion that the Acts have been falsified refuted. — False Imputation on Niccolini. — Conclusive Evidence against Torture. — Galileo not truly a "Martyr of Science" 249; title: PART III.; title: GALILEO'S LAST YEARS; title: CHAPTER I.; title: Galileo at Siena and Arcetri.; title: Arrival at Siena. — Request to the Grand Duke of Tuscany to ask for his release. — Postponed on the advice of Niccolini. — Endeavours at Rome to stifle the Copemican System.— Sentence and Recanta- tion sent to all the Inquisitors of Italy. — Letter to the Inquisitor of Venice. — Mandate against the publication of any new Work of Galileo's, or new Edition. — Curious Arguments in favour of the old System. — Niccolini asks for Galileo's release. — Refusal, but permission given to go to Arcetri. — Anonymous accusations. — Death of his Daughter. — Request for permission to go to Florence. — Harsh refusal and threat. — Letter to Diodati.— Again at work. — Intervention of the Count de Noailles on Galileo's behalf. — Prediction that he will be compared to Socrates.— Letter to Peiresc.-*- Publication of Galileo's Works in Holland. — Continued efforts of Noailles. — Urban's fair speeches 267; title: CHAPTER II.; title: Failing Health and Loss of Sight.; title: Galileo's Labours at Arcetri. — Completion of the "Dialoghi delle nuove Scienze." — Sends it to the Elzevirs at Leyden. — Method of taking Longitudes at Sea. — Declined by Spain and offered to Holland. — Discovery of the Libration and Titubation of the Moon. — Visit from Milton. — Becomes blind. — Letter to Diodati. — On a hint from Castelli, petitions for his Liberty. — The Inquisitor to visit him and report to Rome. — Permitted to live at Florence under restrictions. — The States- General appoint a Delegate to see him on the Longitude question. — The Inquisitor sends word of it to Rome. — Galileo not to receive a Heretic. — Presents from the States- General refused from fear of Rome. — Letter to Diodati. — Galileo supposed to be near his end — Request that Castelli might come to him. — Permitted uqder restrictions. — The new "Dialoghi" appear at Leyden, 1638. — They founded Mechanical Physics. — Attract much notice.— Improvement of health. — In 1639 goes to Arcetri again, probably not voluntarily 284; title: CHAPTER III.; title: Last Years and Death.; title: Refusal of some Favour asked by Galileo. — His pious Resignation. — Continues his scientific Researches. — His pupil Viviani. — Failure of attempt to renew Negotiations about Longitudes. — Reply to Liceti and Correspondence with him. — Last discussion of the Copernican System in reply to Rinuccini. — Sketch of its contents. — Pendulum Clocks. — Priority of the discovery belongs to Galileo. — Visit from Castelli. — Torricelli joins Viviani. — Scientific discourse on his Deathbed. — Death, 8th Jan., 1642. — Proposal to deny him Christian Burial.— Monument objected to by Urban VIII. — Ferdinand II. fears to offend him. — Buried quietly. — No Inscription till thirty-two years later. — First Public Monument erected by Viviani in 1693. Viviani directs his heirs to erect one in Santa Croce. — Erected in 1738. — Rome unable to put down Copernican System. — In 1757 Benedict XIV. permits the clause in Decree forbidding books which teach the new System to be expunged. — In 1820 permission given to treat of it as true. — Galileo's work and others not expunged from the Index till 1835 299; title: APPENDIX.; title: I. History of the Vatican Manuscript 319; title: II. Description of the Vatican Manuscript 330; title: III. Estimate of the Vatican Manuscript 334; title: IV. Gherardi's Collection of Documents 341; title: V. Decree of sth March, 1616 345; title: VI. Remarks on the Sentence and Recantation 347