Mazes and labyrinths
Subtitle: a general account of their history and developments
Publisher: Longmans, Green and Co.
Published: 1922
Place of publication: New York, USA
Language: eng
Table of contents: title: CONTENTS; title: Preface vii-viii; title: Contents ix-xiv; title: List of Illustrations  xv-xviii; title: CHAPTER I; title: Introduction; title: The Lure of the Labyrinth — Difficulties of Definition — The Subject and Object of this Book — The Lore of the Labyrinth — Some NegleCted British Monuments — Destructive Dogmatism : a Plea for Caution 1-5 CHAPTER II; title: The Egyptian Labyrinth; title: (i) Accounts of the Ancient Writers; title: Enormous Edifices of Egypt — Herodotus : his Account of the Labyrinth, its Vastness and Complexity, and its Lake — Strabo's Description — The Sacred Crocodiles — Accounts of Diodorus, Pomponius Mela, and Pliny 6-10; title: CHAPTER III; title: The Egyptian Labyrinth (continued); title: (ii) Accounts of Later Explorers; title: Decay of the Labyrinth — Travels of Lucas and Pococke — French and Prussian Expeditions — Researches of Flinders Petrie — Speculations regarding Original Plan — Purpose and Date of Construction 11-16; title: CHAPTER IV; title: The Cretan Labyrinth; title: (i) The Story of Theseus and the Minotaur; title: Plutarch's Life of Theseus ; the Cretan Exploit — The Athenian Tribute — The Labyrinth of Daedalus — The Clue of Ariadne — The Fight with the Minotaur — The Crane Dance — Tragedies of the Hero's Return — Other Accounts of the Legend — Speculations concerning Minos and Daedalus 17-22; title: CHAPTER V; title: The Cretan Labyrinth (continued); title: (ii) The Caverns of Gortyna; title: Statements by Later Classic Writers — Toumefort's Voyage — Visits of Pococke and Savary — Cockerell's Diary — Travels of Capt Spratt — Connexion of Gortyna Caverns with Traditional Labyrinth very improbable. 23-28; title: CHAPTER VI; title: The Cretan Labyrinth ( continued); title: (iii) Knossos; title: Explorations of Sir Arthur Evans — Momentous Discoveries — Unearthing of the Palaces — Their Antiquity — Description of the Great Palace — The Maze on the Wall — The Hall of the Double Axes — The Cult of the Bull — Schliemann's Researches — The Sport of Bull-Leaping — Possible Identity of the Palace with the Labyrinth 29-36; title: CHAPTER VII; title: The Etruscan or Italian Labyrinth; title: Other Labyrinths mentioned by Pliny — Varro's Description of the Etruscan Labyrinth ; the tomb of Lars Porsena— Speculations regarding it — Travels of Dennis — Labyrinthine Caverns in Etruria ; Volterra and Toscanella — Extended use of the term "Labyrinth" by Strabo and Pliny — Reference to Mazes formed in Fields for Amusement   37-41; title: CHAPTER VIII; title: The Labyrinth in Ancient Art; title: The Meander and other Rudimentary Forms — Seal-impressions — Coins of Knossos — "Unicursal" Nature of the Knossian Design — Graffito of Pompeii — The Casa del Labirinto — Roman Mosaic Pavements — The Tholos of Epidaurus— Labyrinthine Stra&ure at Tiryns — Greek Pottery — Etruscan Vase — The Labyrinth on Gems and Robes 42—53; title: CHAPTER IX; title: Church Labyrinths; title: Algeria, Orleansville — Italy: Lucca, Pavia, Piacenza, Cremona, Rome and Ravenna — France: Chartres, St Quentin, Amiens, Rheims, Bayeuz, Sens, Auxerre, Arras, St Omer, Poitiers, Chalons, Pont l'Abb£, Caen and Aix — Modem examples : Lille, Ely, Bourn and Alkborough — Meaning of Church Labyrinths — Lack of Support for Accepted Theory 54 - 70; title: CHAPTER X; title: Turf Labyrinths; title: Local Names — The Alkborough "Julian's Bower" — Juxtaposition to Ancient Ecclesiastical Site — A Fragment of Folk-lore — De la Pryme's Diary — The Breamore Mizmaze — Romantic Situation — The Wing Maze — The Boughton Green Shepherd's Race — Its Literary References — A Victim of the Great War — Mazes of Ripon and Asenby — The Song of the Fairies — Other Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Mazes — Stukeley on Julian's Bowers — Wide Distribution of British Turf Mazes 71-78; title: CHAPTER XI; title: Turf Labyrinths ( continued); title: The Winchester Mizmaze — The Vanished Mazes of Dorset : Leigh, Pimpeme, Dorchester and Bere Regis — Aubrey's Notes on Wiltshire and Cotswold Mazes — The Saffron Walden Maze — The Comberton "Mazles" — The Hilton Maze and its Obelisk — The Cumberland "Walls of Troy" : Burgh and RockclifFe — The Nottingham Mazes: Sneinton and Clifton — The Somerton "Troytown" — Records of Old Mazes at Guildford, the Malveras, and in Kent — "Julaber's Barrow"   79-91; title: CHAPTER XII; title: The Origin of Turf Mazes; title: An old Welsh Custom — "Troy" or "Turnings" — Dr. Trollope on the Ecclesiastical Origin of Turf Mazes — The Welsh Figure — Criticism of the Ecclesiastical View — "Treading the Maze" in Tudor Times — Shakespearean References— Alchemy and the Labyrinth of Solomon — Figure in a Greek Monastery — Heraldic Labyrinths — The Question of the Roman Origin of Turf Mazes 92-99; title: CHAPTER XIII; title: The Floral Labyrinth and the Dwarf-Shrub Maze; title: The Dwarf Box — Its use by Tudor and Roman Gardeners — Floral Labyrinths by De Vries — Some Quaint Horticultural Books : Parkinson, Estienne, Hill, and Lawson — Designs of Islip and Commelyn — "Queen Mary's Bower" 100-109; title: CHAPTER XIV; title: The Topiary Labyrinth, or Hedge Maze; title: Topiary work of the Romans — Pliny's "Hippodromus" — Dubious Mediaeval References — Rosamond's Bower — Early French "Daedales" — Mazes painted by Holbein and Tintoretto — Du Cerceau's Sketches — Elizabethan Mazes: Theobalds and Hatfield — Versailles and other Famous Labyrinths of France — Some German Designs — Belgian, Spanish, Italian and Dutch Mazes — William III and his Gardeners 110-127; title: CHAPTER XV; title: The Topiary Labyrinth, or Hedge Maze (continued); title: Hampton Court: the Maze and the Little Maze — Other English Mazes of the Period — Batty Langley and Stephen Switzer — Allegorical Labyrinth of Anhalt — A Wimbledon Maze — The Mazes of Westminster and Southwark 128-136; title: CHAPTER XVI; title: The Topiary Labyrinth, or Hedge Maze (continued); title: Latter-day Developments Decline of the Hedge-Maze Vogue — Mazes in "Pleasure Gardens" : North London, South London — Modern Mazes in Essex, Suffolk, Cheshire, Lincolnshire, and Gloucestershire — -Some Modem Continental Mazes— The Case For and Against the Hedge Maze 137-146; title: CHAPTER XVII; title: Stone Labyrinths and Rock Engravings; title: The Stone Labyrinths of Finland — Their Local Traditions and Nomenclature — Their Antiquity — Aubrey's Acute Observation — Some Maze-like Rock Engravings in England, Ireland, and Brittany — A Curious Discovery in Arizona and a Spanish Manuscript — American Indians and the Cretan Labyrinth — Another Indian Pictograph — Zulu Mazes — Distribution of Labyrinth Cult 147-155; title: CHAPTER XVIII; title: The Dance or Game of  Troy; title: "Troy" in Labyrinth Names — An old French Reference — The Vase of Tragliatella — -Virgil's Account of the Troy Game — The Delian Crane-Dance — Knossos and Troy — Ariadne's Dance — Spring-Rites — Sympathetic Magic — Sword and Morris Dances — Troy-dances in Mediaeval Germany and in Modem Serbia — Preservation of the English Traditions 156-163; title: CHAPTER XIX; title: The Bower of  "Fair Rosamond"; title: "Fair Rosamond," Henry, and Eleanor — The Dagger or the Bowl— History of the Legend — Accounts of Brompton and Higden — Delone's Ballad — Rosamond in Verse and Prose — Her Epitaph — A Question of Taste — Late Remains of the Bower — A Modem Play — Rosamond's Alleged Portrait 164-169; title: CHAPTER XX; title: Maze Etymology; title: The Question of Definition again — Bowers and Julian-Bowers — What was a Bower and who was Julian ? — The Labyrinth and the Double Axe — Chaucer and the Maze — Metaphorical Labyrinths — -The Labyrinth in Scientific Nomenclature — The Meanings of "Maze" — Troytowns and the New Troy 170-181; title: CHAPTER XXI; title: Labyrinth Design and the Solution of  Mazes; title: The Need of a Definition — Practical Limitations — Classification of Mazes and Labyrinths — Unicursal and Multicursal, Compact and Diffuse Types — Modes of Branching — Straight-line Diagrams — Speculations on the Knossian Figure — Hints on Maze Design — Principles of Maze Solution — A Word on Mnemonics — Harris at Hampton Court 182-192; title: CHAPTER XXII; title: The Labyrinth in Literature; title: Romance, Mystery, and Allegory — Labyrinthine Book Titles — Some Literary Monstrosities — Spiritual and Theological Labyrinths — Love, Labyrinths, and Anonymity — The Labyrinth in Modern Book Titles — Emblems — Melancholy Meditations in the Maze 193-200; title: CHAPTER XXIII; title: Miscellanea and Conclusion; title: A Maze Collector — The Labyrinth in Queer Places — The Maze on Paper and on the Sands — Mirror Mazes — A Temporary Hedge Maze — Maze Toys — A Verbal Labyrinth — The Maze in Place-names — A Plea for the Preservation of some Ancient Monuments 201-215; title: Bibliographical Appendix 215-235; title: Index 237-254; title: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS; title: PAGE; title: Maze at Hatfield, Herts. (Photo, G. F. Green) Frontispiece; title: 1. Egyptian Labyrinth. Portion of Ruins, circ. 1700. (P. Lucas) facing page 12; title: 2. Egyptian Labyrinth. Shrine of Amenemhat III. (Flinders Petrie) f.p. 14; title: 3. Egyptian Labyrinth. Restored Plan. (Canina) 15; title: 4. Egyptian Labyrinth. Restored Plan. (Flinders Petrie) 16; title: 5. Cretan Labyrinth. (Florentine Picture Chronicle) f.p. 18; title: 6. Cretan Labyrinth. (Italian Engraving: School of Finiguerra) 21; title: 7. Cavern of Gortyna. (Sieber) f.p. 28; title: 8. Knossos. Maze-pattern on Wall of Palace. (After Evans) 32; title: 9. Double-Axe and Socket from Dictaean Cave. (Evans) f.p. 31; title: 10. Tomb of Double Axes. Plan. (Evans) 33; title: 11. Tomb of Double Axes. View of the Cist (Evans) f.p. 33; title: 12. Bronze Double Axe from Tomb of Double Axes. (Evans) f.p. 43; title: 13. Tomb of Lars Porsena at Clusium. Restoration. (Q. de Quincy) f.p. 38; title: 14. Poggio Cajella. Labyrinthine Cemetery. (Dennis) f.p. 40; title: 15. 16, 17, 18. Early Egyptian Seals and Plaques. (British Museum) f.p. 43; title: 19. Early Egyptian Plaque or Amulet. (Prof. Flinders Petrie's Collection, Univ. Coll., London) 43; title: 20 to 25. Coins of Knossos. (British Museum) f.p. 44; title: 26 to 31. " " " f.p. 46; title: 32. Graffito at Pompeii. (Mus. Borb. XIV. 1852) 46; title: 33. Mosaic at Salzburg. (Kreuzer)  47; title: 34. Mosaic at Caerleon. (O. Morgan) f.p. 48; title: 35. Mosaic at Verdes, Loir-et-Cher. (De Caumont) 49; title: 36. Mosaic at Cormerod, Switzerland. (Mitt Ant Ges. Zurich, XVI) f.p. 48; title: 37. Mosaic at Susa, Tunis. (C. R. Acad. Inscriptions, Paris, 1892) 50; title: 38. Greek Kyux, showing Exploits of Theseus. (British Museum) fp. 52; title: 39. Another Theseus Kylix. (British Museum) fp. 52; title: 40. Labyrinth engraved on Ancient Gem. (Maffei) 53; title: 41. Bronze Plaqubtte. Italian XVI th Century. (British Museum) fp. 61; title: 42. Labyrinth in Church of  Reparatus, Orleansville, Algeria. (Prevost) 55; title: 43. Labyrinth in Lucca Cathedral. (Durand) 55; title: 44. Labyrinth in S. Michele, Pavia. (Ciampini) 56; title: 45. Labyrinth in S.Maria-di-Trastavera, Rome. (Durand) 56; title: 46. Labyrinth in S. Vitale, Ravenna. (Durand) fp. 56; title: 47. Labyrinth in Chartres Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) 58; title: 48. Labyrinth in Amiens Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) 59; title: 49. Labyrinth in Parish Church, St. Quentin. (Gailhabaud) 60; title: 50. Labyrinth in Rheims Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) fp. 61; title: 51. Labyrinth in Amiens Cathedral, Central Plate.) (Gailhabaud) fp. 62; title: 52. Labyrinth in Baybux Cathedral. (Ame) fp. 62; title: 53. Labyrinth in Sens Cathedral. (Gailhabaud) 62; title: 54. Labyrinth in Abbey of St. Bertin, St. Omer. (Wallet) 63; title: 55. Labyrinth in Poitiers Cathedral. (Auber) 64; title: 56. Labyrinths on Tiles. Toussaints Abbey, Chalons. (Ame) fp. 74; title: 57. Labyrinth in Ely Cathedral. (W. H. M.) 66; title: 58. Labyrinth in Church at Bourn, Cambs. (W. H. M.) 69; title: 59. "Julian's Bower," Alkborough, Lincs. (Litho., Rev. G. Yorke) 72; title: 60. Turf Labyrinth at Wing, Rutland. (Photo, W. J. Stocks, by permission of Rev. E. A. Irons) fp. 74; title: 61. "Shepherd's Race," Boughton Green, Northants. (After Trollope) 76; title: 62. "Mizmaze," St. Catherine's Hill, Winchester. (W. H. M.) 80; title: 63. Turf Labyrinth, Pimperne, Dorset. (Hutchins) 81; title: 64. Turf Labyrinth, Saffron Walden, Essex. (W. H. M.) 83; title: 65. "The Mazlbs," Comberton, Cambs. (Photo, W. H. M.) fp 84; title: 66. Turf Labyrinth, Hilton, Hunts. (W. H. M.) 85; title: 67. Turf Labyrinth, Hilton, Hunts. (Photo, W. H. M .) fp 84; title: 68. "Walls of Troy," Rockcliffe Marsh, Cumberland. (After Ferguson) 87; title: 69. "Troy-town," Somerton, Oxon. (From sketch by C. W. Godwin) 89; title: 70. "Gaerdrola." (After P. Roberts) 94; title: 71. Labyrinth Device of Archbishop of Embrun. (After C. Paradin) 97; title: 72. Floral Labyrinth. (De Vries) fp. 100; title: 73. " " " 102; title: 74. " " " 101; title: 75,76. Herbal Labyrinths. (T. Hill) 104; title: 77, 78. Maze Designs in XVIIth Century Manuscript. (Harley MS., Brit Mus.) 106; title: 79. Maze Design by Adam Islip, 1602  107; title: 80. Maze Design by J. Commelyn, 1676 108; title: 81. Maze Design by J. Serlio. (XVIth Century) 113; title: 82. Maze at Charleval. (After Du Cerceau) 114; title: 83. 84. Mazes at Gaillon. (After Du Cerceau) 114; title: 85. Maze at Theobalds, Herts. (After Trollope) 115; title: 86. Maze at Hatfield, Herts, (Photo, G. F. Green) Frontispiece; title: 87. Maze at Hatfield, Herts, Plan. (W. H. M.) 116; title: 88. Labyrinth of Versailles. (Perrault) fp. 118; title: 89. Labyrinth of Versailles. Fable Group : "Hare and Tortoise" 118; title: 90. Labyrinth of Versailles. Fable Group : "Fox and Crow" 119; title: 91. Labyrinth of Versailles. Fable Group : "Snake and Porcupine" 120; title: 92. Labyrinth at The Tuileries, Paris. (After Du Cerceau) 121; title: 93. Labyrinth at Choisy-le-Roi. (Blondel) fp.  121; title: 94. Labyrinth at Chantilly. (Blondel) fp.  121; title: 95. 96. Maze Designs by Andr< Mollet. ("Le Jardin de Plaisir," 1651) fp. 123; title: 97. to 106. Maze Designs by G. A. Boecxler. ("Architectura Curiosa Nova," 1664) 122-126; title: 107. Maze at Gunterstein, Holland. (Nicholas Visscher) fp. 126; title: 108. Maze at Gunterstein, Holland. Plan. (Visscher) fp. 127; title: 109. Gardens at Loo, Holland, with Mazes. (W. Harris) fp. 127; title: 110. Maze at Hampton Court. (Photo, G. F. Green) fp. 128; title: 111. Maze at Hampton Court. Plan. (W. H. M.) 129; title: 112. Hampton Court. Mazes and "Plan-de-Troy" in XVIIIth Century. (Engraving, J. Rocque, 1736) 130; title: 113. Hampton Court. "The Little Maze." (Photo, G. F. Green) f.p. 128; title: 114. Labyrinth Design by L. Liger. (From London and Wise) 131; title: 115. Maze Design by Batty Langley. ("New Principles of Gardening," 1728) f.p. 131; title: 116. Maze Design by Batty Langley. ("New Principles of Gardening," 1728) 130; title: 117. Labyrinth at Trinity College, Oxford. (Williams) f.p. 133; title: 118. Wrest Park, Beds., with Two Mazes. (Kip) f.p. 134; title: 119. Maze Design by Stephen Switzer. ("Ichnographia Rustica," 1742) 133; title: 120. Maze in R.H.S. Gardens, Sth. Kensington. (After Nesfield) 139; title: 121. Maze in Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden. Looking S. (Photo, W. H. M.) 140; title: 122. Maze in Bridge End Gardens, Saffron Walden. Looking N. (Photo, W. H. M.) 140; title: 123. Maze at Somerlbyton Hall, Suffolk. (W. H. M., from sketch by G. F. Green) 141; title: 124. Stone Labyrinth on Wier Island, Gulf of Finland. (Von Baer) 148; title: 125. Stone Labyrinth on Finnish Coast. (Aspelin) 148; title: 126. Stone Labyrinth at Wisby, Gothland. (Aspelin) 149; title: 127. Scandinavian Stone Labyrinth. (Rudbeck) 150; title: 128. Old Danish Stone Cross, with Labyrinth. (O. Worm) 151; title: 129. Rock Engravings, Routing Linn, Northumberland. (G. Tate) 152; title: 130. Rock Engravings, Old Bewick, Northumberland. (G. Tate) 152; title: 131. Indian Labyrinth, from XVIIIth Century Spanish Manuscript. (After Cotton)  154; title: 132. Labyrinthine Pictograph, Mesa Verde. (After Fewkes) 155; title: 133. Etruscan Wine-Vase from Tragliatella. (After Deecke) 157; title: 134. 135. Etruscan Wine-Vase from Tragliatella, "Troy Dance" Details. (After Deecke) 157-158; title: 136. Straight-line Diagram. Hampton Court Maze 187; title: 137. Straight-line Diagram. Hatfield Maze 187; title: 138. 139. Derivation of Labyrinth Types from Rock-Engraving Figures. (After Krause) 188; title: 140. Allegorical Labyrinth. (Old German Print) f.p. 194; title: 141, 142. Sea-side Sand Mazes. (W. H. M.) f.p. 202; title: 143. Temporary Maze at Village Fite. (W. H. M.) 203; title: 144. Maze Toy by A. Brentano. (After Patent Specification) 204; title: 145. Maze Toy by S. D. Nix. (After Patent Specification) 205; title: 146. Maze Toy by J. M. Arnot. (After Patent Specification) 206; title: 147. Maze Toy by J. Proctor. (After Patent Specification) 206; title: 148. Maze Toy by H. Bridge. (After Patent Specification) 207; title: 149. 150, 1 51. Path of Rat in Labyrinth. Three Stages. (After Szymanski) 208