Energy and Thermal Time Constant in Buildings
Publisher: Joseph Nowarski
Published: 2 May 2016
Place of publication: Jerusalem, Israel
Language: eng
Format: eBook
Number of pages: 192
Description: Design of building's exterior walls has important influence on energy consumption, building cost and thermal comfort. It influences also heating and cooling devices size.This work analyses if the Thermal Time Constant method may be applied to determine energy quality of the building as an alternative to the dynamic simulation program. The Thermal Time Constant method is much easier, simpler and faster than computer dynamic simulation program.Higher Thermal Time Constant (TTC) moderates the difference between day and night in the room, flattening the room temperatures extremes caused by ambient temperature and solar energy.Disregarding TTC leads to wrong decisions, wrong design, waste of money for building's construction and increased energy consumption.
Table of contents: title: 1	Content; title: 1.1	List of Tables, Charts, Diagrams and Formula; title: 2	Executive Summary; title: 3	Glossary; title: 4	Introduction; title: 5	Building Energy Simulation and Optimization - BESO; title: 5.1	The Dynamic Simulation Program; title: 5.2	Air Conditioning System; title: 5.3	Space Heating System; title: 5.4	Maximum Power; title: 6	Building details; title: 7	Thermal Time Constant - TTC; title: 7.1	Meaning of the Time Constant; title: 7.2	TTC - The Formula; title: 8	Benchmark; title: 8.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 8.2	Energy consumption of the examples; title: 8.3	Rating of the results; title: 9	20cm Concrete Layer; title: 9.1	Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.1	Table – Thermal properties of the examples; title: 9.1.2	Energy consumption - Jerusalem; title: 9.1.2.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 9.1.2.2	Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.3	Energy consumption – Tel Aviv; title: 9.1.3.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 9.1.3.2	Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.4	Energy Consumption – Rating of the Results; title: 9.1.4.1	Formula - Rating according to energy consumption; title: 9.1.4.2	Jerusalem; title: 9.1.4.3	Tel Aviv; title: 9.1.4.4	Combined Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 9.2	Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.1	Room Temperatures – Rating of the Results; title: 9.2.2	Typical weather conditions; title: 9.2.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.1	Maximum Room Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.2	Average Room Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.3	Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.1	Maximum Room Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.2	Average Room Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.3	Extreme summer weather conditions; title: 9.2.3.1	Jerusalem; title: 9.2.3.1.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.3	Combined Maximum and Average Room Temperatures Rating; title: 9.2.3.2	Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.3.2.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.3	Combined Maximum and Average Temperatures; title: 10	20cm Concrete Layer; title: 10.1	Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.1	Table – Thermal Properties of the examples; title: 10.1.2	Energy consumption - Jerusalem; title: 10.1.3	Energy consumption – Tel Aviv; title: 10.1.3.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 10.1.3.2	Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.4	Energy consumption - Combined Results for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 10.2	Room Temperatures; title: 10.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 10.2.1.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.2	Average Room Temperatures - Jerusalem; title: 10.2.1.3	Maximum and Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 10.2.2.1	Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.2	Average Room Temperatures – Tel Aviv; title: 10.2.2.3	Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 10.2.3	Combined Rating – Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 11	2cm Outer Insulation; title: 11.1	Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.1	Table – Thermal Properties of the examples; title: 11.1.2	Jerusalem; title: 11.1.2.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 11.1.2.2	Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.3	Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.3.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 11.1.3.2	Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.4	Energy Consumption – Rating of the Results; title: 11.1.4.1	Jerusalem; title: 11.1.4.2	Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.4.3	Combined Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 11.2	Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.1	Typical weather conditions; title: 11.2.1.1	Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.1.1	Formula - Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 11.2.1.1.2	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.1.1.3	Average Room Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.2	Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.1	Maximum Room Temperatures in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.2	Average Room Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.2	Extreme summer weather conditions; title: 11.2.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 11.2.2.1.1	Maximum Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.1.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.1.3	Combined Maximum and Average Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.2.2.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2.3	Combined Maximum and Average Room Temperatures; title: 12	All Examples; title: 12.1	Energy Consumption; title: 12.1.1	Jerusalem; title: 12.1.2	Tel Aviv; title: 12.1.3	Combined Rating for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 12.2	Room Temperatures; title: 12.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 12.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 12.2.3	Combined Rating for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 12.3	Energy and Temperature Combined Rating Index; title: 12.3.1	Performance Index - Energy and Temperature Combined Rating Index (CET); title: 12.3.2	Performance Index (CET) without inner side insulation; title: 12.3.3	Performance Index (CET) up to 20cm concrete layer; title: 13	TTC Concrete Energy Equivalent; title: 13.1	Example 0-20-1; title: 13.2	Example 0-35-2; title: 14	Conclusion; title: 14.1	Energy Conservation; title: 14.1.1.1	Table - All examples sorted according to R; title: 14.1.2	Case 1; title: 14.1.2.1	Table – Thermal properties of Case 1; title: 14.1.2.2	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Jerusalem; title: 14.1.2.3	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Tel Aviv; title: 14.1.2.4	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 14.1.3	Case 2; title: 14.1.3.1	Table – Thermal properties of Case 2; title: 14.1.3.2	Table – Energy saving in Case 2 Jerusalem; title: 14.1.3.3	Table – Energy saving in Case 2 Tel Aviv; title: 14.1.3.4	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 14.2	Thermal Comfort; title: 14.2.1	Case 1; title: 14.2.1.1	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 1 Jerusalem; title: 14.2.1.2	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 1 Tel Aviv; title: 14.2.2	Case 2; title: 14.2.2.1	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 2 Jerusalem; title: 14.2.2.2	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 2 Tel Aviv; title: 14.3	Other Conclusions; title: 15	References; title: 16	Publication Documentation Page; title: 1.1	List of Tables, Charts, Diagrams and Formula; title: 5	Building Energy Simulation and Optimization - BESO; title: 5.4	Maximum Power; title: 5.4.1	Table – Maximum power; title: 6	Building details; title: 6.1	Diagram – Apartment layout; title: 6.2	Diagram – Cross-section of the exterior wall; title: 7	Thermal Time Constant - TTC; title: 7.1	Meaning of the Time Constant; title: 7.1.1	Formula – Time Constant Value; title: 7.2	TTC - The Formula; title: 7.2.1	Formula - TTC; title: 8	Benchmark; title: 8.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 8.2	Energy consumption of the examples; title: 8.2.1	Table – Energy consumption of the examples; title: 8.3	Rating of the results; title: 8.3.1	Table – Rating of Energy Consumption; title: 9	20cm Concrete Layer; title: 9.1	Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.1	Table – Thermal properties of the examples; title: 9.1.2	Energy consumption - Jerusalem; title: 9.1.2.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 9.1.2.1.1	Table - Jerusalem – 4cm outer side insulation (ID-3-0-20-4); title: 9.1.2.1.2	Table - Jerusalem – 3cm outer side insulation (ID:3-0-20-3); title: 9.1.2.1.3	Table - Jerusalem – 2cm inner and outer sides insulation (ID:3-2-20-2); title: 9.1.2.1.4	Table - Jerusalem – 4cm inner side insulation (ID:3-4-20-0); title: 9.1.2.1.5	Table - Jerusalem – 2cm outer side insulation (ID:3-0-20-2); title: 9.1.2.1.6	Table - Jerusalem – 2cm inner side insulation (ID:3-2-20-0); title: 9.1.2.1.7	Table - Jerusalem – no insulation (ID:3-0-20-0); title: 9.1.2.1.8	Simulation results; title: 9.1.2.2	Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.2.2.1	Table – Simulation results for various insulation position and thickness in Jerusalem (selected examples); title: 9.1.2.2.2	Table – Energy consumption for various insulation position and thickness in Jerusalem (all examples); title: 9.1.2.2.3	Chart – Energy consumption, kWh/m2,y - Jerusalem; title: 9.1.3	Energy consumption – Tel Aviv; title: 9.1.3.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 9.1.3.1.1	Table - Tel Aviv – 4cm outer side insulation (ID:1-0-20-4); title: 9.1.3.1.2	Table - Tel Aviv – 3cm outer side insulation (ID:1-0-20-3); title: 9.1.3.1.3	Table - Tel Aviv – 2cm inner and outer sides insulation (ID:1-2-20-2); title: 9.1.3.1.4	Table - Tel Aviv – 4cm inner side insulation (ID:1-4-20-0); title: 9.1.3.1.5	Table - Tel Aviv – 2cm outer side insulation (ID:1-0-20-2); title: 9.1.3.1.6	Table - Tel Aviv – 2cm inner side insulation (ID:1-2-20-0); title: 9.1.3.1.7	Table - Tel Aviv – no insulation (ID:1-0-20-0); title: 9.1.3.2	Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.3.2.1	Table – Simulation results for various insulation position and thickness in Tel Aviv (selected examples); title: 9.1.3.2.2	Table – Simulation results for various insulation position and thickness in Tel Aviv (all examples); title: 9.1.3.2.3	Chart – Energy consumption, kWh/y - Tel Aviv; title: 9.1.4	Energy Consumption – Rating of the Results; title: 9.1.4.1	Formula - Rating according to energy consumption; title: 9.1.4.2	Jerusalem; title: 9.1.4.2.1	Table - Rating according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.4.2.2	Table – Rating according to Air Conditioning Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.4.2.3	Table - Rating according to Space Heating Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.4.3	Tel Aviv; title: 9.1.4.3.1	Table - Rating according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.4.3.2	Table – Rating according to Air Conditioning Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.4.3.3	Table - Rating according to Space Heating Energy Consumption; title: 9.1.4.4	Combined Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 9.1.4.4.1	Formula - Combined Energy Consumption Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 9.1.4.4.2	Table - Combined Energy Consumption Rating for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 9.2	Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.2	Typical weather conditions; title: 9.2.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.1	Maximum Room Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.1.1	Formula - Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.1.2	Table - Maximum Room#1 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.1.3	Table - Maximum Room#2 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.1.4	Table - Maximum Room Temperature Difference between rooms facing North and South; title: 9.2.2.1.1.5	Combined Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.1.5.1	Formula - Combined Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.1.5.2	Table - Combined Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.2	Average Room Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.2.1	Formula - Rating Index of average room temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.2.2	Table - Average Room#1 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.2.3	Table - Average Room#2 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 9.2.2.1.2.4	Table - Difference between the Rooms Average Temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.2.5	Combined Rating Index of Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.2.5.1	Formula - Combined Rating Index of average room temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.2.5.2	Table - Combined Rating Index of average room temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.3	Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.3.1	Formula - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.2.1.3.2	Table Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.1	Maximum Room Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.1.1	Table - Maximum Room#1 Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.1.2	Table - Maximum Room#2 Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.1.3	Table - Maximum Room Temperature Difference between rooms facing North and South; title: 9.2.2.2.1.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 9.2.2.2.2	Average Room Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.2.1	Table - Average Room#1 Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.2.2.2	Table - Difference between Room#1 and Room#2 Average Temperature; title: 9.2.2.2.2.3	Table - Combined Rating Index of average room temperature; title: 9.2.2.2.2.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.2.2.2.5	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.2.3	Combined Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.3.1	Formula - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.2.3.2	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.3	Extreme summer weather conditions; title: 9.2.3.1	Jerusalem; title: 9.2.3.1.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.1.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Maximum Temperature; title: 9.2.3.1.1.2	Table – Room#1 (North) Maximum Temperature for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.1.1.3	Table – Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperature; title: 9.2.3.1.1.4	Table – Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperature for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.1.1.5	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.1.6	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures Rating; title: 9.2.3.1.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.2.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Average Temperature; title: 9.2.3.1.2.2	Table – Room#1 (North) Average Temperature for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.1.2.3	Table – Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.2.4	Table – Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.1.2.5	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.2.6	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Combined Temperatures Rating; title: 9.2.3.1.3	Combined Maximum and Average Room Temperatures Rating; title: 9.2.3.1.3.1	Table – Room#1 (North) All Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.3.2	Table – Room#2 (South) All Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.1.3.3	Table - Combined Rating Index of Typical and Extreme Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2	Tel Aviv; title: 9.2.3.2.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.1.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Maximum Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.1.2	Table – Room#1 (North) Maximum Temperatures for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.2.1.3	Table – Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.1.4	Table – Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.2.1.5	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.1.6	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Combined Maximum Temperatures Rating; title: 9.2.3.2.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.2.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Average Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.2.2	Table – Room#1 (North) Average Temperatures for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.2.2.3	Table – Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.2.4	Table – Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures for Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.2.2.5	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.2.6	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Combined Temperatures Rating; title: 9.2.3.2.3	Combined Maximum and Average Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.3.1	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 9.2.3.2.3.2	Table – Room#1 (North) All Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.3.3	Table – Room#2 (South) All Temperatures; title: 9.2.3.2.3.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.2.3.5	Table - Combined Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 9.2.3.2.3.6	Table - Combined Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Typical and Extreme Weather Conditions; title: 10	20cm Concrete Layer; title: 10.1	Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.1	Table – Thermal Properties of the examples; title: 10.1.2	Energy consumption - Jerusalem; title: 10.1.2.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 10.1.2.1.1	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 10cm outer insulation (0-20-10); title: 10.1.2.1.2	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 9cm outer insulation (0-20-9); title: 10.1.2.1.3	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 8cm outer insulation (0-20-8); title: 10.1.2.1.4	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 7cm outer insulation (0-20-7); title: 10.1.2.1.5	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 6cm outer insulation (0-20-6); title: 10.1.2.1.6	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 5cm outer insulation (0-20-5); title: 10.1.2.1.7	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 4cm outer insulation (0-20-4); title: 10.1.2.1.8	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 3cm outer insulation (0-20-3); title: 10.1.2.1.9	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 2cm outer insulation (0-20-2); title: 10.1.2.1.10	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 1cm outer insulation (0-20-1); title: 10.1.2.1.11	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 0cm outer insulation (0-20-0); title: 10.1.2.2	Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.2.2.1	Table – Energy consumption for various solutions in Jerusalem; title: 10.1.2.2.2	Chart – Energy consumption, kWh/m2,y - Jerusalem; title: 10.1.2.2.3	Table - Rating according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.2.2.4	Table - Rating according to Air Conditioning Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.2.2.5	Table - Rating according to Space Heating Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.3	Energy consumption – Tel Aviv; title: 10.1.3.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 10.1.3.1.1	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 10cm outer insulation (0-20-10) - the benchmark; title: 10.1.3.1.2	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 9cm outer insulation (0-20-9); title: 10.1.3.1.3	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 8cm outer insulation (0-20-8); title: 10.1.3.1.4	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 7cm outer insulation (0-20-7); title: 10.1.3.1.5	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 6cm outer insulation (0-20-6); title: 10.1.3.1.6	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 5cm outer insulation (0-20-5); title: 10.1.3.1.7	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 4cm outer insulation (0-20-4); title: 10.1.3.1.8	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 3cm outer insulation (0-20-3); title: 10.1.3.1.9	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 2cm outer insulation (0-20-2); title: 10.1.3.1.10	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 1cm outer insulation (0-20-1); title: 10.1.3.1.11	Table - 20cm concrete layer and 0cm outer insulation (0-20-0); title: 10.1.3.2	Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.3.2.1	Table – Energy consumption for various solutions in Tel Aviv; title: 10.1.3.2.2	Chart – Energy consumption, kWh/m2,y - Tel Aviv; title: 10.1.3.2.3	Table - Rating according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.3.2.4	Table - Rating according to Air Conditioning Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.3.2.5	Table - Rating according to Space Heating Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.3.2.6	Table – Contribution of Air Conditioning and Space Heating to Total Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.4	Energy consumption - Combined Results for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 10.1.4.1	Table - Rating according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.4.2	Table - Rating according to Air Conditioning Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.4.3	Table - Rating according to Space Heating Energy Consumption; title: 10.1.4.4	Chart – Outer insulation of 20cm concrete exterior wall; title: 10.2	Room Temperatures; title: 10.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 10.2.1.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.1.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.1.2	Table – Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.1.3	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.1.4	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Combined Maximum Temperatures Rating; title: 10.2.1.2	Average Room Temperatures - Jerusalem; title: 10.2.1.2.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.2.2	Table – Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.2.3	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.2.4	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Combined Temperatures Rating; title: 10.2.1.3	Maximum and Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.1.3.1	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 10.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 10.2.2.1	Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.1.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.1.2	Table – Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.1.3	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Maximum Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.1.4	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Combined Maximum Temperatures Rating; title: 10.2.2.2	Average Room Temperatures – Tel Aviv; title: 10.2.2.2.1	Table – Room#1 (North) Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.2.2	Table – Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.2.3	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Temperatures; title: 10.2.2.2.4	Table – Room#1 (North) and Room#2 (South) Average Combined Temperatures Rating; title: 10.2.2.3	Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 10.2.2.3.1	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperatures; title: 10.2.3	Combined Rating – Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 10.2.3.1	Table - Combined Temperature Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 10.2.3.2	Chart - Combined Temperature Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 10.3	Energy and Temperature Combined Rating; title: 10.3.1	Formula – Correction Power Factor of Temperature Rating Index; title: 10.3.2	Formula - Combined Energy and Temperature Rating Index; title: 10.3.3	Table - Energy and Temperature Combined Rating Index; title: 10.3.4	Chart - Energy and Temperature Combined Rating Index; title: 11	2cm Outer Insulation; title: 11.1	Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.1	Table – Thermal Properties of the examples; title: 11.1.2	Jerusalem; title: 11.1.2.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 11.1.2.1.1	Table - Jerusalem – 0cm concrete layer thickness (ID:3-0-0-2); title: 11.1.2.1.2	Table - Jerusalem – 10cm concrete layer thickness (ID:3-0-10-2); title: 11.1.2.1.3	Table - Jerusalem – 15cm concrete layer thickness (ID:3-0-15-2); title: 11.1.2.1.4	Table - Jerusalem – 20cm concrete layer thickness (ID:3-0-20-2); title: 11.1.2.1.5	Table - Jerusalem – 25cm concrete layer thickness (ID:3-0-25-2); title: 11.1.2.1.6	Table - Jerusalem – 30cm concrete layer thickness (ID:3-0-30-2); title: 11.1.2.1.7	Table - Jerusalem – 35cm concrete layer thickness (ID:3-0-35-2); title: 11.1.2.2	Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.2.2.1	Table – Energy consumption for various concrete layer thicknesses in Jerusalem; title: 11.1.2.2.2	Chart – Energy consumption, kWh/m2,y - Jerusalem; title: 11.1.3	Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.3.1	Simulation results of examples; title: 11.1.3.1.1	Table - Tel Aviv – 0cm concrete layer thickness (ID:1-0-0-2); title: 11.1.3.1.2	Table - Tel Aviv – 10cm concrete layer thickness (ID:1-0-10-2); title: 11.1.3.1.3	Table - Tel Aviv – 15cm concrete layer thickness (ID:1-0-15-2); title: 11.1.3.1.4	Table - Tel Aviv – 20cm concrete layer thickness (ID:1-0-20-2); title: 11.1.3.1.5	Table - Tel Aviv – 25cm concrete layer thickness (ID:1-0-25-2); title: 11.1.3.1.6	Table - Tel Aviv – 30cm concrete layer thickness (ID:1-0-30-2); title: 11.1.3.1.7	Table - Tel Aviv – 35cm concrete layer thickness (ID:1-0-35-2); title: 11.1.3.2	Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.3.2.1	Table – Energy consumption for various concrete layer thicknesses in Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.3.2.2	Chart – Energy consumption, kWh/m2,y - Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.4	Energy Consumption – Rating of the Results; title: 11.1.4.1	Jerusalem; title: 11.1.4.1.1	Table - Rating according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.4.1.2	Table – Rating according to Air Conditioning Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.4.1.3	Table – Rating according to Space Heating Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.4.2	Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.4.2.1	Table – Rating according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.4.2.2	Table – Rating according to Air Conditioning Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.4.2.3	Table – Rating according to Space Heating Energy Consumption; title: 11.1.4.3	Combined Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.4.3.1	Table - Combined Energy Consumption Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.4.3.2	Table - Combined Air Conditioning Energy Consumption Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 11.1.4.3.3	Table - Combined Space Heating Energy Consumption Rating Index for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 11.2	Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.1	Typical weather conditions; title: 11.2.1.1	Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.1.1	Formula - Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 11.2.1.1.2	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.1.1.2.1	Table - Maximum Room#1 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.1.2.2	Table - Maximum Room#2 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.1.2.3	Table - -Maximum Room Temperature Difference between rooms facing North and South; title: 11.2.1.1.2.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of maximum room temperatures; title: 11.2.1.1.3	Average Room Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.1.3.1	Table - Average Room#1 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.1.3.2	Table - Average Room#2 Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.1.3.3	Table -  Combined Rating Index of average room temperature; title: 11.2.1.1.3.4	Table   Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature in Jerusalem; title: 11.2.1.2	Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.1	Maximum Room Temperatures in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.1.1	Table - Maximum Room#1 Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.1.2	Table - Maximum Room#2 Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.1.3	Table - -Maximum Room Temperature Difference between rooms facing North and South; title: 11.2.1.2.1.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of maximum room temperature; title: 11.2.1.2.2	Average Room Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.2.1	Table - Average Room#1 Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.2.2	Table - Average Room#2 Temperature in Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.1.2.2.3	Table - Average temperature difference between the rooms; title: 11.2.1.2.2.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of average room temperature; title: 11.2.1.2.2.5	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature; title: 11.2.1.2.2.6	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature for Typical Conditions Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.2	Extreme summer weather conditions; title: 11.2.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 11.2.2.1.1	Maximum Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.1.1.1	Table Maximum Temperature Room#1 North; title: 11.2.2.1.1.2	Table - Maximum Temperature Room#1 North: Extreme and Typical Weather Conditions; title: 11.2.2.1.1.3	Table Maximum Temperature Room#2 South; title: 11.2.2.1.1.4	Table - Maximum Temperature Room#2 South: Extreme and Typical Weather Conditions; title: 11.2.2.1.1.5	Table - Maximum Temperature Room#1 and Room#2; title: 11.2.2.1.1.6	Table – Extreme Weather Conditions Jerusalem, Maximum Temperature Room#1 and Room#2 Rating; title: 11.2.2.1.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.1.2.1	Table - Average Temperature Room#1 North; title: 11.2.2.1.2.2	Table - Extreme and Typical Average Temperature Room#1 North; title: 11.2.2.1.2.3	Table - Average Temperature Room#2 South; title: 11.2.2.1.2.4	Table - Extreme and Typical Average Temperature Room#2 South; title: 11.2.2.1.2.5	Table – Extreme Weather Conditions Jerusalem, Average Temperature Room#1 and Room#2 Rating; title: 11.2.2.1.3	Combined Maximum and Average Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.1.3.1	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature, Extreme Conditions Jerusalem; title: 11.2.2.1.3.2	Table – Room#1 Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.1.3.3	Table – Room#2 Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.1.3.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of Typical and Extreme Temperatures, Jerusalem; title: 11.2.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.2.2.1	Maximum Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2.1.1	Table Maximum Temperature Room#1 North; title: 11.2.2.2.1.2	Table - Maximum Temperature Room#1 North: Extreme and Typical Weather Conditions; title: 11.2.2.2.1.3	Table - Maximum Temperature Room#2 South; title: 11.2.2.2.1.4	Table - Maximum Temperature Room#2 South: Extreme and Typical Weather Conditions; title: 11.2.2.2.1.5	Table - Maximum Temperature Room#1 and Room#2; title: 11.2.2.2.1.6	Table – Extreme Weather Conditions Tel Aviv, Maximum Temperature Room#1 and Room#2 Rating; title: 11.2.2.2.2	Average Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2.2.1	Table - Average Temperatures Room#1 North; title: 11.2.2.2.2.2	Table - Extreme and Typical Average Temperature Room#1 North; title: 11.2.2.2.2.3	Table - Average Temperature Room#2 South; title: 11.2.2.2.2.4	Table - Extreme and Typical Average Temperature Room#2 South; title: 11.2.2.2.2.5	Table – Extreme Weather Conditions Tel Aviv, Average Temperature Room#1 and Room#2 Rating; title: 11.2.2.2.3	Combined Maximum and Average Room Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2.3.1	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature, Extreme Conditions, Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.2.2.3.2	Table – Room#1 Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2.3.3	Table – Room#2 Temperatures; title: 11.2.2.2.3.4	Table - Combined Rating Index of Typical and Extreme Conditions, Tel Aviv; title: 11.2.2.2.3.5	Table - Combined Rating Index of Maximum and Average Room Temperature for Extreme Conditions Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 12	All Examples; title: 12.1	Energy Consumption; title: 12.1.1	Jerusalem; title: 12.1.1.1	Table - Sort according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 12.1.1.2	Table - Sort according to TTC; title: 12.1.2	Tel Aviv; title: 12.1.2.1	Table - Sort according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 12.1.2.2	Table - Sort according to TTC; title: 12.1.3	Combined Rating for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 12.1.3.1	Table - Sort according to Total Energy Consumption; title: 12.1.3.2	Table - Sort according to TTC; title: 12.1.3.3	Chart – TTC and Combined Energy Consumption Index; title: 12.2	Room Temperatures; title: 12.2.1	Jerusalem; title: 12.2.1.1	Table - Sort according to Temperature Index; title: 12.2.1.2	Table - Sort according to TTC; title: 12.2.2	Tel Aviv; title: 12.2.2.1	Table - Sort according to Temperature Index; title: 12.2.2.2	Table - Sort according to TTC; title: 12.2.3	Combined Rating for Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 12.2.3.1	Table - Sort according to Temperature Index; title: 12.2.3.2	Table - Sort according to TTC; title: 12.2.3.3	Chart – TTC and Combined Temperature Index; title: 12.3	Energy and Temperature Combined Rating Index; title: 12.3.1.1	Formula – Correction Power Factor of Temperature Rating Index; title: 12.3.1.2	Formula - Combined Energy and Temperature Rating Index; title: 12.3.2	Performance Index - Energy and Temperature Combined Rating Index (CET); title: 12.3.2.1	Table - Sort according to Performance Index (CET); title: 12.3.2.2	Table - Sort according to TTC; title: 12.3.2.3	Chart - Energy and Temperature Combined Rating Index (Performance Index); title: 12.3.3	Performance Index (CET) without inner side insulation; title: 12.3.3.1	Table - Performance Index (CET) without inner side insulation, sort according to CET; title: 12.3.3.2	Table - Performance Index (CET) without inner side insulation, sort according to TTC; title: 12.3.3.3	Chart - Performance Index (CET) without inner side insulation; title: 12.3.4	Performance Index (CET) up to 20cm concrete layer; title: 12.3.4.1	Table - Performance Index (CET) up to 20cm concrete layer, sort according to CET; title: 12.3.4.2	Table - Performance Index (CET) up to 20cm concrete layer, sort according to TTC; title: 12.3.4.3	Chart - Performance Index (CET) up to 20cm concrete layer; title: 14	Conclusion; title: 14.1	Energy Conservation; title: 14.1.1.1	Table - All examples sorted according to R; title: 14.1.2	Case 1; title: 14.1.2.1	Table – Thermal properties of Case 1; title: 14.1.2.2	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Jerusalem; title: 14.1.2.3	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Tel Aviv; title: 14.1.2.4	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 14.1.3	Case 2; title: 14.1.3.1	Table – Thermal properties of Case 2; title: 14.1.3.2	Table – Energy saving in Case 2 Jerusalem; title: 14.1.3.3	Table – Energy saving in Case 2 Tel Aviv; title: 14.1.3.4	Table – Energy saving in Case 1 Jerusalem and Tel Aviv; title: 14.2	Thermal Comfort; title: 14.2.1	Case 1; title: 14.2.1.1	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 1 Jerusalem; title: 14.2.1.2	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 1 Tel Aviv; title: 14.2.2	Case 2; title: 14.2.2.1	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 2 Jerusalem; title: 14.2.2.2	Table – Improvement of climate comfort in Case 2 Tel Aviv