Pragmatism and the problem of the idea
Publisher: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Published: 1915
Place of publication: London; Bombay; Calcutta; Madras
Language: eng
Table of contents: title: CONTENTS; title: Preface v; title: CHAPTER I; title: Introductory; title: (1) Present period of Philosophy compared to:; title: (a) Greek Philosophy at the time of Socrates 1; title: (b) Scholastic Philosophy of the XIII th century  1; title: (2) Place of Psychology in Modem Philosophy:; title: (a) the result of the XIXth century thought 2; title: (b) theories of evolution made nature of man a vital issue 3; title: (3) Pragmatism:; title: (a) a Philosophy of Tendency based on the purposiveness of thought 3; title: (b) this tendency twofold: Idealistic and Empirical 4; title: (c) not a definite system but a condition of philosophic thought 5; title: (4) Origin:; title: (a) in the evolution philosophy of the XIXth century 5; title: (b) crucial problem was the Theistic controversy and resolved into a discussion of Purpose 7; title: (c) in establishing purpose the problem changed from God to man, and became one not of origins but of ends 8; title: (d) change of base shown:; title: in Absolute Pragmatism which reverses process of Hegel 8; title: in Empirical Pragmatism which regards mental life not as structural but as functioning 9; title: (e) hence Empirical Pragmatism is the static psychology of Mill, Bain and Spencer viewed as dynamic 9; title: (5) Doctrine:; title: (a) basis is the Phenomenal Idealism of Sensism 10; title: (b) constructive element is evolution which defines the idea as a plan of action 10; title: (6) Criticism:; title: (a) the fundamental error of Hegel is that of Pragmatism 10; title: (b) Pragmatism evades the difficulty by teaching that latent truths are not ideas 12; title: (c) issue therefore is on the meaning of the idea 12; title: (7) Influence:; title: (a) influence of these writers unequal 13; title: (b) Empirical Pragmatism harmful:; title: presents a philosophic basis for the modem Gospel of Success 14; title: subversive of morality 14; title: leads to disastrous consequences 15; title: CHAPTER II; title: Empirical Pragmatism; title: I. Its Postulates:; title: (1) Basic postulate is Phenomenal Idealism of Sensism:; title: (a) we know not things but the subjective experiences of things 18; title: (b) this teaching involves: Relativity of Knowledge, Agnosticism, Nominalism 19; title: (2) Integrating postulate is Evolution:; title: (a) an evolutive process of subjective experience  20; title: (b) hence the teaching that Reality is plastic 20; title: (c) this evolutive experience is purposive 21; title: (3) Instrumental postulate a so-called Scientific Method 22; title: II. Theory of Truth:; title: (1) Basis of Truth is subjective experience:; title: (a) hence Truth is relative and changeable 24; title: (b) conceived as working within experience 24; title: (c) no objective truth 25; title: (2) Criterion of Truth:; title: (a) Instrumental Theory, i.e. an idea is true if and in so far as it works 2$; title: (b) truth relative to needs and desires 25; title: (c) hence not the idea but the act of the idea is considered and Truth is the. expedient 26; title: (d) hence plasticity of Truth 26; title: (e) Truth a working hypothesis 27; title: III. The Problem of Thought:; title: (1) Thought is subjective experiencing 30; title: (a) fact and idea are distinctions within experience 30; title: (b) subjective and objective 30; title: (2) Thought a purposive evolutive process:; title: (a) conflict-mediatorial theory 32; title: (b) mind a transition-phase of the experiencing process; title: (c) thinking a mode of adaptative function; title: (d) mind and will identified; title: (e) meaning of free-will; title: (3) The Thought-process explained by the working hypothesis:; title: (a) thought confined to the judgment of doubt 36; title: (b) the functioning of the predicate and the subject 37; title: (c) thought begins with doubt and develops by experiment 37; title: IV. Criticism 38; title: CHAPTER III; title: Absolute Pragmatism; title: I. Conceptions of Being:; title: (1) Realistic 41; title: (2) Mystical 42; title: (3) Theory of Validity 44; title: (4) Synthetic 45; title: II. Principles:; title: (1) Reality viewed from the side of ideas 45; title: (2) Hence fundamental problem is the nature of the idea:; title: (a) idea a volitional process 45; title: (b) its essentially teleological inner structure 46; title: (c) Internal and External meanings of the idea  46; title: (d) theory of judgment 47; title: (e) object of the idea is the purpose of the idea 47; title: (f) theory of the universal 4g; title: (3) Nature of Being and Reality:; title: (a) based on the Internal and External meanings of ideas 49; title: (b) to be is to fulfil a purpose 49; title: (c) hence the purpose of the idea is the constituent of Being and Reality 50; title: (4) An Idealistic Pantheism:; title: (a) no immediate perception of the external world 50; title: (b) fundamental principle of knowledge is that of a vast cosmic process 50; title: (c) the Real is the Ideal of our striving 51; title: (d) and the Real and Ideal are identified 51; title: (5) Nature of Truth:; title: (a) the adequate expression of the Internal meaning of ideas 52; title: (b) by virtue of their purposive selective function 52; title: (c) hence not agreement but intended agreement constitutes truth 52; title: III. Application:; title: (1) Basic concepts of Absolute Pragmatism: idea and its object 53; title: (2) These concepts applied to God, the World and the Individual:; title: (a) the individual a unique conscious plan 53; title: (b) the Absolute the sole integrating Self 54; title: (c) individual selves and the Absolute Self. 54; title: (d) The World of Description and of Appreciation 55; title: (e) structure of the World teleological and conscious 56; title: (3) Unity of Being:; title: (a) World one with God 56; title: (b) no true separation among finite beings 56; title: (c) relation of self to other selves and to God 57; title: IV. Criticism:; title: (1) Classification of Being erroneous 61; title: (2) Conception of Being as Validity 62; title: (3) The Idea not Will 64; title: (4) The Idea and the Object of the idea 67; title: (5) Summary 70; title: CHAPTER IV; title: Absolute Pragmatism and the Problem or Christianity; title: I. The Problem of Christianity:; title: (1) Statement:; title: (a) the problem is the relation of Christianity to the mind of to-day 73; title: (b) how and in what way can the modem man be a Christian 74; title: (c) solution sought in Christian social experience and in fundamental metaphysical ideas 74; title: (2) The modem man 74; title: (3) The fundamental metaphysical ideas:; title: (a) idea a plan of action 75; title: (b) no immediate perception of external things 76; title: (c) cognitive process based on interpretation 76; title: (d) the World a process of interpretation 77; title: (e) the nature of Self 77; title: (f) the doctrines of the Individual, the Community and the Two Levels 77; title: (4) Christianity:; title: (a) its origin and doctrine to be sought in the social experience of the Pauline Churches 78; title: (b) this experience reveals the three characteristic doctrines of Christianity, viz. Community, Lost State, Atonement and Grace 79; title: II. The Christian Doctrine of Life:; title: (1) The Problem of Christianity is the Christian Doctrine of Life 79; title: (2) Problem viewed as:; title: (a) the problem of human evolution and as such the problem of humanity 79; title: (b) and as the product of the social experience of the Pauline Churches: as such it is distinctively Christian 79; title: (c) hence doctrine should be analyzed as a human problem to know what Christianity is 79; title: (3) Problem viewed as human:; title: (a) natural condition of man one of sin and social chaos 80; title: (b) sin increases with advance of culture 81; title: (c) the doctrine of the individual and the Community 81; title: (d) the human philosophy of loyalty 82; title: (e) this includes the three ideas 83; title: (4) Problem viewed as Christian:; title: (a) whole of Christianity summed up in these three ideas 84; title: (b) St. Paul’s presentation of the doctrine of the Community 84; title: (c) hence Christianity a religion of loyalty 85; title: (d) The Christian Doctrine of Life 86; title: III. The Essence of Christianity:; title: (1) The illustration of the Greek philosopher 87; title: (2) The solution at variance with Professor Royce’s teaching 87; title: (3) And is a re-presentation of Strauss’ Mythical Theory 89; title: IV. Criticism:; title: (1) Professor Royce’s treatise is based upon his philosophical system 91; title: (2) But this system is erroneous:; title: (a) doctrine of the Community rests upon an erroneous definition of the Self 91; title: (b) his philosophy of history an assumption 92; title: (c) as is also his doctrine of the Two Levels 92; title: (d) fundamental error is the false presentation of the idea 93; title: CHAPTER V; title: Pragmatism and Humanism; title: I. Notion of Humanism:; title: (1) Term directly expresses not a system, but an attitude of mind and a resultant method 95; title: (2) Doctrine:; title: (a) basis is subjective experience 96; title: (b) central principle is purposiveness of human thought (i.e. experiencing) and the teleological character of its methods 96; title: (c) hence not concerned with origins but with purposes and ends 96; title: (d) difference between Humanism and Pragmatism 96; title: (e) a teleological Psychology which implies ultimately a voluntaristic metaphysic 98; title: (f) as such a philosophy of life with foundation in Ethics 99; title: (g) hence a Personal Idealism conceived as a Metaphysical Voluntarism zoo; title: II. A Personal Idealism:; title: (1) Based on subjective experience:; title: (a) the real is what is known-as 101; title: (b) Ontology conditioned by Epistomoiogy 101; title: (c) fact, truth, reality, objective are distinctions of function within experience 102; title: (d) leads to Solipsism 102; title: (2) Fundamental principle: man is the measure of all things:; title: (a) accepted in the individual and in the generic sense 103; title: (b) reality relative to our faculties 103; title: (c) an Idealistic Experientalism 104; title: (d) the common world a social convention assumed for convenience sake 105; title: (3) Hence a psychological side to everything:; title: (a) all physical objects become psychological 106; title: (b) a Hylozoism or Panpsychism 107; title: III. Criticism:; title: (1) Humanism based on Phenomenal Idealism of Sensism 107; title: (2) Deals with reflective thought 107; title: (3) Professor Schiller’s double-voice 108; title: (4) Aim is to establish a harmony not among things but among conceptions, beliefs, imaginings 111; title: CHAPTER VI; title: Pragmatism and Humanism (continued); title: I. Humanism an Ethical Voluntarism:; title: (1) This is the integrating principle of Humanism:; title: (a) experience conceived as active, i.e. purposive and teleological for ends of practical life 112; title: (b) thought, i.e. experiencing, expressed in terms Of Will 112; title: (2) Its basis:; title: (a) the assumption that the world of our experience is a cosmos 112; title: (b) this harmony the result of purposive thought 113; title: (c) hence perceptions of Purpose and End dominant 113; title: (3) The Process:; title: (a) the Real is experience manipulated, the True is the instrument of the manipulation 113; title: (b) ambiguous truths and valid truths 113; title: (c) the true and the false are intellectual forms of the good and the bad 114; title: (d) truth relative to the present purpose, and is falsified and verified in one and same process 114; title: (e) necessary truths and necessary errors 115; title: (f) hence truth flexible and adjustable 115; title: (g) objective truth and social usefulness 115; title: (4) This Voluntarism essentially ethical:; title: (a) the real and the true subordinated to the good 116; title: (b) and so depend on end and purpose, i.e. the will to know 116; title: (c) Ethics deals with ends, hence Voluntarism is ethical 116; title: II. The Making of Truth and of Reality:; title: (1) Experience a purposive evolutive integration:; title: (a) involves the doctrine that the world is in process 117; title: (b) its fundamental principle: the assumption that experiencing makes a difference alike to the systems of truth and to the world of reality 117; title: (2) Hence the central teaching: the Making of Truth and of Reality:; title: (a) primary reality or appearance 117; title: (b) primary and real reality 118; title: (c) higher realities are inferences assumed as instruments for the conceptual manipulation of experience 118; title: (d) and are judged to be true by their usefulness 119; title: (e) hence real fact evolved out of primary fact by a process of selection zxg; title: (3) Hence the Making of Truth and the Making of Reality fundamentally one:; title: (a) reality something which grows up in the making of truth 120; title: (b) and truth a valuation as a successful operation on reality 120; title: (c) hence truth and error, real and unreal are distinctions of value within experience made by experience functioning, i.e. predicating 120; title: (d) subject and object mutually involved and evolved 121; title: (e) the process human, painful, arbitrary and continuous 121; title: (f) beginnings of knowledge wrapped in mystery and the Ultimate Reality a goal 122; title: (g) thus reality is plastic, growing, incomplete; becomes determinate by and in the process of knowing 123; title: (h) and human truth is not absolute but fluid and fallible 124; title: (i) hence conception of freedom as capacity for change 125; title: (4) Criticism:; title: Limitations to the making of truth and of reality:; title: (a) beginning of the process not made 126; title: (b) Professor Schiller forced to admit that the making of reality is merely subjective 127; title: (c) and is forced to admit the distinction between discovering and making reality 128; title: (d) likewise confesses that the world of common sense and of rigid facts was not made in any human sense 129; title: III. Experience and Experiment:; title: (1) Experience means:; title: (a) the fact of purposive experiencing 130; title: (b) the manner of the experiencing, i.e. experiment 130; title: (2) Experiment:; title: (a) evolutionary process carried on by experimentation 131; title: (b) means employed are assertions with a view to attain the proposed end 131; title: (3) Nature of the process, a working hypothesis:; title: (a) assertions tested by the use-criterion 131; title: (b) no absolute truth; only approximations 131; title: (c) truth and reality is plastic, variable and grows 132; title: (d) a difficulty: when consequences are in doubt 133; title: (e) assertions assumed as means or instruments because desired 134; title: (f) first principles are starting-points and necessary truths mean needful 134; title: (4) Criticism:; title: (a) teaching is Scepticism 13$; title: (b) truth not a working hypothesis 136; title: (c) method of Humanism erroneous 136; title: CHAPTER VII; title: Pragmatism and Humanism (concluded); title: I. What We Know:; title: (1) With Humanism immediate experience is:; title: (a) not the act of perceiving external things 138; title: (b) but the subject-matter of our thinking 138; title: (c) hence differs from Common Sense Realism 139; title: (2) Object of our knowledge:; title: (a) Humanism by object means purpose 139; title: (b) the subjective and the objective 139; title: (c) things are as they are known-as 140; title: (d) how we perceive the same 140; title: (3) Criticism 142; title: II. Thought as Purposive Volition:; title: (1) Central principle is the purposiveness of thought:; title: (a) every cognition a moral act, hence a mode of conduct, initiated and guided by interest or volition 143; title: (b) which employs hypothetical assumptions as means 144; title: (c) hence faith is at the basis of reason, and by faith is meant the wM-to-believe 144; title: (d) hence thought is a wish and originates in subjective demands 144; title: (2) Conception of thought as purposive volition based on the assumption that mental life is an evolution in the time-process:; title: (a) hence in a state of Becoming 144; title: (b) how the beginnings of thought are explained 145; title: (c) the process of Becoming a functioning and adaptation 145; title: (d) reason a means for achieving adaptation 145; title: (e) reason not a faculty, but an acquired group of habits 146; title: (3) Mind, Soul, Self:; title: (a) a potential unity and a result 146; title: (b) no real distinction between thinking, willing, feeling 147; title: (c) these only labels for a unitary personality or a reacting organism 147; title: III. Criticism:; title: (1) All thought not purposive:; title: (a) admitted by Humanists 147; title: (b) taught by Scholastic Philosophy 148; title: (2) The working hypothesis does not explain the process of thought:; title: (a) the working hypothesis as used by science 149; title: (b) applied to mental life considers judgment as a tool or instrument 149; title: (c) the idea also a tool slowly fashioned 150; title: (d) the universal is actually concrete 151; title: (3) Hence in last analysis Humanism is based on a wrong conception of the idea 150; title: (4) Summary 150; title: CHAPTER VIII; title: Pragmatism and Creative Evolution; title: Purpose of Professor Bergson’s Metaphysic 153; title: I. The Fact of Change:; title: (1) Fundamental problem is the meaning of existence 154; title: (2) Data for the solution found in our twofold experience:; title: (a) this the basic doctrine of Creative Evolution  154; title: (b) external experience is of intellect and sense and is what is thought 155; title: (c) internal experience is of feeling and is what is lived 155; title: (3) Internal experience reveals great fact of change:; title: (a) inner life a constant change 156; title: (b) hence fundamental reality is Duration, i.e. a continuity which unfolds 156; title: (c) states only apparent and artificial 156; title: (d) concept of Personality 157; title: (e) at basis an undivided flow 157; title: (4) Duration:; title: (a) the stuff out of which psychic existence is made 158; title: (b) a vital force and means creation 158; title: (c) revealed in a continuous progress 158; title: (d) especially in our personality 159; title: (5) Hence Existence is Creative Evolution:; title: (a) this fact of inner experience predicated of existence in general 160; title: (b) hence Duration is the foundation of our being and the substance of the world 160; title: II. Change and Permanence:; title: (1) Change and Permanence are both facts of inner life; title: (a) Prof. Bergson ignores fact of permanence 160; title: (b) permanence more fundamental than change 160; title: (a) Criticism of Prof. Bergson’s doctrine of change:; title: (a) ambiguous and contradictory 161; title: (b) concrete Duration implies permanence 162; title: (c) so also does memory and Creative Evolution  162; title: III. An Ideal Pantheism:; title: (1) An Idealism:; title: (a) Duration is Reality, the Absolute 163; title: (b) is a flux, a tendency not a being 163; title: (c) Criticism 163; title: (2) An Idealistic Evolution:; title: (a) the Absolute is a ceaseless evolution of something new 163; title: (b) its nature is conscious action 163; title: (c) this action twofold: making itself and unmaking itself 164; title: (d) hence spirit and matter are not things, and only differ as counter tendencies of the Absolute 164; title: (e) matter and intellect of the same nature 165; title: (f) natural and artificial systems 166; title: (g) physical law a mental relation without objective reality 167; title: (h) intellect static and gives not parts but partial views of the whole x68; title: (3) Pantheistic:; title: (a) action making itself reveals a Pantheism of Manifestation x68; title: (b) action unmaking itself shows genesis and nature of intellect 168; title: (c) which presents an Idealism of Representation and cannot grasp Reality, i.e. Duration 168; title: IV. Reality and Feeling:; title: (1) Knowledge of Reality twofold, i.e. of thought and of living or feeling 169; title: (2) Intellect cannot think Duration:; title: (a) cannot grasp matter as a perpetual flux 169; title: (b) but only presents what is singled out of reality for practical interests 169; title: (c) hence its knowledge is static, relative, mechanical and symbolical X70; title: (3) Feeling gives direct vision of reality:; title: (a) hence we must transcend intelligence X70; title: (b) by going counter to the natural bent of the intellect X71; title: (c) which is the function of philosophy 171; title: (4) Criticism 172; title: CHAPTER IX; title: Pragmatism and Creative Evolution (continued) Theory of Life; title: The characteristic doctrine of Creative Evolution 173; title: I. Creative Evolution:; title: (1) Its sphere 175; title: (a) Nature:; title: (a) an ascending movement, called the Absolute, yet dependent and contingent 176; title: (b) a vital impetus and a continuous creative progress 176; title: (c) the aim is not to annihilate but to magnetize and use matter 177; title: (3) Creative:; title: (a) impetus of Life consists in a need of creation.. 177; title: (b) creation had a beginning 177; title: (c) need of creation manifest only when creation is possible 177; title: (d) then the impetus awakens from sleep and the awakening is due to Carnots law 177; title: (e) creation does not mean creation of matter nor of energy, but of form only and of indetermination  178; title: (f) creation symbolized: not a thing, but a continuity of shooting-out 179; title: (4) Creative action dependent:; title: (a) on the resistance from matter and on its own explosive force 180; title: (b) how the Absolute overcomes the resistance from matter 180; title: (c) as a result matter becomes like India-rubber 180; title: (s) Organization:; title: (a) described as matter marked by the teeth of the Absolute or as a modus vivendi between two currents 181; title: (b) and organisms are accidental excrescences, i.e. marks left on the material tendency by the vital tendency 181; title: (c) are means for the progression of Life 181; title: (d) progression explained by Weismann’s germplasm or by a continuity of genetic energy contained in sexual elements 181; title: (e) the progression or current is Life or Duration 181; title: (f) adaptation a necessary condition of the evolution 182; title: II. Transformism:; title: (1) Postulated by the plasticity of matter 183; title: (2) Professor Bergson and Transformism:; title: (a) admits that it is not proved and may be wrong 183; title: (b) holds we must accept it, even if we know nothing about it 184; title: (c) rejects the various scientific theories and holds the philosophical explanation because philosophy is not constrained to scientific precision 184; title: (3) Nature:; title: (a) effected not by passive but by active adaptation 184; title: (b) illustrated in the evolution of character 185; title: (c) yet Professor Bergson admits the illustration cannot be applied to the organized world 186; title: (d) but says this is not necessary for his purpose  187; title: (4) Process:; title: (a) role of Life is to engraft onto the necessity of matter the largest possible amount of indetermination 187; title: (b) does this by making the best of pre-existing energy, which it fabricates into explosives, representing a storing-house of solar energy 187; title: (c) as a result the course of material changes downwards is hot stopped but retarded 188; title: (d) thus vegetable and animal life is an effort to accumulate solar energy and let it flow through changeable channels, i.e. organisms 188; title: (e) this effort clogged by the organic forms and opposed by contrary forces 188; title: (f) so the process is a marking time, often a turning back and reveals a conflict 188; title: (5) Organic Life:; title: (a) in simplest forms, difficult to determine whether they are vital or physical and chemical 189; title: (b) vegetable and animal descended from a common ancestor 189; title: (c) in process of development the vegetable tended principally to storing energy, the animal to exploding energy 190; title: (d) hence vegetable distinguished by comparative immobility or consciousness asleep, i.e. torpor, the animal by mobility or consciousness awake 191; title: (e) mobility develops a nervous system, the reservoir of locomotor activity and the regulator of the organic life 19a; title: (6) The Animal Kingdom: page; title: (a) hence fundamental direction of life is to the animal 193; title: (b) in the animal kingdom the impetus of Life has won in the arthropods, e.g. insect, and in the vertebrates, e.g. man 193; title: (c) the insect is characterized by instinct, man by intellect 193; title: (d) hence evolution of the animal kingdom has taken place on two divergent paths, i.e. instinct and intelligence 193; title: (e) these are tendencies not things, opposed but complementary 193; title: (f) in evolution of Life intellect superior to instinct 194; title: (7) Summary 195; title: III. A Voluntarism:; title: (1) Creative Evolution an evolution of a conscious will 195; title: (2) Consciousness:; title: (a) in general and in particular 195; title: (b) means mobility, action,  choice,  willing 196; title: (c) the motive power of evolution; as such a conscious willing 196; title: (3) Purpose of Creative Evolution:; title: (a) to introduce consciousness into matter 197; title: (b) and so to create with matter an instrument of freedom 197; title: (c) a failure except in case of man 197; title: (4) Creative Evolution a conscious striving:; title: (a) it is the WiU-to-oct 198; title: (b) implies the power of choice, for the Absolute or vital force or conscious will is limited 198; title: (c) almost arrested by the hard shell crabs but finds an avenue of escape with arthropods and vertebrates 199; title: (d) even then not a success 199; title: (e) the conscious striving is the essence of Life, hence no real individuality, but Panpsychism 200; title: (f) Mitigated Finalism 201; title: (g) the process of Creative Evolution leads to scissions, divergent tendencies, retrogressions, struggles, accidents and a discord striking and terrible 263; title: IV. Criticism:; title: (1) The exposition the best criticism 204; title: (2) Transformism a pure assumption 204; title: (3) Basic assumption of Transfonnism erroneous 205; title: (4) Locomotion is not mutation 205; title: (5) Creative Evolution had a beginning and will have an end 207; title: (6) Exposition of law of Conservation of energy erroneous 207; title: (7) Order of Life which develops through instinct doses automatically, and is only kept open through intellect, which, on hypothesis, belongs to the Order of Matter  208; title: CHAPTER X; title: Pragmatism and Creative Evolution (continued); title: Theory of Knowledge; title: Place and meaning of Theory of Knowledge 209; title: I. The Genesis of Intellect:; title: (1) Whole evolution of Life proceeds from a current of existence and the opposing current 211; title: (2) Current of existence original and fundamental: it is the Order of Life 211; title: (3) The contrary current is materiality and contains immanent in itself an order approximately mathematical 211; title: (4) Current of Life ascends across the current of matter:; title: (a) and fixes its attention on its own movement, i.e. in the direction of instinct and intuition 212; title: (b) or on the matter it is passing through, i.e. in the direction of intellect 212; title: (c) so the mind, i.e. the Absolute, goes in two opposite ways 213; title: (5) Hence intellect and matter are of same nature and are produced in the same way:; title: (a) for Consciousness or Life adapting itself to matter is intellectuality 213; title: (b) and this adaptation is consolidation 213; title: (c) hence intellect is cut out of Consciousness and is a by-product or local effect of evolution 213; title: (d) hence genesis of intellect and of material bodies is correlative and there is an agreement between them 214; title: (6) Nature of Intellect: page; title: (a) its knowledge is abstract, mechanical, artificial, external and symbolical 214; title: (b) the concept is a symbol 218; title: (c) the moving-picture an illustration of the mechanism of thought 219; title: II. Illusions of the Intellect:; title: (1) Illusion of Disorder:; title: (a) Disorder a pseudo-idea 221; title: (b) for Disorder is only the order we were not expecting 221; title: (2) Idea of Nothing:; title: (a) a pseudo-idea 222; title: (b) involves a preference and a substitution 223; title: (c) and means the absence not of a thing but of a utility 223; title: (3) That the mind imitates the movement of the real:; title: (a) this supposes that we can reduce Becoming to ideas 224; title: (b) and is due to the moving-picture mechanism of the intellect 224; title: (4) The attempt to impose on vital phenomena the categories of the intellect 224; title: (5) The idea of a general order in nature 225; title: CHAPTER XI; title: Pragmatism and Creative Evolution (concluded); title: I. Intellect and Instinct:; title: (1) Nature:; title: (a) two psychic tendencies, opposite and complementary, originally fused in one 227; title: (b) became separated by the action of the Absolute on matter 227; title: (c) instinct is the result of the impetus acting on matter directly, completes the work of organization and is in the Order of Life 228; title: (d) intellect is the result of the impetus acting on matter indirectly, and so is in the Material Order 228; title: (e) difference between instinct and intelligence   228; title: (f) Criticism 230; title: (2) Background is Consciousness: page; title: (a) consciousness described 232; title: (b) canalized in the nervous system 233; title: (c) consciousness and brain 234; title: (d) inhibition a mechanical function 235; title: (e) consciousness and self 235; title: II. Nature of Intuition:; title: (1) Based on the doctrine of the Two Orders 235; title: (2) The characteristic teaching of Bergson’s Epistemology 236; title: (3) Opposed to, yet supplementary of, intellect:; title: (a) intellect and intuition represent two opposite directions of the action of Consciousness 236; title: (b) intuition goes in the direction of Life, intellect in the direction of matter 236; title: (c) a perfect humanity would contain both, but with us intuition is almost completely sacrificed to intellect 236; title: (4) Nature and function:; title: (a) grasped by its relations to instinct and to intelligence 236; title: (b) instinct is sympathy, i.e. feeling specialized, and intuition is instinct purified, i.e. feeling not specialized 236; title: (c) intellect is the condensation of Consciousness with matter, i.e. the nucleus; intuition or feeling is thtf uncondensed fringe surrounding the nucleus 237; title: (d) difference between action of intellect and intuition 237; title: (5) Theory of Knowledge:; title: (a) must be based on intellect and intuition 238; title: (b) hence not based on intellect alone 238; title: (c) for intellect gives only the negative half of the real and cannot reach the fundamental reality 238; title: (d) hence to intellect must be added intuition 239; title: (6) The Process by which complete knowledge of the real is acquired:; title: (a) is to develop intuition, and to expand or transcend intellect; this is done in general 239; title: (b) in particular by the cultivation of the aesthetic  241; title: (c) by the cultivation of sympathy i.e. instinct 241; title: (d) by squeezing intellect and instinct together 242; title: (e) by awakening the consciousness that slumbers in instinct 243; title: (f) by placing ourselves within the vital impetus 243; title: (g) by making thought coincide with will i.e. feeling 244; title: (h) by the amalgamation or mixture of other forms of consciousness 245; title: (i) by the manipulation of the formal knowledge of intellect 246; title: (7) Result of the process twofold:; title: (a) the reconciliation of science and philosophy 247; title: (b) philosophy enables us to grasp the nature of; title: intellectual knowledge and also by expanding intellect is an effort to dissolve again into the whole 247; title: III. Criticism:; title: (1) Theory of Knowledge presents a confused mixture of assumptions 247; title: (2) Rests on Theory of Life but this was shown to be erroneous 248; title: (3) The working hypothesis 248; title: (4) Confounds intellect with imagination, e.g. a moving-picture show without an audience 249; title: (5) And does so because the image is confounded with the idea 250; title: CHAPTER XII; title: PRAGMATISM AND SCHOLASTIC PHILOSOPHY; title: The issue presented by the constituent elements of Pragmatism 252; title: I. The Perception of External Things:; title: (1) Pragmatism based on the Phenomenal Idealism of Sensism:; title: (a) teaches the immediate perception not of things but of the conceptions or feelings of things 253; title: (b) things mediately or indirectly known 253; title: (c) the fundamental teaching of Agnosticism 253; title: (2) Scholastic Philosophy holds doctrine of Immediate Perception:; title: (a) we directly and immediately know things 253; title: (b) in sense-perception three conditions necessary: subject perceiving,  object perceived,  union or contact of subject and object 254; title: (c) the union or contact illustrated 255; title: (d) the species impressa and the species expressa 255; title: (e) the knowledge of the not-me primary to the knowledge of the me 257; title: (f) error of Pragmatism 258; title: II. Evolution:; title: (1) The integrating element of Pragmatism 259; title: (2) Teaching of Scholastic Philosophy:; title: (a) Evolution confounded with fact of growth 260; title: (b) Evolution as a scientific hypothesis 261; title: (c) Evolution as a philosophical theory 264; title: III. Theory of Mental Life:; title: (1) The soul a simple spiritual principle:; title: (a) Pragmatism teaches a Psychology without a soul 267; title: (b) Scholastic doctrine of the soul 267; title: (2) Contents of mental life, i.e. knowledge:; title: (a) Pragmatism confounds thought with sense-experience 268; title: (b) Scholastic Philosophy teaches the Essential difference between sense and intellect 269; title: (c) for the act of sense is totally different from the act of intellect 269; title: (d) the act of intellect illustrated 270; title: (e) contact of object with sense different from contact of object with intellect 272; title: (f) idea and image accompany each other but are different in nature 273