Aggregation and flow of solids
Subtitle: being the records of an experimental study of the micro-structure and physical properties of solids in various states of aggregation, 1900-1921
By: by Sir George Beilby, F.R.S.
Publisher: Macmillan and co., limited
Published: 1921
Place of publication: London
Subjects: Solids
Table of contents: title: MICROSCOPIC METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS
pagenum: 1
class: part
label: SECTION I; pagenum: 3
class: part
title: Introductory Notes on illumination; pagenum: 3
class: part
title: Transmitted light; pagenum: 3
class: part
title: Reflected light, normal and oblique; pagenum: 5
class: part
title: Oblique reflected light as a test of surface polish; pagenum: 6
class: part
title: Discovery of certain new features of surface structure by means of oblique light; pagenum: 6
class: part
title: Oblique illumination must be specially adapted to each of the three purposes for which it can be used; pagenum: 8
class: part
title: Positive and negative pictures of the same object obtained by normal and oblique light; pagenum: 9
class: part
title: Resolving power of the microscope; pagenum: 10
class: part
title: Range of molecular attraction and measurement of magnitudes; pagenum: 12
class: part
title: Note by Prof. W. L. Bragg, F.R.S., on the calcite molecule and its dimensions; pagenum: 13
class: part
title: Diagram of magnitudes; label: SECTION II
pagenum: 15
class: part
title: SURFACE TENSION FORMS IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS; pagenum: 17
class: part
title: Surface tension forms in liquids; pagenum: 19
class: part
title: Spreading of an oil film on a water surface; pagenum: 19
class: part
title: Sequence of typical forms; pagenum: 21
class: part
title: Study of eosin films; pagenum: 22
class: part
title: Influence of surface tension on films of paint or varnish; pagenum: 23
class: part
title: Surface tension forms in solids; pagenum: 23
class: part
title: Surface tension forms developed in thin metal films; pagenum: 26
class: part
title: Surface tension forms due to action of solvents; pagenum: 28
class: part
title: Comparison of the etched surfaces of gold and glass; label: SECTION III
pagenum: 31
class: part
title: THE VARIED WAYS IN WHICH AGGREGATION TAKES PLACE; pagenum: 33
class: part
title: The characteristic feature of the solid state is rigidity; pagenum: 34
class: part
title: Changes of state result from the addition or abstraction of heat; pagenum: 36
class: part
title: Solidification directly from the liquid state; pagenum: 37
class: part
title: Crystallisation from solution; pagenum: 38
class: part
title: Influences which cause aggregation in open formation; pagenum: 40
class: part
title: Disintegration of silver and copper by gases leads to aggregation in open formation; pagenum: 41
class: part
title: The action of ammonia on metals at high temperatures; pagenum: 46
class: part
title: The escape of gases through a planished gold surface at a temperature several hundred degrees below the melting-point of the metal; pagenum: 47
class: part
title: Aggregation in open formation brought about by the action of solvents; pagenum: 49
class: part
title: Crystalline arrangement in open formation; pagenum: 51
class: part
title: Frosting produced by mercury as a solvent of gold; pagenum: 52
class: part
title: Precipitates from mixed solutions; pagenum: 55
class: part
title: Study of the pellicle of calcium carbonate formed on the surface of lime water; pagenum: 62
class: part
title: Films produced by the action of gases on metal surfaces; pagenum: 62
class: part
title: Oxide films on tempered steel; pagenum: 62
class: part
title: Smoke clouds and films; pagenum: 65
class: part
title: Magnesia smoke films; label: SECTION IV
pagenum: 67
class: part
title: COHESION AMONG MINUTE SOLID PARTICLES AND BETWEEN THESE PARTICLES AND FLAT SURFACES; pagenum: 69
class: part
title: Introduction; pagenum: 70
class: part
title: Cohesion is the most fundamental endowment of matter; pagenum: 70
class: part
title: Metal filings adhere to the file and to the mass which is being filed; pagenum: 72
class: part
title: Zinc globules adopted for more accurate observations; pagenum: 73
class: part
title: The grouping of these globules shows that the adhesion of small particles lends itself to open packing; pagenum: 74
class: part
title: Measurement of the cohesive force by means of larger globules of gold and silver; pagenum: 74
class: part
title: Measurements of globules of gold, silver, zinc, and copper; pagenum: 75
class: part
title: Measurement of cohesion between the globules and the glass surface; pagenum: 75
class: part
title: Assumptions as to area of contact between the globules and the glass surface; pagenum: 76
class: part
title: Cohesion of gold based on tests of tenacity; pagenum: 77
class: part
title: Effects of films of condensed gas on cohering surfaces; label: SECTION V
pagenum: 79
class: part
title: POLISH IS THE RESULT OF SURFACE FLOW; pagenum: 81
class: part
title: The scratching test of the mineralogist, a general means of classifying the resistance of solids to surface disturbance; pagenum: 82
class: part
title: The new theory of polishing will be shown to apply to solids of all types; pagenum: 82
class: part
title: Action of files and cutting tools on metal surfaces; pagenum: 83
class: part
title: The polishing of speculum metal; pagenum: 85
class: part
title: Polishing experiments on pure crystalline antimony; pagenum: 86
class: part
title: The surface film flows over and covers pits and furrows; pagenum: 88
class: part
title: Transparence of the surface film in metals; pagenum: 91
class: part
title: Surface flow in calcite; pagenum: 92
class: part
title: Structure disclosed by etching a new cleavage surface before and after gentle polishing; pagenum: 96
class: part
title: Exploration of the surface layer by means of step-by-step etching; pagenum: 98
class: part
title: Confirmation by Prof. Bragg of the dimensions of the calcite molecule used in the table; pagenum: 99
class: part
title: Table showing the results; pagenum: 100
class: part
title: Diagrammatic section of the surface layer; pagenum: 100
class: part
title: Increased hardness of the flowed surface; pagenum: 102
class: part
title: Parallel growth of sodium nitrate on calcite; pagenum: 105
class: part
title: Glass, fire-glaze film; pagenum: 106
class: part
title: Glass is also polished by flowing the surface; pagenum: 106
class: part
title: Splintering scratches, furrows, and cleavage scratches on glass; pagenum: 108
class: part
title: Grinding is mainly due to splintering; pagenum: 109
class: part
title: Sequence of steps in grinding and polishing; pagenum: 111
class: part
title: Emery and rouge; pagenum: 113
class: part
title: The finest emery causes flow, but with less uniformity than rouge; pagenum: 114
class: part
title: Etching and polishing rock-crystal; pagenum: 116
class: part
title: The vitreous state produced in powders by grinding; pagenum: 117
class: part
title: The function of flow in tabloid-making; pagenum: 117
class: part
title: General conclusions; label: SECTION VI
pagenum: 121
class: part
title: THE CRYSTALLINE AND VITREOUS STATES IN SOLIDS; pagenum: 123
class: part
title: The phenomena of surface flow suggest a new theory of the hard and soft states in metals; pagenum: 124
class: part
title: This supplies a guiding principle which reconciles many well-known phenomena of the two states; pagenum: 125
class: part
title: Hardening and annealing have been mainly studied as they affect iron and steel; pagenum: 126
class: part
title: It was early realised that our ideas of the crystalline state could not be stretched to account for all the phenomena of the hard and soft states; pagenum: 128
class: part
title: The passage from the liquid to the solid state may produce either a crystalline or a vitreous aggregate; pagenum: 129
class: part
title: Some substances pass most naturally from the liquid to the vitreous state, e.g. glass and sugar; pagenum: 129
class: part
title: Viscosity in the molten state hinders crystallisation and favours solidification in the vitreous state; pagenum: 130
class: part
title: Influence of nuclei in the recrystallisation of vitreous sugar; pagenum: 130
class: part
title: The pure ductile metals are not hardened by chilling, as are some of their alloys; pagenum: 131
class: part
title: By the sudden solidification of the mobile layers produced by flow the metal is partly changed into the vitreous state.; title: INFLUENCE OF THE CRYSTALLINE AND VITREOUS STATES ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DUCTILE METALS
pagenum: 133
class: part
label: SECTION VII; pagenum: 135
class: part
title: Thermo-chemical properties; pagenum: 136
class: part
title: Electrical conductivity; pagenum: 137
class: part
title: Electro-motive force; pagenum: 137
class: part
title: Hard and soft states; pagenum: 139
class: part
title: Deformation and regrowth of primitive crystals; pagenum: 140
class: part
title: Foam cell hypothesis of Quincke; pagenum: 143
class: part
title: Wire-drawing; pagenum: 144
class: part
title: Crystal of antimony flowed by a single blow; pagenum: 144
class: part
title: Kahlbaum's experiments with platinum; pagenum: 146
class: part
title: Measurements of tenacity of hard-drawn wires; pagenum: 148
class: part
title: Texture developed by wire-drawing; pagenum: 150
class: part
title: Method of testing tenacity; pagenum: 152
class: part
title: Wire-drawing at low temperatures; pagenum: 157
class: part
title: A series of observations which show that, in hard-drawn wires, the transition from the hard to the soft state occurs over the same comparatively short temperature range in which recrystallisation takes place; pagenum: 158
class: part
title: Four indications of change of state used : (1) "Mechanical stability," being the load required to produce an extension of 1 per cent;; pagenum: 164
class: part
title: 2) Micro-structure, showing the initiation and completion of crystallisation;; pagenum: 167
class: part
title: (3) Electro-motive force of couples consisting of hard and soft wires;; pagenum: 170
class: part
title: Acoustical measurement of the elasticity of reed vibrators in the hard and soft states; pagenum: 173
class: part
title: The production of amorphous vitreous gold of exceptional rigidity; pagenum: 175
class: part
title: Hardness produced by alloying; pagenum: 175
class: part
title: Hardness produced by the evolution of gases; pagenum: 176
class: part
title: Hardness produced by electrode deposition; pagenum: 177
class: part
title: Hardness due to flow and vitrification resulting from shrinkage strains; pagenum: 183
class: part
title: Application of the theory of the crystalline and vitreous states to the break-down of metals under alternating stresses.; label: SECTION VIII
pagenum: 187
title: INFLUENCE OF THE CRYSTALLINE, MOBILE, AND VITREOUS STATES ON THE FLOW OF ROCKS AND ICE; pagenum: 189
title: Relation between "mass flow" and "surface flow"; pagenum: 190
title: Differential pressure and elastic compression; pagenum: 191
title: Flow in marble and in other rocks; pagenum: 194
title: The flow of ice; pagenum: 194
title: Experimental observations in Switzerland on the production of vitreous ice; pagenum: 197
title: The fusion of ice under pressure and regelation; pagenum: 198
title: Fusion under pressure can only play a limited part in the formation and flow of glaciers; pagenum: 199
title: The special features of molecular flow in ice; title: MOLECULAR PULSATION CELLS: A TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS
pagenum: 201
label: SECTION IX; pagenum: 203
title: Introductory : Molecular strain in the vitreous state; pagenum: 204
title: In the Absence of Heat the Sway of Cohesion would be undisputed; pagenum: 206
title: Molecular "Pulsation Cells" : a Tentative Hypothesis; pagenum: 209
title: Rigidity in relation to the availability of the collective cohesive force of different molecular groupings; pagenum: 213
title: Conclusions; label: SECTION X
pagenum: 215
title: EXTENSION OF FARADAY'S WORK ON THE OPTICAL AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THIN METAL LEAVES; pagenum: 217
title: Faraday's experimental work and conclusions; pagenum: 218
title: The thinning of gold leaf by floating it on potassium cyanide solution; pagenum: 218
title: In his estimate of the thickness of leaves, Faraday ignores the effect of "open formation" on the density of the metal; pagenum: 219
title: The optical continuity of gold and silver leaves; pagenum: 220
title: Gold leaf becomes transparent when heated at a temperature not exceeding 500 F; pagenum: 220
title: Restoration of comparative opacity and metallic lustre by burnishing; pagenum: 221
title: Experiments repeated with silver leaf; pagenum: 222
title: Faraday's alternative explanations of the transparence of the annealed leaves; pagenum: 223
title: The present observations support the view that transparence results from open formation in the molecular, not in the cruder mechanical sense. The metal is in the colloidal state; pagenum: 223
title: This conclusion was confirmed by the mathematical investigations of J. Maxwell Garnett in 1904-1905; pagenum: 225
title: Annealing of films made from colloidal gold and platinum paints; pagenum: 227
title: Mr. J. Maxwell Garnett's theory of the colour changes in these films; pagenum: 229
title: Ruby gold glass; pagenum: 230
title: Films of oxide of magnesium; pagenum: 231
title: Conclusions; label: SECTION XI
pagenum: 233
title: PHOSPHORESCENCE OF CRYSTALS AFFECTED BY THE CHANGE FROM THE CRYSTALLINE TO THE VITREOUS STATE; pagenum: 235
title: Introductory; pagenum: 236
title: Action of the beta and gamma rays of radium on barium platino-cyanide; pagenum: 238
title: Reduction of the phosphorescence due to the change from the crystalline to the amorphous vitreous state; pagenum: 238
title: Change of colour from pale greenish yellow to brownish red; pagenum: 240
title: Restoration of phosphorescence and colour by heating the reddened salt to 120 C; pagenum: 242
title: Sir Herbert Jackson, F.R.S., on the phosphorescent response of various glasses; pagenum: 244
title: Phosphorescence: primary, secondary, and revived; pagenum: 245
title: Experiments on quartz crystal; pagenum: 246
title: calcite crystal; pagenum: 247
title: flint glass; pagenum: 248
title: potassium chloride, bromide, and iodide; pagenum: 249
title: Exposure of crystals to radium rays at -100 C; pagenum: 251
title: Colour and luminescence effects may be explained by the ionisation hypothesis; pagenum: 253
title: Conclusions