Digital Protective Relays: Problems and Solutions
Publisher: CRC Press
Published: 2010
Place of publication: Boca Raton-New York-London
Table of contents: title: Basic Components of Digital Protective Relays; title: Semiconducting Materials and the p-n Junction; title: The Principle behind Transistors; title: Some Transistor Kinds; title: General Modes of the Bipolar Transistor; title: Transistor Devices in Switching Mode; title: Thyristors; title: Optocouplers; title: Electromagnetic Relays; title: Design and Functional Modules of Digital Protective Relays; title: Overall Structure and Design of Digital Protective Relays (DPRs); title: Analog Input Modules; title: Output Relay Modules; title: Digital (Logic) Input Modules; title: Central Processing Units (CPU); title: Internal Power Supplies; title: Problems with the Reliability of Digital Protective Relays; title: Reliability Myth; title: The Real State of Affairs with DPR Reliability; title: What to Do with All These Problems?; title: "Intellectualization" of Protective Relays: Good Intentions or the Road to Hell?; title: Logic Inputs in Digital Protective Relays; title: Reliability of Logic Inputs in DPRs; title: Increasing Noise Immunity of the Logical Inputs in DPRs; title: Problems with Output Electromechanical Relays; title: The Analysis of Actual Operating Conditions of the Output Relays in Digital Protective Relays; title: Analysis of the International Standards and Technical Specifications; title: Improvement of DPR Output Circuits; title: Problems with External Power Supplies; title: Electromagnetic Disturbances in the Power Network; title: Applying Uninterrupted Power Supply; title: Other Problems in the AC Network; title: Problems in DC Networks; title: Testing Digital Protective Relays; title: Problems with DPR Testing; title: New View on the Problem; title: Modern Test Systems for Digital Protective Relays; title: Modern RPTS Problems; title: Offered Solutions; title: Digital Rate of Change of Frequency Relays, and Problems in Testing It; title: Electromagnetic Intrusions on Digital Protective Relays; title: Electromagnetic Vulnerability of DPRs; title: Lightning Strikes; title: Switching Processes and Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Operating Equipment; title: Issues with Control Cables Shielding; title: Distortion of Signals in the Current Transformer Circuits; title: Optical-Electronic Currents and Voltage Transformers; title: The Harmonics Impact on the Measured Current and Voltage on DPRs; title: The Quality of Voltage in the Supply Mains; title: Intentional Destructive Electromagnetic Impacts; title: Alternative (Nondigital) Protective Relays; title: Universal Overcurrent Protective Relays; title: Reed Switches Are New Perspective Elements for Protective Relays; title: Polarized and Memory Reed Switches; title: Power Reed Switches; title: Overcurrent Protective Relays with Reed Switches; title: Simple, Very-High-Speed Overcurrent Protection Relays; title: Reed-Based Devices For Overcurrent Protection of HV DC Equipment; title: The New-Generation Universal-Purpose Hybrid Reed: Solid-State Protective Relays; title: Problems with International Standards; title: The Basic International Standard on Electromechanical Relays (IEC 61810-1); title: The International Standard on Solid-State Relays (IEC 62314-1); title: The International Standard on Reed Switches (IEC 62246-1); title: New Concepts for DPR Design; title: Index