Natural Religion
Subtitle: the Gifford lectures delivered before the University of Glasgow in 1888
Publisher: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Published: 1898
Language: eng
Table of contents: title: CONTENTS; title: Introduction on Certainty by the Editor i; title: Editor's Preface xxxiii; title: Author's Preface xxxvii; title: CHAPTER I.; title: DOUBT IN RELIGION; title: Christ and Pilate I; title: Truth and doubt 2; title: Christianity still doubted 3; title: I. Intellectual causes of doubt 4; title: Nothing certain but what is proved 5; title: But certainty prior to demonstrative proof 7; title: First principles self-evident ; hence scientific doubt irrational 8; title: But plausible 10; title: Exclusive study of natural science begets scepticism 11; title: Yet nature presents mysteries which, though undemonstrable, undoubtedly exist 13; title: Progress, true and false 14; title: II. Moral causes of doubt, — Mental dissipation 15; title: Material ends unduly pursued 16; title: For natural science, truly studied, leads to God 17; title: Indifferentism 18; title: III. The Passions — Moral defects frequently the source of intellectual error — Influence of the will on the tnind — "What we will, that we believe" 21; title: Voluntary doubt incompatible with faith 22; title: Impartiality in religion impossible 24; title: Religious error a personal choice and individual sin 25; title: The habit of doubt irrational and immoral 27; title: The earnest inquirer finds truth 28; title: But grace necessary 29; title: The means it uses — sorrow and suffering 30; title: Faith alone sustains in death 31; title: CHAPTER II.; title: THE THREE ORDERS OF TRUTH; title: Truth, sensible, intellectual, and religious, and their negations, scepticism, materialism, rationalism 33; title: Truth, object of the intellect, its definition 34; title: Misery of man, if truth unattainable 35; title: Scepticism, first kind of doubt — Absolutely impracticable 36; title: One cause of scepticism, false claim to absolute, universal knowledge 37; title: Man's knowledge limited, but certain 38; title: Triumphs of modern science do not satisfy 39; title: For physical science cannot tell the cause or purpose of anything, which are found only by the intellect within itself 40; title: Thus the investigation of nature leads to that of man, its superior, and physical to metaphysical science 41; title: The laws of the mind fixed, certain, though undemonstrable 42; title: Absolute liberty of thought impossible 43; title: Second kind of doubt. — Materialism 44; title: Refuted by transcendental ideas, which are recognised by scienee 45; title: And by moral ideas, which are also supersensuous 46; title: These necessary ideas, intellectual and moral, necessarily lead to the knowledge of God, as First Truth and First Good 47; title: But this external knowledge of God, only partial 48; title: And points to the need of a revelation 49; title: A revelation not impossible 50; title: Faith in it, highest intellectual act 51; title: Threefold ascent : reason and nature, faith and grace, God and life of glory 52; title: Why unattained by heathen 53; title: How faith and philosophy assist each other 54; title: Supremacy of theology 55; title: Rationalism, the third kind of doubt — Error of Froschammer 56; title: Leads to pantheism, as with Strauss 58; title: Or scepticism, as with Fichte 59; title: Rousseau's objections to a revelation, anticipated and answered by St. Thomas 60; title: Need of a revelation shown from history 62; title: Earnestness needed for faith 63; title: CHAPTER III.; title: GOD, HIS EXISTENCE AND ESSENCE.; title: Idea of God connatural to man 67; title: Three proofs of God's existence : history, nature, mind 68; title: I. Proof from history — Idea of God found in all races, not invented by priests or theologians, nor based on fear of natural portents 69; title: Polytheism, corruption of this idea, and not itself a primal religion 70; title: The savage not the natural man, but man degraded and chastised 71; title: Vitality of a belief, a proof of its truth 72; title: Alleged instances of Atheist races unreliable (Waitz) 73; title: Atheism, where found, produces degradation 74; title: No entire nation without some religion (Tylor, Max Miiller) 75; title: Theism then in possession — Direct proofs of God's existence 76; title: II. Proof from nature (Romans i. 19) 77; title: (a.) First cause — Creatures, not self-created, demand a Creator 78; title: Beings contingent suppose a necessary Being 79; title: An infinite series of creatures, a contradiction in terms 80; title: Disproved also by natural phenomena 81; title: And by history of man 82; title: (b.) First Mover 83; title: Gravitation implies an immaterial cause 84; title: (c.) Argument from design 85; title: Order of the universe not fortuitous 86; title: Nor necessarily produced 87; title: Designed action in living creatures 88; title: Identity of form with essence prove identity of Designer with Creator 89; title: Objections — Existence of evil 90; title: Evil permitted in parts for good of whole 91; title: The beneficent destruction of insects (Baer) 92; title: Huxley, Lyell, admit design 93; title: Creation a divine act 94; title: Incomprehensible to the creature 95; title: "Ex nihilo nihil fit" merely denies pre-existing matter 96; title: III. Proof from the human mind 96; title: Truth objective and independent of the reason 97; title: Not co-existent in creatures, which are contingent, while truth is absolute and eternal 98; title: And therefore presupposes a supreme, eternal, existing reason 99; title: As is shown by St. Thomas and St. Augustine 100; title: Man it alto a moral agent 100; title: His conscience witnesses to the moral law 101; title: Which, as eternal and independent 102; title: Can originate only in the will of God 103; title: God not unknowable ; though infinite, not indefinite 104; title: One in Himself, but virtually multiple 105; title: As conceived by us 106; title: Absolute and supreme 107; title: A Spirit, and therefore intelligent, and because intelligent, free 108; title: Sufferings of the just for their probation 109; title: Faith in the One God alone gives life its value 110; title: CHAPTER IV.; title: MATERIALISM.; title: Materialism denies existence of aught beyond matter 112; title: Matter eternal, and cause of everything 113; title: An ancient error 114; title: What is matter? — Its indestructibility 115; title: Taught by Plato and Aristotle — St. Augustine on primary matter 116; title: Atomic theory of Epicurus 117; title: Objections to Materialism — The atom indemonstrable 118; title: An infinitude of atoms inconceivable 119; title: If a definite number, then created 120; title: The law and order ef their conformation proves an intelligent cause 121; title: As does their reciprocal dependence 122; title: Inert matter cannot cause movement 123; title: And supposes an immaterial first Mover 124; title: Gravitation cannot cause movement (Newton) 125; title: Design in organised bodies 126; title: The life cell, the body in germ 127; title: Structure of organs predetermined for their special objects 128; title: Design and natural science 129; title: Unity of creation and its completion in man, proof of design 130; title: So also uniformity of species 131; title: Absurdity of other theories, spontaneous generation abandoned 132; title: "Omne vivum ex ovo" (Virchow) 133; title: No primal generating power in nature 134; title: Chemical changes, which now destroy organic life, could not have produced it 135; title: The beginning of life a mystery 136; title: Revival of materialism by Darwinism, in its materialistic sense 137; title: Objections to Darwinism 139; title: 1. Absence of transitional forms 139; title: 2. Fixity of species 139; title: 3. Identity of primitive and existing types 140; title: 4. Sudden appearance of new groups of species 141; title: 5. Variations of type limited and determined 142; title: 6. Survival of the lowest organisms 144; title: Mutual completion of exemplars and species 144; title: 7. Various species in the same locality, and the same species in various localities 147; title: 8. Morphological qualities unsusceptible of change; functional the reverse (Nageli) 148; title: 9. Uninherited peculiarities : Neuter ants 149; title: 10. Higher instincts in lower organised animals 150; title: 11. Different instincts in similar organisms, and vice vend 150; title: 12. Independent formation of species, and of organs 151; title: Rudimentary organs 152; title: Four typical classes of animals unchanged 152; title: Injurious effect of exclusive study of natural science 153; title: God revealed in nature 154; title: Creation acknowledged by the most eminent naturalists >154; title: CHAPTER V.; title: PANTHEISM.; title: Pantheism, or all things accidents of the one substance, God 156; title: Objections: Then things temporal, and yet eternal 157; title: Finite, and yet infinite. The same substance conscious and unconscious 158; title: The greater product of the less 159; title: No individuality 160; title: Man self-created, eternal 161; title: Himself, and not himself 162; title: Necessitated, and yet free 163; title: Assumptions of pantheism 163; title: One universal truth, but this is impossible to man on earth 164; title: Thought and being not identical 165; title: Neither thought or nature are God, but both have a common first cause 166; title: "The absolute Reason," but abstract thought non-existent 167; title: Absolute reason disproved by the diversity and progress of science 168; title: God, not the one substance of all things 169; title: God, though infinite, not undetermined 169; title: God not limited by being defined 170; title: Lotze, St Thomas, on personality 171; title: Pantheism destroys God, explains nothing 172; title: Makes no distinction between good and evil 172; title: Self-destructive, socialistic 173; title: A transitional system, leading to materialism, or to Christianity 174; title: Pius IX. on pantheism 175; title: Pantheism and the theism of the Greeks and Romans 176; title: Socrates, Plato 177; title: Aristotle 178; title: CHAPTER VI.; title: SOULLESS MAN.; title: Man, according to materialism, a nexus of matter 182; title: Thought, product of brain 183; title: Poetry of materialism 184; title: Its real meaning. Pius IX 18; title: Alleged proofs of materialism 186; title: Size of brain determines power of thought 186; title: The soul "function" of the brain 187; title: St. Thomas. Faculties many, soul one 188; title: Brain, condition not cause of thought 190; title: The soul distinct from its instrument, the brain 191; title: As seen in the sick and dying 192; title: And in the insane 193; title: Man composed of body and soul 194; title: Materialism confounds the soul with one of its faculties 194; title: Objections unanswered by materialism Immaterial ideas 195; title: Personal identity 196; title: Process of thought imperceptible to sense 197; title: Mayer, on brain and thought 199; title: Power of reflection 200; title: Mistaken theories on the union of the soul and body, which prepared the way for materialism — The Occasionalism of Geulincx 201; title: Leibnitz' Predetermined Harmonies. Leclerc, Physical Influx 202; title: CHAPTER VII.; title: MAN, BODY AND SOUL.; title: The soul, self-movement 204; title: Prop. I. Man has a soul, and is therefore more than matter 205; title: Organism and mechanism contrasted 206; title: Soul, act of body 207; title: Souls, vegetable 208; title: And animal 209; title: The rational soul, immediate principle of rational acts ; mediate, through bodily organs, of sensitive and vegetative acts 209; title: Every organ, even in vegetables, depends on vital principle 210; title: Nature of an organism 211; title: Organisms and minerals 212; title: Life determines matter, not matter life 213; title: Effects of vital activity, growth* of hair, healing 213; title: Primary life cell same in all creatures, individualising principle within 214; title: No argument from lower to higher science 215; title: "Ex nihilo nihil fit," how far applicable 215; title: Life unproduceable, though all constituents of living body known 216; title: Chemical elements in organic and inorganic bodies 217; title: Sensation, transformed motion, according to Strauss 218; title: But thought incapable of physical test 219; title: Motion only generates motion 220; title: Life imperceptible "in se," perceptible only in its effects 221; title: Our unity of sensation, though nerves multiple 222; title: And the body in constant change 224; title: Prop. II. Man has a rational soul, and is therefore above the brute 225; title: Erect attitude — Human senses, instruments of thought, develop harmoniously 226; title: Apprehension of universal truth 227; title: Mental action independent of body — Power of reflection 228; title: Free will 230; title: Instinct and reason contrasted 231; title: Man develops, brute does not 232; title: Speech, expression of reason, proper to man alone 233; title: Prop. III. The soul of man is immortal 233; title: Subjectively — The soul of man individual, independent of body in its action, and therefore self-subsisting 234; title: Objectively — His ideas of truth necessary and eternal 235; title: Soul therefore not necessarily mortal 236; title: Will God preserve the soul? — Desire of immortality proves that He will 237; title: For the desire universal, and therefore natural 238; title: Plato, on the immortality of the soul 239; title: The desire for happiness also universal, and happiness, to be complete, must be eternal 241; title: True and false self-love 242; title: The moral order justified in eternity alone 243; title: For virtue not its own reward 244; title: Nor sin its own punishment 245; title: Stoicism, in denying immortality, false and impossible 246; title: Virtue good because of its reward 247; title: Idea of future retribution and reward universal 249; title: Resurrection of the body 250; title: By the immortal soul redetermining the matter 251; title: The resurrection completes Christian dogma and human desire 252; title: CHAPTER VIII.; title: GOD AND MAN; title: Man's relation to God 255; title: Not disproved by atheism 256; title: Expressed by religion 257; title: Natural religion basis of positive religion 258; title: Prayer its act 259; title: Its dignity and necessity 260; title: Practised by pagan nations — Cultus and culture 262; title: First man civilised 263; title: Monotheism, the original religion 264; title: Idol worship unknown in earliest ages 265; title: The theism of the Greeks, and of the Indians 267; title: How St. Augustine ascended from creatures, to find rest in God 268; title: CHAPTER IX.; title: END OF MAN.; title: Religion an universal law 271; title: Binds even unconscious nature 272; title: And thus nature leads to religion 274; title: Of its revelation — Man the interpreter, sacrificer, and priest 275; title: Abuse of nature makes man its slave 276; title: Visible creation to be glorified with man 276; title: Adoration first act of religion 277; title: Prayer perfects the soul 278; title: Petition — Reconciliation — Communion 279; title: Worship external as well as internal 280; title: Sacrifice universal 281; title: Prayer, source of moral life (Dollinger) 282; title: Religion and morality inseparable 283; title: For religion, or justice towards God, specifies every other moral act 284; title: Morals without religion (Kant) really atheism 285; title: Morals imply a lawgiver 285; title: Who is God alone 286; title: Hence religion alone makes the moral law obligatory 287; title: And denial of morals follows that of religion 288; title: Without morals, no order or society 289; title: Plato, Aristotle, St. Justin, in support 290; title: Hence religion necessary for the State 291; title: Walter, testimony of 292; title: Montesquieu 293; title: Religion embraces the whole man 294; title: Perfects his mind, will and heart 295; title: And guides him to his end 295; title: Index 297